Applied Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Applied Research Methods provides students with the foundational tools and techniques necessary for conducting rigorous research within various academic and professional contexts. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, focusing on the formulation of research questions, data collection strategies, sampling methods, and data analysis. Students will gain hands-on experience in designing research projects, utilizing statistical software, interpreting findings, and presenting results effectively. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, critical thinking, and the practical application of research methods to real-world issues in their field of study.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioural Research 2nd canadian Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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14 Chapters
810 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behaviour
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a requirement for identifying a cause of a behaviour?
A) Temporal precedence
B) Covariation of cause and effect
C) Elimination of alternative explanations
D) Observational analysis
Answer: D
Q2) The fundamental characteristic of the scientific approach is
A) intuition.
B) authority.
C) falsifiability.
D) empiricism.
Answer: D
Q3) When students assume that their textbook must be correct,they are relying on _________ as a way of knowing.
A) the a priori method
B) experience
C) creativity
D) authority
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) A(n)_______ consists of a system of logical ideas proposed to explain a particular topic or phenomenon.
A) hypothesis
B) inquisition
C) distinction
D) theory
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do in order to find prior research on a specific topic?
A) Look in the published Psychological Abstracts
B) Conduct a computer search with PsycINFO
C) Consult Psychological Bulletin
D) Randomly select a psychological journal and search the table of contents for the topic
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Ethical Research
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Q1) Before participating in his experiment,Mario explains to the participants the reason for the study and tells them they can withdraw from the study at any time.This procedure illustrates
A) deception.
B) informed consent.
C) role-playing.
D) psychological withdrawal.
Answer: B
Q2) One safeguard against scientific fraud is that A) scientists are always ethical.
B) the researcher's hypotheses are always supported.
C) all research can potentially be subject to replication by other scientists.
D) the faker's colleagues usually report him or her.
Answer: C
Q3) Evidence collected by Milgram indicated that A) there was no need to worry about deception.
B) debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.
C) some participants suffered permanent negative effects from participation.
D) most participants were sorry that they had participated.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Research Design Fundamentals
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher had participants eat the same flavoured ice cream packaged in a round or square carton.The participants then indicated how much they liked the ice cream.The dependent variable is
A) ice cream rating.
B) gender of the participant.
C) shape of the carton.
D) flavor of the ice cream.
Q2) A researcher asks male and female participants to rate the guilt of a defendant on the basis of their physical attractiveness.Which of the following is a response variable?
A) Gender of the research participant
B) Guilt ratings
C) The defendant's physical attractiveness
D) The defendant's gender
Q3) Which one of the following is most likely NOT a variable?
A) Gender
B) Intelligence
C) Current U.S.President
D) Religious affiliation
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6
Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food,service,and atmosphere.She assigns 4 forks for excellent,3 for good,2 for fair,and 1 fork for poor.This measure is an example of a(n)_____ scale.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Q2) Categorizing automobiles as American-made or Foreign-made would be an example of a(n)_____ scale.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Q3) Correlating the total score of the first twenty questions on a test with the total score of the last twenty questions on a test is an example of what type of reliability?
A) Test-retest
B) Alternate-forms
C) Item-total
D) Internal consistency
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) If you ask teenagers to describe the behaviours of their parents that most upsets them,you would be using a(n)_____ approach of data collection.
A) correlational
B) experimental
C) qualitative
D) quantitative
Q2) Naturalistic observation is generally more ____ than systematic observation.
A) global
B) limited
C) quantitative
D) easily accomplished
Q3) In a cross-cultural study on the topic of mortality,Margaret examined anthropologists' descriptions of different cultures' beliefs regarding life after death.Which archival approach has she most likely employed?
A) Statistical records
B) Survey archives
C) Written records
D) Self-reports
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Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) "Are you in favour of programs designed to help lower the unreasonably high rent in the county?" is an example of a(n)_____ question.
A) unnecessarily complex
B) loaded
C) double-barreled
D) socially undesirable
Q2) "Do you favour elected officials not be allowed to run for more than two consecutive terms in office?" is an example of which type of question?
A) Double-barreled
B) Simplistic
C) Yea-saying and nay-saying
D) Negatively worded
Q3) Which method of choosing a sample of 10 people from a population of 100 is least likely to result in a random sample?
A) Use a table of random numbers to identify 10 people with the lowest numbers
B) Use telephone numbers to identify 10 people with the lowest numbers
C) Asking for 10 volunteers
D) Picking 10 names from a jar containing all 100 names
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) A design that has two conditions with different participants in each condition is a(n)______ design.
A) independent groups
B) repeated measures
C) Solomon four-group
D) pretest-posttest
Q2) When a confound is discovered in an experiment,
A) internal validity can be assumed.
B) external validity can be assumed.
C) internal validity is challenged.
D) external validity is challenged.
Q3) To control for order effects in a repeated measures design,you should ideally use A) counterbalancing techniques.
B) an independent groups design.
C) a reversal design.
D) a long time interval between conditions.
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Chapter 9: Conducting Studies
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Q1) When a researcher submits a paper to a journal for publication,other researchers knowledgeable in the area of research carefully scrutinize the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection.This process is known as
A) a manipulation check.
B) correspondence analysis.
C) peer review.
D) debriefing.
Q2) A researcher presents his dog with a bowl of normal dog food and a bowl of vitamin enriched dog food.He then records the amount of each type of food the dog consumes as a measure of his dog's food preference.What kind of measure has the researcher used?
A) Behavioural
B) Self-report
C) Physiological
D) Reactive
Q3) In general,staged manipulations are _____ than straightforward manipulations.
A) less costly
B) more costly
C) weaker
D) stronger
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Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) In a 4 x 3 factorial design,for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group,how many participants will you need?
A) 120
B) 30
C) 70
D) 60
Q2) An IV x PV design has
A) two manipulated variables.
B) two non-manipulated variables.
C) one manipulated and one non-manipulated variable.
D) one manipulated and one measured variable.
Q3) Dr.Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than if it is mild.However,for female drivers,ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome.These findings suggest A) a main effect of gender.
B) a main effect of outcome.
C) an interaction between gender and responsibility.
D) an interaction between gender and outcome.
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Chapter 11: Research Designs for Special Circumstances
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Q1) A graduating college senior takes the GRE (Graduate Record Exam)and scores at the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile.Six months later the senior retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework and scores at the 89<sup>th</sup> percentile.What (other than boring coursework)most likely accounts for the lowered score?
A) Maturation
B) Testing
C) Instrument decay
D) Regression toward the mean
Q2) Which one of the following describes a longitudinal study?
A) The same children are tested at 1,3,5,and 10 years of age.
B) Different children are tested at 1,3,5,and 10 years of age.
C) Some children are tested at 1,3,and 5 years of age while other children are tested at 3,5,and 10 years of age.
D) The same children are tested at 1,3,and 5,and another group of children are tested at 2,4,and 6.
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13
Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results:
Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them
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Q1) A researcher measures the time it takes for subjects to press a button following a signal.This is a(n)________ measure.
A) nominal scale
B) ratio scale
C) ordinal scale
D) interval scale
Q2) The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r)is unable to detect
A) curvilinear relationships.
B) positive linear relationships.
C) negative linear relationships.
D) instances of no relationship.
Q3) Which one of the following is NOT one of the three basic ways of describing results discussed in your text?
A) Compare group percentages.
B) Compare group means.
C) Compare group assignments.
D) Correlate scores of individuals on two variables.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results:
Statistical-Inference Basics
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Q1) Based on her use of inferential statistics,Martha believes that the difference in happiness scores between single versus married women in her study is a true difference.Thus,she would _____ and assume _____.
A) fail to reject the null;statistical significance
B) fail to reject the null;no statistical significance
C) reject the null;no statistical significance
D) reject the null;statistical significance
Q2) A Type I error is a decision to
A) reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
B) reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
C) not reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
D) not reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
Q3) The _____ the t or F ratio,the more likely the results are _____.
A) larger;significant
B) smaller;significant
C) more correlated;dissimilar
D) more correlated;due to errors
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Generalizing Results
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Q1) A researcher decides to conduct a research study in the laboratory as opposed to as a field experiment.This decision can
A) impact both internal and external validity.
B) greatly improve external validity of the study.
C) impact neither internal nor external validity.
D) greatly reduce internal validity of the study.
Q2) Conceptual replications are ________ exact replications. A) less important than B) more important than C) just as important as D) the same as
Q3) _____ is the extent to which the findings may be generalized,while _____ refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship.
A) External validity;statistical validity
B) Construct validity;external validity
C) Internal validity;external validity
D) External validity;internal validity
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Page 16