Advanced Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Advanced Statistics for Behavioral Sciences delves into sophisticated statistical techniques essential for analyzing complex data in psychology, sociology, and related disciplines. The course explores topics such as multivariate analysis, factor analysis, structural equation modeling, hierarchical linear modeling, and advanced regression methods. Emphasis is placed on practical application of statistical software, interpretation of results, and critical evaluation of research findings. Students gain a comprehensive understanding of how to design robust quantitative studies, address methodological challenges, and draw valid conclusions from behavioral data. This course prepares students for independent research and advanced work in the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Q1) What is measurement?
Answer: Measurement involves translating empirical relationships between objects into numerical relationships.This frequently takes the form of assigning numbers to people (or objects)in such a way that the numbers have meaning and convey information about differences between people.
Q2) If one is studying intelligence as a consequence of differing child-rearing practices,then the measure of intelligence is called _____.
A)an independent variable
B)a dependent variable
C)a constant
D)none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) A nonrandom sample of the population may lead to bias results.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) When researchers infer something about the general population from their sample they are using ____________________.
Answer: inferential statistics
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Q1) In constructing a frequency table,it would be neither practical nor informative to list 100 different values,each with a frequency of 1.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Relative frequency is the_____.
A)Proportion of scores that occur in the distributions set divided by N
B)The proportion of scores that occur at a particular score or lower than this score
C)The proportion of all scores in the distribution
D)None of these
Answer: A
Q3) Dr.Jones is studying recall for a list of 25 words.His numbers are as follows 10,7,8,9,10,9,8,12 etc.How should he organize his data so it makes sense?
A)Use a frequency distribution
B)Draw a Frequency histogram
C)examine the data for outliers
D)All of these
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) When presenting measures of central tendency and variability,most researchers report _____ and_____ ,which are the most _____ descriptive statistics.
A)means;standard deviations;frequently used
B)means;standard deviations;precisely defined
C)means;standard deviations;generally accurate
D)none of these
Answer: A
Q2) The positive square root of the variance is the _____.
A)root square mean
B)standard deviation
C)variance square root
D)absolute squared deviation
Answer: B
Q3) The range is a measure of central tendency.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Kurtosis is determined by the ____________________in the distribution. Answer: variance
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Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Q1) An instructor has given his final exam and scores that are normally distributed.Nancy scores a 90 and Ronald scores a 75.The class mean on the exam was 85 and the standard deviation was 36.What is Ronald's z score?
A)1.67
B)-1.67
C)0.28
D)-0.28
Q2) Gary is told that his percentile rank on the law school admissions exam is 87.This indicates that 87% of students taking this exam scored _____ Gary.
A)higher than
B)higher than or equal to C)lower than
D)lower than or equal to
Q3) In some normal distributions,the proportion of scores that occur above or below a given standard score is different.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is a standard score?
Q5) The percentile rank is ____________________.
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Q1) What does the slope of a line refer to?
Q2) An inverse relationship and a ____________________ relationship are the same thing.
Q3) In the case of a _____ relationship,as scores on X increase,scores on Y also increase.
A)curvilinear
B)positive
C)negative
D)constant
Q4) A ____________________ is a graph that represents values for X and Y for each person in the data set.
Q5) Which of the following statements is true?
A)for a given set of X and Y scores there is more than one regression line when regressing Y onto X
B)a minimum of two data points must fall directly on the regression line
C)the equation for a regression line is defined by the slope and the intercept
D)a regression line has at least two intercepts
Q6) What is the Pearson correlation coefficient?
Q7) What is a predicted value of Y?
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Q8) Define the standard error of estimate and discuss how it is interpreted.
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) Probability theory is important to understand because
A)understanding basic probability theory helps in understanding many statistical tests.
B)probability is the foundation of inferential statistics used in psychology.
C)probability is the foundation of many descriptive statistical techniques used in psychology.
D)all of these
Q2) What is the difference between a permutation and a combination?
Q3) The probability of an event,A,is formally defined as the number of observations favoring event A divided by the:
A)total number of possible observations
B)total number of possible events
C)proportion of observations
D)proportion of events
Q4) If the p(A)= p(A/B),then the two events are independent.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Assuming the null hypothesis is false,we can easily specify an expected result.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Q1) The statistics used in most behavioral science disciplines are not applicable to extremely large populations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) You ask 5 people to indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a statement regarding the legalization of marijuana.You get the following set of scores: 2,3,4,5,5.What is the mean square (variance estimate)of these scores?
Q3) You ask a random sample of 75 people to complete a measure of verbal ability,and you want to estimate the variance in the population.How many degrees of freedom do you have for this variance estimate?
A)73
B)74
C)75
D)unlimited
Q4) It is virtually impossible for investigators to select truly random samples from very large populations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Q1) The value of the alpha level has no effect on the power of a statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In principle,we can never accept the null hypothesis as being true via our statistical methods;we can only reject it as being untenable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following accurately defines a Type II error?
A)rejecting a H<sub>0</sub> when it is true
B)rejecting a H<sub>0</sub> when it is false
C)failing to reject a H<sub>0</sub> when it is true
D)failing to reject a H<sub>0</sub> when it is false
Q4) The _____ is a probability value determined by the experimenter to define the _____,which is the set of all scores more extreme than the critical values.
A)alpha level;rejection region
B)rejection region;alpha level
C)critical value;rejection region
D)beta level;alpha level
Q5) Briefly describe the steps involved in the hypothesis testing process.
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) A matched-subjects design often has the power of a within-subjects design while avoiding the problem(s)of ___.
A)carry-over effects
B)subject economy
C)individual differences
D)all of these
Q2) Statistics that allow you to evaluate your data and generalize to the population are called_____.
A)inferential statistics
B)descriptive statistics
C)reliable
D)statistical power
E)None of these
Q3) Explain the difference between Confounding variables and disturbance variables.
Q4) Experimental and observational strategies can be used together.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In a within-subjects design the treatment and placebo conditions need to be ____________________to control for order effects.
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Q1) Many properties of a sampling distribution of the mean do not hold for a sampling distribution of the difference between two independent means.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As the alpha level becomes larger,the power of a statistical test ____.
A)will decrease
B)will increase
C)remains the same
D)may decrease
Q3) The nature of the relationship in the independent groups t test is determined by examining:
A)eta-squared
B)omega-squared
C)sample means
D)population means
Q4) The independent groups t test is not robust to any violation of the normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Q1) What is meant by the sensitivity of a statistical test?
Q2) A major advantage of correlated groups t-test over an independent groups t-test is associated with the control of____________________.
Q3) Between-subjects designs (but not within-subjects designs)allow us to estimate the source of variability due to the influence of individual differences,and extract it from the dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In what sense are the correlated groups t test and the independent groups t test equivalent?
Q5) Only the independent groups t-test assumes the dependent variable is quantitative in nature at an interval scale.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A correlated groups t-test provides a more sensitive test of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The alternative hypothesis in a one-way repeated ANOVA is _____.
A)all the population means are equal
B)all the population means are not equal
C)some of the population means are equal
D)some of the population means are not equal
Q2) The Mauchly test for sphericity has been found to be a poor test of the sphericity assumption.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Randomly ordering the conditions for each subject is particularly valuable when the number of _____ is so great that counterbalancing is impossible.
A)effects
B)variables
C)subjects
D)conditions
Q4) The sum of squares error is conceptually equivalent to the "sum of squares within groups" in the one-way between-subjects analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) When testing the significance of a correlation,we use the alpha level and the degrees of freedom value equal to ______.
A)N
B)N-1
C)n
D)N-2
Q2) When r ¹ 0,the sampling distribution of r is normal in shape.
A)True
B)False
Q3) r<sub>2</sub> is formally known as ____________________.
Q4) Under certain conditions,the t test for the Pearson correlation is robust with respect to violations of normality and homogeneity of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The test of the null hypothesis that ñ = 0 is based on the assumption that the variability of Y scores in the population is the same at each value of X.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Q1) When the degrees of freedom of a chi-square statistic are small (for example,2),the shape of the sampling distribution will be _______.
A)extremely positively skewed
B)highly negatively skewed
C)very normal
D)unknown
Q2) Yates' correction for continuity involves which of the following procedures?
A)subtracting 5 from the absolute value of ?Oj-Ej?
B)subtracting .5 from the absolute value of ?Oj-Ej?
C)subtracting .5 from the absolute value of ?Oj-Ej?<sup>2</sup>
D)subtracting 5 from the absolute value of ?Oj-Ej?<sup>2</sup>
Q3) Probably the most common index of the strength of the relationship between two variables in a contingency table is a measure known as the fourfold point correlation coefficient (as it is called when applied to the relationship between variables with two levels each)or Cramér's statistic (as it is called when one or both variables have more than two levels).
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the goodness-of-fit test?
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Q1) The Friedman analysis of variance by ranks is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when:
A)scores on the dependent variable are in the form of ranks across conditions for each subject
B)the independent variable is within-subjects in nature
C)the independent variable has three or more levels
D)all of these
Q2) Under what conditions are the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Mann-Whitney U test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q3) The ____ should be used when (1)the scores for the dependent variable are in the form of ranks, (2)the independent variable is between-subjects,and (3)the independent variable has three or more levels.
A)Mann-Whitney U test
B)Spearman correlation
C)Friedman analysis
D)Kruskal-Wallis test
Q4) In cases where a tie occurs in rank scores,the tied scores are discarded.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The sum of squares between in two-way analysis of variance is partitioned into three components: (1)variability due to the first independent variable, (2)variability due to the second independent variable,and (3)variability due to the interaction of the two independent variables.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a two-way ANOVA,the _____ is further partitioned into three components,SS<sub>A</sub>,SS<sub>B</sub>,and SS<sub>AxB</sub>.
A)SS<sub>WITHIN</sub>
B)SS<sub>TOTAL</sub>
C)SS<sub>BETWEEN</sub>
D)SS<sub>ERROR</sub>
Q3) How many groups of individuals would be included in a 4 x 2 factorial design?
Q4) What form does a main effect take in a two-way analysis of variance?
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Q5) Under what conditions is the two-way between-subjects analysis of variance used?
Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Q1) If group means are the focus of an analysis where the independent variable is qualitative and the dependent variable is quantitative,which of the following are further considerations which must be given before the type of test is chosen?
A)The number of values of the dependent variable.
B)The level of measurement of the dependent variable.
C)The extent of violation of distributional assumptions.
D)all of these
Q2) Multivariate statistics involve analyzing the relationship between
A)three or more variables.
B)two independent variables.
C)one independent variable and one dependent variable.
D)none of these
Q3) Compare and contrast Parametric and Nonparametric statistical tests.
Q4) Multiple regression analysis involves the prediction of a _____ variable from two or more _____ variables.
A)nominal;ordinal
B)within-subjects;between-subjects
C)predictor;criterion
D)criterion;predictor
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