Advanced Research Methods in Psychology
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Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of advanced research methodologies in psychology, covering both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of experimental and non-experimental designs, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, psychometric analysis, and advanced statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis, structural equation modeling, and hierarchical linear modeling. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations in research, critical evaluation of published studies, and the application of theory to practical research problems. Through hands-on projects and data analysis exercises, students will gain the skills necessary to design, conduct, interpret, and communicate complex psychological research.
Recommended Textbook
Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following is most likely to be a problem associated with intuition?
A) Unquestioningly accepting one's own personal judgment
B) Finding an explanation for one's own behavior or the behaviors of others
C) Explaining the intriguing events that one may observe
D) Drawing erroneous conclusions based on cognitive or motivational biases
Answer: D
Q2) Of the four goals of behavioral science,description of behavior involves:
A) careful observation of things that are observable such as eye gaze and running speed.
B) regular observation of a specific behavior to ensure that two events are systematically related to one another.
C) explaining the events that have been previously described.
D) understanding the reason behind the occurrence of certain types of behavior.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is the first goal of behavioral science?
A) Understanding behavior
B) Predicting behavior
C) Determining the causes of behavior
D) Describing behavior
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) Which of the following best represents a prediction?
A) "Female defendants are more likely to receive shorter prison sentences than male defendants."
B) "Are gender and judgments of criminal behavior related?"
C) "Do ratings of social desirability vary according to gender?"
D) "Male and female defendants involved in criminal cases are chosen as the participants of a study to determine the relationship between gender and judgments of criminal behavior."
Answer: A
Q2) In the context of conducting a PsycINFO search,an advantage of using the asterisk (*)is that:
A) it returns a bibliography of articles.
B) it returns only the "key article" related to a topic.
C) it expands the scope of a search.
D) it includes only those articles that are relevant to the researcher conducting the research.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Q1) In a research experiment,_____ is an issue when the researcher has assured subjects that the collected data are only accessible to people with permission,generally only the researcher.
A) informed consent
B) nonmaleficence
C) integrity
D) confidentiality
Answer: D
Q2) The real purpose of the Milgram study was to study:
A) the effects of electric shock.
B) memory and learning.
C) the effects of punishment.
D) obedience to authority.
Answer: D
Q3) A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if:
A) animals were used while conducting experiments for the research.
B) participants were not debriefed after the completion of the study.
C) the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses.
D) the researcher has used any form of survey to collect the data.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Q1) An advertising agency conducted a research to analyze the effects of advertising on consumer buying behavior.It was found that higher frequency of advertising resulted in more sales of the product being advertised.In this case,there is _____ relationship between the frequency of advertising and the sales of the product.
A) positive linear
B) negative linear
C) curvilinear
D) nonlinear
Q2) In the context of study of relationships between variables,_____ method involves direct manipulation and control of variables.
A) confounded
B) operational C) experimental D) curvilinear
Q3) Participant variables are also called _____ variables.
A) subject B) construct C) external
D) situational
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Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) In the context of components of a measure,a reliable measure of intelligence must contain relatively low _____.
A) validity
B) coefficient
C) true score
D) measurement error
Q2) In the context of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient,the closer a correlation is to 1.00,the _____ is the relationship between two variables.
A) more indirect
B) weaker
C) more subtle
D) stronger
Q3) _____ reliability is the assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time.
A) Interrater
B) Test-retest
C) Alternate forms
D) Internal consistency
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) Julia observes a child's behavior after he had watched 15 minutes of violent cartoons.She codes the child's behavior every 30 seconds based on the number of times he hits,kicks,pushes,or bites another child.This observational technique can best be described as _____ observation.
A) naturalistic
B) systematic
C) random
D) archival
Q2) Observing the honking patterns and hand gestures displayed by drivers to understand aggressive driving behaviors is an example of _____ observation.
A) concealed
B) systematic
C) qualitative
D) archival
Q3) Survey archives are beneficial because they:
A) are useful for examining rare or unusual events.
B) allow researchers to save time and money in collecting data.
C) help in examining specific behaviors of an individual.
D) help researchers to explain the life of an individual.
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Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) Which general type of survey questions is exemplified by the question "Are you satisfied with the emergency services in your city?"
A) Attitudes and beliefs
B) Facts and demographics
C) Behaviors
D) Objectives
Q2) Jake's research methods instructor asks him to conduct a survey on "cheating" with a random sample of graduate students.To save time,he goes to the cafeteria and distributes the survey questionnaires among the students present there.In this case,the sampling method used by Jake is called _____ sampling.
A) simple random
B) haphazard
C) cluster
D) stratified random
Q3) Which of the following is an accurate statement about closed-ended questions?
A) They allow the respondents to answer in any way they like.
B) They require time to categorize the responses.
C) They are costlier than open-ended questions.
D) They are easier to code than open-ended questions.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about using repeated measure designs over independent group designs?
A) It requires more participants than independent groups.
B) It is less likely to detect the effect of the independent variable.
C) It gives the researcher greater control over participant differences.
D) It decreases the likelihood of an order effect.
Q2) In the context of the repeated measures design,when the sequence of presenting the treatments determines the participants' responses in part,the researcher is dealing with _____.
A) order effects
B) incomplete counterbalancing
C) constancy
D) criterion variables
Q3) A _____ effect is associated with the deterioration of performance with the passage of time.
A) practice
B) carryover
C) counterbalanced
D) fatigue
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Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Q1) Rachel compares the math skills of boys and girls in the sixth grade.She administers a series of math problems to both groups and asks them to solve as many problems as they can within a 15-minute time period.She finds that both groups were able to answer only 2% of the problems.The result obtained can be due to the _____ effect.
A) performance
B) practice
C) ceiling
D) floor
Q2) Which of the following is least likely to be considered when determining how to manipulate an independent variable?
A) The external validity of the study
B) The ethical considerations of a strong manipulation
C) The cost of the manipulation
D) The internal validity of the study
Q3) Why do experiments conducted in field settings use unobtrusive measures?
A) To minimize the problem of demand characteristics
B) To achieve floor effects
C) To measure the sensitivity of dependent variables
D) To create experiments using straightforward manipulation
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Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low,medium,high)and room temperature (cold,warm,hot)on test performance,how many interactions are possible?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 9
Q2) In a two-way analysis of variance,a researcher tests for the significance of:
A) three main effects.
B) one main effect and an interaction.
C) two interactions.
D) two main effects and an interaction.
Q3) In a factorial design,a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.
A) independent
B) dependent
C) correlated
D) situational
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Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Q1) A restaurant is interested in examining the effect of increasing the price of hamburgers on its sales.During the first six months of the year,it measures the number of hamburgers sold each day.It then increases the price and records the number of hamburgers sold each day for the last six months of the year.This quasi-experimental design would be an example of a(n):
A) nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design.
B) interrupted time series design.
C) control series design.
D) nonequivalent control group design.
Q2) A study by Orth and colleagues (2010)was conducted to study the development of self-esteem over time.They were interested in changes in self-esteem at various ages and over time.They identified six different age cohorts (25-34,35-44,45-54,55-64,65-74,75+)and examined their self-esteem ratings from 1986,1989,1994,and 2002.This type of design is best classified as a(n)_____.
A) cross-sectional method
B) interrupted time series design
C) sequential method
D) longitudinal study
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Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Q1) Which of the following statistical measures indicates the average deviation of scores from the mean?
A) Linearity deviation
B) Median
C) Standard deviation
D) Central tendency
Q2) Three celebrity judges rank the finalists of a reality show based on their musical talents.The judges rank the contestants in the order of the most talented to the least talented.Which type of measurement scale does this scenario exemplify?
A) Ratio
B) Interval
C) Ordinal
D) Nominal
Q3) When graphically depicting frequency distributions,a _____ uses bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable.
A) polygon
B) histogram
C) pie chart
D) bar graph
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Q1) A researcher asked participants to rate the softness of two well-known brands of tissue paper-Daisy and Flora.Daisy was rated softer than Flora with mean ratings of 5.50 and 3.25 respectively.This difference was statistically significant at the .05 probability level.The null hypothesis for the population suggests that:
A) Daisy is softer than Flora.
B) Flora is softer than Daisy.
C) There is a difference between Daisy and Flora in softness.
D) There is no difference between the softness of Daisy and Flora tissues.
Q2) The null hypothesis is rejected whenever:
A) past studies prove it wrong.
B) there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.
C) the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable.
D) the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior.
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Chapter 14: Generalization
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Q1) Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.
A) nonsignificant findings
B) actual findings
C) Type I errors
D) Type II errors
Q2) Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review?
A) A researcher is least likely to indicate what findings are both strongly and weakly supported in the literature.
B) A researcher is least likely to discuss future directions for research.
C) A researcher is least likely to calculate an effect size for all the studies reviewed.
D) A researcher is least likely to indicate inconsistencies and areas in which research is lacking.
Q3) A failure to replicate could mean that the:
A) original results are invalid.
B) replication attempt is flawless.
C) research findings are generalizable.
D) experimenter is unbiased.
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