Course Introduction
Anthropology of Religion
Chapter Exam Questions
Anthropology of Religion explores the diverse ways in which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions shape and are shaped by cultures around the world. The course examines the origins, functions, and meanings of religion from an anthropological perspective, analyzing rituals, myths, symbols, and spiritual experiences across societies. Students will investigate the role of religion in social organization, identity formation, power dynamics, and responses to change, as well as its intersections with politics, economy, and the environment. Through ethnographic case studies and theoretical frameworks, the course fosters critical understanding of how religion influences both individual lives and broader societal processes.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 16th Edition by Conrad Phillip Kottak
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The study of television's behavioral effects in Brazil illustrates all of the following EXCEPT
A)how investigators must carefully choose between a qualitative or quantitative data model.
B)how the scientific method is not limited to ethnology but applies to any anthropological endeavor that formulates research questions and gathers or uses systematic data to test hypotheses.
C)the value of cross-cultural research, which in this case enables the researchers to distinguish the effects of years of TV exposure and other changes associated with aging.
D)how anthropological studies may deal with several research questions.
E)the challenges researchers often face when determining whether they are observing effects or correlations in their findings.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Acculturation is the process by which people lose the culture they learned as children.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Hunting is a distinctive human activity not shared with the apes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared?
A)Culture is an attribute of particular individuals.
B)Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups.
C)Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.
D)Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
E)Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) As investigators who illustrated the functionalist approach in anthropology, both Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown performed ethnographic research focused on A)myth and ritual and the ways these aspects of culture created social cohesion.
B)the evolutionary history of present-day cultural patterns.
C)the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary society.
D)the symbolic value that cultural traits and practices held with members of contemporary society.
E)the role of cultural traits and practices aimed at conflict resolution.
Answer: C
Q2) Much of the history of anthropology has been about the roles and relative prominence of culture and the individual.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Survey research studies a small sample of a larger population.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) What is an illness?
A)a nonexistent ailment (only diseases are real)
B)an artificial product of biomedicine
C)a scientifically described health threat
D)a purely linguistic problem
E)a condition of poor health perceived by an individual
Q2) Who was studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States?
A)the Koreans and English
B)the Yanomami and Betsileo
C)the Malagasy
D)the Germans and Japanese
E)the Brazilians and Indonesians
Q3) What is the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology? Do you agree that applied anthropology should be recognized as a separate subsection of anthropology?
Q4) How might a premedical student apply some of the knowledge learned through anthropology as a physician? What is the value of studying the curing and belief systems of patients' ethnic groups?
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Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Q1) Compare and contrast the evolution of language and biological evolution.What role may mutations play in the origins of human language, if any?
Q2) Recent research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have something to do with it.Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that A)chimps lack the tongue-rolling gene that all humans have, which might explain why they struggle to achieve clear speech.
B)chimps share with humans all the genetic propensities for language but lack the language-activation mutation.
C)a speech-friendly mutation occurred among Neandertals in Europe and spread to other human populations through gene flow.
D)the speech-friendly form of FOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago, thus conferring selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) that allowed those who had it to spread it, at the expense of those who did not.
E)the speech mutation occurred even before the hominin line split from the rest of the hominids.
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) An ascribed status is a status that
A)people have little or no choice about occupying.
B)you choose for yourself.
C)you earn, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer.
D)has a position of dominance in society; for example, that of a king.
E)is based on standardized test scores.
Q2) Physical features cluster into discrete genetic units.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members?
A)colonialism
B)racism
C)prejudice
D)ethnocentrism
E)discrimination
Q4) What are the major differences between the Brazilian and U.S.systems of racial classification?
Q5) Is it contradictory to say that membership in an ethnic group is an ascribed status while arguing that we negotiate our social identities? Why or why not? How do we occupy multiple social statuses?
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Chapter 7: Making a Living
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Q1) Intensive agriculture
A)has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled.
B)can actually breed greater ecological diversity.
C)is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery.
D)has significant environmental effects such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity.
E)is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing.
Q2) This chapter's "Focus on Globalization" section discusses economic globalization.Which of the following is an outcome of our 21<sup>st</sup>-century global economy?
A)Modern-day transnational finance has shifted economic control of local life to outsiders.
B)Economic functions are now locally controlled.
C)Foreigners now finance only a small percentage of the U.S.national debt.
D)American companies are withdrawing from foreign markets.
E)With increasing globalization there is increased face-to-face contact in economic transactions.
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Chapter 8: Political Systems
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Q1) Why is it important to remember that the chiefdom and the state, like many categories used by social scientists, are ideal types?
A)They distinguish political and sociopolitical analyses among social scientists.
B)They are useless in sociopolitical analysis.
C)They represent social goals that politicians should strive to achieve.
D)They are labels that make social contrasts seem sharper than they really are.
E)They ensure that the field of anthropology remains more scientific.
Q2) Anthropologists claim that in nonstate societies the political structure is embedded in relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage.What does this mean? Use two ethnographic cases to illustrate this claim.
Q3) In the Igbo women's war, women used song, dance, noise, and "in-your-face" behavior to attempt to subvert formal authority, but women did not gain any greater influence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The elites of archaic states restricted access to sumptuary goods.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) Based on research in the 1960s, which of the following statements about Etoro conceptions of heterosexual intercourse is NOT true?
A)It was thought to sap a man's vitality.
B)Women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches.
C)Such sex was permitted only a hundred days a year.
D)It was permitted to take place only in the couple's residence.
E)It was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death.
Q2) According to studies in the 1960s, why did young Etoro men and boys engage in homosexual relationships?
A)They did not understand biological reproduction, which is why they no longer exist.
B)The status of Etoro women was the highest in the world, in a status above and beyond males.
C)Genetic drift created a population dominated by a homosexual gene.
D)They believed it necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in a healthy way.
E)A warrior cult of older adult men vigorously enforced a monopoly on access to women.
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Chapter 10: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) In a lineal system of kinship terminology, which of the following pairs would be referred to by the same term?
A)M and FZ
B)M and MZ
C)FB and MB
D)FB and FZ
E)F and FB
Q2) Comparing notions of family between the United States and Brazil, the extended family still plays a central role for most Brazilians.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What does ego represent in a depiction of a kinship system?
A)the sense of distinct individuality that is present in any society
B)the emotional attachment felt by the people who use the system
C)the point of reference used to determine which kin terms go where
D)the boundary between one's kin group and outsiders
E)a gender-free way of reckoning kinship
Q4) Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
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Chapter 11: Marriage
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Q1) All of the following are a form of polygamy EXCEPT
A)a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.
B)a man who has four wives simultaneously.
C)a woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers.
D)a man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters.
E)a woman who has two unrelated husbands.
Q2) The biological degeneration explanation for the incest taboo has won over supporters because of universal concerns about biology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How would you explain the near universality of the incest taboo? You may draw on one or more explanations.
Q4) Cross-culturally, divorce is known only in industrialized societies where a high percentage of women are gainfully employed.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) Evangelical Protestantism is experiencing rapid growth in all of the following regions EXCEPT
A)the Middle East and North Africa.
B)sub-Saharan Africa.
C)Europe.
D)Latin America.
E)Brazil.
Q2) The cargo cults of Melanesia functioned to integrate Melanesians and set the stage for the formation of political parties and economic interest groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A "world-rejecting religion" is one that
A)concerns itself with a higher realm of spirituality.
B)rejects worldly goods and popular culture.
C)is polytheistic or monotheistic, and is led by a shaman.
D)has been rejected by the world.
E)focuses on a higher realm of reality.
Q4) Is religion declining or becoming increasingly important in contemporary society?
Why? If you believe that religion is declining, what is replacing it?
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Chapter 13: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) All of the following are examples of a Western ethnocentric view of art in the non-Western world EXCEPT that
A)all non-Western art is produced for religious purposes.
B)all non-Western art is anonymously produced by the culture.
C)non-Westerners cannot appreciate Western art, because they are not cultured enough.
D)non-Western artists simply follow tradition; they do not exercise their creativity or break from the norm.
E)non-Western sculpture is not always art.
Q2) This chapter's "Appreciating Anthropology" unit shows that techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be extended to two popular American fantasy films, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars.In 2009, U.S.American movie director James Cameron, a fan of The Wizard of Oz, released the long-awaited Avatar.If you have seen the movie, compare its structure and symbolic elements in a way similar to that of how The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars have been analyzed in the text.If you have not seen Avatar, explain the connection between The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars.
Q3) What role do the arts play as collective expressions of cultural identities? Is art conservative or liberal? Does art promote change or inhibit it?
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Chapter 14: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did life in that period differ from previous life in villages, towns, and cities? Why is this topic relevant to an anthropologist?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of core nations?
A)They export their raw materials to other countries.
B)They consist of the strongest and most powerful states.
C)They have advanced systems of production.
D)They have complex economies.
E)They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.
Q3) Ethnographic research in postsocialist societies is thriving.What are some of the common problems typical of these societies? Why would an ethnographic approach be advantageous to addressing these problems?
Q4) Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.
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Chapter 15: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) ________ is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions-that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
A)Ethnoecology
B)Ecological imperialism
C)Indigenized
D)Ecological anthropology
E)Essentialism
Q2) Social movements worldwide have adopted the term indigenous people as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but are now legitimizing it in the search for social, cultural, and political rights.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Essentialism refers to the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.
A)True
B)False
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