Make a Stand

Spectator seating is an important asset within a city or region for a variety of reasons. Whether one is talking about a professional franchise or the local high school team, community events and the locations in which they are held have a galvanizing effect on communities.

Throughout this guide you will find information regarding the many options in spectator seating, in order to help build the type of facility to meet your community’s specific and unique needs. In addition to design considerations and applications, the text reviews standards and criteria, planning, seating types and accessories, purchasing and maintenance, and how to engage the community in the project. In addition, several case studies are offered to highlight specific communities and their applications. While there are many considerations outside the scope of this publication, such as cost, timelines, permits, and building codes, it is our hope that this guide familiarizes the user with the myriad of options available today in the field of spectator seating.

©2016 PlayCore Wisconsin, Inc.

DISCLAIMER

The purpose of this resource is to provide an educational overview and to raise awareness about some considerations for planning, purchasing, and installing grandstands and bleachers; it is not to be considered as an all-encompassing resource. Please refer to the manufacturer specifications and warnings supplied with the product purchased, and continue with normal inspections. Safety goes beyond these comments, requires common sense, and is specific to the environment involved. While the intent is to provide general information, PlayCore, its companies, and its contributors to this work disclaim any liability based upon information contained in this publication. PlayCore and its divisions provide these comments as a public service in the interest of safety while advising of the restricted context in which it is shared.

A HISTORY OF SPECTATOR SEATING

The history of stadiums extends from the mythological era when people would gather to witness heroes such as Heracles (or Hercules according to Roman mythology) prove how strong and powerful they were. Even the term stadium – originating from the Greek word “stadion” for a unit of measurement equaling the length of 600 human feet – comes from ancient Greece where Olympia stadiums grew in popularity. It has been said that the first stadium originated in the 8th Century B.C. Stadiums in ancient Greece could welcome up to 45,000 spectators while the Coliseum in Rome, built in the 1st Century A.D., could accommodate over 50,000 spectators. The earliest stadiums involved stands built in a horseshoe around a field. Romans are credited with building stands into hillsides while others used stone – or even marble – to provide spectators a stair-stepped view on an elevated level; Romans are said to have given stadiums a monumental shift to what we know today1 starting with amphitheaters used for performances.2 While the amphitheater provided maximum seating by utilizing seats fully enclosing the field, the circus style of stadium featured seats in a horseshoe configuration with one end open in order to focus on chariot racing. In 4th century A.D. the church abolished the Olympic Games stating the Games were pagan rites contrary to religious rites, causing

many sports buildings to be abandoned. Following this development and during the Renaissance, running events and equestrian events were reintroduced and held in open spaces fitted with wooden tiers and temporary structures to seat the most important spectators.2 Stadium design remained largely unchanged for over 1,000 years, although jousting fields generally used a design open at both ends to facilitate access and egress of horses.

The late 1800’s saw a rise in wooden stand construction, and with the increase of sporting events in America (i.e., horse racing and boxing) and after the Civil War, there was continued growth of wooden grandstands, mostly at horse racing arenas. In the early 1900’s, modern stadiums continued to host large amounts of spectators in an age where there was no television. At this stage, stadiums were uncomfortable and facilities only offered basic amenities such as standing areas, small seating stands, and small roofed-areas for key audiences. The evolution of stadiums and grandstands developed through the years. In the 1930’s, wood platforms gained popularity especially in football stadiums, however, it is important to note that as early as the first decade of the 1900’s concrete stadiums began to emerge. In 1903, Harvard

Wooden grandstands like this one in Central City, KY, were common through the late 20th century. Photo courtesy of Goodman-Paxton Photographic Collection.

Greco Roman Theatre, Aphrodisias, Turkey, 1st Century AD. Photography by Mark Hemingway, courtesy of Imgur.

Stadium opened, and is now the nation’s oldest permanent concrete structure for college sports. In the 1930’s, the Works Progress Administration built 2,500 grandstands with a combined seating capacity of 6,000,000. Most were concrete and are still in use today.

By the 1950’s, stadium design was leaning toward more multiuse design with the goal of attracting a variety of event types. A good example is O.co Stadium in Oakland, CA, one of the last remaining venues to host both NFL and MLB teams. With the rise of suburbia in the 1950’s, bleacher seating began to find its way outside the city. During this same decade, steel grandstands with wood planking were introduced. The 1960’s saw the birth of the first domed stadium, the Astrodome, which created the need for artificial turf, as grass would not grow in the enclosed environment. The first aluminum seat board was also invented, providing a way to replace rotting wood seats on existing grandstands. With the welcoming of broadcasting and new amenities such as food and beverage, crowds at stadium events started to increase. By the 1970’s, the industry was building permanent I-beam grandstands with aluminum decking and seats, and the 1990’s witnessed further improvement with the introduction of welded decking

systems and interlocking decking systems that required less maintenance and were a more economical option compared to concrete grandstands. By the 2000's, the interlocking deck system was introduced as the new technology for the industry.

Interestingly, until the 1990’s, wood plank stands were still quite common. Unfortunately, several catastrophic fires in wooden stadiums killed hundreds of people, changing the view on spectators’ safety and promoting recommendations to change the materials used. It was concluded that all stadiums3 needed to be constructed of non-flammable materials. As a result of the new safety regulations, which also specified that stadiums should provide seating for all attendees eliminating “standing only” sections, facilities became more accessible, safe, and comfortable, drawing a more diverse and heterogeneous spectator group. The process of upgrading stadiums gave the opportunity to introduce even more new and improved amenities, such as merchandise sales, museums, boxes, and restaurants.3 In the new century, we continue to see improvements like one-piece platforms, beveled thresholds, hardware that doesn’t penetrate through decking, seat upgrades that don’t require changes to the structure, and leading edges on stairs.

The WPA built 2500 grandstands in the 1930’s like this one in Edenton, NC. Photo courtesy of Careeringcrawdad’s Blog.

Fire, such as this one at the Hollywood Park Race Track in Southern California eventually spelled the demise of wooden grandstands. Photo courtesy of The Associated Press.

A HISTORY OF SPECTATOR SEATING

Today, spectator seating comes in all shapes and sizes – from the single bleacher at a local park to large professional sports venues, but they all have one goal in common – to provide a comfortable place to watch a favorite event.

In modern times, a stadium generally seats a minimum of 15,000 visitors, large stadiums can accommodate up to 100,000 people and some racing stadiums or speedways –namely the Indianapolis Speedway – can accommodate up to 250,000 spectators.2,3 Stadiums are centers of attraction that add architectural element and high-end technology to a community.

A stadium may require a variety of configurations depending on how many sports it will need to accommodate. These multiuse spaces could include one or several sporting events such as football, soccer, and track. As an example, Washington State’s Qwest Field & Event Center – home of the Seattle Seahawks – provides space for more than just sports. Other events may include job fairs, concerts, trade shows, and soccer games.

Typically, these venues are designed to be open-air, however, newer designs include dome roofs or movable, sliding roofs to protect spectators, players, and employees from weather.4 In fields that use smaller bleachers, independent shade structures can be utilized to shield spectators from the elements.

• U-Shaped or Horseshoe Design

» Open at one end

» Seating runs along three sides, two rectilinear and one bended section

» Fourth side opens onto the surrounding landscape

• Oval Design

» Seating completely surrounds the field

• Open Design

» May be open at both ends

• Rectangular Design

» Most common in Europe, especially for football

» Four often very distinct and different stands on the four sides of the stadium

No matter the design style, building a spectator venue can be a substantial undertaking in planning, funding, building, and promotion to help the venue generate revenue. Additionally, these spaces have evolved from the simple u-shaped track to more complicated structures with a wide range of facilities. Modern designers take into account the following when planning for a new venue:

• Long-term financial viability by designing the stadium as a multipurpose facility

• Aesthetics and architectural interest

• Reduced energy use

• Minimal disturbance to ecology

• Environmental sustainability

• Retractable roofs to be used in any weather

• Security and anti-terrorism measures

• Providing an environment that will include individuals of all abilities

Spanish

Bleachers and grandstands bring people together, build a sense of community, and are a valuable asset to a venue, team, or school.

GRANDSTAND AND BLEACHER APPLICATIONS

Grandstand and bleacher designs vary by location, so it is certainly accurate to say that there are bleacher designs for a variety of locations and/or purposes. From the large structures found at racetracks and major sports stadiums to the small tip and roll models used to cheer on the local little league team, grandstands and bleachers have taken spectator seating to a new level when it comes to watching a favorite past time. Most people can easily recall a favorite memory about a game or event where they cheered along with the people seated around them, united in a common cause. Bleachers and grandstands bring people together, build a sense of community, and are a valuable asset to a venue, team, or school.

Beyond these super-facilities are countless schools and universities, gyms, recreation facilities, sport fields, pools, and parks which are also utilizing grandstands and bleachers, depending upon their needs and available space. From small sporting events to daylong festivals in parks, there is often a need to provide temporary seating that assembles quickly and moves into storage after the event. While many events encourage people to bring folding chairs and blankets for seating, providing a bleacher can offer additional comfort, as well as accommodate more people in a smaller space, especially if having a view of a stage or event is an important

part of the gathering. Bleachers are a great way to create camaraderie among spectators, uniting them in a common event. Go to any game or event, and it is often as much fun to watch the people in the stands as it is the game itself. They cheer together, shout together, and express dismay as a unit when their team fails to score or is beat. They make huge posters to hold up, they do the “wave,” and other fun activities meant to unite the people seated as a whole. If you have an event where people come to watch, the appeal of bleacher seating as a unifying force cannot be denied.

The use of spectator seating is growing in municipalities, which often have the need for moveable bleachers that can be used for parades, public concerts, and pop-up events throughout the community. One myth of spectator seating design is that if a venue cannot afford large permanent structures to augment their facility, there are no affordable options. As this guide will demonstrate, there are a number of both moveable and permanent bleacher options that can seat people for smaller events, and a variety of seat styles and material options to consider as well. The best option is to contact a supplier, discuss your project needs, and let them offer recommendations that will accommodate both your needs and your budget.

Bleachers and grandstands are gathering spots that build community capital, unite people in a common interest, and promote fun and excitement. Photo courtesy of www.cherrycreekschools.org.

People seated in bleachers cheer as one voice, united in a common cause. Photo courtesy of www.infinitiofmissionviejoblog.com.

It is also not uncommon to find bleacher seating at children’s centers, golf courses, and other venues that have the need to provide “seating with a view” for a gathering of people. This is exemplified by the 2015 State of the Industry Report5 which states that bleachers and seating are in the top 10 planned features to include in facilities in the upcoming year (reported by 14.2% of respondents, up from 14% from results of 2014 State of the Industry Report). Among the top amenities that recreation, sports, and fitness industry managers reported in their facilities, bleachers and seating are second in the list with 58.1%. Almost 72% of respondents said that bleachers and seating are more likely to be found at schools.

This popularity certainly points out the importance of spectator seating in a number of applications outside the typical stadium setting. From temporary bleachers used for parade seating, park events, and a variety of different events to permanent structures used for open air venues, sports, and other gatherings, the growth of spectator seating as a necessary part of public spaces cannot be denied.

LOCATIONS WHERE BLEACHERS CAN BE USED TO ACCOMMODATE SPECTATORS

Parks

Sports Centers

Municipal Leagues

Walking Trails

Multipurpose Fields

Primary Schools

Secondary Schools

Fitness Centers

Fraternal Clubs

Pop Up (temporary) Parks

Colleges/Universities

Golf Courses

Horse Parks

Church Grounds

Clubs Beaches

Parade Routes

Day Care Centers

Fairgrounds

Campgrounds

Rodeo Arenas

Fieldhouses

Open Air Festivals

Race Tracks

Picnic Areas

Team Facilities

Sports Training Facilities

Concert Arenas

Students watching their favorite team from a football stadium grandstand. Photography by Frederick Breedon, courtesy of www.redcuprebellion.com.

Tip and Roll bleachers are one option for configurable site design.

STANDARDS AND CRITERIA

To help ensure project success, it is critical to understand and address a variety of federal, state, and local guidelines, as well as considerations for safety and performance. Since state and local recommendations may vary, it is best to check with government agencies in your area to obtain a complete list of applicable codes and standards.

Building Codes and Related Considerations

The codes applied to the design for spectator seating are determined by the governing body of that specific location. It could be at the state, county, or city levels. Furthermore, the assembly could be ruled by other types of governing agencies such as a school board that will have jurisdiction. That leading body is responsible for establishing what code (and what edition of that code) will apply in their jurisdiction. For decades, the major regional building codes have been used to evaluate the safety of various building components making up the primary elements of means of egress to include stairways, ramps, small changes of elevation, and level surfaces. However, the last Standard Building Code (SBC) was published in 1999, the last Uniform Building Code (UBC) was published in 1997, and the last BOCA National Building Code was published in 1999.

In most cases, the latest edition of the International Building Code (IBC) is the primary basis of design. In 2000, the IBC launched a stand-alone subsection of its code in order to clarify issues pertaining specifically to assembly seating in accordance with ASTM guidelines in establishing codes. That document was first released in 2005 and has been updated in 2007 and again in 2012. The International Code Council (ICC) works hand in hand with the IBC and in some instances may even be redundant. The ICC300 highlights the standards for bleachers, folding and telescoping seating, and grandstands.

Inclusion

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal law that administrates how facilities provide access and accommodations to persons with disabilities. Some governing agencies will be specific to how they want to apply this law and will provide plans for review during the approval/ permitting process accordingly, while others will rely on the design professionals to incorporate ADA. In either case, each

new facility providing assembly seating in the United States should comply with the ADA and its guidelines. The ADA has several items addressing assembly occupancies and what must be provided to accommodate those with disabilities. While it is not the intent of this resource to identify all of the specific requirements of the ADA, there are four prominent issues relating to the design of grandstands that should be understood: 1) quantity, 2) location, 3) access and, 4) sightlines. For more information, refer to the resources section in the back of this guide.

1.) Quantity — The number of wheelchair accessible spaces required are based on the following chart.

501 to 5000

6, plus 1 for each 150, or fraction thereof, between 501 through 5000 5001 and over thereof, over 5000

Chart courtesy of National Recreation Systems.

2.) Location — Number and location of wheelchair spaces must be an integral part of the seating plan so people using wheelchairs are not isolated from their companions.

3.) Access — Accessible seating must be on an accessible route that provides access from parking and connects to all public areas.

4.) Sightlines — Wheelchair spaces shall provide lines of sight complying with the guidelines. In providing lines of sight, wheelchair spaces shall be dispersed. Wheelchair spaces shall provide spectators with choices of seating locations and viewing angles that are substantially equivalent to, or better than, the choices of seating locations and viewing angles available to all other spectators so that their experience is substantially equivalent to that of other members of the audience.

EXCEPTION: Wheelchair spaces in team or player seating areas serving areas of sport activity shall not be required to comply.

Life Safety

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has issued the NFPA 102 Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures to address life safety concerns for spectator seating in relation to fires, storm, collapse, and crowd behavior. Life Safety is mainly associated with egress and guard railing, the single most critical factor addressed by the codes. Both normal egress and emergency evacuation requirements are used in the process of establishing the code criteria. A life safety plan is often required during the plan’s review process to illustrate the path of egress and corresponding code compliance with issues such as aisle width, safe travel distance, and exit locations. The criteria required to properly create a life safety plan and additional information on maintenance and safety can be found in the NFPA 101, 102, and 5000.

Loads & Load Combinations

Design loads such as Live Load, Wind Load, and Seismic Load and the combinations including Dead Load are also

established by the applicable codes. The engineer of record, typically a structural engineer, is responsible for compliance of the grandstand design in accordance with these loads and load combinations. The engineer of record will seal the design drawings in accordance with the requirements of the local agency. Some agencies may require load calculations to be provided along with the structural drawings. The load calculations will illustrate load paths and load combinations and the material and/or connection capacities used to properly address those loads.

Slip Resistance

Aluminum bleachers are popular at a variety of sporting events and venues that need to provide spectator seating for a large number of people. Aluminum bleachers are an ergonomic way to provide maximum seating and visibility to a crowd attending an event. Many aluminum bleachers are located at outdoor venues, and the walkways are subject to becoming wet. Accidents may occur when a wet surface is present. Bleacher safety is a priority for every bleacher manufacturer. It is important to understand the standards for proactively reducing the possibility of slips, trips, and falls on wet walking surfaces.

This image illustrates an accessible bleacher. The ramp provides access to the elevated structure, the center area allows a person in a wheelchair to comfortably sit in the center of the action, and it offers a great line of sight. Example of sealed design drawings

STANDARDS AND CRITERIA

Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF)

“Slip index" is a term that was used in two American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards (F1677 and F1679) both of which were withdrawn in 2006. Since slip index was a vague and undefined term, the National Floor Safety Institute (NFSI) has replaced that term with the scientific process known as the Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF) to determine slip resistance of a walkway surface. Since the ASTM currently has no standards governing the measurement of walkway slip resistance, the NFSI has adopted the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) B101.1 – 2009 standard as a reliable means of analyzing the SCOF of various walking surfaces.

Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF) is described as the amount of required pressure between two surfaces to prevent slippage. Coefficient of Friction is defined as, “The ratio of the force that maintains contact between an object and a surface, and the frictional force that resists the motion of the object.” The more friction that is present, the harder it will be to move an object. The higher the SCOF, the more friction and grip there will be between the two objects. In the case of bleacher walking surfaces, a higher SCOF means there will be greater traction, and less probability of a slip, trip, or fall.

Testing for SCOF on Wet Surfaces

The NFSI has become the expert source for testing of walking surfaces. The NFSI tests walking surfaces by determining the Static Coefficient of Friction with a state-of-the-art variable incidence tribometer. The tribometer is specifically engineered for wet testing, and contains a leg operating mechanism that replicates the heel strike of a human walking. The angle and velocity of the leg operating mechanism, and the shape and the size of the test foot combine to imitate the effect of a human walking. The leg mechanism used with this machine is free to accelerate once a slip occurs, and this duplicates what would happen when a person slips.

The NFSI, in accordance with (ANSI) B101.1 – 2009 standard has broken wet SCOF into three categories as defined by the ANSI B101.1-2009 standard.

1. SCOF greater than or equal to 0.60 is defined as “High Traction.”

• High Traction presents the least risk for slips, trips, and falls.

• High Traction walkways have been clinically proven to reduce slip-and-fall claims by as much as 90%.

2. SCOF between 0.40 and 0.59 is defined as “Moderate Traction.”

• Moderate Traction is acceptable, but presents a higher risk for slips, trips, and falls than high traction.

3. SCOF lower than 0.40 is considered “Low Traction.”

• ”Low Traction requires immediate corrective action to raise the SCOF above 0.40.

When specifying a decking system be sure the manufacturer has had their system tested through phase 2 (field) testing with the NFSI. NFSI issues certificates for their "high traction" SCOF when the systems pass testing and is an added incentive for manufacturers to produce product that meets this requirement.

Be sure to ask your manufacturer for their SCOF rating and consider high traction ratings to be the standard to purchase.

The Tribometer shown here is representative of the tool used to measure SCOF.

Standards and codes help protect spectators from inadvertent falls and injuries.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Spectator

safety should be a main concern when planning for bleachers and grandstands. In addition to finding a manufacturer that can provide you with a design that meets or exceeds all recognized national standards for construction, be aware that there are a variety of options in design and finishes, as well as accessories and amenities to help promote usage and comfort.

Seating Types, Systems, and Finishes

There are several seating types, systems, and finishes to consider when planning your project. Choosing the right combination to meet your needs will depend on the number of people to be accommodated, as well as the type of events to be held.

In past years, the industry has made several attempts to define the differences between bleachers and grandstands. Some give consideration to the type of seat – backrest or not, individual chairs or bench seats, portable or permanent. Other assumptions have been made based on the type of support structure, such as structural steel or angle frame. Some consider grandstands to be larger roofed structures open to one side with individual seats, while bleachers are open to

the sky with seats that consist of planks. Size and venue are other criteria the industry has used to establish a difference. With the variety of options that are available, it is hard to define either by their features. Most commonly today, the industry refers to bleachers as smaller, simple structures while grandstands are larger and/or more complicated structures.

Generally, grandstands are located at bigger venues (e.g., stadiums, racing tracks) and seat a larger number of individuals while bleachers are located in smaller locations (e.g., high school fields and gymnasiums) and seat no more than 1,200 individuals. For code purposes, there is no difference between the two. Life safety and structural integrity are the critical objectives of the codes and the same rules apply in either case. The International Code Council (ICC) 300 mentioned previously uses the same definition for both words which is ”tiered seating supported on a dedicated structural system of two or more rows high and is not a building element.”

The following is a basic primer on types of systems to consider; your manufacturer can assist with even greater detail to help make your choice the right one.

There are many choices to make in planning a well-designed, efficient facility

Spectator Seating Types

There are two basic types of spectator seating construction: permanent grandstands and bleachers. Bleachers can be either permanent or moveable.

Permanent Grandstands

Also known as I-Beam or Beam and Column Grandstands, permanent grandstands are custom-built to specific requirements and considerations such as seating capacity, sightlines, spectator flow, space available, and applicable building codes. They offer the greatest design flexibility and can be designed to accommodate a number of varying site conditions such as hills or uneven terrain. Often recommended for venues of more than 1,200 seats, permanent grandstands offer the most options for customization and finishing. This type of seating also provides the most finished and spacious understructure, suitable even for buildings, such as locker rooms. This type of seating is common to racetracks, college campuses, baseball stadiums, and other large spectator venues nationwide.

Permanent and Moveable Bleachers

Bleacher is the generic term given to spectator seating options that do not fit within the “permanent grandstand” category. There are fewer options to customize, though the systems available in this classification do offer a variety of alternatives. Bleachers can be permanently affixed to the site or remain portable to facilitate movability. See additional information on bleachers in the Resources section of this guide.

Bleacher Systems

Non-elevated Systems

Non-elevated bleachers are a simple structure with a first seat height of 17", so people seated here will have their feet on the ground, eliminating the need for additional walkways or stairwells. They are generally used outdoors and should be anchored in place to protect them against adverse wind situations.

Elevated Systems

This structure was designed to elevate the spectators’ line of sight to improve overall event viewing. An elevated system would generally include an elevated front walkway platform with front guardrails, entry stairs and/or accessible ramp, aisle(s) with handrail, a riser plank, and a double foot plank on all rows.

Angle Frame Bleachers

Angle frame construction can be a more affordable design for large seating structures. These can be made permanent by anchoring to a concrete slab or left portable for movement on a park property for different settings. Typically, deciding between permanent grandstands or bleachers depends on the desired seating capacity. Due to the cost associated with the slab foundation for a 1,200+ seat angle frame bleacher, the overall price approaches that of a permanent grandstand.

Non-elevated systems are designed so people in the bottom row are seated with their feet on the ground.

Elevated systems improve spectators' line of sight and overall event viewing.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Low Rise Systems

Created to allow more rows of seating without the need for aisles or guardrails, this structure has a lower first seat height at 12", a 12" seat plank (deeper than standard 2" x 10" for added comfort), and a 6" rise per row. The 3 and 4 row low rise systems are under the 30" benchmark, and require no aisles and guardrails according to ICC300. Low rise systems are also available in a tip and roll model to allow for flexibility and transport.

Tip and Roll Systems

This system is an excellent option for indoor auxiliary seating. This versatile system can be tipped up and rolled away for convenient storage when not in use. It is available with 2, 3, and 4 rows and can be ordered as a low rise system. The system comes standard with a lighter aluminum understructure to make lifting to an upright position easier. Heavy non-marring rubber foot pads positioned underneath the frame protect indoor flooring. When tipped up it rests on durable 5" caster wheels for easy movement. A locking

rear wheel restricts movement when it is stored. The 4 row configuration has a folding outrigger for added stability and safety. Because of the height restrictions, the 4 row models are only available in a low rise option.

Transportable Kit

Often, seasonal events held at multiple fields located at the same complex do not require permanent bleachers. Transportable kit systems are an affordable and alternative system to permanent bleachers that can be used at multiple fields. They are designed with additional frame bracing to withstand the rigors of movement. A transport kit is required and includes the wheel assembly, tongue assembly, and optional lifting jacks. One transport kit can be used for multiple transportable bleachers. These structures are available in 5 and 10 row models. The kit is often a good solution for budgetminded individuals. It is important to note that transporting speed should not exceed 5 MPH, and use on public roads is prohibited.

Low rise system, shown with and without guardrail.

Tip and Roll System.

5 row transportable system.

10 row transportable system.

Bleacher Models

All bleacher models are made up of components, including seats, foot planks, and guardrails, as shown in the illustration below. Each model has its own requirements for safety regulations, and many offer variations to promote comfort and usage. Please see the Glossary section in the back of the guide for a list of component descriptions corresponding to this illustration.

Standard Bleacher Model

Designed to meet guidelines and maximize affordability, this streamlined model offers single foot planks on row 2 and 3, and double foot planks and riser planks on rows 4 and up (excluding low rise bleachers). Chain-link or vertical picket guardrail is available on systems with 5 rows or more. The standard model is usually available in 2 to 10 row systems in most lengths.

Preferred Bleacher Model

Double foot plank on all rows, riser planks on rows 4 and up (excluding low rise bleachers), and chain-link or vertical picket guardrail on systems with 5 rows or more.

Deluxe Bleacher Model

The deluxe bleacher model is available in 3 to 10 row systems in most lengths but are not available in low rise or tip and roll. They offer riser planks and double foot planks on all rows, aisle(s) with handrail(s), and chain-link guardrail or vertical picket on systems with 5 rows or more.

First Row Seat

8" Rise Per-Row

24" Run Per-Row

Seat Board

Single Foot Plank

Double Foot Plank

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Design Options

Decking System: Semi-Closed, Closed, Interlocking

The semi-closed decking system has an opening no greater than 4" anywhere on the deck of the unit. In the case of the closed decking system, there are no openings anywhere on the deck of the unit, so any debris or trash can be cleaned from the top side of the bleachers.

The interlocking system has no opening and individual extrusions are interlocking, so it also keeps trash from falling through while also allowing for a redesign/layout of the seats and aisles at a later date without leaving unsightly holes/deck penetrations from the old configuration.

Semi-Closed Deck System

Closed Planking System

Interlocking System

Press boxes can be added to grandstand systems to increase functionality.

Seat Types: Bench or Chairs

Seats can either be benches (seat planks) or chairs. Seat planks are offered with a radius front edge option, which provides additional comfort against the leg. Planks can also be contoured, to make the plank conform more closely to the body shape and offer additional comfort for longer periods. Adding a backrest also promotes comfort.

When designing with chairs, it is important to note that individual chairs can be fixed or they can fold depending on needs.

In regards to seating capacity, there are two terms used— “Gross Seats” and “Net Seats.” A seat is defined by 18" of “space” when using a bench or plank seat, or 20" for a chair with armrests. Gross seat count is the capacity of the grandstand without aisles, ADA cutouts, or vomitories where seats would be removed, and is determined by taking the length of the grandstand, dividing by 18" and multiplying by

the number of rows. Net seat count is the same calculation minus the area where seats would be removed for aisles, ADA cutouts, and vomitory locations.

When deciding on the type of seat to be used, there are a variety of questions to address. Plank seats are generally more affordable, and will take up less space than a chair. Chairs provide fewer seats in a linear space, as they are based on a 20" wide calculation, as opposed to 18" for plank seats. Chairs also require a greater tread depth (generally 30"), as the tread must accommodate both the chair and the space needed for a person to comfortably pass in the row. Fixed chairs will require more tread depth (minimum 33") than folding chairs. Folding chairs can be designed with “gravity lift” or “spring loaded” hardware so that they fold when the person stands. Typically, folding chairs have a deeper seat area for greater comfort. Both chair types typically come with seat number plates and aisle letter plates, and can be ordered with optional cup holders.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Finishes

There are a variety of options available when considering the finish that is most appropriate for your project.

Anodized Aluminum

Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the surface it is applied to into a decorative, durable, corrosionresistant, anodic oxide finish. It is fully integrated into the aluminum substrate, so while it may scratch, it will not flake or peel. It has a highly ordered, porous structure that lends well to secondary processes, such as coloring or sealing. There are a variety of finishes available, depending on the needs of the customer and the conditions at the site. Examples of finish options are satin clear, brite-dip clear, and a variety of colors.

• The 15 minute satin clear is inexpensive and recommended for cost conscience projects.

• The 30 minute anodize is standard for inland projects and can last several years.

• The 60 minute anodize is recommended if product is used within a mile of salt water, treatment plants, or other facilities where the surrounding atmosphere is harsh on metal.

Benefits of Anodized Aluminum:

• Does not chip or flake if scratched

• Corrosion may occur at the scratch, but will not go under the finish

• Minimal maintenance required for 10 years

• Anodized finish penetrates the surface of the aluminum

• Twenty to 30 year life expectancy with good maintenance

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel – Zinc Finish

Hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) is the process of dipping fabricated steel into a kettle or vat containing molten zinc. The process is inherently simple which provides a distinct advantage over other corrosion protection methods. While the steel is in the kettle, the iron in the steel metallurgically reacts with the molten zinc to form a tightly-bonded alloy coating that provides superior corrosion protection to steel.7

HDG Process:

The hot-dip galvanizing process consists of three basic steps:

1) surface preparation; 2) galvanizing; and, 3) inspection. Below, is an illustration of these steps:

Benefits of Hot-Dip Galvanizing:

• Lowest initial cost

• Protects steel against corrosion

• Good option for harsh environments

• Low maintenance over life of product

• 25+ year life expectancy

Powder Coated Aluminum

Powder coated aluminum involves pre-treating, then applying a dry powder paint, consisting of finely ground pigment and resin, to an aluminum product by way of electrostatically charging the powder and then spraying it onto the product. The charged powder particles cling to the electronically ground surface until the powder is heated and fused into a smooth coating in the curing oven. Examples of powder coated

aluminum products are aluminum windows for residential and commercial projects, playground equipment, appliances, and furniture. About 90% of materials that are powder coated are steel, aluminum, or metal.

Benefits of Powder Coating:

• Provides an array of color choices

• Offers protection from harsh environmental conditions, including UV exposure, salt spray, and environmental pollution

• Easy to clean

• More resistant to chipping and cracking than other painted surfaces

• Life expectancy depends on colors and site conditions, consult your supplier for warranty information

Hot Dipped Galvanized surfaces provide durability and minimal maintenance.

Anodized aluminum provides an aesthetic appearance and a greater long-term value.

Powder coating provides a colorful finish that is more durable than paint. The array of color choices can match the overall stadium design.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Mill Finished Aluminum

Mill finish refers to the surface or texture of the aluminum after it exits the mill, extrusion die, or drawing process. It usually lacks luster and can have oxidation spots present. When exposed to the outside environment, a mill finished plank will generally “oxidize” to a uniform gray appearance. If a mill finished plank is used as a foot board, the coating exposed to foot traffic will wear off over time. The finish would not be uniform as the plank will not experience the same level of foot traffic uniformly across the plank. The oxidation of a mill finish aluminum plank has no negative impact on the strength of the extrusion.

Mill finish aluminum will stain when moisture is trapped against it. This moisture entrapment can occur at several stages of material delivery to a jobsite. The stages include packaging, shipping, and storage at the site. These stains can occur at any time and, depending on the environmental conditions, can develop rapidly. The stains can be erratic and vary in color from light bronze to black to chalky white. The stains will generally blend in overtime and in many cases disappear almost completely when exposed to the sun.

All aluminum bleacher manufacturers experience the same challenge with regard to mill finish aluminum and have, in the past, attempted to clean the foot boards after the bleacher has been erected. This has proven to be unproductive as the cleaning process makes the deck of the bleacher look worse than prior to the cleaning since the “cleaned” product is splotchy in appearance. For that reason, the industry typically recommends allowing nature to take its course and letting the sun “bleach” the plank to a uniform gray appearance. It is also important to note that staining will occur immediately after the first event due to spillage by the spectators. When water becomes entrapped between warps of the aluminum surface, the aluminum can be stained a chalky white color. This may pose problems for the contractor or distributor, who may be surprised to find out that the mill finish aluminum is no longer bright and shiny, but exhibits a white, chalky stain.

Benefits of Anodized Aluminum:

• Inexpensive

• Low maintenance, but owner must be willing to accept stains and natural appearance of the product

The bitterness of poor quality stays far longer than the sweetness of a low price.

- Ben Franklin

These images help to illustrate the staining common with mill finish aluminum. While it is an affordable option, the site owner must be willing to accept the weathered look common with this material.

Design Considerations

Maximizing Your Space

In angle frame structures, space underneath the seating is non-existent in that the framing and cross bracing required for this type of structure utilizes that space. Good designers are skilled at maximizing space in sites with tight space requirements, and will know how to make adjustments to meet the needs of each facility.

The beam and column type structure uses footing with piers typically spaced on 18' centers (left to right on the structure) and 12'- 18' front to back of the structure. This spacing allows for the use of the space underneath the structure for restrooms and revenue generating opportunities for the facility such as concessions, vendor sales, and/or fan memorabilia.

Other times the piers/footings can be “mated” into the structure of the buildings below. This allows for the building to support the structure of the grandstand above without roof penetrations by encasing the piers within the walls for structural support. In this scenario, the architect and engineer of the design/build team will work closely with the grandstand engineer to determine the best way to support the loads of the grandstand.

Seating Capacity

As mentioned earlier, seating capacity for the grandstand/ bleacher industry is typically identified by 18" per seat. This is an industry standard and not necessarily what customers may view as ideal. In chair seating with armrests, 20" per chair is typically used. In some states, for high school playoff games, 24" per bench seat is required for seat widths. It is recommended to check the local high school rules association for specific determination of required seat capacity.

The underside of the Marion County School bleachers provide space for supplies and equipment. Space under beam and column structures can be used for storage.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Sightlines for (8" x 26") treads

Sightlines for (10" x 26") treads

Sightline

“Sightline” is a term used in the seating industry to determine the spectator’s ability to see the field of play from their seat over the head of the spectator in the row in front of them. Sightlines can be enhanced through a steeper pitch of the seating rows, lowering the front row elevation, or increasing the distance of the focal point on the field from the actual seating rows. When selecting a bleacher or grandstand, take sightline into consideration when designing your space. Knowledge of the factors involved in sightline allows fans to have the ultimate experience and clear viewing at every venue.

LEED Environmental Stewardship and Recyclability

The LEED™ (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System promulgated by the U.S. Green Building Council is a voluntary, consensusbased national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. LEED provides a complete framework for assessing building performance and meeting sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. LEED recognizes achievements and promotes expertise in green building through a comprehensive system offering project certification, professional accreditation, training, and practical resources. There are two categories of “LEED Green Building Rating System:”

1. Percent of post-consumer recycled content

2. Percent of post-industrial (pre-consumer) recycled content

Aluminum can be high in recycled content, for example, aluminum billet consisting of a recycled content of 38.95% (31.23% - Pre-consumer and 7.72% - Post consumer). This meets the LEED requirement MR Credit 4 for using “materials with recycled content such that the sum of the post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the pre-consumer content constitutes at least 10% or 20% (based on cost) of the total value of the materials in the project.” The higher end of the recycled content percentage achieves (2) LEED credit points per the scale.

Strategically positioned manufacturing centers can localize sourcing, which allows them to effectively service a geographic region. This helps meet LEED requirement MR Credit 5 for use of building materials or products that have been extracted, harvested, or recovered, as well as manufactured, within 500 miles of the project site for a minimum of 10% or 20%, based on cost, of the total materials value. Two LEED credits can be obtained for customers (dependent on project location) when this occurs.

A sustainable manufacturing process also meets the spirit of LEED by reducing the “environmental impacts related to materials manufacturing and transport.” Most, if not all aluminum extruders use scrubber units to remove harmful volatiles that would otherwise result in airborne emissions, anodizing solutions are reprocessed and re-used, and both cardboard packaging and office waste are recycled. Companies make a commitment to sustainable environmental solutions that helps keep communities environmentally clean and allows customers to use aluminum extrusions to help achieve their LEED ratings for a green building.

Be sure to let your manufacturer know if LEED certification is a goal. The method of extrusion, usage of pre- and postconsumer materials, and mixture of scrap vs. prime material can all help contribute to a facility’s LEED score. As an example, consider a secondary melting/casting facility with respect to the aluminum starting stock used to extrude the aluminum shape(s) you order. This means that all raw materials are re-melted prior to alloying, versus using original molten smelter material, as with a primary facility. Some facilities utilize 30% post-consumer material and approximately 40% post-industrial (pre-consumer) material in the manufacture of this extrusion starting stock. The mixture of scrap and prime can vary depending upon specific customer requests, dimensions of the profile, and other production related issues. The material percentages are based on an average approximation of scrap usage. For more information on LEED, check the Resource section in the back of this guide.

Aluminum bleachers, like the ones shown here, are often high in recycled content.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Amenities and Accessories

There are a variety of site amenities and accessories that should be considered when planning spectator seating venues to help promote function, comfort, transportation, sanitation, and even gathering spaces and family activities to help retain visitors and spectators. Enhancing the overall user experience can greatly impact visits.

Team Benches

Team benches come with a galvanized or aluminum angle surface mount frame or a galvanized in-ground mount frame. Seats are usually 2" x 10" or 2" x 12" with optional backrest of 7". Standard lengths are 7'-6", 15', and 21' but can be customized as needed.

Press Boxes

Press boxes can be custom designed to meet finish and layout needs. They can include HVAC, camera deck, slider windows, security shutters, interior rooms, and custom exterior colors. The standard depth is 8' with standard widths beginning with a 12' minimum, and growing in 6' increments. These can also be customized depending on needs and space available.

There are two framing options, wood or metal studs, while the exterior siding can be vertical vinyl panels or steel rib panels.

Shade

For games or events held during the day, shade structures can help protect players and attendees from the sun’s rays. There are two types of shade structures found in the grandstand/ bleacher industry. The first one is a self-supported “fabric” shade structure made up of steel support columns and colored fabric shade materials. This structure type is built for sun protection rather than moisture and may need to be removed in extreme weather.

Another shade structure option is designed to be incorporated into the grandstand. It can be “cantilevered,” with columns only at the rear of the stand to maximize sightlines, or it can have columns toward the front of the structure, depending on the seating area depth. Typically, supports are made of the same steel as the grandstand structure. The “cover” of this system is typically steel “R” panel and can be finished in Galvalume® or Kynar painted finish. The shade and the grandstand together would be required to meet all wind/snow/live loads for the area.

Team benches are a great addition to provide teams a place to gather and rest.

Press boxes are customizable to fit space and usage requirements.

Bike Racks

Consider that some attendees may choose to bicycle to the event, so be sure to provide bike racks that provide a way to lock the frame and at least one wheel to the rack. According to a leading bike rack manufacturer, assume 5-10% of attendees will arrive by bike, but this may depend on how bike-friendly the community is. There are also “event racks” available, which can be stored when not in use, and are a great idea if the stadium will host different types of events that have fluctuating interest from bicyclists.

Trash Receptacles

It is critical to offer receptacles for trash and recycling to ensure the facility remains clean and to help reduce the cost of onsite maintenance. Locate them near the entrances to the grandstand/bleachers, and around other areas like concession stands, restrooms, and parking lots.

Picnic Tables

For events where concessions will be sold, offering picnic tables ensures that guests have a comfortable place to sit and place the food they are eating, as opposed to walking back to the stands and balancing it on their lap. Picnic tables also help control waste, as people can dump their food waste and recycling in containers located near the picnic tables.

Do not forget event attendees who may eat and drink in the grandstands; providing additional waste receptacles near the access/egress points will also help control litter and minimize clean up time after an event.

Scorer’s Table

These tables are specifically designed to accommodate persons keeping score. Depending on the sport, more than one may be needed for each team, and/or in multiple areas along the sidelines.

Benches

Benches can increase accommodation when strategically placed in gathering areas. Consider placing them near restrooms, concession areas, ticket booths, and alongside the playing field to accommodate athletes, coaches, and scorers.

Playgrounds

Sporting arenas, especially those that draw large crowds, are increasingly adding fun amenities like playgrounds to help provide additional activities to engage young children. With a variety of theming options available, they can be designed to create an extension of the arena’s theme, sport, or architectural features.

Bike lockers like this cycle station can provide storage for multiple bikes as well as protection from potential inclement weather.

Bike racks can also be themed to coordinate with the facility’s usage, like the baseball racks shown above. Offering tables and trash receptacles near concessions helps control litter and post-event maintenance.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Restrooms

While restrooms can be incorporated into permanent grandstands, they need to be considered in all applications to ensure spectators have access to them while attending events. If permanent restrooms are not an option, temporary facilities can be brought in to handle the crowds. A general rule of thumb is one portable toilet for every 50 people attending the event. Do not forget to consider accessibility when planning these facilities.

Surfacing

A variety of surfacing options are available for multiple areas throughout the facility. Besides the playing field, surfacing can be used to create recreation areas, or to provide visual cues to assist attendees in finding concessions, eating areas, or other designated areas. Surfaces can be made of compressed rubber, artificial turf, colored concrete, or other materials.

Concessions

Concession stands are generally included in permanent grandstands. For bleacher facilities, consider allowing licensed vendors and food trucks to provide beverages and nutrition. This can also be a great opportunity for a fundraiser for the school, team, or facility.

In summary, there are a wide variety of spectator seating options, finishes, and considerations in creating a facility that is comfortable, accessible, and enjoyable. Utilizing the checklist following this section will help you to identify the basic needs, provide your manufacturer with an outline of your goals to properly align the budget and timeline, and help to ensure a successful partnership!

Themed play spaces like the one shown can provide additional fun for young fans while encouraging sports participation.

In the photo above, poured rubber surfacing was used to create a themed gathering area just behind the playing field.

Food trucks, along with benches, tables, and trash receptacles offer patrons a way to get a bite to eat and keep the area clean, as with this food area behind a grandstand. Photo courtesy of whereshouldwegomsp.blogspot

Planning and Design Checklist

When planning for new or replacement bleachers or grandstands, it is a good idea to start with a checklist to help identify needs and priorities. The checklist on the next page is a great place to start, see the Glossary session in the back of the book for definitions of unfamiliar terms. Your bleacher or grandstand manufacturer can be a great asset in this part of the process, as they can assess your site, listen to your

needs, and help design the correct type of structure to meet your particular applications and priorities.

Organizing a committee of stakeholders to help drive the project forward can be very helpful. For larger projects, this may consist of several committees in charge of oversight, planning, steering, funding, logistics, and marketing. Ensure that the public is involved in the process to promote community engagement, buy-in, and long-term support.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

Planning and Design Checklist

We suggest following a basic checklist with key stakeholders before beginning the design process. Be proactive and carefully consider your specific site needs, goals, and the vision for your project.

Site Considerations

How will the facility be used? (List all event/sport types.)

What are the overall dimensions of the site where the facility will be built?

Are there topography issues (hills, uneven ground) that need to be addressed?

What is the bearing capacity of the soil?

Codes and Requirements

What building code has jurisdiction over your project?

NFPA IBC

BOCA Other

UBC

What labor regulations must be observed?

Seating Applications

What is the desired seating capacity?

What is the desired footprint (width and depth) of your seating application?

What are the required sightlines for the seating application?

Side setback Rise and run

Front elevation

What is the desired spectator flow pattern for the application?

Front exits

Rear exits

Vomitory/portal exits

What types of seats and/or amenities do your spectators desire?

Seats with back rests

Stadium chairs

Arm rests Custom colors

What type of seating system is needed?

Semi-closed deck Interlocking deck

Closed deck

How will you meet the ADA requirements in this project?

Access to equal quality of seats usually defined by different price levels

Must be distributed throughout the seating area

Sightlines must not be blocked by standing spectators

What type of understructure is desired for your project?

I-beam grandstand

Angle frame (Requires grade to be flat)

Press Boxes

Is a press box required for your project? Yes No

If yes, then answer the following:

• What size? (Standard Depth is 8' x Increments of 6' in length) Combustible Construction

Non-Combustible Construction

• Access to roof for filming? Yes No

• Is A/C and/or heating required? A/C Heat Both

• Are interior partitions required? Yes No

What additional amenities are required?

Amenity Number Amenity Number

Concession Area Restrooms

Shade Structure

Recycling Receptacles

Trash Receptacles

Bike Racks

Playground Picnic Tables

Scorer's Tables Benches

Scoreboard Other

Enhancing the overall user experience can greatly impact visits.

Altoona

THE PURCHASING PROCESS

Onceyou have determined the budget, goals of the project, and the overall scope, it is important to take into account some key considerations to support the purchasing process of your grandstand or bleacher.

• Are there any cooperative purchasing contracts you can utilize for this project?

• Are design drawings and specifications required for your project?

• Do you have a list of competent vendors to build your vision?

• Do you want (or need) to allow multiple manufacturers to bid your project?

• Is licensing required by the state for your project?

• What warranty statements, bonding, and past project references should be required from potential suppliers?

• Is the recommended decking system certified “high traction” by the National Floor Safety Institute?

• Does the design meet the current building code for your area? (Typically this is ICC300 for grandstand/bleacher seating).

• Is funding available and in place for your entire project? If not, what steps are needed to secure funding?

The Bid Process

It is important to understand how and why to develop a bid document as it will help ensure the products are received as expected and work is done appropriately. Bid documents are normally created by planning departments, engineering firms, architects, or landscape architects. These documents provide the customer with protection while collecting information from only those bidders that meet the customer expectations. Bid documents provide a process to safely step through the public purchasing procedure.

Customers may utilize bid documents to specify the exact (not limited to) product, site, legal considerations, wages, safety criteria, and payment requirements. This document serves as a guideline to successfully complete the project as per the expectations. Clear and concise bid documents will protect the customer and allow them to define and address any issues that may occur during the process.

The following considerations can help inform the bid process or document:

• Instructions and notice to bidders

• Information required of bidder

• Bonding requirement

• General specifications

• Process to approve/substitute equals

• Location

• Schedule

• Site requirements

• Local permits and licenses required

• Wages and labor expectations

• Installer or product certification/licenses

• Safety considerations

• Changes of scope/work processes

• List of procedures if issues arise

• Conduct a final inspection

• Obtain a copy of manufacturer’s warranty/guarantee

• Testing criteria

• Payment requirements

• Claims and disputes procedures

• Insurance/hold harmless requirements

• Clean-up and waste procedures

• Any other special provisions unique to the project

Procurement

Cooperative purchasing networks can be a helpful resource for excellent services at competitive prices under each contract if it is decided not to send the project out to bid. These networks offer their members opportunities to save on the products required to fulfill a successful project. They will work on your behalf to secure volume-pricing contracts that meet or exceed expectations. Specifically for grandstands and bleachers projects, the Keystone Purchasing Network (KPN – www.thekpn.org) serves K-12 schools, higher educational institutions, local governments, eligible schools, agencies,

and other non-profit organizations; their membership is free of charge.

Some of the benefits of becoming a member of a cooperative purchasing network include:

• No administrative fees or surcharges assessed to members

• Volume discount pricing on quality products and services

• Bidding on behalf of members eliminates duplication of the local bidding process

• Saves time and the cost of the individual bid process

• Streamlined procurement

• Dedicated vendor representatives who assure satisfaction

• Notifications of additional discounts and savings programs

If chosen, a cooperative network will help overcome budget constraints with pre-negotiated pricing in the contract. You will be working with pre-vetted, experienced manufacturers and builders that understand the project while eliminating a timeconsuming bid process involving potentially inexperienced vendors. As a result, you will be working with knowledgeable industry leading manufacturers and service providers to complete the project.

The cooperative purchasing network you select will likely conduct the following steps in bidding and awarding contracts for products and services that meet your purchasing needs:

• Will issue Invitations For Bids (IFB) and, as needed, Requests for Proposals (RFP)

• All contracts will be publicly and competitively bid

• Will evaluate sealed bid responses

• Contracts will be awarded to the lowest responsive responsible bidder

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

Once your bleachers/grandstands order has been placed, it is important that they are installed and maintained properly to ensure longevity and enjoyment for years to come. Consider the following general guidelines in the installation and maintenance of your project and be sure to ask your manufacturer for any additional information required.

Installation Guidelines

It is essential to ensure the products are installed correctly and to specification. This will require communication with the manufacturer throughout the project to ensure compliance and documentation of the work completed. The following recommendations will help protect your investment:

• Ensure that installation is being followed per manufacturer recommendations

• Maintain good files and photographs for the project from inception to finish

• Ensure the project meets all specifications

• Ensure you receive what you paid for and sign-off on it

• Discuss maintenance scheduling and inspection

• Secure all paperwork and documentation

• Obtain a letter of compliance

• Obtain a project-specific warranty

• Conduct routine safety inspections and ADA compliance inspections

• Conduct a final inspection

• Obtain a copy of manufacturer's warranty/guarantee

The

Inspection and Care

Inspection

A general guideline for bleacher inspections is to perform them at least quarterly or seasonally, or if available, to the manufacturer’s specification. The checklist on the next page may provide a good starting place, but before undertaking an inspection and maintenance schedule, it is a good idea to check with your local building inspector to learn which building codes the city follows and if they have specific guidelines in regard to inspections. The frequency may depend on state laws, local ordinances, or the manufacturer’s warranty specifications. According to the ICC300 standards, existing tiered seating shall be maintained structurally sound as follows:

Structural

1. Components or fasteners shall not be broken, damaged, badly deteriorated, or missing.

2. Adequate bearing shall be provided. The structure shall bear uniformly on the floor or ground in a manner so as to safely support the structure.

3. All components and systems shall be in proper working condition.

Durability

Materials used in the construction of outdoor installations shall be weather-resistant. Where wood is used, it shall be naturally durable or preservative-treated wood as defined in the building code or other approved material. Where ferrous metal is used, it shall be protected from corrosion. Fasteners shall consist of aluminum or other approved corrosion-resistant materials or shall be provided with approved corrosion-resistant coatings such as copper or zinc.

Interior Corrosive Environments

Installations located in interior corrosive environments, such as those located in conjunction with indoor pools, shall be corrosion resistant.

Spaces Beneath Seats

Spaces beneath seats or adjacent to seating structures shall comply with the fire code.

Cleaning

For the most part, cleaning will consist of removing any trash, leaves, or debris, and sweeping if necessary to remove smaller particulates and residual dirt. The guidelines below address anodized aluminum, but generally can be used for all metals used in bleacher manufacturing, just be sure that the cleaning agents used are appropriate for the type of metal used.

Maintenance of anodized finish

1. Wash with mild dish soap; rinse with water.

2. If there are stains, try a 50/50 mix of water and “alumabrite,” an acid-based aluminum cleaner commonly used in marine and trailer applications. Always add the acid to water, and be sure to follow instructions on the label. Rinse well.

3. Never use a degreaser or any cleaner that is not suitable for anodized aluminum (see #4) as this will break down the anodized finish and stain it permanently.

4. Always look at the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) when using a cleaner on anodized rail.

Location:

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

BLEACHER INSPECTION CHECKLIST

Date: Competed By:

STRUCTURAL – GENERAL

Is adequate bearing provided? (The structure must bear uniformly on the floor or ground in a manner so as to safely support the structure.)

Are all components and systems in proper working condition?

When walking on the bleachers, do they feel unsafe in any way?

Are there any signs of corrosion or rot on structural supports, floorboards, or seating?

Are materials used in the construction of outdoor installations weather-resistant?

Where wood is used, is it naturally durable or preservativetreated wood?

Are fasteners made of aluminum, copper, zinc, zinc-coated, or other corrosion-resistant materials?

If indoor installation, is it corrosion-resistant? (Installations located in interior corrosive environments, such as those located in conjunction with indoor pools, shall be corrosion-resistant.) Are components or fasteners broken, damaged, badly deteriorated, or missing?

GUARDRAILS

Are guardrails present along open-sided walking surfaces, cross aisles, stepped aisles, ramps, and landings of tiered seating areas which are located more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below? Exception: When bleachers are used adjacent to a wall and the space between the wall and the seating is less than 4".

Is the top surface of the guardrail at least 42" above the leading edge of the footboard, seatboard, or aisle, whichever is present? Are guardrails provided for the full width of the aisle where the foot of the aisle is more than 30" above the floor or ground below?

BLEACHER INSPECTION CHECKLIST

Location: Date: Competed By:

OPENINGS

Are open guardrails constructed of materials such that a 4" diameter sphere cannot pass through any opening?

Are the guardrails and the handrails designed to resist a load of 50 pounds per linear foot (pound per foot) and a single concentrated load of 200 pounds, applied in any direction at any direction along the top? (May need the services of an engineer or architect to determine)

Where an opening between the seatboard and footboard is located more than 30" above the floor or ground below, is the opening closed with construction such that a 4" diameter sphere cannot pass through? (Exception: Where the uppermost seat is located less than or equal to 55 inches above the floor or ground below.)

If chain link fencing is used on guardrails, is the mesh size 1.25" square or less?

STRUCTURAL – SPECIFIC

Are the welds intact with no cracks?

Are there any damaged, loose, or missing cross braces?

Are all seat and foot boards present and securely fastened?

Are all nuts and bolts present and tight?

Are any seat or floor boards abnormally bowed?

Are seat or floor boards splintered, cracked, or insect-infested?

Are the ends of protruding bolts and tubing capped?

OTHER

Is only trained school staff allowed to operate bleachers? Are staff, students and visitors prohibited from climbing on retracted bleachers?

Is a "Do Not Climb" warning sign affixed and visible?

Is all tiered seating inspected at least once a year by a qualified person to evaluate compliance with the manufacturer's installation and operational instructions?

Are bleachers inspected for damage by school staff at least twice a year?

Are inspections documented in writing and the records kept on file?

Are aisles clearly marked, accessible, and have non-skid surfaces?

Case Study: The Marriage of Two Structures

Southeastern University Fire Football Stadium, Lakeland, FL

Scoring The Touchdown

In the fall of 2012, Southeastern University (SEU), located in Lakeland, FL set forth a plan to start a Division I football program. With the formation of its new football team, the University set a $7 million spending budget for the construction of its football stadium to serve a growing student population and fulfill community interest. However, seating for 3,000 spectators would only account for a portion of the budget. SEU wanted to start a quality football program for its students and a modern stadium for spectators while differentiating themselves from other teams in the Sun Conference – NAIA (Division I). The University sought skilled architects and an expert manufacturing team to complete the stadium, focusing on an inventive design strategy that would incorporate a pre-cast VIP section and two budget-friendly sections with I-beams.

The University wanted a pre-cast stadium for their new field but budget constraints would not allow a fully constructed grandstand of that nature. Architects and the manufacturer

worked together to give SEU a budget-friendly alternative. Designers developed a structure that included both the desired pre-cast construction and a wing section with a galvanized I-beam structure to help reduce cost and create a unique and differentiated university campus stadium with I-beam construction to meet all required safety and building codes. Mating the two structures became the focus for the project. This resulted in a metal deck and poured-in-place concrete to create the mid-crosswalk. The enhancement provided the feel of a pre-cast grandstand through both the center and side seating areas. Furthermore, the pre-cast wall panels for the ends of the steel structure were used for fall protection and aesthetics.

In September 2014, the SEU Fire football team won their highly anticipated inaugural home game by a score of 31-7. Spectators comfortably sat in the newly developed grandstand seating which accommodates 3,000 sports fans along with a new field, scoreboard, lighting, and facilities. A beautiful seating structure and financial requirements were met by successfully marrying design and manufacturing technologies.

Utilizing precast wall panels for the façade,

press box, and

locker room and an aluminum bleacher structure for the remaining seating and accessible walkways allowed the university to reach their phase I goal of 3,000 seats on time and budget.

- Jon Kirk, AIA, LEED AP, SCMH Architects

These photos demonstrate the design features of the new seating plan.

Case Study: A Study in Design and Community Collaboration

Spanish Fork Fiesta Days Rodeo, Spanish Fort, UT

A 70 Year Tradition

Each summer, residents of Spanish Fork and surrounding areas gather to celebrate Fiesta Days in Spanish Fort, UT. The week-long event is held in honor of the area’s Spanishspeaking heritage. The city of Spanish Fork organizes parades, theater productions, a festival of lights, and Pro Rodeo Cowboys Association’s (PRCA) Champion’s Challenge. The PRCA is an official stop on the Wrangler Million Dollar Silver Tour. The popular family event requires extensive seating accommodations to safely provide spectators a venue to celebrate Fiesta Day activities. The Champion’s Challenge is one of Rodeo’s largest competitions and includes the sport’s most well-known athletes.

Due to the increased popularity and attendance at Spanish Fork’s Fiesta Days Rodeo, the PRCA recognized the need to improve the seating availability at the stadium. The Fiesta Days participants were growing and an updated venue

was required to satisfy safety and capacity requirements. Unfortunately, while the need for the project was recognized by local government officials, economic hardships prohibited the city’s contribution to the budget.

The community’s love and support for the Fiesta Day event produced the required budget to build the much needed stadium. In the summer of 2011, a $3 million anonymous donation was received – 80% of the needed budget. The donation had two conditions: first, the donor would remain anonymous; and, second, the new grandstands were to be finalized by the following year’s Fiesta Days Rodeo.

The PRCA knew more than any other stakeholder the importance of building a safe and regulatory sound stadium. Representatives from the association contacted a well-known and trustworthy manufacturer of a wide range of spectator seating to support their efforts in the design of the new stadium. Designers and planners worked collaboratively

The Fiesta Days Rodeo can accommodate more fans than ever thanks to a new stadium and a generous benefactor.

I think the neatest part is the curbside appeal, It looks like a stadium and less like you are walking into bleachers. The ornamental fencing and the greenscape make it look great.

- Dale Robinson, Director of Parks and Recreation, Spanish Fork, UT

to create a new seating space that would adequately accommodate the spectators for Fiesta Days events. In July 2012, the project team met the commitment to finish construction for that year’s rodeo. The 70th Annual Fiesta Days Rodeo was held in the new arena as planned. The stadium features 8,400 seats and a bowl effect to give a modern feel different to most local rodeo grandstands. The citizens of Spanish Fork and the county gained a new venue for professional rodeos and other popular community gatherings such as concerts, family movie nights, and flea markets that bring new visitors to the area. In 2014, the PRCA Fiesta Days Rodeo was nationally televised for the first time.

Case Study:

Maximizing Small Spaces and Addressing Accessibility

Marin Catholic High School Dino Ghilotti Motta Stadium, Kentfield, CA

A Family's Tribute

Marin Catholic High School in Kentfield, CA spent 20 years renovating their facilities across the campus to the tune of $32 million. The final stage of completing the update was an overhaul of the stadium grandstands to provide Marin with a more modern and space-efficient spectator facility.

After completing renovations across Marin’s campus, the home side stadium grandstands were planned at a budget of $4.2 million to include the construction of concessions, locker and weight rooms, and special alumni viewing accommodations. The project would also ensure Marin’s stadium was compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).

In addition to making the space compliant with ADA and other regulatory codes, the high school needed to utilize the existing small space and accommodate a growing student athlete population. This resulted in a very important project goal to

utilize space beneath bleachers to house the desired training rooms, concessions, and restrooms.

The stadium was funded mostly by the Ghilotti family and friends. Dino Ghilotti was a class of 2009 student-athlete who passed away unexpectedly in a car accident in 2013. The group contributed work in-kind and cash toward to meeting the fundraising goal of $4.2 million. The remaining amount was funded through the local Catholic community and devotees of Marin’s athletic department.

Design and construction teams together created a vaulted angle structure using the same space allotted for the former bleachers. The vaulted design improved on-field action views for all spectators. The height of the first row was 10-feet higher than the previous first row to allow additional amenities under the seats. Total height of the structure remained consistent with the former structure to accommodate space limitations. Architects designed new grandstands to support steel and aluminum bleacher systems with benches and fixed seating.

The vaulted angle stadium provides all spectators improved on-field action views so they will not miss any of the excitement during a game.

Marin Catholic is about tradition and community, and I believe this facility fosters that in every way.

- Tim Navone, Marin Catholic President

The full stadium also included a modern press box. To comply with ADA requirements, fully accessible ramps and an elevator were built at lower sections for access to seating and the press box. Accessible ramps and handrails were added to the parking area for compliance, and the design also included 16 ADA-compliant grandstand seats.

Dino Ghilotti Motta Stadium, completed in October 2014, now seats 1,242 people. The grandstands also features 152 stadium seats for donors and an alumni viewing area causing a slight decrease in capacity. Despite lowering the numbers of available seats, project members were able to build a stadium with innovative space utilization to ensure Marin Catholic High School student athletes have a top-notch sporting and physical education experience. In late 2014, the North Bay Business Journal selected the stadium as a North Bay Top Real Estate Project in the Education category.

The ADA-compliant grandstand seats and built in elevator to the press box accommodates people of all abilities.

Case Study: Renovation as Innovation

Montour High School's Thomas J. Bikro Stadium, McKees Rock, PA

The Pride of A Community

Montour High School has been vital to McKees Rock, PA since its founding in 1957. Located 6 miles from Pittsburgh, PA, the “Hilltop,” as the community refers to it, is the epicenter of academics and athletics for five communities in the area.

As years passed, the high school and its facilities were beginning to suffer from the lack of renovation and upkeep. The Montour School District devised a plan to reinstate a stalled idea to reinvigorate the school and its Hilltop amenities. A portion of the endeavor focused on an upgrade to the school’s football stadium by finding an innovative and cost efficient solution. The budget for the total project was estimated at $50 million; including the administrative, educational, and sporting areas. Included in the sweeping plan was the complete rebuild of the Thomas J. Bikro Stadium. Originally budgeted at $4 million, the vision for the stadium was to support the district’s championship caliber athletic team and to offer spectator seating for athletic and special events.

The Montour School District motto, “Defining our Purpose, Aligning our Vision, Designing our Future,” was the driving force that helped gain community support for the upcoming project. To engage the citizens, the Superintendent of Schools led a team of project managers and community members to ensure the venture would satisfy all internal and external stakeholders.

The grand plan for the Hilltop included a complete teardown and replacement of the grandstands, press box, lighting, and recreational surfacing at Thomas J. Bikro Stadium. Montour High School was home to title-holding athletics and needed a stadium to support winning teams, and community health and fitness initiatives and other large crowd events. At the time of the project inception, the structure had become a possible safety hazard and did not meet the codes required to use. Budget constraints for the school become an issue and a meeting was held with a key decision maker of the school, the local design company, and installation company to develop a new approach to the athletic complex which had

The new Thomas J. Bikro Stadium provides the community with fresh new experiences and event enjoyment.

Our new grandstand structure not only supports our title holding athletics program but it has given the school a safe place to gather as well as a place of enjoyment for the entire community.

- Lou Cerro, Athletic Director, Head Football Coach

a budget of $4 million. After a comprehensive review of the existing understructure and an extensive analysis of their current seating and press box amenities, a final proposal was presented to the school; it was decided to utilize the existing understructure. The renovation budget of $1.1 million was met with enthusiasm by the school board. The proposed renovated grandstand met all current codes and ADA legislation.

The next challenge was the construction schedule. The renovation contract was awarded in April 2009 and the final inspection and code review was made on September 2, 2009. The grandstand manufacturer, the local design group, and install company bought the project to completion earlier than expected and significantly under the original budget. The final structure features 38 rows with a length of 217 ft. and a net seating capacity of 5,497. The press box boasts a new two story building with improved accommodations.

While renovations can be more complicated in terms of timing, design and construction, this option should be considered

before removing an existing secure structure. Montour High School was able to stay within their budget and build a compliant grandstand engineered for lasting use for the enjoyment of the entire community.

BEFORE

AFTER

Photo courtesy of Stadium Solutions, Inc.

Case Study: Standard Structures Create Seating Solution

The Ripken Experience, Pigeon Forge, TN

Destination Spots for Families

Legendary baseball player, Cal Ripken Jr., founded his father’s namesake non-profit foundation in 2001. The Cal Ripken Sr. Foundation focuses its efforts on helping underserved communities with at-risk youth through sports programming. In addition, the foundation supports initiatives such as The Ripken Experience sports complexes around the country. In 2016, the already popular family tourism spot, Pigeon Forge, TN, became one of the newest locations for the baseball mecca.

The Ripken Experience is a haven for youth baseball, and part of every Ripken Experience is providing professional, major league quality fields. From the covered dugouts, spectator seating, and lighted fields to the incredible practice areas and on-site fountains, statues, and photo opportunities. Ripken tournaments are youth baseball at their finest, on the field and off. The recreational areas feature multiple little league parks designed to resemble popular major and minor league parks around the U.S. The facilities host baseball tournaments for teams to compete with other organizations from regions

throughout the country. The Pigeon Forge facility is the third Ripken Experience, joining others in Ripken’s home town of Aberdeen, MD, and Myrtle Beach, SC. All are vacation destination spots for the families of current and future baseball all-stars.

A perfect family destination, Pigeon Forge is located in northeast Tennessee and is known for its unique mountain charm and entertainment. The city offers a variety of attractions such as shopping, restaurants, and other family oriented fun. This area was perfect for a new Ripken Experience as it offered the players’ families other activities while the games were in play. To ensure the facility met the expectations of Ripken’s Foundation, a master planning firm, Fields, Inc., was contracted to plan and facilitate the construction of the new site. The project would feature 6 state of the art ball fields for tournament play. As with the other Ripken Experience locations, each field would be designed to resemble well-known ballparks, including Camden Yards in Baltimore and Engel Stadium in Chattanooga, TN, to help add to the overall experience that kids have on the baseball diamond. For the families and spectators watching the teams

The Pigeon Forge Ripken Experience hosts many tournaments and is a major attraction in the popular tourist town.

Planning a facility such as the Pigeon Forge Ripken Experience was made much easier with the addition of pre-designed, compliant standard bleacher models. By utilizing these models, the planning team was able to reduce the amount of pre-construction planning time and feel comfortable that our plans were compliant for crowds.

- Mike Harris, Senior Project Manager, Fields, Inc.

play, planners needed compliant seating options that met regulations and budget limits, while accommodating varying crowd sizes.

Planners at Fields, Inc. chose standard bleacher models to meet the needs of the spectators. Standard bleacher models are commonly defined as structures that are designed with typical features that meet a variety of needs and can be utilized in different settings. Models can range from 7.5 to 31 feet in length and feature common row counts from 2 to 10. By incorporating the standard bleachers into the parks, designers and planners could count on compliance and capacity in one structure.

The Ripken Experience of Pigeon Forge features 5-row, 21-foot bleacher models with spaces to meet ADA standards. They were also chosen to provide adequate seating, while preserving the open sightlines throughout the Ripken Experience, so that attendees could see the many other amenities the facility had to offer for entertainment and gathering. Spectators of all abilities, all ages, and all backgrounds can enjoy the family atmosphere and baseball

excitement. Today, the 118 acre recreational space hosts tournaments with a seating capacity of 924 people on standard bleachers alone. The space also features a 14,000 square foot clubhouse, offering spectacular views of the Great Smoky Mountains, the six fields on the complex, play areas, picnic areas, and features all of the big league amenities that teams have come to expect from the Ripken Experience. The Pigeon Forge Ripken Experience has a full schedule of tournaments scheduled, check out

www.ripkenbaseball.com/youth_baseball/pigeon_forge/list_ tournaments to learn more.

Families cheer for a favorite 9-year-old baseball team.

Case Study: Turnkey Project Cooperative

Williamsport High School, Williamsport, PA

Using A Cooperative Purchasing Program

The Student Transportation of America (STA) Stadium, formerly known as Millionaire Stadium, was home for Williamsport Athletics and the local community for over 40 years. Accessible to major transportation routes, close to the City of Williamsport, and featuring ample parking, seating, and “state of the art” facilities when constructed, the stadium facility has hosted many local high school, youth sports, community, and regional athletic events through its history. By 2013 it was evident to school officials and community members that it was time for renovations and safety upgrades. Leaders from the Williamsport Area School District (WASD) Education Foundation started the “Return to Glory” capital campaign to raise funds for a $2.7 million renovation project of the high school athletic complex. The campaign, through donations and community driven efforts, raised $2.3 million in under two years.

Due to the early success of fundraising efforts, administrators quickly contracted with a local architectural firm to develop the plans and specifications to meet the requirements of the

WASD. The initial design proposed removing the running track from the stadium to permit a larger athletic field surface. This would accommodate multisport use and construction of a new separate “track complex” on a parcel adjoining the existing stadium, currently used for parking during football home games. While meeting the idealistic goals of the project program, the design would ultimately prove too costly to meet the District funding capabilities and desire to execute the project without taxpayer burden. Once the architect had developed the plans, the project was “let to bid” in the winter of 2013 with a budget of $3.5 million. All the bids came in higher than budgeted and were rejected by the WASD, so the architect worked on a revised scope to reduce the cost of the project. The plans were revised and released for bid again in 2014. Once more, all the bids were higher than budget and rejected by the school.

Realizing that a new direction was required, District administration contacted an engineering and landscape architecture firm for a fresh approach. This new firm was able to quickly develop alternative solutions that met the desired

The multisport field continuously provides a quality training facility to the athletics in the community. The well-designed grandstand facilitates better access and viewing.

During a two year period our new athletic complex was publicly bid twice. Both times only a few bidders participated and the bids came in over budget. In frustration we sought a KPN proposal and it came in under budget and the project was finished in less than one year. The KPN team really came through.

- Bryan McCaffery, Director of Operations, WASD

program goals while significantly reducing project costs. Working closely with the Keystone Purchasing Network (KPN) premium sports specific vendors, they facilitated a cooperative design/build project effort between the District, the vendors, and their construction subcontractors to deliver a turnkey proposal for consideration by the Board by the close of October 2014. Final contracting was quickly completed and by early December 2014, the vision for the campaign was back in focus.

To achieve the September 11, 2015 deadline required for the District to host the first Williamsport Millionaires home varsity football game in the renovated facility, an aggressive schedule was developed to deliver the new synthetic turf athletic field, new sports field lighting, new visitor grandstands, and related site improvements in just over 90 days. The construction team, with their extensive experience and understanding of project requirements, were able to work together without delays, cooperate to facilitate the work of primary project components, and expedite completion of each critical project phase to permit continuous operations during the construction

period. Thanks to the dedicated work of the construction team and scheduling efficiency of the design/build process, the Williamsport Millionaires opened their 2015 football season in the renovated STA Stadium Facility with their first home game on September 11, 2015 in front of a proud and appreciative community that had supported and made this vision a reality.

With an initial total budget of approximately $3.2 million, the design/build turnkey project approach was made possible through utilization of the vetted vendors available to member Public School Districts, municipal governments, and other public entities through the Keystone Purchasing Network (KPN) cooperative purchasing program. The renovations were completed in approximately 10 months from initial design to first use of the facility, with final completion in less than a year. Incorporation of School District modifications to the program and resulting expansion of the project scope through the final design process resulted in a final project cost of just under $3.5 million and represented a significant cost reduction, without sacrifice of program, product quality, and construction quality, over the initial public bid project approach.

Case Study: Updating or Replacing? That is the question

Grove City High School, Grove City, OH

A Safe Stadium for Everyone

The South-Western City School District is the 6th largest public school district in the State of Ohio covering 119 square miles including urban, suburban, and rural settings. This is one of the most unique districts in the state of Ohio. Grove City High School is one of six high schools in their system. Formerly known as Jackson High School, Grove City High School offers a music program with over 300 wind, percussion, and string musicians, which has received over 30 Grand Champion awards over the last 10 years in the Ohio Music Education Association (OMEA) competitions. In addition, the high school hosts football games throughout the year.

The football bleachers at Grove City High School were 25' high, made out of wood boards, did not meet existing building codes requirements, the concrete foundation supporting the bleacher frames was relatively small in comparison to current

building requirements, the railing was not up to code, and the structure was not accessible. Furthermore, the structure was particularly unstable when at full capacity. South-Western City Schools decided it was time to update the district’s facilities but needed help deciding to either upgrade or replace completely the visitors’ football bleachers structure. They enlisted Schorr Architects, Inc. to help made the decision.

A comparison study was made to gather information on the cost for a new structure versus upgrading the existing one. The district decided to replace the bleacher with a new 2,000 seat structure while the architectural firm developed a cost effective angle frame bleacher assembly solution for the new project. In February 2015 the project was advertised and went to bid. The district hired a contractor that was able to provide them with a turnkey bleacher project. They completed the removal of the original bleachers, the extensive concrete site work, did the landscaping, installed the fencing and railing, and even took care of the electrical site work. They were able

The transformation of the Grove City High School stadium resulted in a destination that is the central location of all community events. Photo courtesy of www.grovecityohio.gov.

Replacing our bleachers was a better investment for us than updating the existing structure. We are happy we did! We are now able to serve our high school as well as the community by hosting events opened to the public while knowing everyone is safe.

- Mark Waller, Director of Facilities

Southwestern City School District Grove City, Ohio

to work around an existing structure behind the bleachers that houses another facility and a nearby a cell tower. The demolition phase started and was complete in February 2015. Weather did not help thanks to heavy snow through the area, as there was a waiting period until the ground thawed and dried out enough to complete the concrete site work.

Today, Grove City High School offers their guests a new 15 row x 235'-6" elevated bleacher, including ADA accessible seating, appropriate entrances and exits, code compliant railing, and a stable and safe environment for everyone to enjoy. With a total net seating capacity of 1,988, the bleacher was shipped in early May 2015 and was completed by early June 2015, ahead of the project deadline. The project was such a success that they have even opened the space to others in the community; for example, for 4th of July weekend the adjacent community will display fireworks and the school has graciously allowed members of the community to use their bleachers to enjoy the view.

AFTER BEFORE

Photo courtesy of Farnham Equipment Company.

RESOURCES AND REFERENCES

Resources

Americans with Disabilities Act – http://www.ada.gov/

Americans with Disabilities Act – Design Standards –http://www.ada.gov/2010ADAstandards_index.htm

American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) –http://www.astm.org/

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) –https://www.ansi.org/

International Code Council (ICC) – http://www.iccsafe.org/

International Code Council (ICC) – ICC300: Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating, and Grandstands (downloadable file) – http://shop.iccsafe.org/icc-300-2012-bleachers-folding-andtelescopic-seating-and-grandstands-2.html

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) –NFPA 102: Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structureshttp://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/documentinformation-pages?mode=code&code=102

National Floor Safety Institute (NFSI) – https://nfsi.org/

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) –http://www.usgbc.org/leed

References

1. Chapin TS. Identifying the real costs and benefits of sports facilities. Florida State University; 2002.

2. Newcomb T. Embracing the horseshoe: A look through centuries of stadium design. Sports Illustrated Magazine; 2015.

3. Spampinato A. World Stadiums. 2014; http://www. worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/architecture/historic_ stadiums.shtml. Accessed July 28, 2015.

4. Giffen J. History of Grandstands. 2010; http://ezinearticles. com/?History-of-Grandstands&id=4529312. Accessed July 28, 2015.

5. Subramanian N. Design trends of sports stadiums. Stadium Design Trends 2012; http://www.academia. edu/3216566/Design_Trends_in_Sports_Stadiums. Accessed July 22, 2015.

6. Tipping E. 2015 State of the industry: Annual report on the managed recreation, sports & fitness industry. Recreation Management. Vol 16. June 2015 ed. Palatine, IL: CAB Communications, Inc.; 2015.

7. International Code Council. 2009 International Codes. Section 1002 Definitions 2009; http://publicecodes. cyberregs.com/icod/ifc/2009/icod_ifc_2009_10_sec002. htm. Accessed February 28, 2016.

8. American Galvanizers Association. What is hot-dip galvanizing (HDG)? 2015; http://www.galvanizeit.org/hotdip-galvanizing/what-is-hot-dip-galvanizing-hdg. Accessed July 28, 2015.

Bleachers and grandstands are a gathering space where the community can go to have fun.

GLOSSARY

Definitions

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)

The federal law that administrates how facilities provide access and accommodations to persons with any range of disabilities. ADA seating in grandstand applications are the seats specifically designed to accommodate users with mobility devices and to meet building codes and laws.

ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials)

A standards development organization that serves as an open forum for the development of international standards

Dead Load The constant and fixed load on the structure, including beams, columns, foundation, seats, etc.

Elevated System Designed to increase the height of the spectators’ sitelines. Structures of this type are accessed/ egressed by stairs and ramps.

Hot-dip Galvanizing Used throughout various markets to provide steel with unmatched protection from the ravages of corrosion.

IBC (International Building Code) The primary basis of design. In 2000, the IBC launched a stand-alone subsection of its code in order to clarify issues pertaining specifically to assembly seating in accordance with ASTM guidelines in establishing codes. That document was first released in 2005 and has been updated in 2007 and 2012.

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

Developed by the non-profit U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED is a green building certification program which includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes, and neighborhoods that aims to help building owners and operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently.

Life Safety Code Also known as NFPA 101, this code is a consensus standard widely adopted in the United States. It is administered, trademarked, copyrighted, and published by the National Fire Protection Association and, like many NFPA documents, is systematically revised on a three-year cycle. Despite its title, the standard is not a legal code, is not published as an instrument of law, and has no statutory authority in its own right. However, it is deliberately crafted

with language suitable for mandatory application to facilitate adoption into law by those empowered to do so. The bulk of the standard addresses those features necessary to minimize danger to life from the effects of fire. The standard does not address the general fire prevention or building construction features that are normally a function of fire prevention codes and building codes.

Live Load The changeable loads on the structure, including people, concessions, supplies, machinery, equipment, etc.

Low Rise Created to comply with the ICC300 codes and allow more rows of seating without the need of aisles or guardrails, the structure has a lower first seat height at 12", a 12" wide seat plank (wider than standard 2" x 10"), and a 6" rise per row.

MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) A document that gives detailed information about the nature of a chemical, such as physical and chemical properties, health, safety, fire, and potential environmental hazards. An important component of product stewardship, occupational safety, and health and spillhandling procedures.

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) issuers of NFPA 102, Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures to address life safety concerns for spectator seating, in relation to fires, storm, collapse, and crowd behavior.

NFSI (National Floor Safety Institute) The expert source for testing of walking surfaces. The NFSI tests walking surfaces by determining the Static Coefficient of Friction with a state-ofthe-art variable incidence tribometer.

Permanent Grandstands Also known as I-Beam or Beam and Column Grandstands, permanent grandstands are often recommended for venues of more than 1,200 seats. Permanent grandstands offer the most robust seating options, as well as options for customization and finishing.

Powder Coating The process of applying dry powder paint to a metal product by way of electrostatically charging the powder and then spraying it onto the product. The product is then heated, and the powder turns into a hard, durable colored finish.

SCOF (Static Coefficient of Friction) The amount of required pressure between two surfaces to prevent slippage. Coefficient of Friction is defined as, “The ratio of the force that maintains contact between an object and a surface, and the frictional force that resists the motion of the object.”

Seismic Load Basic concept of earthquake engineering consisting of “earthquake generated agitation” to a structure.

Seating Capacity The number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. The standard width of space required for one person to sit on a bleacher or grandstand is typically identified as 18" per seat. This figure is divided into the length of seat planks in the bleacher to calculate total number of people who can use the bleacher when full. In chair seating with armrests, 20" per chair is typically used to calculate capacity.

Sightline Used to determine the spectator’s ability to see the field of play from their seat over the head of the spectator in the row in front of them.

Slip Index A vague and undefined term used in early standards to define slipperiness of a surface. Replaced by Static Coefficient of Friction.

Standard Building Code A set of rules that specify the minimum standards for constructed objects such as buildings and grandstands. The main purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety, and general welfare as they relate

to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority.

Tip and Roll This system can be tipped up and rolled away for convenient storage when not in use. It is available with 2, 3, and 4 rows, and can be ordered as a low-rise unit.

Transportable Unit An alternative to permanent bleachers that can be hooked to a towing vehicle and moved. It is designed with additional frame bracing to withstand the rigors of movement and is designed for use within a park but no over the road hauling. A transport kit is required, which includes the wheel assembly, tongue assembly, and optional lifting jacks.

UBC (Uniform Building Code) The UBC was first published in 1927 by the International Council of Building Officials to promote public safety and provided standardized requirements for safe construction which would not vary from city to city as had previously been the case. Updated editions of the code were published approximately every three years until 1997, which was the final version of the code. The UBC was replaced in 2000 by the International Building Code.

Vomitory An entrance/exit piercing a bank of seats in an auditorium or stadium that shows people where to exit/enter.

Wind Load The force on a structure arising from the impact of wind on it.

GLOSSARY

Bleacher Anatomy

Single Foot Plank

24" Run Per-Row Seat Board

8" Rise Per-Row

Double Foot Plank 2"x10" 2"x10" 2"x20"

End Cap

First Row Seat Height: 17"

Aisle An exit access component that defines and provides a path of travel. All bleacher units, regardless of the number or rows or length, must have vertical aisles with handrails and contrasting nosings to help identify height differential, unless all of the following conditions are meet (in bleachers aisles can be avoided if):

• Seats are without back rests

• Rise per row must not exceed 6"

• Tread depth must not exceed 28"

• Number of rows must not exceed 16"

• The first row seat height is not more than 12"

• Seat boards have a flat continuous surface

• Seat boards must have a minimum width of 11"

• Access/Egress from front row is unobstructed

Backrest Added to bleachers for added comfort, the backrest can be a contoured aluminum extrusion or blow molded plastic to add more comfort to the seating in a grandstand.

Decking All openings between seats and foot planks more than 30" above grade shall have an intermediate construction to reject passage of a 4" sphere. This requires an extra tread plank and riser plank.

End Cap Found at the end of the seat or foot plank to give it a finished look and to protect clothes and skin.

Foot Plank The extrusion where people rest feet while seated. Can be Single or Double Plank. Single Foot Plank measures 2"x10". Double Foot Plank is a term used to describe (2) single foot planks per row for wider access/foot rest.

Guardrail All areas of the bleacher more than 30" above grade must have a 42" high guardrail system that rejects the passage of a 4" sphere. Chain link mesh or vertical picket guardrailing are used to meet this requirement.

Handrail Provided to assist people as they move to higher or lower rows of the bleacher within an aisle.

Rise The difference in elevation between rows of seats.

Perimeter Guardrail

Riser Plank A term used to describe a plank that is mounted vertically under the seat and behind the foot plank to close the opening to meet building and safety codes. Required to close openings under the seat to 4" or less, when occurring at 30" or higher.

Run The distance between the front of a seat plank and the front of the seat plank in the row directly behind it.

Seat Board or Seat Plank The horizontal area of the bleacher where a person sits.

Splice An “internal sleeve” consisting of extruded aluminum used to mate two extruded aluminum planks together past the maximum extruded length within a grandstand. These are used where the grandstand length is greater than the maximum extrusion length to make up the total length of bleacher.

Tread A walking surface of the bleacher.

Vertical Picket Guardrail Attractive aluminum guardrail used to promote safety and help prevent inadvertent falls.

Mid-Aisle Grabrail

Stadiums and event venues help connect people with places, create community capital, and may provide economic benefit by gathering people around shared interests like sports teams, cultural occasions, and community events.

Make A Stand™: A Practical Planning Guide to Spectator

Seating provides a resource to help promote, advance, and creatively support spectator seating initiatives and infrastructure.

Learn more and to request a guidebook at www.playcore.com/ makeastand.