George Avraam -Thesis Booklet

CREATING AN ARCHITECTURE OF RESILIENCE FOR A DISRUPTED 2050

Robert Henry Avraam

Masters of Architecture Student & Student of Architecture

George

Having worked as an Urban Designer and Student of Architecture whilst studying the Masters of architecture it has opened up a world of different scale projects from larger scale masterplanning to medium to high density residential, commercial and community infrastructure.

As a designer I’m always looking to explore new and innovative projects which reflect the current paradigmal shifts within architecture. DISRUPTION thesis studio interested me due to its unique nature to tackle some of the gripping issues within our industry, with its focus on environmental and social sustainability. The studio’s focuses on elements of modular construction, innovative materials and climate orientated design which facilitates new designs for the future. It especially captured my attention due its future 2050 design context and how we can facilitate innovative designs which will accommodate the challenges of the future and address those of the present. The focus on the social housing precinct renewal was captivating as it provided the framework to develop my own brief which would focuse on how we can make architecture resilient to those most vulnerable within our community and promote well-being at a larger urban scale.

01. AN ARCHITECTURE OF RESILIENCE: THESIS PROPOSAL

“We have to speak up so the government hears us! There is a chance 50/50 that we win. At least we can say fuck it we tried.”

- Resident Wellington Street High Rise, Collingwood in saving the building from demolition (Wade, 2022)

HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE BE RESILIENT TO A DISRUPTED 21ST CENTURY?

HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE EMPLOY SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES TO CREATE WELBEING FOR THOSE MOST VUNERABLE?

ARCHITECTURE OF RESILIENCE

Since Le Corbusier’s, utopian, ‘Plan Visor’ spread like a plague worldwide, Melbourne’s 1960s social housing highrises are fundermentally inadequate, deficient and antiquated in sustaining the needs of their residents. The question being do we want our own social housing to meet the same fate as Pruitt-Igoe?

Pioneers Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philipee Vassal exclaims “never demolish... always add, transform and rebuild” towards projects (Druot et al., 2007).Contrastingly, none of the Victorian Government’s, ‘Homes Victoria’ housing projects engage meaningfully with existing stock, they demolish and rebuild.

Furthermore the business as usual approach is severely out of touch with vibrant communities existing already. Communities were fractured when the highrises in Kensington and walk-ups on Wingate Avenue in Ascot Vale. were demolished.

Residents want their homes saved but when will governments listen?

High-rise social housing on 253 Hoddle Street in Collingwood provides the opportunity to examine housing through an urbanistic “deep retrofit” and adaptive re-use of the tower using modular construction. Exploring resilience as a process in harnessing social, environmental and human resources this proposition explores a hybrid typology of housing, health and community services addressing the disruption of the 21st-century.

Fig. 1. Pruitt Igoe, St Louis. 1954 (demolished 1972)

RESILIENCE IN SUSTAINING WELL-BEING.

Anthropologist, Dr Catherine PanterBrick (2014) describes resilience as a “process to harness resources to sustain well-being”). This definition applied to architecture is to provide “sustained wellbeing” for end users. We implement physical or environmental resources improving the performance of our buildings and promoting the well-being of the planet by harnessing its natural resources. We stimulate programmatic adjacencies which foster social resources or services such as health, clinical and community services which provides support in places of need. Within a 2050 context, architecture more than ever should strengthen resilience which sustains wellbeing for people and the planet.

Fig. 2. Artists understand the problems of architecture before us as architects realise. Banksy’s commentary on the social plight of the towers in Hackney ‘Designated Picnic Area’, (2004). Social stigma and disintergration have always surround social housing.

Fig. 3. Little did Banksy know that 18 years later Hackney’s adaptive reuse at Kings Crescent (above) and Hoxton Press Towers (left) would become some of UKs most exemplar examples of retrofitting

Fig. 4. Andreas Gursky, Montparnasse Social Housing represents the scalessness of our buildings (1995)

Fig. 5. Robin Hood Gardens Social Housing Estate, London. Smithsons. Demolished 2012

SOCIAL RESOURCES FOR RESILIENCE.

Have we not learnt that architecture is relational? A building is never in isolation, it has a context, a place. It’s the relational qualities of architecture that make a building resilient. It makes a building social.

The Corbusian ‘vertical garden city’ suffers from scalelessness as our cities were transformed from human scale to megascale (Figure 4). From Jan Gehl, who argues that “the human dimension has not… been on the agenda”(Gehl, 2010) to Jane Jacobs who had been spurting out logic for the last 60 years, it’s Rem who put things more frankly “Bigness is no longer part of any urban tissue... The subtext is fuck context”(Koolhaas, 1995).

This thesis explores the retrofitting of existing social housing high-rise typologies promoting human scale and a relationship to context, forming a “programmatic alchemy” which hybridises housing, social, communal and health services. After all who wouldn’t want to eat oysters with boxing gloves, naked, on the ninth floor?(Koolhaas, 1978).

6. diagram from Propos d’urbanisme by Le Corbusier (1946). The transition of human scale settlements to that of high-rise vertical garden cities destroying contextual relationships and creating the ‘iconic’ building.

Fig.

DINING

Programmatic alchemy through the mix and diversity of functions within the Downtown Athletics Club. Can diversity in functions assist in creating a resilient social community? (Koolhaas,

Social condenser: A machine to generate and intensify desirable forms of human intercourse”

Social resources are a connection community, feeling of ownership and belonging to place. Social resilience is important especially for people of migrant backgrounds, elderly, and children typical of social housing within Melbourne.

There are 116,351 people living in public housing with an average age of 41 years old and over 29,000 are under 18 years (Homes Victoria, 2020). Ethnically diverse people, of varying age groups need spaces to come together to feel a sense of community that meet their social needs.

The Knickflats in Ommoord, Rotterdam, reflects similar social and physical condition to the Collingwood Housing complex. Many residents are aging and younger family household with diverse socio-economic and cultural backgrounds are moving in (Loschke, 2022). The problem

identified was the scale of the buildings, architecturally the solution was oriented around spatial reprogramming and improved access by dividing this scale into three functioning segments (Karakusevic & Batchelor, 2017).

10. Top -Exterior view of façades showing segmented building with 3 separate lift cores to promote accessibility and solve social tensions within the original design. Note the increased module to extend interior living space on the right hand side.

11. Bottom - Exterior view of additional prefabricated balconies providing residents with additional space.

12.

of Knickflats showing, prefabricated design elements allowing residents to stay in place during construction.

Hans Van Der Heijden Rotterdam, Netherlands 2011(1968)

Fig. 9. Converted car parking consist of a new medical centre and community facilities as well as accessible housing for elderly residents

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Section

Knick Flats

Retrospectively ‘Habitat

67’ by Moshe Safdie embodies humanistic qualities. It’s an architecture of social equity, where its core principles are oriented around light, sun, and nature. Safdie sees the architecture more as a collective urban entity, through fractalisation of scales, and a connection to context which pursuits a human dimension(Safdie Architects, 2021).

Through applying these concepts to large scale retrofits and employing modular construction we can explore how to achieve resilience and an improved quality of life but with densities which prevail today. (TED, 2014).

Fig. 14. Top Right - The terraced spaces provide relationships between residents and creates “for everyone a garden”.

Fig. 15. Top Left - Connection to nature and light, blurring of public private spaces and activation of context

Fig. 16. Bottom - Relationship with ground plane though the tectonics of fractalisaiton.

Fig. 13. Sketch Habitat 67, Moshe Safdie (Safdie Architects, 1967)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES FOR RESILIENCE.

The year is 2050 and our lives are in a state of utter disruption. Architecture must cultivate resilience to worldwide problems associated with these stresses (Figure 16).

Koolhaas states that “our concern for the masses has blinded us to Peoples Architecture”, that... “Air-conditioning has launched the endless building”(Koolhaas, 2002). Our buildings no longer consider environmental resources when creating a design of resilience, utilising basic principles which sustains comfort with minimal use of energy.

“Energy poverty” is real, where 180,000 Victorians have persistent difficulty paying their energy bills whilst 45,000 are regularly unable to heat their homes(Victorian Council of Social Services, 2018). This is exacerbated by Australia’s

poor quality of existing homes which performs at a 1.8 green star rating and frequenting around 30 air changes per hour(Reardon, 2020) (Sara Wilinson et al., 2020).

The demolish and rebuild approach by ‘Homes Victoria’ Project is inadequate with Victorian Public Tenants Association estimating there is over 100,000 people on waiting lists for public housing (Silva, 2020). Not a single development from the fast-tracked projects engages with improving the high-rise typologies through adding to or expanding the capacity of these buildings (Figure 17).

Futhermore around 33% of a buildings total carbon emissions are related to embodied energy and new dwellings invest a range of 700-1200kgco2e/ m2. (Prasad et al.,2021) (Crawford et al.,2019).

Through“deep retrofitting” this investment in materials, labour and embodied emissions can and should be harnessed to expand the framework of these buildings whilst improving their thermal performance, comfort and orientation. (Oldfield, 2022).

Fig. 17. Top -The summarised effects that climate change will have on Victoria and Australia which we will have to mitigate through design. (See Appendix B for Full References)

Fig. 18. Bottom - Current ‘Business as Usual’ in the deliver of social housing by the ‘Homes Victoria’ Project verse international case studies

Fig. 19. Profiling Melbourne’s Social housing developments past and future in order to identify successful and unsuccessful precedents set by the State and Federal Government and to interrogate their outcomes in reforming social housing (See Appendix B for full references)

Lacaton and Vassal successfully applied retrofitting in Paris and Bordeaux. In ‘Tour Bois-le-Prêtre’, flats were extended by 2260m2. Prefabricated elements allowed models to be connected within a day. Energy usage was halved due to the thermal performance of the winter gardens and the overall cost was half of a demolition and reconstruction process (Karakusevic & Batchelor, 2017).

Fig. 20. Top RightTransformation of 530 dwellings, interior view of extended winter garden

Fig. 21. Top Left - Exterior view of façades showing extension of space and homogeneity of the façades from the exterior

Fig. 22. Bottom interior view of extension and balcony spaces for residents

‘Transformation of 530 Social Housing Dwellings’ Lacaton & Vassal, Frédéric Druot & Christophe Hutin Bordeaux, France.

Retrofitted 2016 (1960)

Yet their buildings, still exude modernist iconography. The individual building over the collective. They don’t engage with the scale, nor do they try to dissolve these buildings into the contextual framework of the city. Their winter gardens maintain the homogeneity of the façades and without imbuing a sense of human scale.

Contrastingly, a programmatic mix and form which dissolves the monoculture of housing, creating a relational building to the context will further promote a sense of welling-being for residents.

spaces.

Typical floor plan with highlighted winter gardens (light pink), increased interior space (dark pink) and new vertical lift circulation

Tour Bois-le-Pretre Lacaton & Vassal & Druot Paris, France. Retrofitted 2011 (1960)

2.1.7

Fig. 23. Section before (Right) and after additions (Left) highlighting the extension of the interior and exterior

Fig. 24.

Fig. 25. Tour Bois-le-Pretre Original Facade

Fig. 26. Right Tour Bois-le-Pretre Adapted Facade

Fig. 27. Below -Tour Bois-le-Pretre View of Winter Garden

MODULAR CONCEPTUALISATION FOR THE PLANET

Opportunities arise in implementing modular and volumetric prefabricated building approaches such as efficiencies in time, construction, quality and reduced wastage. Through modular retrofits extension to the existing framework of the high-rise typologies can support additional amenity to residents whilst being implemented at mass scale. Treet Apartments towering at 49m conists of a series of volumetric CLT modules which are stacked and framed within large glulam framing system.

Fig. 28. Modular construction methodologies where glulam elements surround and support CLT modules

29. Modules are locked into place and stacked ontop of one another.

Fig.

HUMAN RESOURCES FOR RESILIENCE

Rogers Ulrich’s 1984 study on the effects of nature on the recovery of patient, highlighted the intrinsic link between the effects of architecture on health and wellbeing of individuals and communities (Ulrich, 1984). Architecture can be psychologically manipulative. In providing context to a person, this effects behavioural systems, the brain and body, therefore architecture can directly influence health (Mittlelmark, et al., 2017).

Co-Health, the largest health provider within Collingwood and Unison Housing, the largest provider of services to the homeless in Melbourne’s West outlined a vision of co-housing social housing and health services (Unison, 2022). They have advocated

for government funding inorder develop cohousing and community health centre together (Figure 31) (CoHealth,2021).

In meeting the needs of 18,000 additional healthcare visits each across the City of Yarra by 2030, there should be a focus on preventative health which reduce pressures to hospital and age care sectors, allowing people to maintain their lifestyle at home for longer (Co-Health,2021).

30. Top Right - Blackburn Centre co-locates traditional and transitional housing with health care in Portland Oregon.

31. Middle Right - The breakdown of the building with 51 units of respite-care housing, 81 transitional units for people overcoming substance abuse, 34 units for low income earners. Treatment and health care floors in the middle.

32. Middle Left - Urban design principles

Blackburn Centre Ankrom Moisan Portland, Oregon, 2019

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

CCC

Fig. 33. Bottom - Exterior view and solar collection

Fig. 34. Spatial Mapping in relation to walking distance (800m) from site. Co-health north of the site, advocating for co-location of housing and health with Unison. Opportunity to provide this through our sites development.

Located within Collingwoods housing commission precinct this thesis will explore adaptive reuse in relation to high-rise social housing typologies. Through a programmatic hybrid of housing, health and community functions this thesis interrogates how social housing can be resilient. This typology envisions a dissolution of scalelessness and challenges the current monoculture of housing (Figure 33). Through harnessing social, environmental and health resources it will promote resilience and wellingbeing for residents and the planet within a disrupted 2050.

Fig. 35. Site Plan and Brief intervention area

Fig. 36. Shows the progressions in models to retrofit social housing, this thesis will explores a dissolution of scale, providing outdoor amenity, adaptive re-use of existing structure and increasing of density on site. This contrasting to the business as usual approach and the plug in extension of Lacaton and Vassal

MODELS

02. PRECEDENTS RESEARCH

ADAPTIVE RE-USE FUTURE THINKING & RETROFITTING

‘Transformation of 530 Social Housing

Dwellings’

Lacaton & Vassal, Frédéric Druot & Christophe Hutin

Bordeaux, France

2016

Lacaton and Vassal’s, inert nature to be able to think laterally about retrofitting is inspiring. In manifesting the simple it is always more complicated than it seems1. They build spaces at the lowest possible cost, providing benefits and space to otherwise lacking. This sense and awareness of economy that still provides comfort and beauty.

‘Spend the minimum to get the maximum,’

- Anne Lacaton2

Was coined by Lacton and falls in-line with their studios ideas. How can we make the most

Fig. 37. Left - Interior and Exterior Views of Social Housing

of the resources we have. Instead of a closed-loop system can we work with existing stock to improve living standards. The idea of retrofitting plays into the notion of preventing disruption, allowing the buildings to change as we see fit, and accommodate the unknown.

Many of their buildings refer to greenhouses. A primary actor in their designs, like many greenhouses is natural light.

There is a need for efficiency in the use of resources and the utilisation of inexpensive materials which are simple with a great impact3.

There’s opportunities to take these examples of of retrofitting to similar large scale project within Melbourne. Although in 2050 we will be able to utilise materials which are more sensitive in the natural world and with a great understanding of the natural systems, human scale of the built form we can work towards better outcomes for social and public housing.

1. Eduardo Souza “Translucency & Raw Materials: A Brief Analysis of Lacaton & Vassal’s Solutions”, Arch Daily, Retrieved 28 February 2022, from https://www. archdaily.com/958651/translucency-andraw-materials-a-brief-analysis-of-lacatonand-vassals-solutions/

2. Souza, “Transcluecency & Raw Material”

3. Pintos, P (2019).Transformation of 530 dwellings - Arch Daily. Retrieved 28 February 2022, from https://www. archdaily.com/915431/transformationof-530-dwellings-lacaton-and-vassalplus-frederic-druot-plus-christophehutin-architecture#:~:text=It%20is%20 part%20of%20the,demolition%20 has%20been%20ruled%20out. seeding/

Fig. 38. Above - Diagrams of overall extensions

ADAPTIVE RE-USE FUTURE THINKING & RETROFITTING

Heading Knickflats

Hans Van Der Heijden

Rotterdam, Netherlands

2011

Built in the 1968 as post war housing this multistorey block needed refurbishing and adapting to better suit its residents needs.

The accessibility of these was enhanced through additional unis on ground floor. These include accommodation for elderly and with a communicty centre.1

A financial model allowed flexiablity in financing options for residents. This was to buy the flat outright, rent the shell of the flat whilst purchasing internals or simply rent.1

Private decks were formed as an extension to the main building form. The main volume of the blocks were also extended upon the rear side (see plan

Fig. 39. View of additional circulation and extended units (Stefan Muller, 2011)

Fig. 40. Plan and section of units showing the extended unit modules of unit (DIVISARE, HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT, 2011)

and section left). These modules provide space to the units extending them both internally whilst also providing private open balcony spaces.

The application of using existing structure whilst providing extensions to the main building becoming important in creating a model of housing which could change overtime. The adaptation to further accommodate user profiles such as the elderly and universal access on ground floor.

Fig. 41. Top - Balcony private space provided to residents (Stefan Muller, 2011)

Fig. 42. Middle - View of ground level unit access (Stefan Muller, 2011)

Fig. 43. Lower - Context and site plan (DIVISARE, HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT, 2011)

URBANISM PRECEDENTS

Interlace

OMA / Ole Scheeren

Singapore

Interlace illustrates how deeper floor plans can be broken up into longer segments and stacked to create opening. This increases green space and a relationship between altering levels. This project is effective in providing a relationship to the context due to the horizontal arrangement rather than that of a typical vertical apartment. It reduces a sense of scalessness by emphasising the horizontal direction and stacking blocks in heights 6 storeys adding the the human scale of the project despite its larger scale and density.

Fig. 44. Exterior View of Terraces on Interlace

Fig. 45. Diagrams & Overview of Interlace

URBANISM PRECEDENTS

Amsterdam, Netherlands

MVRDV’s Valley, explores a type development which resembles natural mountainous forms whilst exploring ‘grotto’ like public realm on the ground floor. The undulating upper tower layers levels of living and creates activation across these levels by the residents as well as access to daylight and natural ventilation. There’s opportunities to green the terrace spaces which differ from typical apartments provide outdoor private and communal spaces

Fig. 46. Exterior views and diagrams of Valley showing relationship to concept and building form

MVRDV (n.d). Valley. https://www.mvrdv. nl/projects/233/valley

URBANISM PRECEDENTS

Timmerhuis

Rotterdam, Netherlands

OMA explores a hybrid adaptive use typology which integrates retail off and apartments within the same building. The rich diversity of program is expanded by the relationships across levels within the terraces and the voided spaces on the interiors which blur the boundary of public and private.

What is particularly of interest is the diagrammatic approach where terraced apartments formulate interstitial spaces for public programs below which sit behind these units. This approach is an idea which I

Fig. 47. Left - Timmerhuis Parti relating to the programmatic functions of the building

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY PRECEDENTS

Hi-Pod

BBK & Peter Elliot

Footscray, Melbourne

The only application of exterior retrofit to the housing commission towers within Melbourne. BBK, creates a prefabricated addition which could be hoisted into place once the initial facade panels are removed. This provides additional space to the residents through the extension of living rooms. It was envisioned to be implemented across the façades of multiple towers yet cost efficiency made it not viable. Outcomes which are important for this precedent is how the structure is fixed back to the interior through the bracing steel element and seeks a way of expanding the façades without exterior structure.

Fig. 48. Exterior Pods across facade frontage

Fig. 49. Constructed and implemented single pod in Footscray

Archdaily (2022). Hi-pod / BKK Architects. https://www.archdaily. com/329456/hi-pod-bkk-architectspeter-elliott-architecture-urban-design

Fig. 50. Construction image showing steel framing element of structural facade system & interior finished view (right)

Fig. 51. Construction Section of details

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY PRECEDENT

TREET Apartments

Artec Arkitekter

2015

Bergan, Norway

The treet apartments is a 49m high rise residential towers utilising a diagonal glulam members with CLT floors construction. This precedent helped to inform my structural diagrid as it creates an

efficient use of structure and glulam timber. The construction methodology is also important as each apartments consist of prefabricated modular units which are stacked and then the structural frames are formulated around these modules

Fig. 52. Exterior Glulam Elements Structural Framing

Fig. 53. Construction system, using dry and wet connections, power slabs (concrete every 5 floors), exterior glulam bracing

Fig. 54. Interior and exterior views of modular apartments

PROGRAMMATIC PRECEDENTS

Integrated Health and Social Housing

HDR

Integrated Health and Social Housing

2020

East

Vancouver

This is an integrated health and social housing precedent with a focus on transitional housing. Lower levels consist of clinical health care and upper levels integrate transitional housing which works towards preventative and care for substance abuse and mental health. Its aim was to implement both social housing of over 100 units and health aspects together to provide strong services in areas which are needed within Vancouver.

Fig. 55. Integrated health and social housing precedent in Vancouver

HDR (2022). East Vancourver Intergrated Health and Social Housing. https://www. hdrinc.com/au/portfolio/east-vancouverintegrated-health-and-social-housing

Fig. 56. Exterior Render of approved building typologies

03. RESEARCH

UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH-RISES

Background & Beginnings

With the aim of improving living standards for the city’s poorest residents Victoria’s premier Albert Dunstan at the time vowed to renew areas of slums to provide adequate large and small scale.

He was prompted to act after intense lobbying from Frederick Oswald Barnett, a frequent visitor to the slums who captured the appalling living conditions in suburbs like Carlton, North Melbourne and Fitzroy (Silva, 2020).

Barnett stated, “If slum reclamation... achieves no more than the physical and moral salvation of the children in these areas, it will have more than justified any sacrifice involved” (Ministry of Housing and Construction, 1990).

The building of the new social housing within Melbourne was partly sparked by improving conditions of the slums but also the concern of population in inner cities and to improve the local decline of retail in Inner city areas. slum reclamation and redevelopment with high density high rise flat development) would supply the much needed customer as well (Ministry of Housing and Construction, 1990). Left

indicate the areas which were identified as slums throughout Melbourne.

Silva, K (2020). From slums to commission towers, Melbourne has lived with a century of housing challenges. https://www.abc.net. au/news/2020-07-12/century-of-challenges-for-melbourne-publichousing/12445604

Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited

Fig. 57. Slum locations identified throughout Melbourne. (Howe, 1988)

UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH-RISES

High-Rises Across Melbourne

The first high rises were created within the Emerald Hill Estate in South Melbourne in 1960. Followed by 20-storey estates in Canning St North Melbourne and then the Debney Park Estate in Fleminington in 1962. Over the next decade over 45 individual 7834 high rise flats (Ministry of Housing, 1990).

The image right indicates the locations across Melbourne that were developed with Housing Estate buildings. Above illustrates Ernest Fooks initial sketches for the design of the high-rise typologies.

Fig. 58. Fooks original Sketch of Canning Street High Rises (Robin Boyd Foundation, 2020).

Ministry of Housing and Construction (1990). High Rise at a Glance.

Robin Boyd Foundation (2020). OPEN HOUSE – FOOKS, THE HOUSE TALKS BACK. https://robinboyd.org.au/public-events/archiveopen-house-fooks-the-house-talks-back/

Fig. 59. Locations of Housing Estates throughout Melbourne (Ministry of Housing, 1990)

UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH-RISES

Push Back!

Today there is push back from residents which are advocating for refurbishing and retrofitting rather than demolish and rebuilt tactics by the Homes Victoria Project. This advocacy is seen in both the Wingate Ave Ascot Vale for the walk up flats, where a series of them were demolished on Dunlop Street to make way for larger scale developments which were partially private subsided by the selling of private units within the project. Only recently a similar push to save the demolition ion of the Wellington St High-rise in Collingwood. Similar pushback was seen during the reclamation of slum areas across Melbourne. Residents spoke out saying:

“I do not want to leave North Melbourne ..... The Housing Commission was herding people like cattle.”

“We are proud of our houses ... and like me they don’t want to move anywhere.”

“We will not leave our houses and go into these concentration camps.”

(Victoria Ministry of Housing, 1990)

1988)

Fig. 60. Resident fighting to save their home (Howe,

This is often what governments fundamentally neglect in redevelopment projects is the displacement of people who have a rich connection to their community, their homes and the people who live around them. This promotes the idea of retrofitting strategies which can work towards keeping residents within their rich and vibrant communities which I am to do within my own project.

Fig. 61. Slum Aerial Shot (HCV, 1966)

Fig. 62. Photos of living conditions (Howe, 1988)

Fig. 63. Demolition of slum areas (Howe, 1988)

Housing Commission of Victoria (1966). The Enemy within Our Gates.

Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited

UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH-RISES

Production of Panels

The high rise blocks were constructed from precast concrete wall and floor panels. They were all produced at Holmesglen - Concrete Housing which had been running since 1946 and operated by the Housing Commission of Victoria. Factory and transported. These panels were then erected on site, and joined using steel rods and bolted connections (Ministry of Housing, 1990).

Exterior walls were finished with an exposed aggregate of white quartz set within white cement mortar.

The lightweight production and prefabricated elements allowed for quick erection and production the panels. Park Towers which is the largest of all the towers at 30-storeys. contains 9100 concrete components containing 11,500 cubic of concrete. (Ministry of Housing, 1990).

Ministry of Housing and Construction (1990). High Rise at a Glance.

Baxter, B (2019). Photos in Views Park Tower originally taken by W.R Allan 1968. https://www.portplaces.com/viewing-parktowers-1969-2019/

Fig. 64. 1967 photo by W.R.Allan view of precast panels being delivered on the back of a truck

Fig. 65. 1968 photo by W.R.Allan with the first half of the Towers completed (Park Towers)

Fig. 66. Connection of precast Panels through steel dowels (Ministry of Housing, 1990)

UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH-RISES

Structure

Through investigations they are regarded to be structurally sound buildings that currently have a projected life late into the 21st century. (Ministry of Housing, 1990). This presents partly most of the reason why they are effective to retrofit given the longevity of the concrete and ‘stack of cards’ structural arrangement.

The need for a conventional structural frame was eliminated Using the wall panels which carry the loads. Despite this carries difficulties in flexibility to spatial arrangements therefore walls cannot be removed or repositioned to enable desired changes in circumstances. Summary of structure is as follows.

Fig. 67. Typical Floor Plan of High Rises (Housing Commission of Victoria, 1966)

Load Bearing (Transverse)Spine Walls

175mm Thick. Floors 1-5

150mm Thick. Floors 6-12

100mm Thick. Floors 13- 20

Internal non-load bearing walls which divide into individual rooms are 100mm

The stability of panels forming the lift and stairwells is achieved by the use of rigid joints made by weld together steel plates cast into the walling (Figure right)

Fig. 68. Precast Welded joins of the stairwells and lift core (Ministry of Housing, 1990)

Fig. 69. Precast elements in factory and being delivered to site on trucks (Howe, 1988)

UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH-RISES

Composition of Families and Units

Within the Collingwood typologies within 253 Hoddle St there are 120 2Bed apartments, and 80 3Bed apartments. With most households consisting between 2-4 people. The majority of tennancy stay consist between 5-10 years.

Fig. 70. View from 30th floor of the Park Towers towards the children’s playgrounds (Howe, 1988)

EXISTING CONDITIONS & RETROFIT ANALYSIS

Typical floor plans and typology analysis

Understanding the existing conditions in terms of spatial, environmental and structural performance will be essential is creating an effective retrofit which accommodates the needs of the people and their users.

Some identified problems were orientated around spatial arrangements which lack flexibility due to the structural methods of the building which feature pre-cast wall panels to carry loads. Other difficulties were the large amount of apartments being services by minimal vertical transport as well as the lack of safety and privacy created thought the longer co-corridor units. Diminished floor to floor heights and lack of northern orientation

constrain effective daylighting and natural resources. The plans overall of each unit are relatively small, and could be expanded. Breaking up the scale of the building both through circulation vertically and apartment access, as well as through additional light and amenity will become important in creating an effective retrofit for the future.

DEMOGRAPHICS & COMMUNITY IDENTITY

A RICH HUB OF ACTIVITY ALREADY ALIVE - HODDLE STREET

Cultural Festivals Chinease New Year

Cultural Workshops in Underground car partk

Neighbourhood Markets

Mens Choir Group

Musical and Dance events in Underground Carpark

Roller Blade Events in Carpark

Harmony Day Food

Live Music & DJs

Seniors Art Group

Childrens Music and Live Performance

Beginners computer workshop

Ladies Choir Group

Harmony Day Celebrations

Skip Day!

Disco Events in Underground

THE PEOPLE

This envisions some of the people within the community which will live or use the services provided within the Hoddle Street Health and Community Hub. Derived from the rich diversity which already lives within the social housing these people reflect the differences in cultures, socioeconomic backgrounds, demographics and family structures which could live within the building. Thinking about these people, their needs, the spaces and services which they will use will help to assist myself in designing for the rich diversity within the community and what it should be for these people.

THE CLIMATE BREAK DOWN

IPCC issues ‘bleakest warning yet’ on impacts of climate breakdown, Fiona Harvey, The Guardian

The Intergovermental panel on Climate Change states that there is a small window left avoid the consequences of climate change.

“Any further delay in concerted global action will miss a brief and rapidly closing window to secure a liveable future.”

- Hans-Otto Portner, Co-Chair ICCP.

The world will more frequent natural disasters and human suffering associate with the climate disaster.

Droughts, floods and heatwaves.

Extreme events of weather are accelerating and causing more damage and havoc then previously seen.

An increase in 1.5o C above pre industrial levels, would lead to melting of ice caps and glaciers, wild fires, tree species and forest collapsing, thawing of permafrost with the release of additional carbon emissions.1

“The question at this point is not whether we can altogether avoid the crisis – it is whether we can avoid the worst consequences.”

- John Kerry, US envoy for Climate.

Summary of Report.

· Everywhere is affected,

· Between 3.3 billion and 3.6 billion people – live in areas “highly vulnerable” to climate change.

· Millions of people face food and water shortages owing to climate change, even at current levels of heating.

· Mass die-offs of species, from trees to corals, are already under way.

· 1.5C above pre-industrial levels constitutes a “critical level” beyond which the impacts of the climate crisis accelerate strongly and some become irreversible.

· Key ecosystems are losing their ability to absorb carbon dioxide, turning them from carbon sinks to carbon sources.

The three part report consists of the physical science of climate change “unequivocally” created by humans. The second part outlines areas most vulnerable and the impacts. The third part will unfold measures which can cut emission and the findings from the UN Cop27 climate summit. 1

Global Dominoes.

The article describes that this crisis will not only have direct impacts but also indirect ones. Worsening problems such as hunger, health and exacerbating poverty on a large scale. The is also the proposition that climate effects will promote violent conflicts for resources. With the fragility of nations as the come to grips with climate change impacts hit nations we could see human tensions and international relations become inflamed.1

Harvey, F (Guardian). (2022). IPCC impacts of climate breakdown. Retrieved 1 March 2022, from https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2022/ feb/28/ipcc-issues-bleakest-warning-yetimpacts-climate-breakdown

Choi, C (2021). Smoke from massive wildfires in Australia. Retrived from https:// abcnews.go.com/Technology/smokemassive-wildfires-australia-led-algaebloom/story?id=80096595

Queensland floods: second death in six days after 73-year-old’s ute swept into creek. (2022). Retrieved 1 March 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/ australia-news/2021/dec/01/queenslandfloods-950-evacuated-from-inglewood-asrising-rivers-threaten-towns

NBC News (2022). Russia-Ukraine war Kharkiv hit by fresh shelling. Retrived 1 March 2022 from https://www.nbcnews. com/news/world/live-blog/russia-ukrainewar-live-updates-n1290293

Fig. 71. A satellite image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission shows wildfires smoke on the east coast of Australia, Dec 31, 2019.

Fig. 72. The inundated areas of Inglewood, in the Darling Downs of Queensland, 2022. (coutersy of Jess Rielly).

Fig. 73. This Maxar satellite taken and released on 28 February 2022 shows a military convoy along a highway, north of Ivankiv, Ukraine.

EMISSIONS TARGET RESEARCH

HIGH VS LOW EMISSIONS

The graphs (right) compare different emission scenarios and their relative effect on global temperature warming. It also highlights previous historical data up until 2020 of temperature increases due to climate change. (CSIRO - Reaching Global Warming Levels, 2021)

Very high global emissions scenario is the ‘buisness as usual approach’ where there is very little change to practices or carbon mitigating implementation strategies. For our context we see that around the year 2050 we will hit an increase of global mean temperature of 2.5CO. This would be catastrophic to the world with the trend continuing to raise in the end of the 21st century.

The low global emissions target sees a more positive outlook on the future but this scenario needs immediate action from both developing and developed countries from the present. This goal given the current actions taken on climate change is still very optimistic. It would see a rise to 2.0 O C mid-century and a stagnation of emissions into the future from this point (CSIRO, 2020).

CSIRO (2020). Cliamte change in Australia - Reaching Global Warming levels. Retrived March 7, 2022 from https://www.climatechangeinaustralia. gov.au/en/changing-climate/futureclimate-scenarios/global-warminglevels/reaching-global-warming-levels/

VERY HIGH GLOBAL EMISSIONS CONTEXT

Heading

[Insert text here]

Fig. 74. Global Emissions of RCP8.5 in relationship to global mean temperature. (Climate Change Australia (CSIRO), 2020)

LOW GLOBAL EMISSIONS CONTEXT

Fig. 75. Global Emissions of RCP2.6 in relationship to global mean temperature. (Climate Change Australia (CSIRO), 2021)

PASSIVE HOUSING LANGUAGE

Passive Housing Language - Third Skin.

Design strategies and movement within the 1960s Passive House is a global building standard which sets performance levels for the comfort and energy performance of houses.

Ultimately the standard is about achieving adequate comfort within a design without the need for action or energy.

Its principles is to be able to control solar radiation which can be captured or avoided during specific times of the year to maintain comfort within the built environment. It avoids the use of artificial heating and cooling.

Basic design principles such as allowing winter solar radiation to heat spaces or surfaces to provide additional heating to the space. During the summer

months this same radiation can be blocked using shading devices reducing unwanted heat gain. (Barnett, n.d)

Key principles of the use of insulation which prevents thermal conductivity between the building envelope and the external environment. A building envelope and each material within the envelope will have a U-value (thermal transmittance), the lower this value the less heat transfer occur through the building. A lower U-value will assist in providing a comfortable environment without additional heating and cooling. Thermal mass can also be used to “store and radiate heat over time”. (Barnett, n.d)

As explained there are limitations to a passive approach. These include decreasing life expectancy if constant below 18o C for the elderly or high heat exposure from heat waves. (Barnett, n.d)

Humans experience comfort in different ways these include air temperature, humidity, air movement, radiant temperatures, physical movement and clothing worn.1

Ways to achieve comfort is through:

Evaporative cooling“utilises... cross ventilation breezes and fans to evaporate sweat off our skin, which cools our bodies in the process of liquid turning into gas”.1 High humidity levels will decrease our comfort and evaporative cooling performance decreases as humidity of summer weather increases.

Refrigerant Cycle Cooling - ‘heat pumps’ enable us utilise cooling and heating modes. They generally have efficiencies of 3.5-4.5x. This type of cooling dehumidifies indoor air as it operates, allowing us to stay comfortable at higher air temperatures (Barnett, n.d).

Passive Housing

Explained

Insulation - Foundation to roof cavity creates an efficient envelop and minimises heat losses and gains.

Glazing - low emissivity double or triple glazed. Thermal broken frames or non metal frames (with high thermal conductivity).

Thermal Bridging

-

Weak spots in building envelopes are known as thermal bridges. These can be cause temperature fluctuations in the envelope.

Air tightness - airtight barriers boost efficiency and prevents draughts.

Heat recovery systems manage this fresh air

Ventilation: Heat

Recovery Ventilation (HRV) systems are used to replace stale humid indoor air with fresh air. Warmer incoming air is cooled by the outgoing air in summer and the warmer outgoing air heats the cooler incoming air in winter.

Due to the high efficiencies minimal energy is used to heat up 3 degrees of air to 12 degrees (~4x).

Passive Housing Key Criteria

Indoor Air Quality –humidity levels that avoid condensation issues, controlled by HRV systems that guarantee fresh air flow rates

Airtightness – door blower tests are used to certify ‘as-built’ performance

Occupant comfort –temperatures only exceed 25 degrees for short periods.

Space cooling & heating–annual cooling and heating energy required to maintain comfort levels

Primary energy – total annual energy demand and renewable energy generation.

If the envelope is created correctly a 6-8KW solar system can produce more energy than its consumption.

Barnett C. (Third Skin) (n.d), ‘Passive House & Passive Solar Relationships & Language’. Retrieved from LMS.

HOW IS VICTORIA GOING TO CHANGE?

According to CSIRO and Climate Change Australia Victoria the following changes will occur by mid century: (CSIRO, 2020).

As a class through out reasearch into how the environemnt will change within a 2050 context we identified a number of key outcomes which will influence our design approach. These are highlights in the diagram left, where we will see decearses in rainfall, projected warming and increase in hot days and loss of biodiversity.

These factors directly influenced how I approached my design through considering to optimise orientation through pivoting the form as well as inclusive of rainwater collection tanks, and the focus o outdoor ammentity and green space to futher biodiversity outcomes

VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT BUSINESS AS USUAL HOUSING

THE INCREASED DEMAND FOR HEALTH SERVICES

Co-Health predicts that by the year 2031 there will be a need for an additional 18,000 health services within Collingwood. This prompting the need to direct services exactly where its needed within most vulnerable areas (See Demographics Section). The extrapolated date to a 2051 context shows that the need for healths services will rapidly grow within

Collingwood with an increase by 220% overall. Similarly if we look at historical data for social housing supply and demand we can predict future trends in the need of social housing. By the year 2051 we will need around 3x more social housing than we are currently supplying, a huge increase in development and density is needed to achieve this.

INCREASED DEMAND FOR SOCIAL HOUSING

Given the demand that’s needed within Collingwood and the identified need to colocate housing and social housing by Co-Health and Unison Housing. my project aims to explore house a retrofitting of existing housing stock can supply these demands and mitigate the disruption of a 2051 context.

FUNDING DIAGRAM

PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT VS PUBLIC

CURRENT URBAN CONTEXT

The current urban conditions of Collingwood there is large areas of mixed use precinct towards the south with dominating industrial and commercial buildings. Towards the north low scale residential typologies occur. The commercial precinct of Johnson Street features a diversity of shops and services.

What is notable is the larger scale project which are being constructed. Along Hoddle street there’s a commercial build of offices and proposed around the railway co-corridor is a larger residential block. What this indicates is the governments desire to increase density within these areas and promote growth.

VISIONING URBAN FUTURES

Visioning an urban future in a 2051 context we will most likely be presented with increased density along Johnston St for larger parcels which can be consolidated by developers. Typical of transit orientated design which is occurring throughout the ‘Activity Zones’ around railway stations and corridors we will see a larger increase in density particularly for residential builds.

I also envision developments to occur along Wellington St and Hoddle St as the industrial character of this area are more easily developed due to the larger parcel sizes.

Education and Public buildings will remain relatively the same and their amenity protected due to their high value.

These patterns of development can assist us in designing a central health-housings precinct which is accessible and essential to Collingwood given the changes in 2050

04. DESIGN PROGRESSIONCONCEPT

SITING DIAGRAMS

Greening the Urban Fabric

The urban visioning shown previously opens some opportunities for siting and developing our own site. We see an opportunity to connect linear green corridors and create new ones which run through the site in a East West Direction. There is optimism that we can run a green corridor from the Yarra River and extend across our site given it is one of the largest public open spaces within the area.

For vehicle movement

Hoddle Street is a strong barrier with large traffic flows through this site. It is a major thoroughfare. Accessibility for health services can be serviced off this street which is a positive but there is a need to bridge this to allow pedestrian movement.

Pedestrian movement becomes impeded by Hoddle Street with few crossings and current one overpass. There’s an opportunity to improve walk-ability of the neighbourhood from the train station to educational institutes both south and west of the site. Given the large scale developments which will occur along Hoddle St there’s also a need to connect to these work and residential areas.

Vehicle Movement

Pedestrian Movement

ITERATIVE SKETCHING - TESTING IDEAS & DIAGRAMMING

Initial concept sketches which illustrated the first exploration of diminishing scale within the highrise typlogies to produce outdoor amenities and a connection to context. The ideas contrast to those formulated by Lacaton and Vassal’s extension (Sketch Top Right) where the additions to the building form allows greater activation

of the ground plane and surroundings. They diminish the ideals put forward within the modernist movement which was to increase density whilst providing open space below. We know now that the construct of these building which feature long corridors and lack of outdoor amenity. In the section (top left) I want to explore redefining

interior volumes which open up the units to the surrounding and create inner courtyards which could be publicly accessible.

Left diagram explores the delivery of current social housing and how a retrofit can benefit through saving resources and delivering greater density compared to a demolish and rebuilt.

ITERATIVE SKETCHING - GROUND PLANE

Another important aspect was interacting the different connections that need to be created on the ground plane. These spaces become the most public aspects of the project but also relate directly to the open space and green spine as well as Hoddle Street. These sketches often places commercial entities along the primary transit route such as health, sport or retail as they are less susceptible to the noise, traffic and pollution and

can serve to activate elements despite the busy street. These along with the drop off area serves to shield the social homes and dwellings from these undesirable elements. Communal functions such as the Neighbourhood House and Drummond Street Services will interface with the green spine and open space allowing more desirable pedestrian traffic and safety for kids and the elderly. Co-health should also interface with the more quite residential

street of Perry Street to allow convenient access and an appropriate scale toward the street scape. I think its important to have an access route across to Hoddle allowing people to traverse across the site easily and toward important contextual elements such as the public amenities at the town hall and the railway stations in close proximity

ITERATIVE SKETCHING - UPPER LEVEL COMPOSITION

These sketches explore the extension of ‘armatures’ to the existing ‘S’ Shaped building fabric. Considering the existing floor plans layout and access routes its logical to support additional lift cores to shorten long co-corridor lengths and provide access to new apartments forming around the existing. When sketching I focused on how I can layer the apartments in a terraced formation to maximise outdoor green

space for residents and contribute to diminishing the overall scale of the monolithic wall-like construction within the initial building. Solar access and maximising northern orientation was also essential. The sketch above also indicates possible bridge of Hoddle street and exploring these opportunities to create a green linkage

ITERATIVE SKETCHING - EXTENSIONS TO UNITS

These are initial thoughts on extending the amenity for the existing apartments. Much fo the problems with the units are their small size and their low floor to floor heights as well as access to daylight because of the diminished windows. There’s opportunities to extend these through addition structural elements

which support ‘pod’ like elements to the facade. These pods as indicated in the sketches above and right can go from window lintel to the sill of the unit above, therefore expanding the height of each of the units. Alternatively there is also opportunities to make two-storey apartments

(see right). These will have interior stairs and the existing building envelope will services as a mezzanine level. This gives the impression of double height space. The red crosses indicate areas of walls or slabs which will need to be removed these structural investigation pending.

THE FUTURE OF HODDLE

These are some initial sketches to develop in relation to bridging Hoddle street and creating a green spine between high-rise building forms. In a 2050 context I believe this will still be a priority transit route for private vehicles (most likely electric and automated). Light rail trams can run down the central

strip to provide greater connection laterally across Collingwood between the 12 & 109 route towards the 89 route. Designated bus routes will be maintained.

Further investigations will need to be undertaken to see how this green pass can slope downwards towards the open

space on site within the Harmsworth Street Reserve (see section right). This will also effect the interfaces with Hoddle Street and the ground plane. Pedestrianising this section will provide essential walking routes from the train stations across the site as well as urban

greening. The section indicates a transition from ‘movement’ areas of Collingwood such as transit routes and community public open space which is the largest supplied green space in Collingwood.

OPTION MASSING

AXONOMETRIC

L1 L2

Massing models have been important in developing scale and site relationships. Its been essential in working out the rich programmatic relationships between medical, community and housing. These

massings were derived from initial sketches to develop the form. My first attempt indicates frontages of medical and retail with terraced down private dwellings with individual circulation routes. On reflection this option provide additional dwellings but cast significant shadows on the central ground plane reducing natural amenities to lower level existing tower units.

L4

L16

OPTION MASSING

AXONOMETRIC

Massing Option 2 explores an inward approach where gym, retail and medical aim to shield the apartments from Hoddle Street. This creates inward facing apartments towards the larger tower complex.

This creating an inner courtyard design as the units face towards these passages. The pod additions to the façades utilised a double height pod over two levels and then a single one to expand the existing

unit sizes. For each unit small modules have been created and joint together to create the terraced elements, this diminishing the scale of the units making them appear as smaller discrete elements from the exterior.

L5

L16

OPTION MASSING

Massing Option 4 attempts to take the best elements explored from previous massing and combine them to formulate an approach which is both site responsive in reducing scalessness, dealing with the complexity of program whilst also improving the scale of interiors through voids and openings within the building fabric. It takes an approach of an interior courtyard, protecting amenity from Hoddle St. It also provides an opening and terracing downwards towards an central green passage which could occur between towers.

OPTION MASSING 4 NORTH-WEST

The rear of the site sees a more pedestrian friendly approach with community based services, sports areas and medical interfacing with the ground plane. Voided terrace spaces provides outdoor amenity to residents in upper levels. The extension of dwellings along corridor spaces ensure that amenity of existing units are not compromised. The depth of floor plates are reduced by steeper terracing but also through utilising these for medical purposes or shared living arrangements will allow for greater spatial flexibility (as long as structural walls are kept)

OPTION 4 PLANS

20F

First attempt at compiling the accommodation schedule for the project. I suspect that the health elements will most likely expand once the design processes and I get more of an indication to the size of the metal health and transitional housing areas.

05. DESIGN PROGRESION - SKETCH

FORMAL COMPOSITION & ADJACENCIES

WORKING DRAWINGS MODULES

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BUILDING SECTION A-A

MODULE TYPES DEVELOPMENT

Additional Units

1Bedroom 1 Bathroom. 8800mm x 4400mm Unit

FIRST FLOOR - KITCHEN DINING

MODULE PLANS - 2BED

FIRST FLOOR - 2 BED 2 BATH

GROUND FLOOR - 2BED 2BATH

MODULE PLANS - 1BED

FIRST FLOOR - 1BED 1BATH

GROUND FLOOR - 1BED 1BATH

MODULE TYPES

Additional Units

3 Bedroom 2 or 3 Bathroom. 3 total modules to make one unit.

FIRST FLOOR - KITCHEN DINING, BATHROOM

MODULE TYPES 3 BED & STUDIO

FIRST FLOOR -3BED 2 BATHROOM

GROUND FLOOR -3BED 2 BATHROOM

FIRST FLOOR -3BED 3 BATHROOM

GROUND FLOOR -3BED 3 BATHROOM

MODULE TYPES

Extensions to Primary Building Facade

Increases Semi-Outdoor Space Through Winter Gardens and Additionally Provides A Roof Terraces which is outdoors.

HUMAN LIFE DETAILED SECTION DEPICTING MATERIALS

FACADE EXTENSIONS

HUMAN LIFE DETAILED SECTION DEPICTING MATERIALS

ADDITIONAL MODULES

Scale

The reviewers identified that through the approach of fulfilling form, function and density through the modules there was a diminishing emphasis on how this approach can influence the scale and humanistic qualities of the design.

The terraces were aimed to create diminishing scales of volumes on the exteriors which they successfully do so in creating a relationship between levels and scales. Despite this, they aggressively create large, under utilised volumes within the ground plane and upper level circulation. I agree that there needs to be a balance between density and delivering a scheme which fits more appropriately with my overall parti.

Light

Although elements were inspired by Habitat 97 there was a lacking of openings, light and amenity within the spatial form which rendered the under-crofts as unpleasant spaces.

I feel there needs to be a further breaking of the modules, allowing more openings into passages and other public spaces on the upper levels and ground floors. This will need exploring more, I feel like ive tested both highly intense options (increased density) and less intense in earlier concept iteration. There should be a balance of human scale and proportion to these under croft spaces.

Program

Overall I think the reviewers on program were positive. There’s enough intensity of

different uses, especially with medical, health and public elements within the design. Using program to ‘fill’ the negative spaces from the terracing would be an effective approach in dealing with these areas. Other uses could be implemented which complement the medical precinct such as public pools, sports courts, cinemas and library. Break out spaces for resident uses

Overall

The premise of the project is that there are a lot of good elements to take way from. The modules and the structure work well in providing the desired outcomes in terms of form and concept. Although there should be reflection on the human aspect and how inward facing spaces feel. Putting humanity back into the design will be what comes next. Stripping back of element and density.

06. RESOLVED DESIGN THESIS

H DDLE STREET NEIGHBOURHOOD HOME

WELLBEING - HEALTH - COMMUNITY HUB - SOCIAL HOUSING

URBAN FUTURES - CURRENT & 2050

SITING DIAGRAMS

Pedestrian Movement

Green Spine Connections

Vehicle Movement

URBAN FORM CONCEPT DIAGRAMS

Existing Conditions

The 1970s high rise towers are monumental in their appearance standing at 21 floors in height with a monotonous repetitive facade of exposed aggregate concrete and fenestration openings

Extending Additional Amenity & Increasing Density

Improving the existing housing units with extensions to the tower form whilst increasing density with new units and circulation to facilitate the demand of social housing in 2050.

Creating an Urban Edge & Access

Building up forms which provide a frontage to Hoddle and Perry Street which surround and integrate with the tower. In a 2050 context we redefine Hoddle St's width and promote a better pedestrian experiences through a trackless tram stop

Dissolution of Scale

Creating a terraced form which provides outdoor amenity both in terms of public rooftops and private gardens. Creating a human scale which dissolves the tower form and creates pedestrian street interfaces

URBAN FORM CONCEPT DIAGRAMS

Activated Public Ground Plane

Identifying a mix of programs on the ground plane which facilitate movement and activation of these spaces

Green Spine & Public Mountain

Emphaise growth and extension of the green spine through the building form from the Yarra. Create a growth facade across terracing and activation of public roof planes for the community.

Structural Skin

A structual skin which wraps existing and new forms together, facilitating a modular construction mehtodology and intergrating the urban realm and terraces

Optimised Orientation of Forms

Terracing forms and modular units are angled to provide maximum northern orientation of both extensions and additional homes this improving environmental performance.

SPATIAL AXONOMETRIC -SOCIAL HOUSING UNITS & EXTENSIONS

SPATIAL AXONOMETRIC - MENTAL HEALTH,

These spatial isometrics describe the rich and overlapping community functions with the private modular units. They show the interconnections between levels, circulation and movement around each of the spaces as well as their connection to the overarching whole design.

The medical and mental health aspects back onto the social housing establishing connection between layers but also privacy

SPATIAL AXONOMETRIC - RCP (RECUPARATIVE CARE PROGRAMS)

The ground plane is completely public with multiple access points to different functions and uses. The RCP remains close to terrace gardens to aid patient recovery and on the upper floors to reduce impact of public amenities on these patients

EXPERIENTIAL SPATIAL AXONOMETRIC

Extending the Green Spine Over Hoddle

Pedestrian Bridge Across Hoddle Street

Emergency

Liftoverrun & Plant Room Space

Co-Health Medical Entry

Trackless Tram Super Stop

Harmsworth Reserve

Collingwood Neighborhood House, Community Spaces

Community Roof Top Break Out Space

Rooftop Breakout Pod Units

Existing 229 Hoddle Street

Rooftop Laundry & Drying

Rooftop Community Garden

LONG SECTION A-A

SHORT SECTION B-B

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - EXISTING CONDITIONS

2BED 1BATH TOWER UNITS

MODULE

MODULE WINTER GARDEN OVERALL VIEW

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - LOWER UNIT

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - MIDDLE UNIT

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - UPPER UNIT

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - EXISTING CONDITIONS

3BED 1BATH TOWER UNITS

MODULE

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - OVERALL

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - LOWER UNIT

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - MIDDLE UNIT

WINTER GARDEN EXTENSIONS - UPPER UNIT

ADDITIONAL SOCIAL HOMES - MODULAR UNITS 1BED

ADDITIONAL SOCIAL HOMES - MODULAR UNITS 1BED

1BATH STACKED UNIT CONNECTION TO TOWER

ADDITIONAL SOCIAL HOMES - MODULAR UNITS STUDIO

ADDITIONAL SOCIAL HOMES - MODULAR UNITS 2BED

ADDITIONAL SOCIAL HOMES - MODULAR UNITS 3BED

ADDITIONAL SOCIAL HOMES - MODULAR UNITS 3BED

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY - VOLUMETRIC PREFABRICATION

Modules will be prefabricated offsite using volumetric construction. This allows for greater precision in construction, high quality buildings and finishes, reduced onsite construction cost and time and speed of delivery.

The design of the units allow all elements to be fabricated including joinery and furnishings as the final unit is fully enclosed.

Other elements such as the glulam can be treated and milled prior to onsite delivery.

The size of the modules allow delivery to occur one module per 16000mm typical truck length. The width of 4.5m allows a single pilot/ escort for transportation.

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY - TRENCH & GROUND

Typical reinforced concrete footing systems are used with trenches for pad footing and beams dug out.

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY - CONCRETE

FOOTING SYSTEMS

Slabs are poured with steel footing plates embedded into the concrete and connected to the steel re-bar systems.

Erection of the glulam framing occurs through craning elements into place and connecting to steel diagrid connection plates through dowells (See Detail Axo).

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY - JIG SYSTEM

A hoisting jig system is used which have telescopic arms to extended to desired heights. These can be moved and slides volumetric modules into positions within the glulam framing using a horizontal converyor to slot in the modules. They are then attached to the frame using steel plates and rigid bolted connections on the diagonal and horizontal glulam members.

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY - FINISHES & PLANTERS

Finishes such as works on the roof decks and planter boxes will be undertaken once the modules are installed in place.

Flashing detail will be applied to the front face of the glulam modules for weather protection.

DIAGRID CONSTRUCTION ISOMETRIC

GLULAM CONNECTION DETAIL

The diagrid is connected through a series of prefabricated welded plates which are delivered on site. The repeatable joint systems reduces costs and can be applied to both tower and new social housing units structures. Each Glulam

element are precision milled to the correct angle and with slot channels to fix dowells through the timber and steel. The connection to the columns are a stirrup style steel plate which sits on the glulam column head. After connections

are made flashing detail will be applied over joints to prevent water ingress.

All members are pretreated with Penta Oil after the fabrication process

View towards mental health units, community garden and the tower across Harmsworth Reserve.

Entry experience towards Co-Health and Hoddle Street Tram Stop.

Rooftop ‘mountain’ space for public uses having both fitness and activate spaces (in background). for mental health or medical patients respite

background). Semi private spaces and also more intimate spaces amongst greenery (right side of image)

Interior walkway between additional housing units and gym and medical spaces, showing the relationship Large windows on between units and on ground brings light into the double heighted spaces.

relationship between public and semi-private elements and an activation of internal walkways.

View from Perry Street with showing green balcony terraces, activation and a human scale interface

Existing current conditions of the tower units, small window opening and low floor to floor ceiling

...How can we redefine this volume and space?

ceiling heights of 2600mm, lack of light and ammenity,

The same unit retrofitted with new winter gardens and balcony opening towards the landscape and Insulation panels between ply wood interior finish for improved thermal comfort.

and extending living arrangements. Retrofitted with Hemp-Lime

Modular units lounge and dinning area with terraced outdoor decking and inbuilt planting. Austere

Austere and reserved finsihes.

from balcony units across the the tower and Harmsworth Reserve

View

DESIGN REFLECTION & FUTURE

THOUGHTS

This semester was challenging because of the nature of developing and exploring a design brief through theoretical research and focusing in on a research question which will guide the design process.

In saying this the challenge was enjoyable due to the loose and exploratory approach which allowed freedom with design.

The brief set out by myself was one of a complex nature, given that this idea of ‘resilience’ and how we provide a place of resilience though architecture was what manifested from my research. My interests within architecture orientate themselves around connecting people, fostering social connections to place and the well-being of the planet through creating buildings which perform well, retrofitting and reusing and the use of innovative construction.

DESIGN REFLECTION & FUTURE THOUGHTS

I feel like my design which was developed from my interests and research aims to address some of these future 2050 problems that we will face. The design takes different scales of approach looking at broader issues and the larger scale master plan, then focusing down on interconnections between diverse programs and finally the smaller module units.

Overall when looking at my research topic of resilience and how can architecture be resilient in a 2050 context the design outcome explores this through a number of aspects and approaches.

In employing environmental resources to foster well-being the retrofitting component was fundamental to my design outcome due to the carbon investment in these high rises. Aiming to improve the amenity of the tower was also very challenging given their constrained form and

structural composition but through implementation of modules and focusing in on specific smaller scale interventions it allowed me to explore how to create better outcomes socially, environmentally for the residents.

In providing resilience socially this focused on complex spatial dynamics and rich interlocking program. The design diversifies the monotonous monoculture on social housing providing diversity of program which are interconnected through open spaces, roof tops and the ground plane helps to create a place which provides a mix of people and uses. This is especially shown how the terracing forms interconnect with adjacent programs and housing.

This programmatic mix helps to employ human resources such as mental health, medical and clinical care as well as community areas such

as the childcare. This employs social resources where it is needed most.

The project also explores an increase in density expanding the horizon of existing stock whilst increasing unit numbers for the future by providing an additional 42 social housing apartments, a large scale community health centre and mental health ward as well as other community spaces at the ground plane. It also accounts for different demographics and family compositions with a range of unit type typologies.

Zooming in a finer grain of detail was also very important in developing environmental resources for wellbeing of the residents. This includes the internal module spaces, construction methodology and detailing. The use of carbon neutral materials such as Glulam, CLT and Hemp-Lime SIP panels improve performance structurally and thermally. It also grasps with

construction of the modular elements and how there’s efficiencies in volumetric construction over insitu construction.

Overall the spatial qualities and the composition of the project are dynamic providing improved amenities to the existing 1960s tower typologies which can be applied to other buildings of a similar nature. Ultimately this creating an architecture of resilience for those most in need within out social housing typologies.

SECTION HEADING07. Appendices.

Appendix A References

Appendix B List of Figures - Thesis Proposal

Appendix C List of Figures - Precedents

Appendix D List of Figures - Research

APPENDIX A - BIBLIOGRAPHY - APA 7TH

Baxter, B (2019). Photos in Views Park Tower originally taken by W.R Allan 1968. https:// www.portplaces.com/viewing-park-towers-1969-2019/

Co-Health (2021). Federal Budget submission 2020-21. https://www.cohealth.org. au/policy-documents/federal-budget-submission-2020-21/cohealth-federal-budgetsubmission-2020-21-2/

Crawford, R.H., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F. (2019) Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Druot, F., Lacaton A., & Philippe-Vassal, J. (2007). Plus +. Editorial Gustavo Gili, SL.

Gelh, J., (2010). Cities for People. Island Press.

Homes Victoria (2020). A Housing Examiner – Social Housing in Victoria. https://www.vic. gov.au/homes-victoria-housing-explainer.

Homes Victoria (2022). Social housing growth fund. https://www.vic.gov.au/social-housinggrowth-fund

Housing Commission of Victoria (1966). The Enemy within Our Gates.

Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited

Karakusevic, P., Batchelor, A. (2017). Knikfla ts, Ommord in Social Housing Definitions and Design Exemplars (pp. 59-61). RIBA Publishing.

Karakusevic, P., Batchelor, A. (2017). Tour Bois-le-Pretre, France in Social Housing Definitions and Design Exemplars (pp. 51-53). RIBA Publishing.

Kelly, D. & Porter, L. (2019) Understanding the assumptions and impacts of the Victorian Public Housing Renewal Program. RMI T University – Centre for Urban Research.

KMPG (2022). Federal Budget 2022. https://home.kpmg/au/en/home/insights/2022/03/ federal-budget.html?budgetID=20&nocache=true

Koolhaas, R,. & Bruce, M. (1995). Bigness or the problem if the large. in S, M, L, XL. (pp. 415-516). New York: Monacelli Press.

Koolhaas, R. (1978). Delirious New York: a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan. New York: Monacelli Press.

Koolhaas, R. (2002). Junkspace in October Vol. 100, Spring 2002. (pp. 175-190). http:// links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2870%28200221%29100%3C175%3AJ%3E2.0. CO% 3B2-M.

Loschke, S.K., Easthope, H,. (2022, March). The problem of aging housing: A co- and redesign approach. Designing for dignity: Beyond compliance, towards empathArchitecture Australia March/April Ed. 55-57.

Ministry of Housing and Construction (1990). High Rise at a Glance.

Mittlelmark, M. B., Sagy, S., Eriksson, M., Bauer, G. F., Pelikan, J. M., Lindstrom, B., Espnes, G. A. (2017). The Handbook of Salutogenesis. Springer.

Oldfield, P. (2022, March). Deep Retrofit for more accessible, equitable and resilient houses. Designing for dignity: Beyond compliance, towards empathArchitecture Australia March/Apr il Ed. 58-59.

Prasad, D., Dave, M., Kuru, A., Oldfield, P., Ding, l., Noller, C. & He, B. (2021). Race to net Zero Carbon: A climate Emergency Guide for New and Existing Buildings in Australia. Sydney: Low Carbon Institute. http:// uhimitigationindex.be.unsw.edu.au/static/files/2021-11-Net-Zero-Carbonguide-A-climate-emergency-guide-for-new- and-existing-buildings-inAustralia.pdf.

PWC Australia (2022). How Australia’s healthcare system can emerge in better shape than ever before. https://www.pwc.com.au/publications/federal-budget-2021/healthcare. html

Reardon, C. (2020) “ventilation and airtightness” in Your Home: Australia’s Guide to Environmentally Sustainable Homes. Yourhome.gov.au/passivedesign/ventilation-airtightness

Safdie Architects [Habitat in Nature]. (2021, August 12). The evolution of Habitat ’67’s essential ideals. [Online Video]. Safdie Archite cts. ht tps://www. safdiearchitects.com/media/habitat-in-nature

Sara Wilkinson, Valente, P. C., Morris, A. (2020). “heres our chance to relieve energy poverty through post COVID stimulus”. The Fifth Estate. thefifthestate. com.au/columns/spinifex/heres-our-chance-to-relieve-energypoverty-through-post-covid-stimulus

Silva, K. (2020). “From slums to commission towers, Melbourne has lived with a century of housing challenges”. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/ news/2020-07-12/century-of-challenges-for-melbournepublic-housing/12445604

Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology, 5, 10.3402/ ejpt.v5.25338. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338.

TED [TED]. (2014, September 2014). Moshe Safdie: How to reinvent the apartment building [Youtube Video].Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKnaYZJg48&ab_channel=TED

Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, New Series, Vol. 224, Issue 4647, 420-421.

Unison (2022). About Unison – Vision. https://unison.org.au/about-us/about-unison

Victorian Council of Social Services. (November 2018). Battling On: Persistent Energy hardship. vcoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PersistentEnergy-Hardship-FINAL-Web-Single-Page.pdf

Wade, S. [cr_sophie_wade] (2022). Battle for 240 Wellington St. [Instagram Post]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CbT9AZ5Nzvf/?utm_ medium=share_sheet&fbclid=IwAR1Sb7B9MPozLRDFpCneRtLeDtF644EwidGKuH_ wrP2Nf_Y0uIxiSFswDwo

APPENDIX B - LIST OF FIGURES - THESIS PROPOSAL

Fig. 1. From Pruitt-Igoe: the troubled high-rise by Lee Balterman (The Guardian),1972, https://www. theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/22/pruitt-igoe-high-rise-urban-america-history-cities. 09

Fig. 2. From Banksy: Wall and Piece Book, 2006. UK: Century. Copyright 1988 by Copyright is for losers 10

Fig. 3. From Kings Crescent Estate Phases 1 and 2 by Karakusevic Carson Architects and Henley Halebrown (2018). © Copyright Karakusevic Carson Architects and Henley Halebrown. https://www.architecture.com/ awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/riba-london-award-winners/2018/kingscrescent-estate-phases-1-and-2 10

Fig. 4. From Andreas Gursky: The bigger the better? By BBC, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/culture/ article/20151106-andreas-gursky-the-bigger-the-better 11

Fig. 5. From Deezeen, Amy Frearson 2017. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/13/video-movie-footagedemolition-robin-hood-gardens-brutalist-smithsons/ 11

Fig. 6. From Cities for People, 2019 by Gelh, J., 2010. Copyright © 2010 Jan Gehl. 12

Fig. 7. From Delirious New York a Retrospective a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan. New York: Monacelli Press. 13

Fig. 8. From Delirious New York a Retrospective a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan. New York: Monacelli Press. 13

Fig. 9. From DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 14

Fig. 10. From DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 14

Fig. 11. From DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 14

Fig. 12. From Social Housing Definitions and Design Exemplars (2017) by Karakusevic, P., Batchelor, A. Copyright © RIBA Enterprises Ltd, 2017 14

Fig. 13. From Habitat ’67, (1967) by Safdie Architects. Copyright ©2021 Safdie Architects. https://www. safdiearchitects.com/projects/habitat-67 16

Fig. 14. From Habitat ’67, (1967) by Safdie Architects. Copyright ©2021 Safdie Architects. https://www. safdiearchitects.com/projects/habitat-67 16

Fig. 15. From AD Classics: Habitat 67 / Safdie Architects by Archdaily. Copyright © (2001) Canadian Architecture Collection, McGill University. https://www.archdaily.com/404803/ad-classics-habitat-67-moshesafdie. 16

Fig. 16. From Habitat ’67, (1967) by Safdie Architects. Copyright ©2021 Safdie Architects. https://www. safdiearchitects.com/projects/habitat-67 16

Fig. 17. Created by Author. Information from the following sources.

Climate Change in Australia – Victorias Changing Climate (2020). By CSIRO & Australian Government – Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment. https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/changing-climate/state-climatestatements/victoria/

Costal Adapt datasets (2018), by costal adapt https://coastadapt.com.au/tools/coastadapt-datasets#future-datasets

Economic Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect (2012) by Aecom. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ SiteCollectionDocuments/eco-assessment-of-urban-heat-island-effect.pdf

OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 by OECD (2012). https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/orbis/sites/default/files/ generated/document/en/OECD%20Environmental%20outlook%20to%202050_0.pdf

Fig. 18. Created by Author. Information from the following sources.

Historical Imagery from:

The Enemy in Our Gates – A report by the Housing Commission of Victoria (1966) by Housing Commission of Victoria

Near Map Aerial Imagery: https://www.nearmap.com/au/en

New Developments:

Collingwood Housing (2022) By Homes Victoria. © Copyright State Government of Victoria https://engage.vic.gov.au/ project/collingwood-housing/page/online-survey-draft-planning-application

Holland Court and Victoria Street, Flemington housing (2022) by By Homes Victoria. © Copyright State Government of Victoria https://engage.vic.gov.au/holland-crt-and-victoria-st-flemington-housing

DUNLOP AVENUE DEVELOPMENT by WGA (2022). © Copyright WALLBRIDGE GILBERT AZTEC 2022. https://wga.com. au/our-projects/dunlop-avenue-development

Prahran Estate Redevelopment (n.d) by Kane Construction. https://www.kane.com.au/project/prahran-estate-redevelopment

Information Sources:

Kelly, D. & Porter, L. (2019) Understanding the assumptions and impacts of the Victorian Public Housing Renewal Program. RMIT University – Centre for Urban Research.

Homes Victoria (2022). Dunlop Avenue Ascot Vale. https://www.vic.gov.au/dunlop-avenue-ascot-vale

Homes Victoria (2022). Collingwood Housing. https://engage.vic.gov.au/project/collingwood-housing/page/online-surveydraft-planning-application

Homes Victoria (2022). Holland Court and Victoria Street, Flemington. https://engage.vic.gov.au/holland-crt-and-victoriast-flemington-housing

Fig. 20. From ‘Transformation of 530 dwellings / Lacaton & Vassal + Frédéric Druot + Christophe Hutin architecture’ (2016) by Pintos, P. (Archdaily) © Copyright All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022. https:// www.archdaily.com/915431/transformation-of-530-dwellings-lacaton-and-vassal-plus-frederic-druot-pluschristophe-hutin-architecture#:~:text=It%20is%20part%20of%20the,demolition%20has%20been%20ruled%20 out.

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Fig. 21. From ‘Transformation of 530 dwellings / Lacaton & Vassal + Frédéric Druot + Christophe Hutin architecture’ (2016) by Pintos, P. (Archdaily) © Copyright All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022. https:// www.archdaily.com/915431/transformation-of-530-dwellings-lacaton-and-vassal-plus-frederic-druot-pluschristophe-hutin-architecture#:~:text=It%20is%20part%20of%20the,demolition%20has%20been%20ruled%20 out.

Fig. 22. From ‘Transformation of 530 dwellings / Lacaton & Vassal + Frédéric Druot + Christophe Hutin architecture’ (2016) by Pintos, P. (Archdaily) © Copyright All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022. https:// www.archdaily.com/915431/transformation-of-530-dwellings-lacaton-and-vassal-plus-frederic-druot-pluschristophe-hutin-architecture#:~:text=It%20is%20part%20of%20the,demolition%20has%20been%20ruled%20 out.

Fig. 23. From Social Housing Definitions and Design Exemplars (2017) by Karakusevic, P., Batchelor, A.

Copyright © RIBA Enterprises Ltd, 2017 24

Fig. 24. From Social Housing Definitions and Design Exemplars (2017) by Karakusevic, P., Batchelor, A.

Copyright © RIBA Enterprises Ltd, 2017 24

Fig. 25. From Social Housing Definitions and Design Exemplars (2017) by Karakusevic, P., Batchelor, A.

Copyright © RIBA Enterprises Ltd, 2017 25

Fig. 26. From Tour Bois-le-Prêtre by Frédéric Druot, Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (2013) by Frearson A. (Dezeen). 25

Fig. 27. From Tour Bois-le-Prêtre by Frédéric Druot, Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (2013) by Frearson A. (Dezeen). 25

Fig. 28. From Tall Timber Wood Buildings, From M, Green & J, Taggart. © 2017 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel 26

Fig. 29. From Tall Timber Wood Buildings, From M, Green & J, Taggart. © 2017 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel 27

Fig. 30. From Tall Timber Wood Buildings, From M, Green & J, Taggart. © 2017 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel 28

Fig. 31. From CCC Blackburn Center (2022) by Ankrommosian Architects. Copyright © 2022 Ankrom Moisan Architects, Inc https://www.ankrommoisan.com/projects/ccc-blackburn-center/ 28

Fig. 32. From CCC Blackburn Center (2022) by Ankrommosian Architects. Copyright © 2022 Ankrom Moisan Architects, Inc https://www.ankrommoisan.com/projects/ccc-blackburn-center/ 28

Fig. 33. From CCC Blackburn Center (2022) by Ankrommosian Architects. Copyright © 2022 Ankrom Moisan Architects, Inc https://www.ankrommoisan.com/projects/ccc-blackburn-center/ 29

Fig. 34. Created by Author 31

Fig. 35. Created by Author 32 Fig. 36. Created by Author

APPENDIX C - LIST OF FIGURES - PRECEDENTS

Fig 37. From Eduardo Souza “Translucency & Raw Materials: A Brief Analysis of Lacaton & Vassal’s Solutions”, Arch Daily, Retrieved 28 February 2022, from https://www.archdaily.com/958651/translucency-and-rawmaterials-a-brief-analysis-of-lacaton-and-vassals-solutions/ 39

Fig. 38. From Eduardo Souza “Translucency & Raw Materials: A Brief Analysis of Lacaton & Vassal’s Solutions”, Arch Daily, Retrieved 28 February 2022, from https://www.archdaily.com/958651/translucency-and-rawmaterials-a-brief-analysis-of-lacaton-and-vassals-solutions/ 39

Fig. 39. DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 40

Fig. 40. DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 40

Fig. 41. DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers) 41

Fig. 42. DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 41

Fig. 43. DIVISARE. HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT KNIKKERS (n.d). Copyright© HANS VAN DER HEIJDEN ARCHITECT/ BIQ. https://divisare.com/projects/370974-hans-van-der-heijden-architect-stefan-mullerknikkers 41

Fig. 44. From ROWAN MOORE, ‘ The Interlace in Singapore by OMA/Ole Scheeren’ retrieved from https:// www.architectural-review.com/today/the-interlace-in-singapore-by-oma-ole-scheeren. COPYRIGHT © 2020 EMAP PUBLISHING LTD 43

Fig. 45. From ROWAN MOORE, ‘ The Interlace in Singapore by OMA/Ole Scheeren’ retrieved from https:// www.architectural-review.com/today/the-interlace-in-singapore-by-oma-ole-scheeren. COPYRIGHT © 2020 EMAP PUBLISHING LTD 43

Fig. 46. From MVRDV (n.d). Valley. https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/233/valley 45

Fig. 47. From Archdaily (2022). Timmerhuis / OMA. https://www.archdaily.com/778654/timmerhuis-oma?ad_ medium=gallery 47

Fig. 48. From Archdaily (2022). Hi-pod / BKK Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/329456/hi-pod-bkkarchitects-peter-elliott-architecture-urban-design.© All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022 48

Fig. 49. From Archdaily (2022). Hi-pod / BKK Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/329456/hi-pod-bkkarchitects-peter-elliott-architecture-urban-design.© All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022 48

Fig. 50. From Archdaily (2022). Hi-pod / BKK Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/329456/hi-pod-bkkarchitects-peter-elliott-architecture-urban-design.© All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022 49

Fig. 51. From Archdaily (2022). Hi-pod / BKK Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/329456/hi-pod-bkkarchitects-peter-elliott-architecture-urban-design.© All rights reserved. ArchDaily 2008-2022

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Fig. 52. From Tall Timber Wood Buildings, From M, Green & J, Taggart. © 2017 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel 50

Fig. 53. From Tall Timber Wood Buildings, From M, Green & J, Taggart. © 2017 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel 50

Fig. 54. From Tall Timber Wood Buildings, From M, Green & J, Taggart. © 2017 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel 51

Fig. 55. HDR (2022). East Vancourver Intergrated Health and Social Housing. https://www.hdrinc.com/au/ portfolio/east-vancouver-integrated-health-and-social-housing 53

Fig. 56. HDR (2022). East Vancourver Intergrated Health and Social Housing. https://www.hdrinc.com/au/ portfolio/east-vancouver-integrated-health-and-social-housing 53

APPENDIX D - LIST OF FIGURES - EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

Fig. 57. From Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited 57

Fig. 58. From Robin Boyd Foundation (2020). OPEN HOUSE – FOOKS, THE HOUSE TALKS BACK. https:// robinboyd.org.au/public-events/archive-open-house-fooks-the-house-talks-back/ 58

Fig. 59. From Ministry of Housing and Construction (1990). High Rise at a Glance. 59

Fig. 60. From Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited 60

Fig. 61. From Housing Commission of Victoria (1966). The Enemy within Our Gates. 61

Fig. 62. From Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited 61

Fig. 63. From Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited 61

Fig. 64. Baxter, B (2019). Photos in Views Park Tower originally taken by W.R Allan 1968. https://www. portplaces.com/viewing-park-towers-1969-2019/ 63

Fig. 65. Baxter, B (2019). Photos in Views Park Tower originally taken by W.R Allan 1968. https://www. portplaces.com/viewing-park-towers-1969-2019/ 63

Fig. 66. From Housing Commission of Victoria (1966). The Enemy within Our Gates.

Fig. 67. From Housing Commission of Victoria (1966). The Enemy within Our Gates.

Fig. 68. From Ministry of Housing and Construction (1990). High Rise at a Glance.)

63

64

65

Fig. 69. From Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited 65

Fig. 70. From Howe, R. (Ministry of Housing and Construction) (1988). New Houses for Old. South Australia: Griffen Press Limited 66

Fig. 71. From Choi, C (2021). Smoke from massive wildfires in Australia. Retrived from https://abcnews. go.com/Technology/smoke-massive-wildfires-australia-led-algae-bloom/story?id=80096595 77

Fig. 72. From Queensland floods: second death in six days after 73-year-old’s ute swept into creek. (2022). Retrieved 1 March 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/01/queensland-floods950-evacuated-from-inglewood-as-rising-rivers-threaten-towns 77

Fig. 73. From NBC News (2022). Russia-Ukraine war Kharkiv hit by fresh shelling. Retrived 1 March 2022 from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/russia-ukraine-war-live-updates-n1290293 77

Fig. 74. From CSIRO (2020). Cliamte change in Australia - Reaching Global Warming levels. Retrived March 7, 2022 from https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/changing-climate/future-climate-scenarios/ global-warming-levels/reaching-global-warming-levels/ 79

Fig. 75. From CSIRO (2020). Cliamte change in Australia - Reaching Global Warming levels. Retrived March 7, 2022 from https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/changing-climate/future-climate-scenarios/ global-warming-levels/reaching-global-warming-levels/ 79