Study of Vernacular Settlement and Need Based Architectural Proposal for North-West Kathmandu

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

MOUNTAIN ARCHITECTURE

STUDY OF VERNACULAR SETTLEMENT BOHORATAR, KATHMANDU

Prasamsa Pokharel Roll no. - 16

SUBMITTED TO: Ar. Sirish Bhatt Ar. Jharna Joshi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express by sincere gratitude towards all the local authorities of Bohoratar area who have provided me authentic data due to which I am able to complete my project

despite the Covid-19 pandemic. A special regard to my mentors Ar. Sirish bhatt and Ar. Jharna Joshi, for giving me valuable suggestions during phases of discussion.

I would also like to express my immense gratitude towards my family members for the love and support that I have got throughout the project directly or indirectly. This project not only taught me to document and measure the buildings but also the importance of time management and public relation skills that would leads us far ahead in the field of architecture.

CONTENTS

Number of family members ....................................................................................... 9 Number of households in a house ............................................................................ 9 ECONOMIC ASPECTS .................................................................................................... 10

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... I

House ownership ...................................................................................................... 10

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. II

Primary occupation of household............................................................................ 10

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY........................................................................ II

Population by economic status ............................................................................... 10

TOOLS OF DOCUMENTATION ......................................................................................... III

BUILDING TYPOLOGY.................................................................................................... 11

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND VIDEO GRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION ...................................... III

Typology based on- Building height ......................................................................... 11

CULTURAL MAPPING .................................................................................................. III

Typology based on- Age of the building................................................................... 12

MEASURED DRAWING AND DOCUMENTATION ........................................................ III

HOUSES BUILT BEFORE YEAR 2030 BS ............................................................. 13

DOCUMENTATION............................................................................................................ 0

HOUSES BUILT BETWEEN 2031 – 2050 BS ...................................................... 14

INTRODUCTION TO SETTLEMENT................................................................................... 1

TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE .................................................................................. 15

CLIMATE ........................................................................................................................... 1

HOUSES BUILT BETWEEN 2051 – 2070 BS ...................................................... 15

HISTORY OF BOHORATAR ............................................................................................... 2

TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE .................................................................................. 16

SETTLEMENT PATTERN................................................................................................... 3

HOUSES BUILT AFTER 2070 BS .......................................................................... 16

PEOPLE OF BOHORATAR................................................................................................. 4

Typology based on – Building structure.................................................................. 17

SETTLEMENT STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 5

PUBLIC SPACES ............................................................................................................ 18

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS .................................................................................. 5

FARMLAND .................................................................................................................... 19

SERVICES ......................................................................................................................... 6

BUILDING MATERIAL .................................................................................................... 20

Drinking water ............................................................................................................. 6

MEASURED BUILDING .................................................................................................. 22

ACCESEBILITY .................................................................................................................. 7

CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 38

Setting .......................................................................................................................... 7

Flexibility of space: ................................................................................................... 38

PEOPLE IN SELECTED NEIGHBOURHOOD ..................................................................... 8

Loss of Materiality .................................................................................................... 38

Community group and Religion of people ................................................................. 8

Urban Sprawl............................................................................................................. 38

Gender of respondents ............................................................................................... 8

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 39

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1Documentation analysis process .................................................................... IV

Figure 29 Site Plan ....................................................................................................... 24

Figure 2 Map of Nepal-Kathmandu-Bohratar ( Source: openstreetmap.com) .......... 1

Figure 30 Ground Floor Plan ....................................................................................... 25

Figure 3 Climatic data (Source: Climate.org) ................................................................ 1

Figure 31 First floor plan.............................................................................................. 26

Figure 4 Background shows the Aerahity-raniban-bohoratar area taken in 1995 .... 2

Figure 32 View towards east Elevation ....................................................................... 27

Figure 5 Settlement Pattern of bohoratar area over years .......................................... 3

Figure 33 East Elevation .............................................................................................. 27

Figure 6 Temples nearby ................................................................................................ 5

Figure 34 North Elevation ............................................................................................ 28

Figure 7 People transporting water from tindhara in motorbike ................................. 6

Figure 35 North view .................................................................................................... 28

Figure 8 Water spout under reconstruction .................................................................. 6

Figure 36 South Elevation ........................................................................................... 29

Figure 9 Accesebility from balaju(Top) and vanasthali (Bottom)................................. 7

Figure 37 South Elevation ( Previous Design Visualization) ..................................... 30

Figure 10 People of Bohoratar ....................................................................................... 8

Figure 38 Section Y-Y' .................................................................................................. 31

Figure 11 Population distribution by community.......................................................... 9

Figure 39 Section Y-y' (PREVIOUS design visualization) ............................................ 32

Figure 12 Building typology based on height ..............................................................11

Figure 40Section At x-x' ................................................................................................ 33

Figure 13 Around the neighborhood ...........................................................................11

Figure 41 Joist detail .................................................................................................... 34

Figure 14 Building typology based on age ..................................................................12

Figure 42 Reflected ceiling plan- Ground floor .......................................................... 34

Figure 15 Thapa residence ..........................................................................................13

Figure 43 First floor joist detail ................................................................................... 35

Figure 16 Bohora residence .........................................................................................13

Figure 44 Reflected ceiling plan - First Floor............................................................. 35

Figure 17 Houses Built between 2031 - 2050 ...........................................................14

Figure 45 Roof Slate detail .......................................................................................... 36

Figure 18 Houses built in 2051-2070 BS ...................................................................15

Figure 46 Types of Window .......................................................................................... 37

Figure 19 Houses built after 2071 BS ........................................................................16 Figure 20 View to neighborhood ..................................................................................17 Figure 21 Public spaces around selected site ............................................................18 Figure 22 Farmland nearby ..........................................................................................19 Figure 23 Locally sourced building material ...............................................................20 Figure 27 Owners New Home .....................................................................................22 Figure 27 Site Map .......................................................................................................22 Figure 27 Owners Traditional Home ............................................................................22 Figure 27 Picture of the measured house in 2045BS ..............................................22 Figure 28 Measured Drawing.......................................................................................23 II | P a g e

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Study of vernacular architecture pivots the way to sustainable living. The project aims in creating the documentation for the better analytical spatial character. The project aims:  To provide the experience to work in the field and share the thoughts with the people of site.  To prepare detail documentation of the area through primary survey, thematic mapping and photographic inventory  To understand the construction details and material on site and familiarize the local architecture  To promote awareness to habitants of the particular area and encourage them the preserve their culture, heritage and architectural style,  To understand the process of documentation of historic settlement for future reference.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This project can provide designed space for various needs of the village and thus ca improve the lifestyle of a people of a village.

The project had the limited time frame for community visit, survey, analysis, drawing documentation that made it difficult to reach the level of accuracy. With the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, it has become even more difficult to reach more respondents and discuss the thoughts during primary survey and documentation of a house.

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TOOLS OF DOCUMENTATION PHOTOGRAPHIC AND VIDEO GRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION The settlement area including the house type, construction material, façade type, roof structure etc were documented through the means of photos and videos. Activity in the vicinity is captured in photos and videos are emit the essence of the ancient village.

CULTURAL MAPPING Data collection plays vital role for commencing every project. Collection of primary data is done by preparing a questionnaire highlighting the socio-cultural and the architectural aspects. Individual interviews with the house owners were carried out in 26 houses of selected neighborhood. The outcome of the survey was tabulated to analyze the socio-cultural background of the residents.

MEASURED DRAWING AND DOCUMENTATION One of the traditional houses in the selected neighborhood is measured and drawn for documentation in the first phase. The house was measured to understand the relation with surrounding, construction technique and material used to the fine level of understanding

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DOCUMENTATION

INTRODUCTION TO SETTLEMENT Bohoratar is a small village located in the north-west part of the Kathmandu Valley, 1300m above

sea level. It is surrounded by 'Nagarjun' hills at north and 'Raniban' at west. The village once fertile land has now become affected by various waves of changes. The uniqueness of the 'bohoratar' village has now been replaced by globalization. It is now situated in the Kathmandu Ward no.-16 that has the population of 45,450 people according to 2001 census along with the total no. of 10,789 households.

CLIMATE This area has a temperature similar to Kathmandu Valley at macro level though Micro Climate is differed by Nagarjun hill in the north and raniban in the west.

At an average temperature of 23ºC, June is the hottest month of the year. The lowest average temperature in the year occur in January, when it is around 10.1 ºC. Light Air passes generally through the northern part of the valley in the speed of 4-11Km/h with the wind gust of 7km/h in the nighttime, morning and evening time. (Climate Institute, 2020)

FIGURE 2 MAP OF NEPAL-KATHMANDU-BOHRATAR ( SOURCE: OPENSTREETMAP.COM)

FIGURE 3 CLIMATIC DATA (SOURCE: CLIMATE.ORG)

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HISTORY OF BOHORATAR Name ‘Bohoratar’ was derived from Bohora residing community living in tar through, Thapa community were equally residing together in the area since mid18th century.

The area is an alluvial soil that distributed crops for all over Kathmandu valley

when Bohora’s followed King Prithivi Narayan Shah in mid-1700’s to Kathmandu in the journey of unification. They used to stay in the Nagarjun hills for the

inspection. Bohora’s were the helping hands of king so they were given the work of farming in the fertilized land of Kathmandu valley. On the other hand, Thapa’s claims to be descendant of Bhimsen Thapa, the military leader and de facto ruler of Nepal from 1806 to 837. At that time, they used to cultivate millets, corn and

wheat for residents of 'Kastamandap' and also to the monkeys of Pashupatinath temple. The picture shows the glimpse of what it was like around the area in 1995

FIGURE 4 BACKGROUND SHOWS THE AERAHITY-RANIBAN-BOHORATAR AREA TAKEN IN 1995

AD. (Saurdeep Boarding School, 1995)

.

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SETTLEMENT PATTERN

Map in Year 1965 shows the presence of river called dong khola (Schneider., 1971) passing from raniban throughout vanasthali that mixes up to swayambhu. Few of the cluster of settlement area of tamang community around the 'Raniban edges, Thapa and bohora settlement clusters around 'Bohora' can also be seen through the map.

Map in Year 2003 shows the increase in houses around the bohoratar area. Dong khola seems to

Year 1965

be disappearing. Market area was developed around bohoratar. Else, they had to go balaju bypass for trading purpose.

Map in Year 2010 shows effect of Civil war 2006 where the rapid urbanization has made an impact to the lives of locals and their activities. Migrants had started taking over places outside ringroad as the Kathmandu inside ring road was filled with large population density. (Bakrania, 2015) Due to

Year 2003

that government had initiated land pooling in that decade around raniban area in order to provide comfortable living.

(Pokharel, Aananda, Impact of Variation Orders on Construction Project Cost: A case study of Land Pooling Project at Kathmandu of Ichangu Narayan, Nepal, 2020)

Map in Year 2020 illustrates the completion of land pooling in raniban area and increase in urban housing as well as formation of new market area around kharibot and new transportation stops as well. Reason Another reason behind urban sprawl could be the recent increase in the creation of new municipalities.

Year 2010

Legends Temple Year 2020

FIGURE 5 SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF BOHORATAR AREA OVER YEARS

Market Area Houses Dense Forest Area Dong Khola 3|Page

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PEOPLE OF BOHORATAR

Newars of Kathmandu valley claims to be the owner of the land around bohoratar and tenant used the land for farming until the Land acquisition Act, 1977. The land was divided between owner ‘Newars’ and tenant farmers ‘Bohoras and Thapa’s’.

Currently, Total number of 70 bohora community houses and 40 thapa community native houses are present today while the remaining houses are of migrants from around the Nepal.

The reason behind the urban sprawl could be the Land acquisition act,1997 and civil war 2008.

Natives of this area had got the portion of their land through mukhikya’s of that area who used to be local newars of valley area. Land Newar’s had given to natives for cultivation had then lawfully acquired by bohoras and thapas community. They started selling the acquired land for their benefit.

After the civil war 2008, the migrants to Kathmandu valey were increasing to the extent that people had shifted outside the ringroad area for residential purpose.Now, most of the migrant people are from Mid hills: Gorkha, Tanahu, Lamjung, etc of Brahmin community.

Though as a secondary occupation, native people of bohoratar continues to do farming in their remaining land.

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Nagarjun forest

SETTLEMENT STUDY AREA Total of 36 houses were surveyed in the settlement around the Bohoratar area. The neighborhood had the people of Thapa and Bohora community while migrants from other areas over the world is found in minor population.

The studied site is 3980m2 in the core of Bohoratar area where majority of population are found to be bohora and Thapas. 36 houses in total includes rental, residential and

Way to Vanasthali

abandoned houses. The site is 1.2Km from Vanasthali chowk.

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Bohoratar area is predominantly a Chettri community. Thapa and Bohora despite being

Study Settlement Market Area Temple

different roots seems to be living in harmony sharing similar culture and society. People here worship Hinduism. Each community has their family deity located within 1km radius; they celebrate it once in a 5 year. Apart from that, people here celebrate byasdhara mela and other major festival around Kathmandu.

Every community here take the account of tithi calendar for construction of new house to harvesting of crops. They also believe in the presence of naag around the area, that is why they have created small naag deuta temple around. Every house has the tulasi math in front of their porch where they worship god every day.

FIGURE 6 TEMPLES NEARBY

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SERVICES Drinking water Drinking water has often been the scarcity for the people living in this area. Migrants have managed the drinking water system through commercialized water jars, water purifiers though locals of the area still travel 1.6KM to get the drinking water every other day. They have always been fond of the taste there in tindhara. People often transport the drinking water through water jar via motorbike as seen on fig. 8.

FIGURE 7 PEOPLE TRANSPORTING WATER FROM TINDHARA IN MOTORBIKE Way to tindhara 1.6KM 6min drive

FIGURE 8 WATER SPOUT UNDER RECONSTRUCTION

DRINKING WATER Study Settlement Market Area 6|Page KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

ACCESEBILITY One can reach to neighborhood via different ways. The Balaju to Bohoratar 6min 2KM

selected settlement is 1.2Km north-west of Balaju. The roadways are 5m wide up to kharibot after that it’s 3.5 Km wide towards the neighborhood. Traditionally there was only pathways from balaju area. Later new roadway was created through vanasthali that reaches to the site.

This route leads to the tamang community in the raniban base where people of bohoratar goes every day to get fresh drinking water in tin-dhara. (Map of Bohoratar,

Google map, 2020)

Setting On the way to site, the most of the agricultural activities

being done in the roadways as seen in the picture there’s newly formed market area in kharibot chowk. Around Banasthali to Bohoratar 5min

every settlement area we can also find the water spout and remains of bamboo bunch nearby.

1.5KM

FIGURE 9 ACCESEBILITY FROM BALAJU(TOP) AND VANASTHALI (BOTTOM)

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FIGURE 10 PEOPLE OF BOHORATAR

PEOPLE IN SELECTED NEIGHBOURHOOD Community group and Religion of people

Population Pyramid by age group 85 and over 70-80yrs

The area had the majority population of 77 people of Chettri in total. 22 out of 23 houses owners are

60-70yrs

found to be from Chettri community. Every respondent followed Hinduism and were welcoming to

50-60yrs

share information about their area.

40-50yrs 30-40yrs

Gender of respondents

20-30yrs 20-30yrs

From the primary survey done between November 20-November 27 between 12PM to 4PM, out of

0-10yrs 40.00%

20.00% Female Population (%)

0.00%

20.00% Male Population (%)

40.00%

142 number of people, 81 are male while 59 are female. Out of 24 respondents, 18 of them were male respondent. This infers the male population were seen to be around the houses in daytime, Majority of age group was found to be age group of 20-30. From the age of 20-30, majority are migrants labor workers living in rental space of traditional houses. Rest of the people above 30 age

Population of neighbourhood by gender

group are the permanent residents.

Number of household in a house 7 6

Female, 59

5

Male, 81

4 3 2 1 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Number of household in a house

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Number of family members Joint families were still abundantly found in the study area, with most of the households having 5-6 members being in general trend

Population

Number of households in a house Temporary 45%

Most of the houses had at least 1 rental space in Permanent 55%

the house so that the owner could get the basic income for rent. One house among them was found to be inhabitable. Over 90% of the house has provided the rental space for the ground floor.

House by Ownership Adhikari(Gorkha) 5%

Khadka 4%

Bohora 39%

Thapa 52% FIGURE 11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY COMMUNITY

Legends Khadka community Adhikari (Migrated from Gorkha) Thapa Community Bohora community 9|Page KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

ECONOMIC ASPECTS House ownership Population by Economic Status

After the primary survey done among 23 houses, only one house was seen to be built by migrant from Gorkha , rest of the houses were of locals of 'bohoratar' having their farmland nearby. 45 out of 140 people are temporary migrants .

Unknown, 30 Working Class, 21

Primary occupation of household

Middle Class, 70

Primary occupation of household as farming for permanent peoples is declining to be self-employed in the growing real estate business of Kathmandu valley. However, most of the temporary people living here work as a labor

Population by economic status Although it has been a century that people having been living in this area, the economic status of the locals are

Primary occupation by household

found simple and middle-class people. Rentals here are found of working-class labor people with minimum income.

others 26%

Services 7% Labour Work 19%

Farming 18%

Self employed 12% Household 11% Foreign employment 7%

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BUILDING TYPOLOGY

Typology based on- Building storey Out of the 35 surveyed houses, 12 houses are less than 3 meters; one storey.

These houses are mostly vernacular houses or remains of houses that were destroyed in earthquake 2015. No houses are found to be more than 3 storey.

Every house seems to be following local by-laws.

Building storey Building Storey 12

11

11

<6M

<9M

FIGURE 12 BUILDING TYPOLOGY BASED ON HEIGHT

Building height less than 9 m Building height less than 6m Building height less than 3m

<3M

FIGURE 13 AROUND THE NEIGHBORHOOD

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Typology based on- Age of the building

Building survey was done in order to detect the remaining traditional building and their age. The survey shows that 7 out of 37 buildings are more than 40 years old.

7 houses seem to have built around 2031-3050 B.S. Almost equal number of houses were added in the time frame of 20510-2070 B.S. But the case after 2070 was different. The number of houses seems to be built double after 2070 B.S. The data shows, 5 families have rebuilt their house in their own farmland right beside the house or few quite far from their previous house after The Gorkha Earthquake 2020. This shows that the area was massively destroyed by the recent earthquake of 2015. Almost all houses lost its top floor so now they had to cover the remaining floor with corrugated sheets and commercialize it for temporary shelter purpose for low-income families.

FIGURE 14 BUILDING TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE

No. of Houses built in several time frame 16 14

Legends Houses built before 2030B.S Houses built between 2031-2050B.S Houses built between 2050-2070B.S Houses built after 2070B.S

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Built before 2030BS

Built betn 2031-2050BS

Built betn 2051-2070BS

Built after 2070BS

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TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE HOUSES BUILT BEFORE YEAR 2030 BS

Most of the thapa’s residence do not faces toward the road.

They have simple façade. The construction method is Loadbearing brick structure with mud mortar with sloped roof as corrugated sheet. They lack the wooden post and typical pindi, Bohora’s houses has the character of typical hilly architecture with sloped roof with tiles and wooden post, cow dung flooring and multipurpose aagan space. Khoopa could be found in the entrance and personal deity is placed in each khowpa.

Houses has separate goth and storage area.

FIGURE 15 THAPA RESIDENCE

FIGURE 16 BOHORA RESIDENCE

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TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE HOUSES BUILT BETWEEN 2031 – 2050 BS

This era of houses has used the locally available materials such as brick, bamboo, clay tiles etc. Few of the houses in this are is built from RCC structures. The spatial characters are modified according to users need. The sloped roof with clay tiles is changed to RCC varanda space. Wooden post is converted to brick or RCC post. Most of the houses still have the toilet area outside their main house.

FIGURE 17 HOUSES BUILT BETWEEN 2031 - 2050

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TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE HOUSES BUILT BETWEEN 2051 – 2070 BS

Urbanization all over Kathmandu valley has started influencing this place from this era. People living in rental space inside Kathmandu ring road has started shifting to this area due to low land price, that eventually led to urban sprawl and loss in sense of place. Building character from this time has no specific but diverse range. Reinforced cement concrete structures were

increasing with plastered walls

FIGURE 18 HOUSES BUILT IN 2051-2070 BS

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TYPOLOGY BASED ON AGE HOUSES BUILT AFTER 2070 BS

All the houses built after 2071 BS are Reinforced concrete cement structure. 60% of the previous houses were damaged by earthquake 2015 so people had to build one for the living, so a storey houses can also be seen. Roof are all flat RCC structure. The data also shows the influence of migrants from all over Nepal in architectural styles.

FIGURE 19 HOUSES BUILT AFTER 2071 BS

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Typology based on – Building structure The change in building material and structure can be clearly seen in the data below. The data shows that people of bohoratar had the resources and manpower for construction till mid 2040’s BS. After that we could see the abundance of material as well as skilled labor. In the present day, the houses are only built from RCC structure despite of the number of storey they are.

Building Character Loadbearing Structure

RCC Structure

FIGURE 20 VIEW TO NEIGHBORHOOD

14

2 7

7 5 1

Before2030BS

2031-2050BS

2051-2070BS

2070-Present

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PUBLIC SPACES Youths in this area used the’ Microstand’ spaces as their common hangout area. Besides that, there’s a “Aama Samuha’ & ‘Buwa Samuha’ Bhawan for the community level

events. Specifically, in this selected area, there’s no other discussion space then in in front chiya pasal.

There’s a presence of naagmandir and manakamana mandir in the selected site where they worship specifically particular god in the area.

Interesting fact is that, only locals seems to hangout around the public areas.

FIGURE 21 PUBLIC SPACES AROUND SELECTED SITE

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FARMLAND Kathmandu valley is a fertile alluvial plain, 4400ft above sea level. This settlement area had played

vital role in supply of crops to ancient Kathmandu valley. Bohora and Thapas and Tamang community were main tenants to Newar community and they did the work of farming in the area around valley. Despite the urbanization, people of this neighborhood still got few of the farmland for farming. Most of them are located in the periphery of the neighborhood. They used to grow maize, corn, wheat. Now they usually grow seasonal vegetable and wheat.

Farming Area Study Neighborhood FIGURE 22 FARMLAND NEARBY

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BUILDING MATERIAL Before 2040’s BC, 90% of the building material was locally sourced within a 5 KM distance. Brick was burned on present day ‘Kharibot’ in their own farmland through the help of labor work by newar community, woman used to transport the brick to site where the house was to be built.

Woods are found in in northern forest of nagarjun which was accessible only through north west corner (through tamang settlement). It was quite far compared to bamboo which is found within their settlement area. So, for most of the beams, rafters, struts etc, Bamboo is used massively.

Likewise, Black clay soil is also found nearby the settlement 500m towards north. People used to bring the soild and made roof tiles from it which was completely different from jhingati tiles.

Bamboo Woods Clay Brick Study Settlement FIGURE 23 LOCALLY SOURCED BUILDING MATERIAL

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MEASURED DRAWING

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MEASURED BUILDING The house thatI have measured was first built in 2026 BS though it has been reconstructed through series of changes. It consists of attached two houses originally built for two siblings but due the change in demand of space, the owner had to build another house few meters apart.

2015 Earthquake had partially destroyed the building so the owners had to demolish the upper floors and a roof so that they could use the first floors only and then cover with corrugated sheet.

In present, the building is used by rental family.

Building material used in while constructing the building are all locally sourced like; Brick, Bamboo, Black Clay soil, Wood and so on. Corrugated sheet and balcony instead of sloped roof is added later.

FIGURE 27 SITE MAP

FIGURE 27 OWNERS NEW HOME

FIGURE 27 OWNERS TRADITIONAL HOME

FIGURE 27 PICTURE OF THE MEASURED HOUSE IN 2045BS

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FIGURE 28 MEASURED DRAWING

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FIGURE 29 SITE PLAN

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FIGURE 30 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIGURE 31 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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FIGURE 32 VIEW TOWARDS EAST ELEVATION

FIGURE 33 EAST ELEVATION

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FIGURE 35 NORTH VIEW

FIGURE 34 NORTH ELEVATION

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FIGURE 36 SOUTH ELEVATION

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FIGURE 37 SOUTH ELEVATION ( PREVIOUS DESIGN VISUALIZATION)

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FIGURE 38 SECTION Y-Y'

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Open plans in Ground floor of both houses were separate however, there was a staircase (in house no.1) that led to first floor of another house (House no.2), there’s no other entry to the other floors of house no. 2.

House no.1 House no.2

FIGURE 39 SECTION Y-Y' (PREVIOUS DESIGN VISUALIZATION)

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FIGURE 40SECTION AT X-X'

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FIGURE 41 JOIST DETAIL

FIGURE 42 REFLECTED CEILING PLAN- GROUND FLOOR

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FIGURE 43 FIRST FLOOR JOIST DETAIL

FIGURE 44 REFLECTED CEILING PLAN - FIRST FLOOR

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FIGURE 45 ROOF SLATE DETAIL

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FIGURE 46 TYPES OF WINDOW

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CONCLUSION Flexibility of space: The selected community was massively affected by earthquake 2015, though people of that area repurposed the space to use it over either by adding corrugated sheets to remaining roof or addition/ subtraction to space because over the time, the built space may not fit the desire and standard of people

Loss of Materiality Use of advance technology and increase in urbanization, globalization has influenced people to choose advanced new construction material over the local one. This idea of global over local has dimmed the identity of settlement This has affected in sustainable lifestyle as well.

Urban Sprawl With the increase in demand of the land around Kathmandu valley, selling the part of a property for better living has been a culture of native here. This culture has affected their traditional value and ethics. We may not see the difference in today’s hone in Bohoratar and any other place of the world.

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ANNEX

Figure 2. Survey Form conducted for 22 household

Bibliography (2020). Retrieved from Climate Institute: www.climate.org Bakrania, S. (2015). Urbanistion and urban growth in Nepal. GSDRC applied knowledge services, 2-10.

Map of Bohoratar. (2020). Retrieved from Open street map: https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=7/29.774/84.210 Saurdeep Boarding School. (1995). Retrieved from www.sbs.edu.np Schneider., E. (1971). Kathmandu Valley. Lech/Austria: AERMAP Company,Florence. .

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PROPOSAL : RE-DEFINING THE FOOD SCAPE PRODUCTION - PROCESSING - RETAIL

Design concept For the primary survey conducted in november 2020, 18% of population does the occupation of farming. The food scape seeks to address the regeneration from urban environmental approach which encourages the existing farmers for the production which they get the common platform to sell their products.

The concept also include the extension of present community space as the place for all and pedestrianizing it to create engagement and attraction for the marketplace.

This space acts as a catalyst to neighbourhood community in order to improve the relationship between the producer and consumer.

Food Scape is the destination hub for food where the locals get benefit by their work and side by side enjoy in their local socializing space & urbanites can passby for local foods or to learn about the basics of gardening.

FIG. MAP OF SELECTED SITE SHOWING REMAINING FARM LAND

The proposal is the holistic approach for urban revitalization in process to revive their architectural identity in the midst of urban sprawl, revive their lifestyle and economy at the same time with the help of innovation and sustainable approach where one of the idea being reviving their occupation and farming land. The landscape of terrain represents an activator that interpolates the terrain lands.

Program formulation S.N.

Programs

1.

Market space

a.

Market space

b.

Circulation space (20%)

2

Social space

a.

Social space

b..

Circulation (20%)

The programs includes:

Max No. of person

Per sq. Meters

Total Area(m2)

15

3

60 12

100

Total

72

1

100

Total

120 ⋍150

Administration

a.

Admin office

4

9 x (2 rooms)

18

b.

Toilet

50 at a time (1:10 ratio)

3

15

Services

Cafe

a.

Seating space (indoor + outdoor)

b.

Kitchen(1/3rd of seating space)

30

20

Total

63

1.1

70

20

Total 5.

Vegetation

6.

Waste management Area

7.

Bike rack & other parking

Information center that holds the record of the all kinds of information one might wants to know about this area as well as this center. This also includes the storage area used to store required files.

20

3

4.

The redefinition of existing tea shop with better sitting area and services.

90 250

2

Verity of socializing space from open to semi open ‘Community hall’ & pocket garden for community discussion as well as to conduct visual guide & garden inspect workshop mss gathering for 10-15 at a time.

Waste management area that manages the organic waste produced from farmers’ market and garden area to form compost and use it over again.

120 100 Total

Table. Program formulation

Farmers markets for the capacity of 15 stalls with inbuilt brick stalls that could be used as playscape for children when the market is not in use.

845mm2

Supporting accessible services, toilets and circulations.

Construction material and technology The structure is made from brick and bamboo. Demolished brick which was left abandoned after 2015 earthquake is used in some extent. Brick pavement is done in the pedestrian street .

Local bamboos in composition with cement mortar is used for columns, beams and rafter for roof. Bamboo are joined nails tied up with ropes.

Leftover roof tiles that were replaced by corrugated sheet are upcycled to place it in the roof.

Fig. Bamboo connection details

Fig. Locally sourced bamboo , brick and tiles

SITE ANALYSIS The site area of 1390m2 was take across the street. It initially includes the tea shop which is considered a major community space through study. The street could be accessible through other ways as well. The site is a junction between two communities and a concentrated area for vernacular houses.

FIG.VIEW FROM STREET TOWARDS TRADITIONAL BUILDING

FIG.ENTRY TO PROPOSED SITE

DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM

EXISTING TEA SHOP

VARIETY OF SOCIAL SPACE

MARKET PLACE

ADMINISTRATION

ANNEX

N

150 81

MED HER ICINAL BS

X1 3B

3829

9

+1400

GATHERING SPACE + 1700 EDIBLE CLIMBING VINES

+ 1700 MULTIPURPOSE AREA

1700 STORAGE

3 BIN COM SYS POST TEM

UP

+900

EDIBLE GARDEN

+1400

CORRIDOR LVL

+ 1400 WET AREA

UP +600

LOAD/UNLOAD AREA

FOO TRO D LLY

UP MARKET PLACE

WATCH POST

+600

UP

22845

MARKET STALLS

UP

+300

LAWN +50

BIKE STAND

WA T FOU ER NTA IN

OR MA

PE

DE S

TR I

AN

TIO

DO W

+600

ST

LAWN

RE E

N W IN

195

37

INF

T

GLA

BEN C

SS

HES

OUTDOOR FOOD STALLS ( CAN BE USED AS TABLE TENNIS BOARD WHEN NOT IN USE)

UP

UP

00

RECEPTION

+150

STRET LVL

PREP

ERAT

ION

00

SERVICES

AREA

TRA D BUIL ITIONAL DING

00

WET AREA 00

INDOOR CAFE

+300

INDOOR CAFE TABLES

TRA D BUIL ITIONAL DING

604

4

TRA D BUIL ITIONAL DING

2159

2

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

SITE PLAN

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE: 1:200 2/19/2021

A 01

N 176

5

INF

238

NW

IND

1

OW

134

750

276 3

657

OR MA TIO

1

548

111

750

3

275

950 861

181

799 3

281

7

129 8

1 217

7

24 30 168 3

233 8

854 LOC

KAB

LE S

ERV

ICE

IND

OW

219

9

SW

FOL

DIN

GT

R206

ABL

EE

PRE PER AT

1

ION A

REA

1

ABL

R48

02

2430

230

7

NTR Y PRE PER ATIO NT

E

2 973

154 8

A

339

5

171 7

108

4

X1 3B

241 0

B

921

3

199 20 390

3

6 779

287 2

C 186 8

D

494

6

4

E

F

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

3

LVL +/- 0 PLAN

A

ADMIN | WASHROOM | CAFE

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ADMIN, CAFE AND SERVICES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE: 1:75 DATE: 2/19/2021

SHEET NO: A 02

PREPARATION AREA

WASHROOM

INFORMATION CENTER

INDOOR SITTING AREA

3542

3700

3

6413

OUTDOOR SITTING AREA

4270

SECTION AT X1

B

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ADMIN, CAFE AND SERVICES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 03

14154 3

SOUTH ELEVATION

B

INFORMATION WINDOW

6039

1499

3

1258

5359

FRONT VIEW (NORTH ELEVATION)

B

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ADMIN, CAFE AND SERVICES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 04

N 345

9

299

280 1

1

278

7

777

1

460

496 6

8

1

2

345

8

A

BAMBOO RAFTER @50MM DIA 700MMC/C

299

2

B 138

41

278

4

C 460

D

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

3

LVL +/- 0

A

ADMIN | WASHROOM | CAFE

SUBJECT

3 7

E

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ADMIN, CAFE AND SERVICES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE: 1:75 DATE: 7TH JULY 2020

SHEET NO: A 05

3

SIDE VIEW

A

ADMIN | WASHROOM | CAFE

LOCKABLE CAFE SERVING WINDOW

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

3

SIDE VIEW

A

ADMIN | WASHROOM | CAFE

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ADMIN, CAFE AND SERVICES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE: 1:75 DATE: 7TH JULY 2020

SHEET NO: A 06

31 24

28

N 21

DW

N 36

76 9

MARKET PLACE

X2 4B

13 1

0

18 1

6

12 06

23

24

21 10

16 7

22 57

6

735 4

74

UP

UP

23

59

26

11 4 UP

21

UP

90 15 05

00 10

20

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

2 23

DESIGN STUDIO VI

1

189 5

199

63

60

4

LEVEL +600MM FLOOR PLAN

A

MARKETPLACE

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

3

192

0

30 20

MARKET HALL

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 15 JULY 2020

A 07

3

REAR VIEW

B

OUTDOOR MARKET STALL

COVERED WALKWAY TO MULTIPURPOSE AND STORE ROOM

3

FRONT VIEW

B

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

MARKET HALL

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 08

4

SIDE VIEW

B

4

SECTION AT X2

B

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

SHEET TITLE

MARKET HALL

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 09

2296

2391

N 7151

+ 1700 EDIBLE CLIMBING VINES

6299

180 1

6055

1284

UP

13 92

39

71

+ 1700 MULTIPURPOSE AREA 1700 STORAGE

207

9

25

16

5454

UP

2314

1540

24

569

25

+ 1400 WET AREA

X3 5B

115

48

18 34

11

0

30

6

6

38

98

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

5

LVL 1800MM

A

MULTIPURPOSES AND SERVICES PLAN

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

MULTIPURPOSE & SERVICES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 10

COVERED PASSAGE

3

FRONT VIEW

B

4522

6678

1436

5

3861

SECTION AT X3

B

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

MULTIPURPOSE & SERVICES

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 11

COVERED WALKWAY

3

SIDE VIEW

B

COVERED PASSAGE

3

REAR VIEW

B

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

MULTIPURPOSE & SERVICES

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE 1:50 15 JULY 2020

SHEET NO.

A 12

ROOF TILE ( UPCYCLING SOURCED MATERIAL ) BAMBOO PURLIN BAMBOO RAFTER WALL PLATE BAMBOO LINTEL BAND

BAMBOO STUDS

BAMBOO COLUMN 50MM DIA JOINED WITH WOODEN NAILS

BAMBOO SILL

230mm BRICK WALL INBUILT BRICK SITTING AREA

FOUNDATION DETAIL

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

A09

WALL SECTION DETAIL

A13

1:20

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

WALL SECTION DETAIL

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE: 1:20 DATE: 2/19/2021

SHEET NO: A 13

ROOF TILES (UPCYCLING SOURCED MATERIAL) 50MM THK. MUD OVER POLYTHENE SHEET 38 MM THK BAMBOO JALI @150MM C/C TO RETAIN SOIL 500 GAUGE POLYTHENE SHEET 38MM THK. BAMBOO STRIPS PLACED TIGHTLY TOGETHER FULL SIZE BAMBOO RAFTERS @500MM C/C

WALL PLATE BAMBOO LINTEL BAND

BAMBOO STUDS

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

A11

ROOF SECTION DETAIL

A14

1:20

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ROOF DETAIL

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SCALE: 1:20 DATE: 2/19/2021

SHEET NO: A 14

SITE SECTION X1

SITE SECTION X1

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

SITE SECTION

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 2/19/2021

A 14

ROOF PLAN

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

ROOF PLAN

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 2/19/2021

A 15

SITE SECTION FROM STREET

ISOMETRIC VIEW KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

VIEWS

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 2/19/2021

A 16

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

SITE SECTION

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

SHEET TITLE

VIEWS

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 2/19/2021

A 17

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SUBJECT

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

RAINWATER DETAIL

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100

A 18

SECTIONAL ISOMETRIC VIEW

VIEW FROM MULTIPURPOSE HALL KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

VIEW TO GATHERING SPACE AT LVL+1400MM SUBJECT

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

SHEET TITLE

VIEWS

VIEW TO LOAD/UNLOAD AREA DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 2/19/2021

A 19

SITE ISOMETRIC VIEW

ENTRY VIEW FROM EAST KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

ENTRY VIEW FROM WEST SUBJECT

VIEW FROM GARDEN TO STREET

SHEET TITLE

DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO VI

PERSPECTIVES

DRAWN BY: PRASAMSA POKHAREL ROLL NO. 16 B ARCH/ TY- II

SHEET NO. SCALE 1:100 2/19/2021

A 20