Advanced Research Methods in Psychology
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Course Introduction
Advanced Research Methods in Psychology is designed to deepen students' understanding of the principles, strategies, and complexities involved in psychological research. The course covers advanced topics such as experimental design, multivariate analysis, longitudinal studies, and qualitative methodologies. Emphasizing both theoretical and practical aspects, students critically evaluate published research, develop their own research proposals, and apply sophisticated statistical techniques using statistical software. Ethical issues, data interpretation, and the importance of methodological rigor are central themes, preparing students to conduct independent research and contribute meaningfully to the field of psychology.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Q1) Which characteristic of scientific inquiry emphasizes that if an idea is falsified when it is tested,science is thereby advanced because this result will spur the development of new and better ideas?
A) Data play a central role.
B) Scientists are not alone.
C) Science is adversarial.
D) Scientific evidence is peer reviewed.
Answer: C
Q2) Of the four goals of behavioral science,determining the cause of behavior involves:
A) careful observation of things like running speed,eye gaze,or loudness of laughter.
B) regular observation of a specific behavior to ensure that two events are systematically related to one another.
C) concluding causation based on temporal precedence,covariation of cause and effect,and alternative explanations.
D) explaining and understanding the events that have been described as causing a particular behavior.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) Which one of the following statements would be appropriate for the results section of a research report?
A) The difference between social desirability ratings of attractive versus unattractive individuals may be explained by the Cognitive Consistency Theory.
B) Past research suggests that differences exist in ratings of social desirability assigned to attractive versus unattractive individuals.
C) The average social desirability rating for attractive individuals was 6.4;however,the average rating for unattractive individuals was 3.2.
D) Future research should examine the effect of attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior.
Answer: C
Q2) Using the Boolean operator OR when performing a search on PsycINFO will:
A) include sources that contain all the search terms specified.
B) expand the search.
C) exclude sources that contain the search terms specified.
D) have no effect on the search.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Q1) In research,_____ occurs when there is active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study.
A) deception
B) plagiarism
C) fidelity
D) nonmaleficence
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee Syphilis study?
A) It was an isolated incident brought to light in 1998.
B) It took place for only one year.
C) It focused on treating individuals with syphilis using penicillin.
D) It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.
Answer: D
Q3) In which of the following areas of psychology has elaborate deception been most problematic?
A) Social psychology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Parapsychology
D) Clinical psychology
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the nonexperimental method,a researcher collects data on exercise and anxiety from a number of people and finds that exercise is negatively related to anxiety-that is,the people who exercise more tend to have lower levels of anxiety.What does this scenario demonstrate?
A) Temporal precedence
B) Covariation between variables
C) Elimination of possible causes
D) Non-sufficient element of inference of cause
Q2) In the context of validity,when examining a single study,we find internal validity to be generally in conflict with _____ validity.
A) subject
B) construct
C) external
D) situational
Q3) Random variability exists because relationships between variables:
A) can only be positive or negative.
B) are curvilinear.
C) are rarely perfect.
D) can only be monotonic.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) In the context of scales of measurement,_____ scales have an absolute zero point that indicates absence of the variable being measured.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Q2) In the context of components of a measure,a test containing high _____ is associated with greater variability.
A) true score
B) measurement error
C) reliability
D) validity
Q3) In the context of components of a measure,the more _____ in a test,the smaller the variability of scores in the test.
A) true score
B) measurement error
C) reactivity
D) discrepancy
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) A good naturalistic observation will support the analysis by using:
A) correlational analysis.
B) multiple confirmations.
C) only qualitative data.
D) only quantitative data.
Q2) A researcher conducted an in-depth examination of the life of Adolf Hitler and concluded that there are three possible reasons that explain why he killed so many Jews.This research approach is an example of a _____.
A) field experiment
B) psychobiography
C) systematic biography
D) naturalistic observation study
Q3) The observational method that provides a description of an individual is called _____.
A) systematic observation
B) concealed observation
C) a field experiment
D) a case study
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8
Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) A professor of mathematics wants to study how the students in his college perceive the subject.He walks into the college cafeteria and starts asking the students present there if they like mathematics.Which sampling technique is used by the professor in this scenario?
A) Cluster sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Haphazard sampling
D) Simple random sampling
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate statement about open-ended questions?
A) They are less time-consuming to code than closed-ended questions.
B) They are cheaper to analyze than closed-ended questions.
C) They offer very few response alternatives in comparison to closed-ended questions.
D) They are more useful in evaluating people's thoughts than closed-ended questions.
Q3) In general,the lower the response rate for a survey,the:
A) greater the likelihood of biases distorting the findings.
B) lesser the likelihood of sampling errors distorting the findings.
C) greater the confidence one has in generalizing the results.
D) lesser the confidence one has in the validity of the test.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) _____ is a technique to control for order effects without having all possible orders.
A) Pretest-only design
B) Randomization
C) Attrition
D) Latin square
Q2) When a confounding variable is present in an experiment,one cannot tell whether the results were due to the _____.
A) independent variable or the dependent variable
B) independent variable or the confounding variable
C) dependent variable or the confounding variable
D) dependent variable or the participant variable
Q3) An experiment can be assumed to have internal validity if:
A) the dependent variable is valid.
B) there is a strong manipulation of the independent variable.
C) random assignment and experimental control is employed.
D) confounding variables are present.
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Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Q1) Which of the following is a potential source of experimenter bias?
A) The experimenter using the same method to record participants' behaviors
B) The experimenter being unaware of the participants' personality characteristics
C) The procedures used for the experiments being automated
D) The presence of subtle differences in the way the experimenter interprets the behaviors
Q2) Electromyogram and electroencephalogram are examples of _____ measures.
A) self-report
B) productive
C) behavioral
D) physiological
Q3) Which of the following is true of statistical analysis of data?
A) It allows the researcher to examine and interpret the pattern of results obtained.
B) It includes a literature review that provides a background for a study.
C) It does not enable researchers to decide if there is any relationship between the variables.
D) It is usually the first step in a research and precedes data collection.
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Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?
A) It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions.
B) It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions.
C) It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design.
D) It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.
Q2) If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions,what kind of research design does he or she have?
A) Repeated measures design
B) Mixed factorial design
C) 1 × 2 factorial design
D) IV × PV design
Q3) A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions.Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances.This is an example of a(n)_____ design.
A) independent groups
B) repeated measures
C) mixed factorial
D) within-subjects
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Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Q1) In order to study personality development,a researcher studies the same individuals at 7,14,21,and 30 years of age.In this case,the researcher is using the _____ method.
A) longitudinal
B) sequential
C) cross-sectional
D) time analysis
Q2) Why is the cross-sectional method more common than the longitudinal method?
A) The results are obtained relatively quickly and it is less expensive.
B) The developmental change is observed directly among the same group of people.
C) The differences among groups of different ages reflect developmental age changes.
D) The results observed are based on comparisons among different cohorts of individuals.
Q3) A way to improve the interrupted time series design is to use a _____ design.
A) control series
B) reversal series
C) multiple baseline
D) single-case
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about bar graphs?
A) They divide a whole circle,or "pie," into "slices" that represent relative percentages.
B) They use bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable.
C) They use a separate and distinct bar for each piece of information.
D) They use a line to represent the distribution of frequencies of scores.
Q2) Sumaira took an aptitude test for a position with Accountants Unlimited.She was hired the following week.In this scenario,the predictor variable is Sumaira's _____.
A) appearance and personality
B) expected ability to get along with her fellow employees
C) score on the aptitude test
D) expected performance as an accountant
Q3) Which of the following scales of measurement lacks numeric properties?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Q1) The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the:
A) t test.
B) Pearson correlation.
C) chi-square test.
D) analysis of variance.
Q2) Sean wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean amount of sales dollars will vary between Oak Ridge,Oak Wood,and Oak Park shopping malls.The appropriate statistical test would be the _____.
A) Mann-Whitney U
B) t-test
C) F-test
D) Pearson r
Q3) The significance level chosen by a researcher is dependent on the _____.
A) scales of measurement used for the study
B) desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis
C) consequences of making a Type I versus a Type II error
D) type of statistic being used
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Generalization
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Q1) Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior.
A) Constructive replication
B) Conceptual replication
C) Exact replication
D) Procedural replication
Q2) A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by consumers.After surveying a sample of housewives,they find that the most preferred brand is White Suds.Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?
A) Consumers' lack of interest in laundry products
B) The absence of difference in laundry soaps between manufacturers
C) The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry
D) Including both males and females in research investigations
Q3) Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?
A) Using a random sample
B) Employing nonequivalent groups
C) Including only male subjects
D) Having a single experimenter
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