Applied Behavior Analysis
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) explores the principles and techniques of behavior modification derived from the science of learning and behavior. Students will examine foundational concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and stimulus control, and learn how these principles are applied in real-world settings to address behavioral challenges and teach new skills. The course emphasizes practical assessment methods, ethical considerations, and intervention strategies for individuals across a variety of environments, including education, therapy, and organizational settings. Through case studies and practical applications, students will develop the skills necessary to design, implement, and evaluate behavioral interventions effectively.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a football game,John made 6 tackles.The number of tackles John made is an example of:
A)latency.
B)intensity.
C)duration.
D)frequency.
Answer: D
Q2) Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?
A)Freud
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Pavlov
Answer: B
Q3) What dimension of behavior is a measure of how much force is involved in the behavior?
A)latency
B)frequency
C)duration
D)intensity
Answer: D
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Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amount of time it takes a student to complete a test would be an example of what dimension of behavior?
A) frequency
B) intensity
C) duration
D) latency
Answer: C
Q2) Behavior has an impact on the ________________________ and/or __________________________environment.
Answer: social,physical;physical,social
Q3) Behavior modification:
A) has a limited number of applications
B) has a broad number of applications
C) is mostly used with children
D) is rarely used these days
Answer: B
Q4) Behavior modification is also referred to as applied behavior analysis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Indirect assessment occurs through:
A)the person's recall of the behavior
B)watching the behavior and recording its occurrence
C)video recording the behavior and recording it from the video
D)all of these
Answer: A
Q2) To calculate interobserver agreement on frequency recording you:
A)divide the larger frequency by the smaller frequency
B)divide the smaller frequency by the larger frequency
C)divide the larger frequency by the sum of the larger frequency and the smaller frequency
D)divide the smaller frequency by the sum of the larger frequency and the smaller frequency
Answer: B
Q3) A good behavioral definition of a behavior involves:
A)a label for the behavior
B)a description of what the person says and does
C)reference to the person's motivation
D)a statement of the intention of the person engaging in the behavior
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which dimensions of behavior is NOT recorded using continuous recording?
A) frequency
B) duration
C) intensity
D) time sample
Q2) What is it called when two observers record the same behavior of the same person during the same time period and compare the results of their recording?
Q3) The measurement of behavior is important because:
A) measurement can determine if treatment is necessary
B) measurement can determine the best treatment
C) measurement can determine if the treatment is working
D) all of these
Q4) Recording how long a person studies is an example of intensity recording.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Reactivity of observation often occurs with self-monitoring,but never when recording is done by an observer.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) In which research design is treatment staggered over time?
A)A-B-A-B
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)multiple baseline
Q2) The _________ is a visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time.
A)statistical analysis
B)graph
C)chart
D)table
Q3) A multiple-baseline design may be used:
A)when you are interested in the same target behavior exhibited by multiple subjects
B)when you are measuring a subject's behavior across two or more settings
C)when you have targeted more than one behavior of the same subject
D)all of these
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phase labels on a graph are typically put below the X axis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?
A) A-B
B) A-B-A-B
C) changing-criterion
D) multiple-baseline
Q3) An A-B design does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior because there is no:
A) change in the target behavior
B) statistical test of significance
C) replication
D) validation
Q4) Which research design is referred to as a reversal design?
A) A-B
B) A-B-A-B
C) Multiple-baseline
D) Changing-criterion
Q5) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
8
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) A student in a special education classroom receives a reinforcer (a token)after every five correct responses on her math worksheet.This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
A)CRF
B)FR
C)VR
D)FI
Q2) An abolishing operation (AO):
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a behavior less likely
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
Q3) In which schedule of reinforcement does a reinforcer get delivered when a response occurs after a period of time?
A)ratio schedule
B)continuous reinforcement schedule
C)interval schedule
D)discontinuous reinforcement schedule
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Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are a couple examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
Q2) The stimulus removed or avoided following the behavior in negative reinforcement is referred to as the ___________ stimulus.
A) natural
B) unconditioned
C) aversive
D) conditioned
Q3) An object or event that can be detected by the senses is referred to as a:
A) reinforcer
B) punisher
C) stimulus
D) behavior
Q4) Tommy pets a strange dog and is immediately bitten.In behavior modification,getting bitten is referred to as the ______________ for the behavior of petting the dog.
A) punishment
B) reinforcement
C) consequence
D) antecedent
Q5) What are three examples of generalized conditioned reinforcers?
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When extinction occurs for a positively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
Q2) His parents give 4-year-old Tommy his favorite toy each time he cries.His parents decide his crying is a problem,so they no longer give him his toy when he cries.As a result,Tommy stops crying when he does not have his toy.This is an example of:
A)extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior
B)extinction of a positively reinforced behavior
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)none of these
Q3) When extinction occurs for a negatively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
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Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Q1) Bobby's parents used extinction to get him to stop crying when he had to eat vegetables,by making him eat vegetables despite his crying.One night Bobby has a babysitter,and she does not make him eat his vegetables when he starts crying.As a result,Bobby's behavior of crying when told to eat vegetables: A) has not been reinforced B) has been intermittently reinforced C) has been continuously reinforced
D) A and B
Q2) Robert dances in the end zone whenever he scores a touchdown,because the fans give him a standing ovation for doing so.When the fans no longer give him a standing ovation for his dancing,Robert stops dancing in the end zone.This is an example of: A) punishment
B) extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior
C) a latency period
D) extinction of a positively reinforced behavior
Q3) A common misconception is that extinction simply means ____________________ the behavior.
Q4) Define spontaneous recovery following extinction.
Q5) What are the two factors that influence extinction?
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Q1) While changing a light bulb,Martha stuck her finger in the light socket and got a shock.As a result,she never again put her finger in a light socket.This is an example of:
A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)extinction
Q2) ________________ is a stimulus that became a punisher by being paired with an unconditioned punisher or conditioned punisher.
A)conditioned punisher
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned punisher
Q3) When an aversive stimulus is delivered after a behavior it _________ the behavior,and when an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior it ______________ the behavior.
A)strengthens;weakens
B)increases;decreases
C)weakens;strengthens
D)none of these
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Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) A more intense punisher will be less effective.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In order for punishment to be effective,the consequence should follow the behavior closely in time.This factor is referred to as:
A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) characteristics of the consequences
D) time delay
Q3) Negative punishment involves the delivery of a negative stimulus following the behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a problem with using punishment in behavior modification?
A) it can lead to escape behaviors
B) it may evoke emotional reactions
C) it may be negatively reinforcing
D) it is used to harm individuals
Q5) Describe how the use of punishment can be negatively reinforcing.
Page 14
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) ____________ takes place when the behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the S<sup>D</sup>:
A)stimulus control
B)reinforcement
C)stimulus discrimination training
D)generalization
Q2) A behavior is more likely to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus is present.What principle does this describe?
A)stimulus control
B)situation control
C)situation awareness
D)all of these
Q3) If you provide a reinforcer when a rat presses a lever when a green light is on and,as a result,it also presses the lever when a similar color light is on (green/blue for example),_______________ has occurred:
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)generalization
D)extinction
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is stimulus control developed?
Q2) When Mark swears around his friends they laugh,but when he swears around his parents they ground him.As a result,Mark is less likely to swear when his parents are around.Mark's behavior of not swearing around his parents is a result of:
A) discrimination training
B) generalization
C) reinforcement
D) A and C
Q3) When you tell jokes and your friends laugh,you are more likely to tell jokes to your friends.Your friends are _______ for telling jokes.
A) discriminative stimuli
B) S-deltas
C) punishers
D) conditioned stimuli
Q4) Which of the following is developed through discrimination training?
A) reading
B) spelling
C) obeying traffic signals
D) all of these
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When food is in the mouth the person salivates.This is an example of:
A)a US and a UR
B)a US and a CR
C)a CS and a CR
D)a CS and a UR
Q2) When a neutral stimulus is paired with a US,the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that elicits a CR.This process is called:
A)operant conditioning
B)discrimination training
C)stimulus control
D)respondent conditioning
Q3) In higher order conditioning,the neutral stimulus is paired with a(n)______________.
A)US
B)CS
C)another neutral stimulus
D)2 USs at the same time
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unconditioned responses have survival value for the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In respondent extinction,the target behavior is no longer reinforced.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A less intense stimulus will be a more effective US.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following factors does NOT influence the strength of respondent conditioning?
A) temporal relationship between the NS and US
B) contingency between the NS and US
C) number of pairings of the NS and US
D) formal relationship between the NS and US
Q5) CERs are always negative.
A)True
B)False
Q6) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n) .
Q7) List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning.
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the example in the book,which variation of shaping was used to get Mrs.F to walk again after her hip replacement surgery?
A)generating a novel behavior
B)reinstating a previously exhibited behavior
C)changing some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
Q2) When you use extinction for the previous approximation during shaping,_______________ occurs and novel behaviors emerge.You then reinforce one of the novel behaviors that is a closer approximation to the target behavior.
A)a discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)an extinction burst
Q3) ________________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior.
A)shaping
B)discrimination training
C)stimulus control
D)intermittent reinforcement
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Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Q1) Which of the following behavioral principles is (are)involved in shaping?
A) extinction
B) punishment
C) reinforcement
D) A and C
Q2) Sara wants to teach her cat Fluffy to use his paw to turn on the television.Sara differentially reinforces Fluffy's behavior of being within one foot of the television,being within one foot and facing the television,when Fluffy touches the television with his paw,when he touches the on button with his paw,and finally when Fluffy hits the on button with his paw.This is an example of using shaping to:
A) change a dimension of an existing behavior
B) generate a novel behavior
C) increase an existing behavior
D) reinstate a previous behavior
Q3) Shaping would not be used if a person could benefit from instructions or modeling.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define shaping.Provide an example.
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two types of stimulus prompts are:
A)verbal and gestural
B)modeling and physical
C)within stimulus and gestural
D)within-stimulus and extrastimulus
Q2) Verbal,gestural,modeling,and physical are types of ________________.
A)stimulus prompts
B)response prompts
C)stimulus control
D)all of these
Q3) In which procedure do you gradually remove the stimulus prompt as the correct behavior occurs in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) When using prompting and transfer of stimulus control,a reinforcer should be delivered when the behavior occurs:
A) in the presence of the discriminative stimulus
B) following removal of a prompt
C) following a prompt
D) all of these
Q2) Which of the following is a major category of prompts?
A) response
B) stimulus
C) behavioral
D) A and B
Q3) A ____________ prompt is the least intrusive and a ____________ prompt is the most intrusive.
A) verbal ;physical
B) gestural ;modeling
C) modeling ;physical
D) gestural ;verbal
Q4) Describe how you would use flash cards to learn psychology terms using prompting and fading.
Q5) What is fading?
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Q1) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q2) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the first behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
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Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Q1) Forward chaining and backward chaining differ in terms of:
A) which component is taught first
B) whether the terminal step in the chain is completed on every learning trial
C) whether the learner receives the natural reinforcer on every learning trial
D) all of these
Q2) In the ____________________ method of baseline assessment,the initial discriminative stimulus is presented and the learner's ability to complete the chain is assessed,and in the ___________________ method the learner's ability to complete each individual component in the chain is assessed.
A) single-opportunity;multiple-opportunity
B) multiple-opportunity;single-opportunity
C) primary;secondary
D) first-order;higher-order
Q3) Every time Mary uses her DVR to record a television show,she verbally recites each step that she must go through in order to program the DVR.Mary is using:
A) self-generated stimulus prompts
B) self-instructions
C) total task presentation
D) A and B
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) After providing instructions and modeling,what is the next thing the trainer should do when using behavioral skills training?
A)ask the learner to describe the correct behavior
B)provide another model in case the learner was not paying attention the first time
C)provide the learner with an opportunity to rehearse the behavior
D)tell the learner what not to do
Q2) When does in situ training take place?
A)before instructions and modeling
B)after instructions and modeling
C)immediately after a behavioral skills training session
D)when the learner fails to use the skills during and in situ assessment
Q3) What is an important aspect of modeling?
A)the model should have similarity to the learner or high status
B)the model's behavior should result in a successful outcome
C)the model's behavior should occur in the proper context
D)all of these
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) A benefit of BST in groups is that group members can observe other members rehearse the behavior and receive feedback on their performance
A)True
B)False
Q2) Behavioral skills training procedures are used:
A) to teach new behaviors
B) when learners cannot imitate models
C) to eliminate problem behaviors
D) all of these
Q3) To be most effective,instructions should be general.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following factors increases the effectiveness of modeling?
A) reinforcement of the model's behavior
B) the opportunity for imitation after observing the model
C) the use of models who are older than the learners
D) A and B
Q5) Rehearsal is important because it provides an opportunity for ___________ of the behavior.
Q6) What are 4 components of behavioral skills training procedures?
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) Missy engages in head banging when she has an earache and the pain of the earache is lessened.As a result,she is more likely to bang her head when she has an earache.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q2) Using behavioral interviews or questionnaires to gather information of the antecedents and consequences of the problem behavior is which functional assessment method?
A)indirect
B)direct observation
C)in situ assessment
D)experimental (functional analysis)
Q3) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functioning Assessments
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Q1) What is an advantage and a disadvantage of indirect assessment methods?
Q2) When a person engages in a problem behavior (taking drugs)and this behavior is reinforced by decreasing tension or anxiety that the person is feeling,this is an example of:
A) social negative reinforcement
B) automatic positive reinforcement
C) social positive reinforcement
D) automatic negative reinforcement
Q3) Respondent behavior is controlled by ___________ stimuli and operant behavior is controlled by ___________ and ___________.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a method used in conducting a functional assessment?
A) experimental manipulation
B) indirect assessment
C) direct observation
D) systematic assessment
Q5) A treatment plan can be derived from a functional assessment.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are descriptive assessments? Page 28
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Describe the use of extinction for Willy's problem behavior:
A)When Willy engages in his problem behavior,staff should provide physical guidance to make him complete the task
B)When Willy engages in the problem behavior,staff should no longer provide physical guidance
C)When Willy engages in the problem behavior,staff should no longer argue with him.
D)When Willy engages in the problem behavior,continue to explain why he should engage in the requested behavior
Q2) Mandy cries when her parents ask her to do a chore and she does not have to do the chore.As a result,she is more likely to cry when her parents ask her to do a chore.Describe the use of extinction in this case.
A)When Mandy cries,walk away and do not provide any attention
B)When Mandy cries,explain why she must do her chores
C)When Mandy cries,do not let her escape her chore.Use physical guidance if necessary so that she does the chore
D)Do not ask Mandy to do the chore in the first place to prevent crying
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Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Q1) A problem behavior will be less resistant to extinction when it is reinforced on a ______________ schedule prior to extinction.
A) fixed interval
B) continuous
C) variable interval
D) intermittent
Q2) Two year old Roscoe pushes the off button on the remote control while the family is watching TV and the family gets upset and scolds him.He continues to push the off button on the remote when they are watching TV.How would the family use extinction in this case?
A) grab the remote from him before he can hit the off button
B) refrain from getting upset and scolding him when he pushes the off button
C) take away a favorite toy when he pushes the off button
D) A and B
Q3) Jesse is constantly going into mom's purse to get gum.Mom finds this behavior annoying and inappropriate and decides if she ignores Jesse the behavior will stop.What is most likely to happen to Jesse's purse rummaging behavior? What would you tell Jesse's mother to do to eliminate this behavior?
Q4) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) How do you choose the length of the DRO interval?
A)the interval should always be short
B)the interval should always be long
C)the interval length should be tied to the baseline rate of the problem behavior
D)if the problem behavior occurs frequently,the DRO interval will be long
Q2) In the DRL procedure you reinforce _____________________________.
A)an alternative behavior
B)the absence of the problem behavior
C)a lower rate of the behavior
D)a lesser magnitude of the behavior
Q3) In full session DRL:
A)the reinforcer is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in the session
B)the reinforcer is delivered if a specified amount of time occurs between responses
C)the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior
D)all of these
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) Provide an example of DRO.
Q2) Provide an example of full session DRL.
Q3) In order for differential reinforcement to be most effective,the desirable behavior should be reinforced:
A) immediately
B) intermittently
C) randomly
D) A and B
Q4) In a DRA procedure,when the alternative behavior results in the same reinforcer as the problem behavior,we say that the alternative behavior is ___________ to the problem behavior.
Q5) Jeff is a boy with autism who grabs and squeezes his face when the teacher asks him to complete a task.The teacher allows Jeff to leave the room when this occurs because he will stop hurting himself.After 5 minutes,Jeff usually returns to the classroom and completes at least some of the requested task.Describe how you would implement a DRA procedure to increase Jeff's completing schoolwork and decrease his self injurious behavior.
Q6) Continuous reinforcement should be used throughout the process of using DRA. A)True B)False
Page 33
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is used to evoke a desired behavior?
A)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
B)present an AO
C)present the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q2) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
Q3) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely he would eat holiday treats Nathan made sure there were no holiday treats at his home.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Mr.B has recently been told by the doctor that he needs to cut down on his intake of junk food.However,Mr.B's kitchen cupboards and refrigerator are full of potato chips,candy bars,and ice cream.He also has 3 candy dishes set out all over the house.What would you tell Mr.B to do to increase the response effort for his eating junk food?
Q2) Presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues for a behavior make the behavior ____________ likely to occur,and removing the discriminative stimulus and cues for the behavior make the behavior ____________ likely to occur.
A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less
Q3) Which of the following is NOT manipulated in antecedent control procedures?
A) reinforcers
B) response effort
C) discriminative stimuli
D) establishing operations
Q4) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
Q5) Antecedent control procedures are often used in conjunction with ___________.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
Q2) Time-out is short for:
A)time-out from positive reinforcement
B)time-out for problem reduction
C)time-out punishment
D)time-out is not short for anything
Q3) What is the basic behavioral principle upon which time-out is based?
A)positive punishment
B)extinction
C)negative punishment
D)negative reinforcement
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36
Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Sample Questions
Q1) Taking a meal away from a child in a response cost procedure is an acceptable strategy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When a behavior occurs and is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the behavior in the future,it is referred to as:
A) extinction
B) antecedent control
C) negative reinforcement
D) punishment
Q3) While coloring with other children,Sarah begins to use her crayons to mess up the other children's pictures.Sarah is removed from the table for a brief period of time,and can only watch the other children coloring.In which punishment procedure does the individual remain in the room,but is removed from access to positive reinforcers?
A) exclusionary time-out
B) nonexclusionary time-out
C) negative reinforcement
D) response cost
Q4) When is nonexclusionary time-out most likely to be used?
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) What happens if the client starts engaging in the requested activity during guided compliance?
A)physical guidance continues until the task is completed
B)physical guidance is withdrawn
C)physical guidance is used intermittently
D)physical guidance is increased
Q2) In a ______________ procedure,when the person engages in a problem behavior in response to a demand,the person is guided physically through the requested activity (such as an educational task).
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)restitution
D)guided compliance
Q3) Two major categories of aversive events used in positive punishment are:
A)application of aversive activities,application of aversive stimuli
B)time out and response cost
C)application of painful stimuli,reinforcer loss
D)application of painful stimuli,application of aversive stimuli
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Q1) In ____________ procedures,a reinforcer is removed following the occurrence of the behavior and the behavior decreases in the future,and in ____________ procedures a punisher is applied following the occurrence of the behavior and the behavior decreases in the future.
A) negative reinforcement;positive reinforcement
B) negative punishment;positive punishment
C) positive punishment;negative punishment
D) negative punishment;negative reinforcement
Q2) The application of aversive activities includes all of the following procedures except: A) overcorrection
B) response cost
C) contingent exercise
D) guided compliance
Q3) The application of aversive activities should be used only when the change agent has the physical ability to provide physical guidance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Application of aversive activities is based on what principle? ___________
Page 39
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks the parents to remember a simple self-instruction they can use to guide their behavior in the home and make it more likely they will use the parenting skills.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
Q2) While teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel taught the parents a variety of different ways to exhibit the skills (for example,a number of different ways to reinforce their child's appropriate behavior. )What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) Which strategy for promoting generalization involves teaching skills that will lead to reinforcement in relevant situations in the natural environment?
A) incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
B) training skills that contact natural contingencies
C) reinforcing occurrences of generalization
D) incorporating common stimuli
Q2) The first step in the treatment of a problem behavior is to:
A) eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behavior
B) conduct a functional assessment
C) select a punisher that will be effective in decreasing the problem behavior
D) remove the antecedents that are increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring
Q3) If ___________ contingencies are discontinued prematurely,there is a risk that the problem behavior may begin to occur more frequently.
Q4) Generalized reductions in problem behaviors are best achieved when there are generalized increases in ___________.
Q5) Different responses that achieve the same outcome are called ___________.
Q6) What does it mean to incorporate common stimuli?
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Page 41
Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her own behavior,the process is called _____________________.
A)applied behavior analysis
B)self-behavior modification
C)self-management
D)self-directed behavior modification
Q2) Why might people fail to exercise even though it is good for them in the long run?
A)exercise might be punished with sore muscles
B)high response effort is involved in exercise
C)competing behaviors that are reinforced immediately interfere with exercise
D)all of these
Q3) In self-management,a person engages in a ____________________ behavior to influence the future occurrence of a _______________ behavior.
A)controlled;controlling
B)controlling;controlled
C)independent;dependent
D)dependent;independent
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Presenting an S<sup>D</sup> for the target behavior or arranging an EO for the target behavior are examples of ____________________ manipulations.
Q2) Larry wants to increase the amount of exercise that he gets.Larry arranges for significant others in his life to help influence his target behavior by having them exercise with him and give him encouragement and praise.This self-management strategy is referred to as:
A) social support
B) behavioral assistance
C) peer assistance
D) environmental support
Q3) In self-management,the behavior that an individual engages in to influence the future occurrence of the target behavior is referred to as __________ behavior.
A) respondent
B) controlling
C) controlled
D) functional
Q4) A target behavior that is occurring too much that you would like to decrease is called a___________________.
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43
Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) After learning the definition of the habit behavior,the clients then learns to identify when the habit occurs.Which habit reversal component is this?
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
Q2) Which of the following is a type of habit behavior?
A)nervous habit
B)motor tic
C)stuttering
D)all of these
Q3) The involvement of significant others in the habit reversal treatment is called
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) In addition to habit reversal which of the following procedures have been found to be effective in decreasing habit behaviors?
A) DRO and response cost
B) DRO and social disapproval
C) DRO,response interruption and brief restraint
D) all of these
Q2) When the habit behavior involves stuttering,the competing response:
A) is used only when stuttering occurs
B) provides an alternative behavior to replace stuttering
C) serves as a punisher for stuttering
D) is functionally equivalent to stuttering
Q3) In order to increase the probability that a competing response will be used,a psychologist reviews with Amy all the situations in which her habit of nail-biting occurs,and the problems it may have caused.Which component of a habit reversal procedure is being used?
A) awareness training
B) environmental review
C) functional assessment
D) a motivational strategy
Q4) It is believed that nervous habits serve to diminish ________________.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ is a reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers are delivered for desirable behaviors and later exchanged for back up reinforcers
A)behavioral contract
B)token economy
C)structured reinforcement plan
D)response cost
Q2) Which type of reinforcement schedule is used when a token economy is started?
A)CRF
B)intermittent
C)fixed ratio
D)fixed interval
Q3) What is true regarding the use of response cost in a token economy?
A)response cost is always used
B)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy starts with response cost
C)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy gets established and then response cost is added
D)response cost is not used in a token economy
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tokens are conditioned reinforcers because they are paired with ___________________ reinforcers.
Q2) Token economies always use a response cost procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How are back-up reinforcers obtained in a token economy?
A) by paying for them with tokens
B) in a response cost program
C) they are delivered following appropriate behavior
D) A and C
Q4) Nutritious meals and training activities are good examples of back-up reinforcers.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why wouldn't the use of pencils in a school setting be an acceptable item for a token?
Q6) In a token economy,a token should be delivered immediately after the occurrence of ____________________.
Q7) Tokens are _______________ reinforcers.
Q8) What is the purpose of a token economy?
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a __________________ contract,one person seeks to change a target behavior and arranges reinforcement or punishment contingencies with a contract manager,who implements the contingencies.
A)two party
B)quid pro quo
C)one party
D)parallel
Q2) When Steve wrote a behavioral contract that said if he did not write 9 pages he would lose a record album (if he wrote 9 pages he avoided losing an album),what kind of contingency was he arranging?
A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)negative punishment
D)positive punishment
Q3) Which of the following is not a component of a behavioral contract?
A)identify the target behavior and state how it will be measured
B)identify the reinforcement or punishment contingency.
C)identify who will implement the contingency.
D)identify the items to be used as tokens in the contract
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Page 48
Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the 5 components of a behavioral contract.
Q2) The target behavior in a behavioral contract can include ____________ behaviors.
A) desirable
B) undesirable
C) deficit or excess
D) all of these
Q3) Tom writes a behavioral contract with his parents stating that he will be able to use the family car on weekends if he has completed a specific number of chores during the week.Tom and his parents have written a behavioral contract involving a ____________ contingency.
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
Q4) Which of the following is used in a behavioral contract to determine whether the target behavior occurred or did not occur?
A) subjective evidence
B) objective evidence
C) verbal reports by the contractee
D) all of these
To
Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) ________________ produces relaxation by directing attention to a neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove the person's attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q2) What operant behavior is involved in a fear?
A)autonomic nervous system arousal
B)escape and avoidance behavior
C)anxiety
D)all of these
Q3) In __________________,the person breathes deeply in a slow,rhythmic fashion to produce relaxation.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) List one advantage and one disadvantage of systematic desensitization. List one advantage and one disadvantage of in vivo desensitization.
Q2) How does diaphragmatic breathing decrease autonomic arousal?
Q3) Ellen is afraid of snakes.Whenever she sees a picture of a snake or sees one on TV her heart races and she immediately turns her head.The operant behavior involved in Ellen's fear of snakes is ________________.
Q4) Whenever Amy sees a dog,she experiences unpleasant bodily responses (rapid heart beat,upset stomach,and sweaty hands)and engages in escape behavior (runs away).In behavior modification,Amy's operant and respondent behavior is referred to as:
A) fear
B) reactivity
C) alarm
D) behavioral excess
Q5) There is a greater chance of generalization occurring with the use of systematic desensitization.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the 3 steps in the use of systematic desensitization?
Q7) List 3 procedures used to help people overcome problems of fear or anxiety.
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Sample Questions
Q1) ___________________ procedures are designed to teach new cognitive behaviors that are then used to promote other desirable behaviors
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
Q2) _______________ procedures are designed to replace specific maladaptive cognitive behaviors with more adaptive ones.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
Q3) The occurrence of cognitive behavior can influence other behaviors.Which of the following is a function that cognitive behavior can serve?
A)CS
B)MO
C)reinforcer
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) The cognitive restructuring procedure involves helping an individual to do all of the following except:
A) identify distressing thoughts and situations
B) avoid situations in which distressing thoughts occur
C) identify the response that follows the thoughts
D) decrease the distressing thoughts
Q2) Which of the following is a cognitive behavior modification procedure?
A) cognitive restructuring
B) behavioral skills training
C) cognitive adaptation training
D) A and C
Q3) Which of the following is a type of cognitive coping skills training procedure?
A) self-instructional training
B) stress inoculation training
C) cognitive restructuring
D) A and B
Q4) Cognitive therapy is often used to treat people with depression.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are acceptance-based therapies?
Page 53
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