2021 Research & Innovation Week- Undergraduate Student Research Booklet- Prairie View A&M University

Table of Contents FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Abidemi Awojuyigbe ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Aijalon Shantavia........................................................................................................................................... 6 Aminata Diagne............................................................................................................................................. 8 The Exploration of BRAF Gene .................................................................................................................... 10 Araceli Estrada Martinez ............................................................................................................................. 10 Ashlee Young............................................................................................................................................... 11 Ayanna D. Montegut ................................................................................................................................... 12 Brandon Bernäl ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Caleb Riggins ............................................................................................................................................... 14 Camille Pierre .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Caroline Grannum ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Chandler Bienek .......................................................................................................................................... 17 C. Mansogo ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Daija Bullock-Marable ................................................................................................................................. 19 Daniel Jackson ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Daniela Ruiz................................................................................................................................................. 21 Diana Varela Ajche ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Edgar Mendoza ........................................................................................................................................... 25 Edward K. Timms ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Ellani

e M ne C llin ............................................................................................................................. 27

Faith Guice .................................................................................................................................................. 28 Hannah Adams ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Ines Frazier .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Jason Hoil .................................................................................................................................................... 32 Jaylin Lewis.................................................................................................................................................. 33 Jose Rosales ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Joshua Singleton ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Jourdyn Allison ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Kalyse Houston............................................................................................................................................ 37 Katerra M. Stamps ...................................................................................................................................... 38 Kendall Lemons ........................................................................................................................................... 39 2|Page

Khristen Liverman ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Kristina Littlejohn ........................................................................................................................................ 41 Laura Ekezie ................................................................................................................................................ 43 Layla Ogletree ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Lenaye Palmer............................................................................................................................................. 45 Louisa Idah-Oze ........................................................................................................................................... 46 Melena Tekabo Celestin.............................................................................................................................. 47 Nigel Brook, Jr. ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Princess Pinamang ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Renae Lawrence .......................................................................................................................................... 50 Seyan Ayinde and Gina Chiarella (Faculty Mentor) .................................................................................... 51 Sultan Khalid ............................................................................................................................................... 52 Utomwen Irabor.......................................................................................................................................... 53

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Abidemi

Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Process Industries Awojuyigbe, Caleb Myers, Ozoemena Anyaegbu, and Emmanuel A. Dada (Faculty Mentor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Prairie View A & M University

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subpart of computer science that focuses on the development of programs to enable computers perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. In this project, we shall explain AI in general, analyze logic behind AI, and identify promising opportunities of AI Application in chemical industries, where AI can be implemented to enhance operations in chemical industries. In this project, we shall focus on the implementation of artificial intelligence in a distillation unit operation. Materials and Methods:For this study, extensive literature review was carried out on the applications of AI in the chemical industries. We researched machine-learning applications to increase efficiency of catalyst formation processes. This research focused on the significant impact and values of Artificial Intelligence in chemical industries over natural human intelligence. Deep learning was applied to solve high-level functions like modeling, simulation and optimization of chemical processes.

Results and Discussion: Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. There are two kinds of AI: Artificial Narrow Intelligence and Artificial General Intelligence that can do anything humans can do. In this project, the applications of AI in chemical process modeling, chemical process optimization and fault detection was explored. Conclusion: This research examined possible applications of and analyzed the logic behind AI.

Keywords: Artificial, Intelligence, Chemical, Industries, Simulation

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Monitoring DNA Interactions with Small Ring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aijalon Shantavia Bettis and Harshica Fernando, Ph.D. (Faculty Mentor) Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms and multiple aromatic rings. They are environmental pollutants, occur naturally in food, water, and air, and are commonly found in coal, gasoline, and crude oil. Individuals are typically exposed to these environmental pollutants by inhaling cigarette smoke, burning wood, inhaling fumes, or consuming food. The smallest PAH is naphthalene, two rings followed by three-ring PAHs phenanthrene and anthracene and other higher ring PAHs. In the past, studies have focused on higher call PAHs (5-6) as they were found to be carcinogenic.

Recently more attention is focused on small ring PAHs as they are toxic and present in large amounts. The human health effects from exposure to lower ring PAHs are also not clearly defined. Aim: Investigate the interactions of the trim ring PAHs with DNA. Method: We used calf thymus DNA as a model DNA to monitor the parent PAH interactions or the analogs using ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) and fluorescence techniques. In the UV/Vis method, spectral shifts were monitored at 260 and 280 nm s while in the fluorescence technique, excitation and emission wavelengths were set to different wavelengths depending on the fluorophore. Interactions were observed using fluorophores anthracene, 9, 10 bis-phenylethynylanthracene, 9, 10 diphenyl anthracene, and phenanthrene. DNA was in Tris-HCl buffer at pH= 7.4 Results: Spectral changes observed using both spectroscopic techniques show some interaction between the fluorophores and DNA. Conclusion: Future studies will understand the binding mechanism of DNA with the lower ring PAHs.

Key Words: Calf thymus DNA, fluorophore, PAH, interactions, binding mechanisms

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SYN1: a 'Nervous' Gene?

Alexis Vanzandt and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

The brain is one of the most complex organs within the human body. Due to its complexity and importance to survival, the neuronal function has been profusely studied. Numerous genes have been described as playing a vital role in neuronal activities. However, one of these novel genes, SYN1 (Synapsin 1), has not been well characterized.

Therefore, this project's objective was to analyze the structure and function of the SYN1 gene in silico, using a set of bioinformatics databases. We hypothesized that this novel gene, SYN1, is a functional protein-coding gene that plays an essential role in neuronal function. Furthermore, when mutated, SYN1 may promote defective neuronal activity. To test this hypothesis, bioinformatics databases, such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Ensembl, GeneCards, and the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser, were used to determine the structure and function(s) of gene SYN1. In silico research indicated that gene SYN1 is located on chromosome Xp11.3-p11.23. Gene SYN1 contains 13 exons and 137 sequence variants. According to NCBI, SYN1 mRNA is overly expressed in nervous tissue, such as the brain, cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum.

The SYN1 gene is localized in the cytoskeleton, nucleus, golgi apparatus, and cytosol within the cell. Orthologs of SYN1 are present in various species, such as the dog, cow, rat, and mouse. Gene SYN1 is a member of the synapsin gene family that encodes neuronal phosphoproteins. However, SYN1 specifically functions to coat synaptic vesicles and regulate the release of neurotransmitters. Mutations of SYN1 could lead to X-linked disorders involving primary neuronal degeneration such as Rett syndrome, epilepsy, and X-linked intellectual disabilities. In summary, gene SYN1 is a functional protein-coding gene that promotes neuronal development and is conserved across many mammalian species.

Keywords: SYN1 Gene, Neuronal regulation, Brain, Annotation

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Modeling the Synthesis of Peracetic Acid to Produce Maximum Peracetic Acid Concentration Using Optimum Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration Aminata Diagne and Emmanuel Dada (Faculty Mentor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Prairie View A & M University Background: Peracetic acid (PAA) is a very strong oxidizing agent with wide applications in the food, paper, medical, and textiles process industries as well as a sanitizing, sterilizing and cleaning solution use for environmental remediation, water treatment, beverage packaging and as antimicrobial solutions for agricultural purposes. The use of peracetic acid as disinfectant has become more important as a chemical agent use for the sterilization of medical devices like the re-use of N95 masks and related N95 devices that were originally designed for single use. The commercial use of peracetic acid and its efficacy depends on the concentration of peracetic acid. Therefore, there is a need for optimum concentration of PAA to be synthesized that will yield high profitability by using minimum amount of hydrogen peroxide concentration. Materials and Methods: We plan to use the available literature data on the equilibrium constants and kinetics rate to determine the optimum synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) at different concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, develop realistic predictive model to estimate the equilibrium constants for the peracetic acid solutions to be use to estimate the optimum concentration of PAA. Results and Discussion: The market base analysis on the cost of raw materials of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid and the selling price of the PAA product were carried out that showed that the optimum PAA concentration is very profitable. We are currently developing an empirical method to predict the equilibrium constant, Keq that will be used to optimize the concentration of hydrogen peroxide that will give maximum peracetic acid (PAA) product. Conclusion: Available literature data on the equilibrium constants and kinetics rate to determine the optimum synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) at different concentration of hydrogen peroxide have been analyzed. The data will be used to develop realistic predictive model to estimate the equilibrium constants for the peracetic acid solutions to be used to estimate the optimum concentration of PAA. Key words: Hydrogen Peroxide, Equilibrium, Predictive, Model, Peracetic Acid

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WWKD: What Would Krishna Do? Just War Doctrine and the Ethics of War in the Mahabharata Amorae Times and Michael J. Nojeim (Faculty Mentor) Division of Social Work, Behavioral and Political Sciences Marvin D. and June Samuel Brailsford College of Arts of Sciences Prairie View A&M University

Western notions of Just War developed by Christian theologians have been used as a blueprint for ethical war conduct since the Middle Ages. This project addresses this question: what are the similarities and differences between traditional western/Christian Just War Doctrine principles and those found in the Mahabharata? There are three components for comparison: justice of war, justice in war, and justice after the war. This project compares and contrasts the elements of Just War Doctrine found in western/Christian contexts with those found in the ancient Hindu holy text, the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita, located in the Mahabharata using a content-textual analysis method of study. This project hypothesizes that there are similar war ethics elements amongst eastern and western traditions that span time and culture. The expected results of this project align with the hypothesis, in that war ethics in two astly different cultures, span language, time, and space. This project emphaisizes the human desire for ethical war conduct, despit violations of principle when war ethics are put into place. This project is significant because it has contemporary applications in U.S foreign policy. Future studies will next focus its comparative analysis on the second epic ancient Hindu poem, the Ramayana.

Keywords: Just War Tradition, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, Ethics, War

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The Exploration of BRAF Gene

Araceli Estrada Martinez and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Psychology, Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Backgrounds: Sequencing the human genome and the genomes of other organisms have increased the need to advance the Bioinformatics field. The large volume of genomic data produced comprises a plethora of novel genes that need to be characterized. Objective: The purpose of this project was to explore the functions of one of these newly discovered genes, B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase (BRAF). It is hypothesized that BRAF is a functional protein-coding gene that is conserved across many species and plays an important role in cell regulation. Methods and Materials: Bioinformatic databases, such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser, Ensembl and Gene Cards; and the Basic Local Alignment Sequencing Tool (BLAST) were used to test the hypothesis mentioned above. Results: The BRAF gene is 205,438 nucleotides long, and it is located on chromosome 7q34. The BRAF gene is highly expressed in the fetal brain and frontal cortex, and its subcellular location is primarily in the cytosol. Gene BRAF interacts with transcription factors, BRCA1, PRKACA, RPS6KA2, RPS6KB2, and MAP2K21. The orthologs for BRAF include mus musculus, Gallus gallus, Anolis carolinensis, xenopus laevis, and danio rerio. The paralogs for BRAF include RAF1, ARAF, LRRK2, KSR2, and FPGT-TNNI3K. Mutations of the BRAF gene are affiliated with cancer, such as in melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, and adenocarcinoma of the lung.Conclusion: This data indicates that gene BRAF is a protein-coding oncogene, and mutations of such gene could lead to several phenotypic diseases associated with carcinogenesis.

Keywords: BRAF Gene, Bioinformatics, Oncogene, Carcinogenesis

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African American women in higher education who hold administrative positions

Ashlee Young and Pamela Freeman (Faculty Mentor) College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology, Psychology Prairie View A&M University

Design and Objectives: This mixed methods research study seeks to understand learned experiences, culture, age, politics, and how all intertwine to work together for African American women in higher education at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). The researcher implemented two theoretical platforms to guide this study: a) transformative learning theory and b) synergistic leadership theory. From these two theoretical frameworks, the researcher developed an overarching research question and three sub-research questions. Methods and Materials: In this mixed-method study, descriptive research and qualitative research were applied to capture the participants' unique experiences. Purposeful sampling was employed, and the data were collected using a self-report survey from African American females who have served in leadership positions for at least two different HBCUs. Participants who agreed to follow-up interviews were contacted via telephone, and interviews were recorded. The self-report survey has four sections comprised of demographic data and three sub-sections. Each sub-section is included five short answer questions, totaling 15 short answer questions. Results: The preliminary findings of this study will be presented in two steps. The results of the self-reported survey using descriptive and inferential statistics; and, secondly, the results of the follow-up telephone interviews will be reported. Demographical data identified years of experience, leadership positions, how many different HBCU's worked as an administrator, and if she served in a leadership position at a majority serving institution. Conclusion: The mixed-methods research contributes to much-needed information on African American women administrators at HBCUs. The data found are unique because the experiences of African American women leaders at HBCUs are limited and void rich cases of their stories. Although the sample is small, the results are incredibly profound.

Keywords: leadership, African American women, HBCU

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The Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer Amaranth) to Acetic Acid as an Organic Herbicide Treatment

Ayanna D. Montegut, Ineceia I. Carter, and Yolander Youngblood (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Traditional herbicides are glyphosate-based. Overuse of these herbicides has led to glyphosate resistance in some plants. Amaranthus palmeri is one of them. This is an ongoing study whereby we investigate the responses of the Glyphosate-Susceptible and the Glyphosate-Resistant Amaranthus palmeri to acetic acid as an organic herbicide. We hypothesized that although both forms respond differently to glyphosate-based herbicides, both respond the same to organic-based herbicides. When both are treated in a greenhouse with an organic 10% acetic acid solution, they both die. A 10% acetic acid solution was used versus the standard 20% acetic acid solution because previous studies suggest that at a very young age, the 10% solution is strong enough to control the growth. Using a weaker solution is less costly to the farmers' pocket and to the environment. We treated young Glyphosate-Susceptible and Glyphosate-Resistant Amaranthus palmeri plants by spraying the leaves with a 10% acetic acid solution. We observed changes in the epidermal layer. These plants are C4 plants and have stomata on their adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces.

Most leaves have stomata only on their abaxial surfaces. When treated with 10% acetic acid plants start wilting process within two hours. Using the JEOL Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) we took micrographs to show that leaf stomata are open before the leaves are treated. The micrographs also show that after treatment, as the plants become stressed, the stomata close on both forms. The leaf surfaces of both plants respond the same way. Death did occur with both plant forms. However, there was a slight difference in the death rate. With the Glyphosate Susceptible plants, 85% died within 24 hours, while with the Glyphosate-Resistant plants 100% died within 24 hours. Future computation studies will look at gene expression and address this difference in death rate.

Key words: Amaranthus palmeri, Glyphosate Susceptible, Glyphosate Resistant, organic acetic acid herbicides

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Cultural Identity in Music: A Modern Electronic Composition Celebrating Cultural Heritage

Brandon Bernäl and Daniel Pardo, D.M.A (Faculty Mentor) Department of Music, Marvin D. and June Samuel Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences Prairie View A & M University

Latin-American music is a manifestation of the cultural merge of European forms and harmony development, with the richness of African and Middle Eastern rhythms and the Far East's melodic treatment. This mixture of cultures resulted in the creation of new sounds and traditions in different geographical regions. This consideration goes beyond boundaries set by countries. In some instances, music styles are shared, as seen in Venezuela and Colombia's plains with Joropo and Musica Llanera, or the Andean music covering the mountain range from Chile and Bolivia, through Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. There are other cases where geographical divisions kept the development of music styles within a specific country, but with branches so distinct that they become recognizable to the trained ear. That is the case of music from Brazil, where within its large territory, Samba and Choro have evolved differently throughout the country. This composition aims to create a work for two instrumental voices, inspired by the joining of musical genres from several regions and countries in Latin America with a modern approach to harmony and sound design. To accomplish this, we use traditional composition and forms and electronic composition practices such as granular synthesis and sampling. This electronic Suite (collection of instrumental pieces) in seven movements (I. Overture, II. En Los Llanos, III. En Las Montañas, IV. En la Selva, V. En Las Islas, VI. En Un Mundo) represents our cultural identity vision beyond geographical and political boundaries, which constitutes a more global artistic oneness approach. For future research regarding Latin American music, an indepth look at regions influenced by these musical styles will be considered, investigating how cultures have either shifted and or inspired innovation for further evolution among Latin American Music.

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Soot Volume Fraction Measurements from Droplet Combustion Experiments of Sooty Fuels Caleb Riggins and Yuhao Xu, Ph.D. (Faculty Advisor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

Background: Observations on sooting dynamics during the combustion of liquid fuel have been an area of interest for aerospace industries due to the growth and motivation to increase fuel efficiency. Earlier experiments conducted in the 1990 s were performed to analyze sooting behaviors under microgravity, under validations of one-dimensional theory analysis. The pioneering classical results of microgravity experimentation provided crucial insights regarding steady-state burning behaviors for calculating theoretical predictions but did not take into consideration transient states. Although these claims can be qualitatively examined, often they are not quantitative. Aims: This study aims to develop and evaluate different independent methods of quantitatively extracting soot volume fraction (SVF).

Methodology: Experimental methods include burning of n-heptane droplets under microgravity with different droplet diameters, Laser-induced Incandescent backlighting to observe combustion and sooting dynamics, and full-field light extinction method (FFLEM) apparatus to quantitively extract SVF measurements. Results: Results show that the size of the initial droplet diameters causes an increase or decrease in soot volume mass. The size of the diameter is directly proportional to the soot volume mass. However, if the droplets are too large, the soot concentration does not monotonically increase with the diameter (observed in droplet sizes of 2.6 mm - 2.9 mm). Results also show that the longer the residence time of fuel molecules in a high temperature environment, the greater the potential for sooting behavior. Finally, the higher the atmospheric pressure, the higher the average SVF. Conclusion: Factors of thermal physical properties, as well as complexities during the quasi-steady reactions, influence the combustion and sooting dynamics. Current and future research efforts are concerned with the FFLEM technique to quantify soot emissions more effectively [5].

Keywords: Droplet Combustion, Soot Volume Fraction, Microgravity

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Peeling Back the Layers: Stem Anatomy, Fiber Strength, and Novel Retting Approaches towards a Sustainable Hemp Fiber Industry in Texas 2

2

Camille Pierre1, Prabha Amarasinghe , and Aruna Weerasooriya (Faculty Mentor) 1

College of Agriculture and Human Sciences (CAHS), Prairie View A&M University

2

Cooperative Agriculture Research Center, CAHS, Prairie View A&M University Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is identified as a leading fiber crop and has recently been legalized in Texas, however, the research to identify the suitable fiber strains in Texas and methods of fiber extraction are still at infancy. Hemp stem contains bast and hurd fibers, and they differ in types of cells, chemistry, physical properties, and end-usage.

Retting is a process that is used to extract fibers and it can be a chemical or microbial or enzymatic approach to dissolve certain cells and pectin surrounding the fibers. Here, we used ten hemp fiber strains with three replicates to achieve three objectives: 1) test their anatomical and yield parameters linked to fiber quality and quantity, 2) investigate their mechanical properties, and 3) determine the best retting approach. Strains of hemp were selected based on the number of branches and plant heights, and voucher specimens were prepared. Histology of each strain was evaluated using the double-stained cross- sections of stems. Samples were retted chemically with NaOH, enzymatically with commercial enzymes, and microbiologically (dew, soil, and rotten vegetable wash) including three replicates for each treatment. Dry weights of bast and hurd fibers of strains and methods were compared and fiber strengths were measured using tensile machine. Data were analyzed with ANOVA on the R package. We obtained a differentiated picture of the suitability of strains and retting methods. The best strains (e.g., US031 is the best in terms of bast fiber yield, Blue Genious is the best for hurd fiber yield) that were selected based on our approaches can be tailored towards specificities of the end-usage of choice. This investigation provides further insights into fiber cell distribution patterns in various strains, and pros and cons of retting approaches.

Keywords: Cannabis sativa, fiber, histology, retting

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The CDK4 Gene and Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma 3

Caroline Grannum, Daniela Ruiz and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Background: The development of cutaneous malignant melanoma 3 is linked to complex factors involving genetic changes and ultraviolet radiation exposure. Recent reports have indicated that a mutation of the newly sequenced gene, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), is associated with cutaneous hereditary melanoma 3 formations and progression.

However, CDK4 has not been fully characterized. Objective: Hence, this study aimed to examine and describe the CDK4 gene using Bioinformatics. It was hypothesized that CDK4 is a protein-coding gene that plays an important role in regulating cell division of the integumentary system. Methodology: The structure, function, and location of the CDK4 gene were determined using the Bioinformatics databases, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), GeneCards, and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Results: Expression of the CDK4 gene is detected in the human ovary, endometrium, thyroid, GI tract, skin, and other tissues. Located on chromosome 12q14.1, the CDK4 gene encodes a kinase responsible for regulating cells going from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle.

Orthologs of this gene are found in mice, chickens, and dogs; paralogs include CDK6, CDK5, and CDK3, required for the G1 to S phase transition. Mutations of CDK4 are associated with the development of typical moles, cutaneous malignant melanoma 3, and familial melanoma. Conclusion: The CDK4 gene is a protein-coding gene that regulates part of the cell cycle process. Its mutation may promote the formation and development of specific skin cancers like Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma 3.

Keywords: CDK4 Gene, Bioinformatics, Melanoma, Cutaneous

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La enf cemen mi c nd c : De c ibing bad a

le

and hei

ba el

in h ee

he n states

Chandler Bienek, Leslie Lively, and Camille Gibson (Faculty Mentor) College of Juvenile Justice and Pyschology, Justice Studies Prairie View A&M University

This mixed method study describes a sample of law enforcement officers whose misconduct led to their decertification to work in the field in Texas, Florida, and Arizona. It also describes the organizations from which most of the decertifications came. Utilizing publicly available data from media sources from 2014 to 2017, 582 cases have been identified with sufficient case details for analysis. Thus, a limitation is that the cases represent many, but not all decertifications during the time period. Profiles of the officers and the law enforcement organizations were generated and analyzed by examining news accounts for patterns in conduct and by running descriptive and correlative statistics.

The goal was to understand which key characteristics were associated with police misconduct. The data reveal that for Arizona, Florida, and Texas, the leading acts of police misconduct involve dangerous drugs, driving under the influence, and assault. Additionally, the age of officers involved in police misconduct tend to be over 30, with very few instances of the officer being under 30 years old. This suggests that officers are likely on the job for at least five years before being decertified. What differs among the three states are the organizations that generate the most decertifications. For instance, the data for Arizona show that the majority of the misconduct comes from police departments. In Florida, the majority is from correctional facilities, and in Texas, most cases are from sheriff s offices.

Understanding law enforcement misconduct trends and where they exist should contribute to improving community trust in law enforcement and, in turn, public safety.

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A COMBINED CHEMICAL-ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS TO CAPTURE CO2 AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ELECTRICITY

C. Mansogo1, N. Shamim,1 S. Binzaid2, J. F. Gabitto,1* (Faculty Mentor), and J. Attia2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Prairie View A&M University Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&M University

2

Several carbon sequestration technologies have been proposed to utilize carbon dioxide (CO 2) to produce energy and chemical compounds. However, feasible technologies have not been adopted due to the low-efficiency conversion rate and high-energy requirements. We present a chemical-electrochemical cyclical process that can capture carbon dioxide as a bicarbonate salt in this work. The proposed process also produces hydrogen and electrical energy. Carbon capture is enhanced by the reaction at the cathode that displaces the equilibrium into bicarbonate production. The cyclic process can create stable operation for long times by preserving ionic balance using a suitable ionic membrane that regulates ionic flows between the two half-cells. One theoretical model has been derived from accounting for all the different reactive and transport processes. A dynamical equilibrium is established among all the various processes, and the final steady-state is a result of this dynamical situation. Several individual models are used to simulate transport through the membrane, solution sides, and into the electrical boundary layers (EDLs) in contact with the electrodes.

An electrochemical reaction is considered inside the EDLs, and a chemical reaction in the solution contacted the cathode. Numerical simulations and experiments have validated the proof of the concept. The proposed process could serve as a novel CO2 sequestration technology while producing electrical energy and hydrogen.

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Development of Plant Natural Products having Antidiabetic Potential and Antihypertensive Therapy and Chronic Diseases Daija Bullock-Marable and Sameh Abdelwahed (Faculty Mentor) Prairie View A&M University Undergraduate Research, Chemistry

Background: Since medieval ages, herbs were used for the treatment of different diseases. Since then, the use of herbs has given rise to the treatment of various modern diseases as well. Most of the modern FDA approved drugs can be sourced back to plants. Hibiscus sabdariffa and Ginger is used for the management of high blood pressure, fever, and other diseases like diabetes1.Our research is focusing on synthesis of Gingerol, the bioactive compound that s found in ginger, by using a simple and efficient synthetic rout starting from commercially available vanillin. Gingerol could be used also as an antibiotic agent, which encourages us to synthesize this compound in our lab. Aim: Based on our computational study, our hypothesis that Gingerol could be used as a drug for antidiabetic potential and antihypertensive. Materials and methods: A general synthetic strategy, based on preliminary results, will be carried out for preparation of the most promised compounds, for example, a possible synthesis of 6-Gingerol starts with a claisen condensation of vanillin and acetone to yield dehydrozingerone which could be reduced and react with hexanal via Witting reaction and then hydrolyzed to 6-Gingerol2.

Me O HO

O H

Me O

O

+

Base

Me O HO

O

HO

O

Me O Reduction

Me O

OH

6-Gingerol

HO

Hydrolysis

O

Witting Reaction O

O

HO

Results: We have successfully preparing all of the compounds that were needed with good yield and we are working with the last step to synthetize the Gingerol. Conclusion: Currently, we are in the process of completing gingerol, which we have attempted to prepare by two different methods. When done we will seek collaboration to test the effects of the gingerol as an antidiabetic agent.

Keywords: Plants, traditional medicine, diseases.

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Flood Management Using Hydrologic and Remote Sensing Data Daniel Jackson1 and Ram Ray2 (Faculty Mentor) 1Department

of Computer Information System, Prairie View A&M University

2

College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University

Background: Floods are one of the most destructive natural disasters causing severe damages to public and private infrastructure, socio-economic activities, and agricultural and ecological services. Flood frequency and extent are likely to exacerbate in the future with increased occurrences of extreme rainfall events under changing climate and land use under the growing population. Therefore, assessing flood risk under a changing environment is essential to develop future climate-resilient management strategies to mitigate socio-economic and environmental damages.

Objective: This project's primary goal is to create a methodological framework for flood management and mapping using publicly available remote sensing and hydrological data for Texas's select watershed. Methods: We collected and developed satellite and hydrologic databases for the proposed watershed from 2015 to 2017. Since our goal was to focus on the flood/extreme events, we mainly analyzed the data on the days, months, and years with extreme circumstances, such as floods and hurricanes (e.g., Harvey). Results: The preliminary results show Landsat and Sentinel satellite data can be used to identify the inundation/flood zones during extreme rainfall events. Conclusion: The estimated runoff and flood map can be used to develop a methodological framework for flood management.

Keywords: flood, flood management, rainfall,hydrologic and remote sensing data, watershed.

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Characterization of the PAEP Gene - A Link to Embryo Development

Daniela Ruiz and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Bioinformatics research has led to the deeper understanding of the cellular role(s) played by various novel genes.

Embryo development or embryogenesis is an important and highly complex process that involves numerous genes.

Prior research has suggested that the Progestagen Associated Endometrial Protein (PAEP) gene is associated with the regulation of the environment during pregnancy. However, this novel gene has not been fully characterized. Therefore, the objective of this project was to annotate the PAEP gene, using bioinformatics databases. We hypothesized that PAEP is a functional gene and if mutated, could adversely affect human embryo development. To test this hypothesis, we used the following bioinformatics databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Gene Cards and Ensembl; and the Basic Local Alignment Sequencing Tool (BLAST) to study the location, structure and function of PAEP. According to GeneCards, the PAEP gene is highly expressed in reproductive tissues. The chromosomal location of this gene is 9q34.3. Orthologs of PAEP are expressed in chimpanzees, dogs, and cows. Ensembl, indicated that PAEP has 14 paralogs, some of which are involved in the differentiation and growth of an organism. The NCBI database indicated that the PAEP gene is involved in the accurate sequence of events during the fertilization process.

Post translation modification of PAEP gene include glycodelin-s, -a, -f, and -c that either stimulate or inhibit fertilization. Disorders associated with mutations of the PAEP gene are ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and kleefstra syndrome; all of which are related to the disturbance of normal embryo development. Therefore, gene PAEP is a protein- coding gene that plays a vital part in embryogenesis.

Keywords: PAEP Gene, Bioinformatics, Annotation, Embryo Development

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Effect of Pretreatment on Biogas Production of Sorghum David Burrows1, Harjinder Kaur1, Raghava R. Kommalapati1, 2 (Faculty Mentor) 1

Center of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Prairie view A&M University

2

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Prairie View A&M University

The climate of our world is ever-changing, and as humans, we continue to adapt by finding renewable sources of energy to create a more sustainable atmosphere. Biogas is a renewable energy source that continues to be produced using different feedstocks such as chicken and swine manure, landfill waste, and plant residues. In this experiment, we determined the effect of hot water and alkali treatments (6% NaOH on a wet weight basis) on the major bioenergy crop sorghum. Sorghum residues were collected from the field research trials at Texas A&M University. It was dried at 80°C, passed through Willy mill, sieved (2 mm), characterized for C, H, N, S. The fresh inoculum obtained from the Prairie View wastewater treatment plant was de-gassed for a week. Biomethane potential assays were conducted under mesophilic conditions, and biogas readings were taken daily for 14 days. The maximum cumulative biomethane yield was observed in hot water treatment followed by alkali. The results show that hot water and alkali treatments enhance biomethane recovery. Future research trials will focus on co-digesting sorghum with animal manures such as goat to enhance the bioenergy recovery from manures.

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Numerical Experimentation of Bio-physicochemical Interaction of Airborne Species in the Pulmonary Circulation Diamy Bekale Camara and Kazeem Olanrewaju, (Faculty Mentor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Prairie View A & M University

The human physiology is a complex network of systems and units meticulously design to function in unison and perpetuate innumerable operations needed to maintain body systems homeostasis. These physiological operations are initiated and sustained by proper functioning of the delivery system ((circulatory/cardiovascular system).The deliverables which include nutrients, electrolytes, gaseous species, hormones, cells, wastes are transported by blood and transformed by interacting with one another and various organs, tissues, and cells along circulatory flow path.

Any alteration in these mechanisms can lead to body system equilibrium destabilization. The objective/goal of this work is to conduct a detail qualitative mechanistic description of vascular transportation and cellular transformation of airborne species in pulmonary circulation system and adopt a numerical modelling tool to measure and quantify these mechanisms. A schematic flow process of species in the pulmonary circulation loop will be developed to have a clear perspective of species transport and transformation mechanisms within the loop. This study will afterward adopt two computational modelling platforms to conduct the numerical experimentation of bio-physicochemical interaction of species transport, transformation, and delivery at the various sites in the pulmonary circulation system.

A flow chart delineating the different sequential stages involved in the pulmonary circulation loop was developed.

The development of the schematic flow chart intends to set a plausible platform for a qualitative depiction of the physiological mechanisms needed to understand species transport and transformation within the pulmonary circulation loop. A clear view of where species transport and transformation occur within pulmonary circulation is qualitatively made evident. Numerical quantification of species transport and transformation mechanisms will be subsequently investigated through modeling. Insight gained will be utilized to understand range of cardiopulmonary diseases, developed pertinent diagnostic procedures and proffer therapeutic measures needed to remedy its pathophysiological impact.

Key Words: Pulmonary, Circulation, Cardiopulmonary, Airborne, Pathophysiological

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Unveiling Hidden Mysteries of the Novel Gene OVAAL

Diana Varela Ajche and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Advisor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Background: Although complete sequences are now available for the human genome, identifying and decoding novel genes' emerging plethora remains a challenge. In the last decade, bioinformatics has become a crucial tool that aids with deciphering rapidly accumulating genomic data. This has facilitated identifying novel genes involved in the initiation of cancers, such as ovarian cancer (OC). While OC is the 5th leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, it is the deadliest cancer among women in the United States. Recent studies have implicated that mutations of a novel gene, Ovarian Adenocarcinoma Amplified Long Non-Coding RNA (OVAAL), may be associated with ovarian carcinogenesis. Objective: Hence, this project aimed to apply in-silico bioinformatic principles and tools to characterize the OVAAL gene. We hypothesized that OVAAL is a functional protein-coding gene that plays a vital role in regulating ovarian function. Methodology: To evaluate this hypothesis, we used the Basic Local Alignment Sequencing Tool (BLAST), Ensembl, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), and GeneCards. Results: The UCSC database indicates that the OVAAL gene is located on chromosome 1q25.3, has 4 exons and comprises 57,144 bases. The GeneCards database showed that this gene's subcellular location is within the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, mitochondrion, nucleus, and lysosome.

Additionally, the OVAAL gene is expressed in several normal human tissues, with the highest expression in heart tissues. No orthologs, paralogs, or interacting proteins have been identified for this gene. However, when using BLAST to run alignments using the RNA RefSeq, we found many cDNA clones and predicted conservations across different species. Conclusion: The OVAAL gene is not conserved across species. However, it plays an important role in regulating ovarian processes, as mutations lead to the development of ovarian adenocarcinoma.

Keywords: Bioinformatics, Ovarian Adenocarcinoma, OVAAL Gene.

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Time-to-Event Processes and Applications

Edgar Mendoza1 and Emmanuel Appiah2 (Faculty Advisor) 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, 2Department of Mathematics Prairie View A&M University

Time-to-event (survival/reliability) analysis is a branch of statistics that deals with statistical methods used in analyzing data where the outcome of interest is time until some event occurs. The event could be occurrences in the lives of individuals/items/units/etc. that are of interest in studies in medicine, engineering, demography, biology, finance, economics, sociology, etc. Examples of such time-to-events are the birth of a child, graduation from college, marriage, divorce, death, the occurrence of a disease, failure of a machine component, etc. Scientific and technological advancements in communication, engineering, medical, and social sciences have extended and diversified the scope of survival/reliability analysis in these areas of interest. Parametric and nonparametric methods are generally applied to estimate the hazard/risk rate and survival functions. These approaches are based on the assumption that the underlying survival or failure distribution belongs to a specific family of distribution (e.g., exponential, normal, Weibull, Log-logistic). The parametric approach provides the advantage of simplicity and the availability of likelihood-based inference procedures. Nonparametric approaches like the Kaplan-Meier and Nelson-Aalen do not assume a distribution class or a closed-form distribution. Motivated by the parameter and state estimations of timeto-event processes in the medical and engineering fields, the goal of this research project is to develop new mathematical models and computational tools for time-to-event dynamic processes in biological, engineering, epidemiological, financial, medical, military, and social sciences that are independent of closed-form solution distributions. The approach is based on a very simple observation of the probabilistic definition of the hazard risk rate function and the introduction of interventions or sudden changes in the hazard rate/risk at unspecified times.

Keywords: Time-to-event, dynamic processes, parametric and nonparametric methods, survival function.

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Soil Health Status Baseline Development Using Soil pH Monitoring of Soil and Water in Pits on the 90-Acre Property of Prairie View A&M University

Edward K. Timms, Armondo Waters, and Richard W. Griffin (Faculty Mentor) College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University

Soil reaction or pH is a primary indicator for soil health, since it provides a reflection of growth potential for beneficial plants such as row crops, pasture, shrubs and trees. The objective of this project was to measure pH of soil and water conditions that can also be used to infer knowledge about soil health status and the growth potential for beneficial plant and weed species. The pH of soil and water was measured using a portable probe that was calibrated using the 3-point standardization method. The soil samples were collected from 6 Soil Pits and 1 Pond Dam location in 3 soil units and at 2 depths to assess the pH conditions in the topsoil and subsoil. Water pH data from 3 Soil Pits and 1 Pond adjacent to the property were monitored to compare with the soil pH values surrounding the same sites. Triplicate (3) samples of soil and water were used to produce the mean and standard deviation values for the statistical analyses. A statistical comparison of Soil Pit Soil and Water pH Values indicated that at Soil Pits 1, 3, and 5, the Soil pH values (7.55, 6.49, and 7.96, respectively) were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the Water pH values (8.88, 7.15, and 9.34, respectively). Soil pH values at Soil Pits 1, 3, and 5 were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the Water pH values as well as at the Pond Dam compared to the Pond Adjacent to the 90-acre property. This observation indicated that the acidity of the soil was not significantly lowering the pH of the water in the ponds either on or adjacent to the property.

Soil pH data from the 7 sample collection sites provided spatial variability information that assisted the overall project goals of baseline assessment.

Keywords: soil health, pH, monitoring, water quality, pond water

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Exploration of the Novel WAS Gene

Ellaniq e M ne C llin and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Background: Bioinformatics is widely used to analyze whole-genome sequencing data, gene expression, and regulation. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare yet lethal disease affecting roughly 1 in every 100,000 live births.

Objective: Therefore, we aim to characterize a novel Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) gene, mutations of which have recently been reported to cause the onset of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome disease. We hypothesized that this novel WAS gene is a protein-coding gene that has essential functions in the cell. Methodology: To test our hypothesis, bioinformatics databases such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and GeneCards and the Basic Local Alignment Sequencing Tool (BLAST) were explored to determine the function, location, expression pattern, and the number of variants of the WAS gene. Results: As GeneCards reports, the novel gene WAS is located on chromosome Xp11.23, is 14,832 bases long, and has a positive orientation. Its subcellular locations are mainly in the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus, and cytosol. Our findings also indicate that the gene WAS a proteincoding gene. The encoded protein is required for podosome formation, which is found outside the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. The WAS protein consists of 502 amino acids and is highly expressed within the cytoplasm of non-erythroid hematopoietic cells. Orthologs of gene WAS are found in mice, lizards, and zebrafish, while paralogs of this gene include WASL. Mutations of the WAS gene lead to the development of disorders like the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome and Thrombocytopenia I. Conclusion: In summary, data indicate that gene WAS a functional proteincoding gene that is conserved across many species. Additionally, WAS gene mutations that lead to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome would be further studied.

Keywords: WAS gene, Bioinformatics, Exploring, Immune deficiency

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The ALK Gene and Neuroblastoma

Faith Guice, Diana Ajche-Varela, and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

Background: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary science comprising of different tools and databases that support data integration and data analysis. This data can then be used by medical teams and the pharmaceutical industry to prevent and/or treat genetic diseases such as neuroblastomas, one of the most common tumors among children worldwide. Objective: The aim of this project was to use bioinformatics to characterize a newly sequenced gene, Anaplastic Lymphoma Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (ALK), that has been linked to the onset of neuroblastomas. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that ALK is a functional gene that is conserved across many species and that certain mutations of this gene are associated with the development of neuroblastomas. Methods: To evaluate our hypothesis we utilized the databases GeneCards, National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI), University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) and Ensembl as well as the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Results: The UCSC genome browser states that this gene is located on chromosome 2p23.1-2p23.2 and has 29 exons. The ALK gene is localized in the cell membrane. Information obtained from NCBI indicated that this gene is highly expressed in the tissues of the brain. The Ensembl database shows that orthologs of the ALK gene can be found in the mouse, chicken, lizard, and zebrafish. Summary: In conclusion, the ALK gene is a protein-coding gene that is conserved across many species. The high level of ALK gene expression in the brain suggests a possible role in the normal function of the nervous system. Further characterization of the ALK gene will determine the specific mutations that promote the development of neuroblastoma.

Keywords: ALK Gene, Bioinformatics, Brain, Neuroblastoma

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Host Immune Response to Coccidiosis in Poultry

Hannah Adams and Milton Daley (Faculty Mentor) College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan, and it belongs to the genus Eimeria. They are damaging the intestinal mucosa of poultries. Anticoccidials, vaccinations, and proper management of the poultry house are ways used in the control of Coccidiosis. In this study, three tiers of functional tests of immunocompetence were done to help poultry animal's host immune responses to Coccidiosis. Host immune response in poultry is used as a birds' defense against substances that may be harmful such as cancerous cells, parasite split, nonspecific and specific immunity. The poultry's immune response to species of Eimeria is to reduce the spreading of parasites and to reduce the effects they have. Tier 1 functional tests include immunopathology, plaque-forming cell response, lymphocyte proliferation assay, and natural killer cell assay. In immunopathology tests, organs were weighed to see any increase in organ activity. Plaque forming cells involve immunization control and Xenobiotics, exposing animals by intravenous intraperitoneally using the sheep's red blood cells. Lymphocyte assay is for lymphocytes multiplying when cultured, and natural killer cell assay is to measure the ability of the effector natural killer cell to lyse. Tier 2 methods such as surface marker analysis, cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay, delay hypersensitivity response, macrophage assay, and host resistance assay are used to observe different cells' response to an attack from foreign antigens, target cells, and pathogens. Tier 3 focuses on humoral and cellular immunotoxicity testing using apoptosis, cytokine expression, cell signaling, and knockout gene studies.

Keywords: Coccidiosis, Host Immune response, Functional tests

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Computational Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction of Species in the Systemic and Portal Circulation Circuit Indira Ribeiro and Kazeem Olanrewaju (Faculty Advisor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Prairie View A & M University

Alteration of species transport needed for metabolism by all the body cells and disruption of the metabolic pathway are the major causative mechanisms to most systemic body diseases. However, the major gateway of nutritional and enervating non-gaseous species accessing the systemic and portal circulation of the cardiovascular system is through the digestive system. Thus, nutritional species transported via the vascular stream are products of enzymatic and mechanical digestion of macromolecular compounds into simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

The objective of this work is to conduct a computational analysis of the fluid-structure interactive mechanisms of species within the systemic and portal circulation loop and numerically quantify associated physiological and pathophysiological implications of these interactions. A schematic flow process of species in the systemic and portal circulation will be developed to have definitive sequential perspective of species transport and transformation within the loop. Subsequently, this study will adopt two computational modelling platforms to numerical assess fluidstructure interaction of species with organ systems of the systemic and portal circulatory units. A qualitative chart progressively depicting the flow processes of species transport and transformation in the systemic and portal circulation loop was developed. The development of the flow chart aimed at creating a platform that will help in detailing the various physiological mechanisms underlining the different specie transport and transformation processes in the circulation. An apparent depiction of where species transport and transformation occur within the systemic and portal blood circulation loop is made evident. Numerical quantification of species transport and transformation processes describe by detail physiological mechanisms will be subsequently examined through modeling. The understanding acquired from modeling will be utilized in numerically assessing systemic and portal circulation diseases, design relevant diagnostic procedures, and propound therapeutic measures needed to mitigate their pathophysiological impacts.

Keywords: Transport, Transformation, Systemic and Portal circulation, Modeling

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The Evaluation of the PVAMU Soil Microbiome: Evaluation of the Essential Components for Plant Productivity

Ines Frazier and Quincy C. Moore (Faculty Mentor) College of Agriculture and Human Sciences Marvin D. and June Samuel Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences, Biology Department Prairie View A & M University

The health of plants is dependent on the health of the soil, which must have minerals and elements that support the microbes that have symbiotic relationships with the plants. The species of microorganisms depend on the physical and chemical nature of the soil, as these facts can impact the activity level of soil microbes. We hypothesize that if the soil on the PVAMU farm has a high fertility rating, then the diversity of soil microbes will be greater, thus causing a higher quality yield crop Aims: This project involves the use of soil samples from a variety of sites on the campus to determine the microorganisms that make up the rhizosphere at Prairie View A&M University. Soil samples at a depth of 3 inches will be gathered from several sites on the Prairie View A&M University farm throughout different farming seasons. The DNA from the samples will then be isolated using the Fisher Bioreagents SurePrep TM Soil DNA Isolation Kit or a similar kit. Based on literature review, soil health is based on soil fertility and the quantity of diverse soil microbes. The correlation of soil microbes and soil fertility is significant between the number of bacteria and contents of the organic matter. By identifying which areas on the farm can grow plants with more biomass we can create a comprehensive microbiome map of the PVAMU farm that can be used to target specific areas with the higher potential to yield organisms that promote substantial seed growth. This will be an ongoing project as fertilizers, temperature, pore space, harvesting season, plant choice, and farm management practices, all impact soil health.

Keywords: Soil microbes, soil health, rhizosphere, soil fertility, organic matter

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Virtual Reality Training System for People with Disabilities

Jason Hoil and Yonghui Wang (Faculty Advisor) Department of Computer Science, Prairie View A&M University

This research is about how Virtual Reality (VR) can be used to help people with certain disabilities. Through this research I have discovered that Virtual Reality can be used in many ways to help those dealing with their disabilities.

Evidence shows that the skills acquired by disabled people in virtual environment can transfer to the real world. Virtual Reality can be used as a safe environment for disabled people to be able to experience doing different tasks they could not normally do. The objective of this project is to make a small test environment where people suffering from disablites can have a free space to practice task. This research involves understanding problems like this and making an environment in VR where basic task can be done using the VR hardware. This would be a good environment for those with disabilities to relearn task in an environment with no consequences or problems completing the task. The training system is constructed based on an Oculus Rift virtual reality system. It will use the Oculus VR controller to grab objects from a distance and place them in different locations. The results of this can even been used for medical treatment as stroke victims have been able to regain the ability to use their hands by doing tasks in VR. This research will definitely benefit our society by providing a safe way for helping people with disabilities. With this fully immersive virtual reality training system, users with disabilities can safely train their abilities, which they may not be able to do in the reality. This constructed system will be tested by different users and the author will continuously improve it to ensure that it can help more people.

Keywords: Virtual Reality, Disability, Oculus Rift, Fully Immersive, Safe Environment

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A POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO PVAMU S FOOD INSECURITY PROBLEM

Jaylin Lewis, Dillan Davis, Andre Johnson, Tony Green, Centell Jackson, Debra Bradford, Rafash Brew, Jeneanne Kirven, Peter Ampim, Eric Obeng, Addisie Gerenew, Aruna Weerasooriya, Subhani Bandara, Richard W. Griffin (Faculty Mentor), and Laura Carson (Faculty Mentor) Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences Prairie View A&M University

Food security is the state of having reliable access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. Waller County experiences food insecurity despite being one of the smallest counties in Texas. While considering access to healthy and nutritious food, our research group was involved in developing an avenue for combating inaccessibility for our PVAMU student population. The objective was to develop a sustainable year-round project to grow fresh, nutritious food to make available to our student population at an affordable cost. During the first year, we embarked upon developing ¼ acre plots for growing fruits and vegetables as well as planter boxes at the Bill and Vara Daniel Farm Greenhouse complex that produced over 600 kg of fresh produce. Cantaloupe was the most productive fruit grown, while cucumber and okra were among the top grown vegetables. Using an IRB-approved survey in the second year, over 95% of PVAMU students surveyed indicated an interest in a Farmers Market that could provide our students with fresh, nutritious foods. The survey results also indicated that our students favored the availability of strawberries and watermelons, while broccoli, carrots, and lettuce were among the students favorite vegetables. In this third year of the project, due to the onset and persistence of the COVID 19 pandemic, the Farmers Market was canceled, and the vegetables grown in the student-led garden were donated to our local community. However, based on the weights of items grown in Fall 2020, it is estimated that a one-acre plot student-led garden can produce 410 pounds of greens (collards, mustards, radishes, beets), 72 pounds of kale, 51 pounds of zucchini squash, and 174 pounds of cabbage to help in feeding our local community. Our future research will focus on increasing the amount of produce using modern agricultural practices as well as re-establishing our Farmers Market.

Keywords: Food security, inaccessibility, affordable cost, fresh fruits and vegetables, farmer s market

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Developing an alterna i e me hod o fo m la e an efficien e of S den Architectural Design Studio

Lea ning O come fo

Jose Rosales and Tareef Khan (Faculty Mentor) School of Architecture, Prairie View A&M University

Traditionally, different disciplines demand different types of learners so that they can achieve excellence. However, with technology overlapping across disciplines, it is not that straightforward anymore. For example, environmental sustainability or Building Information Modeling are nowadays considered as an integral part of building design, and these deals with a completely new set of information unknown just decades ago. The Architecture Design Insdustry must adapt as students with different learning styles who receive information differently are entering this industry.

According to Kolb, there are four different types of leraners, namely, Accomodating, Diverging, Assimiliating, and Converging. Traditionally, architectural design studio demanded the ‘Accommodating types of learners. However, it might be worthy to study which kind of learners are seeking admission and progressing through their academic years of Architecture. The research question was whether the Student Learning Outcomes (SLO) in Design Studio are formulated with considering all kinds of learners. Kolb s questionnaire was used as a tool, and statistical correlation was used to answer the research question. The results are expected to help the researchers to conclulde whether there is a need to formulate a more rational set of SLOs in the Design Studio that addresses all types of learners, and if so, whether the research findings can provide some guidance on that aspect.

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Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Organ Regeneration

Joshua Singleton, Naznin Sultana (Faculty Mentor), and Dennis E Daniels Welch Foundation, Undergraduate Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University

Tissue Engineering is a branch of regenerative medicine that deals with the replacement and repairing of damaged cells, tissues and organs. The application of tissue engineering is meant to use biomaterials that are degradable such as highly porous scaffolds, to aid in the growth of new tissue from damaged tissue. The objective of this study was to further investigate the different structural properties of different substitutes of scaffolds. In this study, the use of 0.25g of Chitosan was dissolved in 15 ml of 2% acetic acid. Then it was transferred to the freezer to be freeze-dried using the Labconco Freeze-dryer. 3-D scaffolds were successfully fabricated using the Freeze-drying technique. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image confirmed the porous structure of the scaffold. The scaffold had good handling properties and showed the formation of many pores. The scaffold had an average pore size of 162 micrometers. The water uptake of the scaffold after two weeks was 491%. Preliminary results show that the scaffolds could have the potential for tissue engineering applications. Further study on cell culture is needed to confirm the cytotoxicity of the materials.

Keywords: Scaffolds, Organ Regeneration, Damaged tissue, Pore Size, SEM

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Using Bioinformatics to Analyze the TPH2 Gene

Jourdyn Allison, Kristina Littlejohn, Asia Ballinger, and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

In today s world of medical research, bioinformatics has proven exceedingly necessary in the decoding of genomes.

Bioinformatics is the computational collection, organization, and analyzation of genetic information, that all lead to the better understanding of gene structure and function. The purpose of this project is to use bioinformatics tools and databases to annotate a novel gene, Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene, in-silico. We hypothesized that the TPH2 gene would be a protein-coding functional gene.: To test this hypothesis, bioinfomatics databases such as GeneCards, Uniprot, Ensembl and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were used to anaylze the orthologs, expression patterns, number of variants, and potential functions of the TPH2 gene. Databases in GeneCards show that the TPH2 gene is located on chromosome 12q21.1; has over 40 variants, and has 2 phenotypes. Gene TPH2 can be found in the cytosol and nucleus at the subcellular level. According to Uniprot, gene TPH2 is expressed in brain tissue while GeneCards revealed that TPH2 expression occurs in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus and amygdala. In addition, Ensembl indicated that mutation of the TPH2 gene is associated with AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The NCBI databases reported that the TPH2 gene has multiple orthologues with 100% homology, the most notable being in Humans, Chimpanzees, and the Silvery Gibbon. In conclusion, the TPH2 gene is confirmed to be a functional gene that plays an important role in normal cell activities, such as proliferation.

Keywords: TPH2 Gene, ADHD, Bioinformatics, Uniprot

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The COVID- 19 Pandemic and Rural Communities of Color: Examining the Impact of Race, Healthcare Accessibility, and Health Literacy in Waller County, Texas

Kalyse Houston, Marco Robinson (Faculty Mentor), and Andrea Brooks Division of Social Work, Behavioral, and Political Sciences, Prairie View A&M University Clinical Nursing and Track Manager RN-BSN Program, University of Houston

The looming Covid-19 Pandemic exposed a myriad of lingering issues associated with racial inequality, health literacy, and access to healthcare in urban and rural communities across the United States. In the wake of Coronavirus transmission in Texas, Houston/Harris County has been accounting for the majority of the state s escalating cases.

With the focus being placed on the larger metropolitan areas of Texas, the circumstances around the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on African American residents living in many of the state s rural enclaves are currently being overlooked. One of the key geographical areas of oversight is rural Waller County, Texas. This pilot study examines the experiences of black residents of Waller County during the pandemic through collecting survey data and conducting interviews with them regarding their experiences. This mixed methods approach will extrapolate rich quantitative and qualitative information that provide unique insights and show a rare in depth perspective to their individual situations. Recruiting participants from congregations of local black churches, this study explores black residents health literacy related to Covid-19, the socio-economic factors influencing their quality of life, and the availability of healthcare in the immediate area. By triangulating these three variables, this project analyzes the impact of Covid-19 and race on Waller County s African American resident s health status. The data collected will serve as baseline information to give the investigators insights for expanding the study to other area churches and seeking funding to support the project long-term. Ultimately, the data and findings from this study can be used by local community leaders, along with state and federal policy makers, to inform their decisions regarding allocating resources and providing services to residents of rural areas during future pandemics.

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Deep Fake Detection Methods Research

Katerra M. Stamps and Yonghui Wang (Faculty Mentor) Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University

Until recently, face swapping technology was a thing of the feature. The rising demand for more advanced face altering technology came with a demand for detection methods as well. The emergence of deep fake videos has significantly added to online disinformation. Deep fake videos are falsified videos created by AI technologies. These falsified videos utilize techniques that can superimpose face images onto a video of a different person in order to create a fabricated video. There are cases as recent as 2019 where the court and judge discovers that evidence submitted was false and generated using deep fake apps. From public figures to celebrities, artificial videos can, when in the wrong hands, spread misinformation and compromise the credibility of the targeted individuals. This research explores various deep fake detection methods that can be used to differentiate deep fake videos from the original, unaltered videos. The objective includes research on deep fake detection methods introduced by various researchers and the testing of those methods. Detection methods vary and can fall into categories of physical/physiological, signal- level, or data-driven. A large portion of detection methods relies on the ability to discern inconsistencies in original media and the fabricated media. From the exploitation of biological signals to the studying of phoneme and viseme, there are numerous techniques that can be used to accurately identify deep fakes. There are detection methods that focus entirely on non-visual components to identify key inconsistencies in videos. Understanding the techniques and terminology is important when it comes to knowing why specific detection methods work with deep fakes created.

Detection methods were written with the purpose of analyzing facial features and or facial x-rays as the focal aspect.

Researchers use the data received and attempts to distinguish inconsistencies between data received from the original video and the altered video. The results of these methods are not fail proof, however, the ability to identify altered videos has proven efficient. Deep fake detection methods are still being developed to mediate and help curb the spread of disinformation. The impact of the research has been the expansion of coding knowledge and the wide range of methods available to detect deep fakes or altered videos.

Keywords: Computer Vision, Deep Fake Detection, Face Swapping, Fabricated Media, Deep Learning

Comparison of Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Diagnose Breast Cancer

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Kendall Lemons and Indika Rathnathungalage (Faculty Mentor) Department of Mathematics, Prairie View A&M University

Breast cancer remains a central problem in the United States as it is the one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. While the disease is a recognized problem in the US, according to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of women each year and affecting countries at all levels of modernization. This study compares 3 artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and their accuracy in diagnosing breast cancer using fine needle aspirate (FNA) data via the Breast Cancer Wisconsin Diagnostic Dataset. AI is wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but advancements in machine learning and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every industry. Using a Neural Network, the Naïve Bayes algorithm, and the Random Forest algorithm, we will compare the accuracy level of the algorithms as they analyze the data of 569 patients and 32 features describing the images obtained from the FNA techniques. While accuracy is important, the explanation of the models and how they operate is equally important. The adoption of AI techniques will always face backlash, until the same techniques are conveyed in a manner that is understandable for all. The discussion will be included along with the results. According to the experimental outcomes, the Neural Network classifier outperforms its counterparts, while Naïve Bayes and Random Forest follow closely after that.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Breast Cancer, Diagnosis

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The Geometry of the Cu (II) N, N- bis(salicylaldehyde)-m-phenylendiimine Complex Khristen Liverman1, Gina Chiarella2, and Harshica Fernando2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University

One of the main problems our planet currently faces is an environmental imbalance. One of its causes is the chemical pollutants from industrial processes producing severe damage to ecological systems endangering life. It is necessary to develop sustainable alternatives to overcome this situation. One such method is to prepare environmentally friendly catalyst analogous to enzyme active centers. We can use transition metal complexes where Schiff bases are complexed with a transition metal to accomplish this task. When the metal complexes are formed, it is necessary to know how many ligands are bound to the complex and understand the spectral properties. X-ray crystallography is a powerful technique to obtain the structural details, and we can do theoretical calculations to understand the electronic properties with it. In the absence of a crystal structure, we can still make theoretical predictions of the complex. Build the Cu (II) N, N- bis(salicylaldehyde)-m-phenylendiimine complex, optimize the geometry, predict the electronic properties using computational methods and compare the result with the experimental ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) data to predict the geometry of the complex. All molecules were built using the Avogadro program and optimization of the geometries achieved using the Gaussian program. The complex was built in a stepwise manner starting from the benzoic acid molecule, ligand, N,N-bis(salicylaldehyde)-mphenylendiimine and then the complex, Cu (II) N, N- bis(salicylaldehyde)-m-phenylendiimine. Optimization obtained with two Cu and two ligands using 6-31G* and LANL2DZ basis sets with and without a solvent and predicted the UV/Vis spectrum. Optimization of the complex was successful. Results indicate it is possible to have a complex with two Cu and two ligands. Future studies will lead to a crystal structure of this complex and validate the predicted theoretical result.

Keywords: Metal complexes, Computational chemistry, ligand, basis set, catalysts

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Exploring the Mysteries of the Novel CHEK 1 Gene

Kristina Littlejohn and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University

An emerging field of science, bioinformatics aids in the advancement of medicine and research. As more genomes are sequenced and new genes are discovered, the need for more annotatation and characterization using bioinformatics increases. The purpose of this study was to annotate a novel gene that has been associated with the development of breast and ovarian cancer, the Checkpoint Kinase 1 gene (CHEK1 gene). It is hypothesized that the CHEK1 gene is a protein-coding gene that plays an important role in cell division. To analyze this novel gene, bioinformatics databases, GeneCards, Ensembl and the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) were used to explore the mysteries of the CHEK1 gene. In-silico studies found that the CHEK1 gene plays a vital role in the cell cycle arrest response to DNA damage. The CHEK 1 gene is mostly found in the cytoskeleton, nucleus, and cytosol of the cell. It was revealed that this gene is highly expressed in reproductive and secretory tissues, such as breast and ovarian tissues. Further studies showed that chimpanzees and opossums were the most closely related orthologs. Gene CHEK 1 has a total of 73 paralogs, with the MARK 4 gene having the highest similarity score of 77. Mutations of the CHEK 1 gene cause ovarian cancer, retinoblastoma, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. There are 17 disorders associated with the mutations of this gene, with ovarian cancer having the highest association. The cytogenetic band of CHEK1 gene is 11q24.2, has 51,317 bases and 16 variants and participates in 5 pathways. The in-silico study of the CHEK1 gene is a protein-coding gene that potentially function as a tumor-suppressor and mutation of this gene could lead to the development of two deadly gynecoligcial diseases, breast and ovarian cancer.

Keywords: CHEK1 Gene, Mutations, Cancer, Annotation

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Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 on Historically Underserved Farmers and Ranchers, and their Families Health

Kyla Peer, 1Noel Estwick (Faculty Mentor), 1Andrea McDonald, 1Nelson T.Daniels, 1Sharon Mcwhinney,

1

1

Jerrel V. Moore, and 2Saundra Glover 1

Prairie View A&M University

2

Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina

A year ago, the Coronavirus pandemic took the United States by storm: mask mandates, quarantines, and closures became the new normal. COVID-19 has also significantly impacted Historically Underserved Farmers and Ranchers (HUFRs). HUFRs help to feed and supply many people around the world through their different production enterprises. The goal of our research is to assess how HUFRs, their families and workers are coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives are to conduct a survey of HUFRs within the service area of the Prairie View A&M University College of Agriculture and Human Sciences Cooperative Extension Program, formulate a strategy for improving access to COVID-19 resources by farming clientele, determine health concerns of farmers and their families surrounding COVID-19 and, lay the groundwork to apply for funding to develop an 1890 sponsored national disaster resource hub. The study will use a mixed methods Community-Based Participatory Research methodology in a multiple exploratory case study design. Our research team will conduct telephone interviews of agricultural producers in the East Texas, Upper Coast, and Valley Region. We anticipate the results from this pilot study will inform a larger project to produce the following outcomes: 1) Build relationships with the Texas Department of Agriculture and other support groups in Agriculture across Texas; 2) Educate farmers about USDA coronavirus assistance programs; 3) Help extension improve programming related to COVID-19 assistance; 4) Inform the USDA as to the effectiveness of its programs as they relate to HUFRs; and 5) and Develop an information delivery system that targets HUFRs. It is important that we use research to help develop an information delivery system that improves HUFRs access to COVID-19 resources and improve awareness to policymakers regarding health concerns farmers, their families and employees are facing during the pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19 Programs and Farmers, Farmers and Families, Disasters and Farms

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Exploring S den

E

e ience

i h Online Cla e D

ing COVID-19 Pandemic

Laura Ekezie, Renae Lawrence, and Andrea McDonald (Faculty Mentor) Department of Health and Kinesiology, Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on students and the educational system. According to United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), more than 150 countries have closed their schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the United States, all schools, colleges, and universities were closed to allow for social distancing. This has caused a major disruption among college and universities ability to deliver teaching materials to the students. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand COVID-19 impact on students attending Prairie View A&M University. : A purposive sampling methodology was applied to recruit both male and female university students (N=10). Semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom using questions designed to elicit participants experiences and perceptions of online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and content analyzed with Atlas Ti software, and two or more similar responses coded as a theme. Analyses revealed students had fears of failing classes or not having the required courses for graduation, fears of sleeping through classes, fears of not graduating on time, concerns about loneliness, lack of interaction with professors, and no motivation to consume meals on time due to excessive amount schoolwork. Our findings indicate that students experienced some fear with online courses doing the pandemic. Further research is needed to understand coping strategies.

Keywords: Online Classes, COVID-19, Fear, Limited interaction

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Fabrication of Forward Osmosis Membrane for Shale Oil & Gas Produced Water Treatment Layla Ogletree, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati (Faculty Mentor) Center for Energy & Environmental Sustainability (CREST) and Civil and Environmental Engineering Prairie View A&M University

Produced water (PW) is generated during the shale oil and gas production from fracking operations. PW, depending on the hydrocarbon product being produced and its geological formation and location, can have a myriad of contaminants, varying in size, composition, and concentration. Several PW treatments have been studied and implemented with varying outcomes and goals. One of the methods that have shown great potential is forward osmosis (FO), a membrane filtration method that is frequently used for desalination. Because of its ability to efficiently remove minerals, salts, and other compounds from water, it is being considered for the treatment of PW. Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) FO membranes have shown increased porosity, reduced concentration polarization, and increased water flux and permeability, thus reducing reverse solute diffusion. In previous studies, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated into a TFN FO membrane. They were able to increase the pore size, water flux, substrate porosity by 18%, tensile modulus by 53%, water flux by 20–30%, and reduce the S value by 30%, all connotating a reduced internal concentration polarization (ICP). Using this information, we designed a three-layer FO membrane consisting of an active layer, a support layer, and a reverse solute repelling layer. The support layer was fabricated polyetherimide with (PEI) using the previously established methodology. This support layer was characterized using SEM. Once the process of the PEI support layer was finalized, graphene oxide (GO), a hydrophilic insulating nanomaterial, was incorporated into the support layer solution using the same methodology. The support layer was then fabricated via electrospinning. Several trials were done using various percentages of GO in the electrospinning solution for the support layer. These layers will then be characterized and compared to the PEI support layer.

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ANALYZING THE MICROBIAL POPULATION ON THE FRESH PRODUCE COLLECTED FROM THE COMMUNITY GARDEN Lenaye Palmer, T. Green, A. Johnson, M. Moussavi, S. Bandara, Addisie Geremew, and Laura Carson (Faculty Mentor) Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences Prairie View A&M University In USA around 48 million cases of foodborne illnesses are estimated to occur annually. In this project, fresh produce collected from the community garden established at Prairie View A&M University were assessed for the presence of foodborne pathogens. Around 10-60 g of fresh produce, including cauliflower, broccoli, collard greens, sage, and lettuce, was collected from the garden based on the seasonal availability. Upon collection, the samples were transported to the lab on ice. Three samples from each were tested immediately and after one-week storage at 4 .

To determine bacterial populations, each sample was mixed with 0.1% peptone in a two-chamber filter bag and stomached for 2 min at high speed. The liquid portion in each bag was then serially diluted in 0.1% peptone and plated on non-selective and selective agar plates. Aerobic plate counts (APCs), Enterobacteriaceae and presumptive coliforms were examined as general indicators for produce quality. Furthermore, the presence of pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria, and Salmonella spp. were analyzed by plating on CHROMagar media. Enterobacteriaceae and coliform were observed on the examined produce, consistent with previous reports. E. coli and Listeria were not found in any of the examined produce. Bacterial colonies were observed on CHROMagar Salmonella plates, however further analysis is required to confirm the identity of these colonies. In conclusion, APC, Enterobacteriaceae and coliform were found at the levels like previous studies and does not indicate a significant food safety issue. The colonies on CHROMagar Salmonella plates will be analyzed using biochemical and molecular methods to confirm the identification of the bacteria.

Keywords: foodborne pathogens, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli O157: H7, Listeria, Salmonella

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Water Uptake Properties of Pectin/Chitosan Thin Films for Biomedical Application

Louisa Idah-Oze and Naznin Sultana (Faculty Mentor) Texas Undergraduate Medical Academy, College of Arts and Sciences Prairie View A&M University

Water uptake is a crucial characteristic of biodegradable polymers because this process can be detrimental or ad an age f he ma e ial e ie b g acef l deg ada i n damage in he ca e f e ce i e ab i n There is little understanding of the relationship between water uptake and the properties of polymeric composite substrates. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable polymer and Pectin is a natural product, which has antibacterial properties, together they make great materials for water uptake analysis for biomedical applications. The aim of the study was the preparation of thin films with solvent casting and evaporation technique, the analysis of its water uptake and its diffusion properties in relation to pectin and chitosan. Pectin and chitosan were obtained from SigmaAldrich and the acetic acid was analytical grade. 0.25g of chitosan was weighed and placed in beaker 1, 0.25g chitosan plus 0.05g of pectin was weighed and put in beaker 2, and 0.25g chitosan plus 0.1g pectin was weighed and placed in beaker 3. Then, 2ml of acetic acid and 98 ml of distilled water were combined to create solvent. 20 ml of solvent was added to each beaker. Afterward, the samples were mixed thoroughly. The mixtures were placed in Petri dishes for molding to occur. The new films were weighed and placed in centrifuge tubes, and 20ml of water was added to each of them. The tubes were placed in a water bath at 37 degrees Celsius and observed. Increase of pectin concentration in the mixture reduced the mixture's solubility and resulted in more solid lumps. There was an apparent relationship between water uptake and the composition of the films. Water uptake increased with time in all three samples but with significant amount of uptake in samples with pectin. In examination of the samples with pectin, the one containing the highest composition of pectin had the greatest water uptake.

Keywords: Water-Uptake, Chitosan, Pectin, Thin films, biodegradable polymers.

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Exploring the CTF1 Gene Using Bioinformatics

Melena Tekabo Celestin, Araceli Estrada Martinez, Asia Ballinger, and Gloria C. Regisford (Faculty Mentor) Department of Psychology and Department of Biology Prairie View A&M University

Given the vast volume of publicly available genomic data, the use of bioinformatics tools and databases has allowed researchers to identify genes, transcripts, and proteins. This analysis of genomic data can then provide information that helps researchers determine fundamental biological processes' mechanisms. This project aims to explore the characteristics of this newly discovered gene, Cardiotrophin 1(CTF1). It is hypothesized that CTF1 is a protein-coding gene that may play an essential role in the cardiovascular system, especially in normal heart function. To test our hypothesis, we used bioinformatic databases such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser, Ensembl, Gene Cards, and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). We explored the databases mentioned above to identify the cytogenetic location, number of variants, expression pattern, probable functions, localization, orthologs, and disorders associated with gene CTF1.

The CTF1 gene is 6,954 nucleotides long, and it is located on chromosome 16p11.2. Gene CTF1 is highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, prostate, and ovary. Also, gene CTF1 interacts with transcription factors MAGE6, EP300, IL6ST, LIF, and LIFR, suggesting a possible function as a transcription factor. Thus far, only one CTF1 ortholog has been identified in the mouse, Mus musculus, while cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) is the only paralog of gene CTF1. Mutations of the CTF1 gene are linked to diseases and disorders such as dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, neonatal stroke, and leukemia. Conclusion: The data supports our hypothesis that CTF1 is a protein-coding gene that plays a role in heart physiology, as mutations of this gene could lead to lethal heart diseases and disorders.

Keywords: CTF1 Gene, Bioinformatics, Heart,

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Development of Paracetamol Tablets in a 3D Mold using Liquid Binder Drops

Nigel Brook, Jr., Yazmine Berenice Rincon, and Sheena M. Reeves, Ph.D. (Faculty Mentor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Prairie View A&M University

Tablet binders/excipients are essential to pharmaceutical tablet formation. Binders act as an adhesive transport mechanism that binds the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) during the granulation process.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are fully synthetic and effective excipients. However, their usage may result in slow drug dissolution and reduced bioavailability. Some binders, including PEG and lactose, are also known to cause allergic reactions in certain individual. Research is needed to identify binders that are naturally occurring and as effective as their synthetic counterparts. The objective of this research is to develop a new method of creating and testing paracetamol (APAP) tablets from both synthetic and natural binders using a 3D-printed mold. Molds were made using a Flash-Forge 3D-printer. Dry APAP powder and liquid binder drops were placed into holes in each mold and were placed in a drying oven. The resulting tablets were analyzed using image- analysis, compression, friability, and disintegration testing using Image-Pro Premier Software, Shimadzu EZ-SX, Sotax FT2, and Agilent 100 Disintegration Apparatus, respectively. The type of excipient influenced tablet performance during each testing method. Compression results varied based on excipient; however, the synthetic excipients withstood more applied force than the natural binders. The saturation level of the liquid binder affected the compression force and disintegration time of the tablets. The new 3D-mold method produced tablets of common size, shape, and weight for this investigation. More research is needed to clarify the results seen in this study. Future work includes tablet structural analysis using ATR FTIR and powder XRD methods and an investigation of the tablet colloidal properties.

Keywords: Disintegration, paracetamol, granulation, excipients

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The Evaluation of the PVAMU Soil Microbiome: Evaluation of the Diversity of Microorganisms Princess Pinamang and Quincy C. Moore (Faculty Mentor) Department of Biology, Marvin D. and June Samuel Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences Prairie View A&M University

Soil-borne microorganisms are an essential part of the biosphere, yet just a small percentage have been identified and even fewer have been cultivated under laboratory conditions. The microbes in the ground beneath us are beneficial beyond the agricultural sector, they influence human and environmental health. In an effort to bridge the data gap, this study assesses the diversity and characteristics of the soil bacteria throughout the Prairie View Agricultural and Mechanical University campus and Gov. Bill and Vara Daniel Farm. This work is an extension of a previous soil survey of the campus that evaluated the availability of micronutrients as well as chemical properties of the soil.

Nutrient agar plates were inoculated with various soil samples overnight. Growth was observed and plated in IF-A media for use in the Biolog. Catalase and oxidase enzymatic tests and gram stains were conducted on the bacterial cultures. Major findings include a dominance of Gram-positive bacteria (64.3 %), a presence of endospores, and strong -hemolytic activity on differential media. As the different bacterial species were isolated from the soil, we identified varying degrees of enzymatic activity and 4 separate colony shapes. Additionally, compositional comparisons were made beyond the previous study through the aid of publicly available regional and global spatial studies and datasets.

These results will encourage further local scale soil analysis and build the necessary dataset to investigate the impact of climate change and urbanization on the soil microbial community.

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Conducting Restaurants Audits for Healthy Food Options During COVID-19 Pandemic

Renae Lawrence, Laura Ekezie, and Olivia Johnson Andrea McDonald (Faculty Mentor) Department of Health and Kinesiology, Whitlowe R. Green College Education Prairie View A&M University

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention there are approximately 4.2 million total positive coronavirus cases and 147,672 confirmed deaths in the United States during March 2020. Therefore, COVID19 was declared as a global pandemic and a national mandate for social distancing was issued. Prior to the pandemic, Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggested more healthful food consumptions such as fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk products, and whole-grain products. Both the pandemic and social distancing have posed a challenge to obtain healthy food and meet the recommendations to promote health and prevent chronic diseases. This study seeks to understand the healthy foods available at restaurants during COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed the internet for restaurants location, types of food served, and opening times in Waller, Montgomery and other sections of Harris County. A list was compiled with the types of foods served, restaurants opening hours, service options (pickup, dine-in only, or delivery), and COVID-19 messages to the customer. Sixty-two (N=62) restaurants were identified in total (Waller n=18; Montgomery n=18, and Sunnyside Harris county n=26). Some food items served in the establishments were pizzas, tacos, burgers, and french fries. Seventeen restaurants had COVID-19 messages on their website. All messages were located on large chain restaurants like McDonald and Taco Bell. Family-owned restaurants had no messages related to COVID-19. Most of the restaurants indicated operating on a reduced schedule and three stated closed due to COVD-19. More research is needed to understand factors preventing family owned restaurants from promoting COVID-19 messages.

Keywords: Restaurants Audits, COVID-19, Healthy Foods

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Synthesis of Schiff Bases using m-Diamminobenzene and Salicylaldehyde

Seyan Ayinde and Gina Chiarella (Faculty Mentor) ESEM

Project - Department of Chemistry

Marvin D. and June Samuel Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences Prairie View A&M University

Schiff bases, identified in 1864 by Hugo Schiff, are a key class of organic compounds that are widely formed by the condensation of aldehyde and a primary amine. Schiff bases are structurally recognized as a compound where an imine or azomethine group replaces the functional carbonyl group. These compounds are frequently used as ligands for transition metals in the preparation of metal complexes. The electron donor atoms in those ligands are nitrogen and oxygen, resembling one of the most common features of metalloenzymes. Indeed, nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms in several enzymes as galactose oxidase, different types of Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and porphyrin-based enzymes. Due to this similitude, researchers use Schiff bases to mimic metalloenzymes and study their properties; in this research project, our goal is to study the catalytic potential of metal complexes containing Schiff bases as an environmentally friendly and alternative technology to industrial catalysts, pharmaceutical products, and possible medicines instead of the regular compounds already in use and associated with environmental pollution, and undesirable side effects. Few studies on the usage of Schiff bases using mdiaminobenzene dichloride and salicylaldehyde have been performed. In this experiment, the chemical interaction of these two chemicals in absolute ethanol solution led to a Schiff's synthesis successfully in high yield.

Spectroscopic methods have characterized the compound as infrared and ultraviolet-visible. The preliminary results of the experiment suggest this substance is pure. The ligand has been reacted with copper (II) acetate to produce a metal complex. The synthesis led to a high yield product and the spectroscopic methods determine the compound as infrared and ultraviolet-visible. A described benefit of the synthesized Schiff base is the high reactivity yield under mild conditions and the activity of anti-fungal/bacterial biological properties.

Key words: Catalyst, environmentally safe, Schiff bases, Nitrogen Oxygen electron donor

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A Review and Comparison of Technical and Economic Aspects of the Current and Alternative Refrigeration Systems

Sultan Khalid and Shahin Shafiee (Faculty Mentor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Prairie View A&M University

Vapor-compression systems have effectively served HVAC needs for residential and commercial buildings for close to 100 years. While being a dominant technology to accomplish refrigeration, vapor-compression systems account for 4.32 Quads per year of energy usage in the U.S. The increasing awareness of environmental degradation, the production, use, and disposal of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as refrigerants in mechanical refrigeration systems has also become a subject of great concern. This paper initially reviews the efforts that are being directed to identify, analyze, and assess technologies, which could serve as alternatives to vapor-compression for refrigeration. According to Department of Energy-Building Technlogies Office, switiching to alternative refrigeration technlogies could save up to 2.8 Quads per year of U.S. energy. The paper therefore identifies and describes several alternative refrigeration systems such as thermoelectric refrigeration, thermoacoustic refrigeration, magnetic refrigeration, pulse tube refrigeration, absorption cooling, and solid sorption refrigeration, based on the concept behind their technology, their thermodynamic properties, and their state-of-theart status. A technical assessment of these alternative technologies is conducted and is intended to involve evaluating two fundamental criteria - environmental acceptability and economic analysis. Environmental acceptability considerations will encompass ozone depletion potential, global warming potential, the toxicity of the working material, flammability, and noise. The financial analysis will include the -cost-related technology assessment considering the state of the art, size, weight, system complexity, useful life, maintenance, and efficiency. The paper provides a comparison of different types of alternative refrigeration technologies in terms of their cycle efficiency, coefficient of performance (COP), environmental friendliness, advantages and disadvantages on their potential domestic and commercial use. The work concludes with the most promising alternative refrigeration technology to vapor compression systems.

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A Study of Thermal Management in Commercial Face Masks Utomwen Irabor and Nabila Shamim (Faculty Mentor) Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Prairie View A&M University

The indisputable and widespread Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused tremendous social life changes.

COVID-19 has expeditiously taken the lives of innocent individuals. Combined with social distancing and quintessential hygiene habits, facemasks can slow the coronavirus spread and protect wearers and the people around them. This project aims to study the thermal management of commercially available face masks using FLIR One thermal camera. The goal is to enhance the user's thermal comfort as heat generated from prolonged use causes fatigue, skin rash, and discomfort to an individual. In this experiment, a healthy young man volunteered to wear the masks and conduct the study on himself. Three commercially used masks, KN95, disposable masks, and reusable cloth masks were utilized in this experiment. The volunteer wore each mask for 20 minutes, and the thermal images were continuously captured using the FLIR One camera five feet apart. The breathing temperature in the masks was recorded as a function of time. The ambient temperature and humidity were also recorded at the time of the experiments. A gradual increase in temperature on the mask's surface was observed. The thermal images show that the KN95 has the best thermal management overtime. The morphology and chemical structure of the different layers of the mask were investigated using the Dino-lite premier and the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) respectively. Face masks with better thermal management will be helpful for prolonged use and enhance comfort.

The future goal of this work is to study the effects of Stimuli-responsive polymer to advance thermal management of the ideal mask.

Keywords: Thermal management, thermal image, face mask, coronavirus.

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2021 Research & Innovation Week PLANNING COMMITTEE

Magesh T. Rajan Vice President for Research & Innovation Jitendra Jain Assistant Vice President for Research & Innovation Grace Abolaji Chair Undergraduate Research Symposium International – Symposium for Research Excellence Graduate Research Symposium Krishnamoorthi Ramaswamy Chair Faculty Research Conference Bobby Melvin Chair Innovation Day Karen Cotton Crysta Mendes Co-Chairs Research & Innovation Week Jaxson Twine Multi-Media

2021 PVAMU Research & Innovation Week Magesh T. Rajan Vice President for Research & Innovation www.pvamu.edu/research Follow on social media @PVAMUResearch