Advanced Nursing Research
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Course Introduction
Advanced Nursing Research is designed to deepen students' understanding of research methodologies and their application to nursing practice. This course explores quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches, emphasizing critical appraisal of research literature and the development of research proposals. Students will engage in the ethical considerations of conducting studies with human subjects, learn advanced techniques for data analysis, and apply evidence-based principles to improve healthcare outcomes. Through case studies and hands-on projects, the course prepares nurses to lead and contribute to research initiatives in clinical, academic, and community health settings.
Recommended Textbook Nursing Research 8th Edition by
Geri LoBiondoWood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) Developing nurse researchers at a younger age is a priority for the future in the nursing profession for which reasons? (Select all that apply.)
A) Enhancing the discipline's scientific development
B) Increasing the longevity of research careers
C) Receiving more research funding for professional organizations
D) Promoting mentoring opportunities for novice researchers
E) Increasing nursing's role in pharmaceutical research
Answer: A, B, D
Q2) The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article should the nurse expect to find a discussion of the research findings?
A) Procedures
B) Methods
C) Sample
D) Results
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Answer: D
Q2) A nurse states the purpose of a research study as, "This study will compare the effect of warm and cold applications on the resolution of intravenous (IV) infiltrations in hospitalized older-adult patients in the early postoperative period." In this statement, what constitutes the independent variable(s)?
A) Postoperative older adult patients
B) Early postoperative period
C) Warm and cold applications
D) Resolution of IV infiltrations
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which is an example of a \(\bold{primary}\) source in a literature review?
A) A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher
B) A critique of a nursing research study
C) An edited textbook on nursing research
D) A review of theoretical frameworks used in nursing research
Answer: A
Q2) When the nurse researcher conducts an electronic literature search, the search yields more than 7000 citations for the topic. The researcher should make which of these interpretations of the finding?
A) The search was comprehensive.
B) The key words were not sufficiently narrowed.
C) The topic does not require additional investigation.
D) The topic has broad application across health care disciplines.
Answer: B
Q3) Literature reviews are usually organized according to what?
A) The order in which materials are retrieved
B) The conceptual or theoretical concepts
C) The importance or credibility of authors
D) The variables being studied
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) Which nursing theory is classified as a Grand Nursing Theory?
A) Polk's Theory of Resilience
B) Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory
C) Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
D) Im's Theory of Caucasians' Cancer Pain Experience
Q2) A graphic or symbolic representation of a phenomenon not directly observable, which allows the reader to visualize key constructs and their interrelationships, is called what?
A) A concept
B) A conceptual definition
C) An operational definition
D) A model
Q3) In which way are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which type of clinical application of qualitative research would help a nurse describe the trajectory of an illness?
A) Insight or empathy
B) Assessment of status or progress
C) Anticipatory guidance
D) Coaching
Q2) Which aim of research is characteristic of or appropriate for qualitative research methods?
A) Control
B) Prediction
C) Explanation
D) Understanding
Q3) How is the number of subjects for participation determined for a qualitative study?
A) Data are collected from new subjects until data saturation is reached.
B) The number of subjects is the number available at a specific location.
C) The number of subjects is the number available within the researcher's specified time frame.
D) A power analysis of data collected in a pilot study is used to determine the number.
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7
Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher conducts a grounded theory study examining the process of social support that occurs within interactions between nursing students and clinical faculty in the hospital setting. Which research activities are consistent with a grounded theory study? (Select all that apply.)
A) Using theoretical sampling
B) Having one set of predetermined interview questions
C) Visiting the archives at the school of nursing
D) Changing approaches to data collection as data emerge
E) Asking only one research question to avoid confusing participants
Q2) A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenologic study for fittingness. The researcher will examine the study to see whether the study included which of these elements? (Select all that apply.)
A) Queried participants to confirm identified themes
B) Documented the bracketing process used to maintain proper perspective
C) Described the experiences of participants in a way that "rings true" for the reader
D) Presented narrative in a way that captures everyday reality of participants
E) Discussed in detail the process through which identified themes emerged
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) The nurse is critiquing a qualitative research study. Which question would be appropriate for the nurse to ask when critiquing the study's sample selection?
A) Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?
B) If a particular approach is used to guide the inquiry, does the researcher complete the study according to the processes described?
C) Does the researcher address the credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data?
D) Does the researcher place the report in the context of what is already known about the phenomenon (e.g., the existing literature)?
Q2) When critiquing a report of a qualitative research study, the nurse asks, "How has the researcher made explicit the significance of the study to nursing theory, research, or practice?" This question is critiquing what section of the report?
A) Data analysis
B) Data collection
C) Statement of the phenomenon of interest
D) Conclusions, implications, and recommendations
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9
Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) How could a nurse researcher's use of a homogeneous sample weaken a research study?
A) By decreasing the reliability of the findings
B) By decreasing the generalizability of the findings
C) By increasing the number of subjects needed to reach statistical significance
D) By increasing the risk that the findings were the result of chance alone
Q2) A study is examining the effect of a new antilipemic drug, compared with placebo, on lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal women. Which of these actions represents the researcher's attempt at constancy in data collection to control extraneous variables?
A) Drawing the serum lipoprotein levels of all subjects at the same time of day
B) Having the same phlebotomist draw serum lipoprotein levels of all subjects
C) Using the same room for drawing blood for lipoprotein levels of all subjects
D) Ensuring that all subjects are postmenopausal women taking lipid-lowering medication
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) Compared with a quasi-experimental design, which of these characteristics should a nurse expect to see only in a true experimental design?
A) Experimental treatment
B) Informed consent
C) Hypotheses
D) Random assignment
Q2) A quasi-experimental study design would be a better choice for a research study than an experimental study design in which of these situations?
A) The study is to be conducted in a laboratory setting.
B) An experimental treatment is not part of the study.
C) The researcher has not conducted research before.
D) Full experimental control is not possible.
Q3) A quasi-experimental research design would be preferable to an experimental design in which of these situations?
A) A smaller sample size is sufficient to obtain significant results.
B) Demonstration of a cause-and-effect relationship is the desired outcome.
C) Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the data.
D) Data will need to be collected in a real-world setting.
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11
Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) What threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design?
A) Instrumentation effects
B) Mortality effects
C) History effects
D) Selection bias
Q2) Which method of data collection is most appropriate for a nurse researcher to use in a survey study?
A) Videorecording of people-to-people interactions
B) Direct participant observation
C) Unstructured interview
D) Questionnaires
Q3) Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables?
A) A causal relationship can be determined between the variables.
B) Greater manipulation of the variables is possible in this type of study.
C) Randomization of participants allows for increased generalizability.
D) There is application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies.
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Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) ___ methods for selecting studies for review
Q2) What source contains information on studies published in conference proceedings and other sources not available in other databases?
A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
B) Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects
C) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
D) Cochrane Methodology Register
Q3) The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Effect size
D) Integrative review
Q4) ___ references and tables
Q5) ___ background of the question
Q6) ___ objectives of the search
Q7) ___ authors and contact person
Q8) ___ abstract
Q9) ____ types of participants Page 13
Q11) ___ plain language summary
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) The nurse researcher knows that a sample is representative of a population when which statement is true?
A) The sample is homogeneous.
B) All units of a population are included.
C) The most readily accessible persons are used as subjects.
D) The characteristics of the sample closely approximate those of the population.
Q2) Which type of sampling is most at risk for sample bias?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
Q3) A nurse researcher should be particularly concerned about having a small sample size for which reason?
A) There is increased risk of obtaining a nonrepresentative sample.
B) There is increased risk of a study subject interacting with another study subject.
C) There is increased potential for loss of confidentiality.
D) There is increased regression toward the mean.
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A patient newly diagnosed with breast cancer is asked to participate in a clinical trial for a new chemotherapy agent. This patient's freedom to participate or not participate in the study exercises protection of which of her human rights?
A) Right to fair treatment
B) Right to self-determination
C) Right to privacy and dignity
D) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
Q2) What basic human right is considered to be equitable selection of subjects and their treatment during the research study?
A) Right to self-determination
B) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
C) Right to fair treatment
D) Right to protection from discomfort and harm
Q3) What basic human right exists when subjects have the right to withdraw from a study without penalty?
A) Right to self-determination
B) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
C) Right to fair treatment
D) Right to protection from discomfort and harm
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) A nurse researcher would select the interview method of data collection for which reason?
A) It is of value only in qualitative studies.
B) It allows subjects to provide more detailed answers
C) Consistency, rather than objectivity, is of primary importance.
D) Objectivity, rather than consistency, is of primary importance.
Q2) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Is there evidence that subjects were able to answer the questions?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
Q3) Which data collection method would be most appropriate in studying bullying behavior in elementary school-aged girls?
A) An unstructured interview
B) Asking parents about their children's experience with bullying
C) Responses of the children on a paper-and-pencil bullying scale
D) Concealment of the researcher without intervention in children's behavior
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Which measures used to test reliability are specific for homogeneity? (Select all that apply.)
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Item-to-total correlation
C) Parallel or alternate form
D) Split-half reliability
E) Kuder-Richardson coefficient
F) Cronbach's alpha
G) Interrater reliability
Q2) Nurse researchers critiquing research reports should be concerned with the assessment of the validity and reliability of study instruments to do what?
A) To determine the utility of the instruments for triangulation
B) To assess the relationships between the hypotheses and the research questions
C) To determine whether the concepts and variables were measured adequately
D) To assess whether the concept under study is being treated as a dependent or an independent variable
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18
Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
Q2) The nurse researcher is using a nursing degree as a variable in a research study. The level of measurement most appropriate in this case is what?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
Q3) The nurse researcher is interested in having the greatest flexibility possible in choosing statistical procedures. The level of measurement used to achieve this is what?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q2) Limitations of a study are often attributed to what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Instruments
B) Sampling methods
C) Analysis
D) Literature review
Q3) In which section of the report will the nurse researcher address applicability to practice and future research?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the research question and hypothesis of a research report?
A) Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research questions?
B) What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
C) How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
D) To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in generalizability?
Q2) This statement was included in a study's abstract: "This research was an exploratory descriptive investigation of the pregnancy experiences of a multiethnic group of pregnant adolescents." What is this indicative of?
A) The study's aims
B) The study's design
C) The study's significance
D) The study's implications
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) A nurse researcher critiquing a research study notes that a confidence interval (CI) is too large for a new therapy to be clinically meaningful. What likely contributed to this statistical outcome?
A) Strong power level
B) Quantitative experimental design
C) Statistical analysis
D) Too small a sample
Q2) Applying study results to individual patients or to a specific patient population and communicating findings to patients in a meaningful way is the hallmark of what?
A) Scientific perspectives
B) Clinical practice
C) Meta-analysis
D) EBP
Q3) Which database is most likely to yield the highest-level evidence for a nurse researcher?
A) Psychological abstracts
B) Google.com
C) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
D) Cochrane Review
Page 22
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) ___ collect data at specified intervals
Q2) A nurse researcher can use research findings to go beyond dissemination of evidence-based guidelines and promote adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines through what?
A) Through dissemination activities
B) Through translating research into practice
C) Through research utilization
D) Through critiquing findings
Q3) How is PICO [Patient/population/problem; Intervention/treatment; Comparison/intervention/treatment; Outcome(s)] used in EBP?
A) It is used to formulate the practice question.
B) It is used in evidence retrieval.
C) It is used to grade the evidence.
D) It is used to critique practice guidelines.
Q4) ___ provide "on-site" feedback to staff regarding the progress in achieving the practice change
Q5) Steps of Evaluation for Evidence-Based Projects
Q6) ___ design data collection forms
Q7) ___ provide feedback of analyzed data to staff
Q8) ___ identify process and outcome variables of interest
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Increased ability to create value for both parties
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) Alignment of improvement activities at all levels to an organization's strategic intent
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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