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SAMPLE PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON
DIABETES
To successfully review the research on the effectiveness of physical exercise on regulation of type 1 diabetes, we must first define what is diabetes mellitus or diabetes, which are the kinds of physical activity and how each activity affects the regulation of the disease itself. In this paper, we will especially rely on type 1 diabetes. Sugar disease is a disease that develops due to lack of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that secretes the pancreas, which then goes into the blood and acts all over the body. Its main function is to reduce the amount of glucose in the blood. Insulin acts on a cell membrane, which becomes permeable to glucose. When glucose enters the cell, it burns and releases the energy necessary for the life of each cell. An important feature of diabetes mellitus is elevated blood glucose levels because there is not enough insulin to store glucose in the cells. We differentiate between two types of diabetes. Type 1 or "youthful" pancreas diabetes has completely or almost completely stopped producing insulin, so it does not exist in the body. That is why this type of diabetes is called insulindependent diabetes. In insulin type 2 diabetes, there are sometimes very many, but he is not worthy enough to do his job, or the person is overweight, and large fatty cells need much more insulin to miss glucose and let it burn. Therefore, type 2 diabetes is also called insulin-free diabetes. Type 1 does not go to older age in type 2, but if one who has a type 1 diabetic type of diabetes is getting heavily contracted, it will require a much larger amount of insulin. Why should he be treated? There are two reasons, the first is that you are good now and the other is good for you all your life. If blood glucose values are high over several days, it binds to the protein. Especially he likes to attach to the proteins on the blood vessels wall. The protein glucose changes the function. Such blood vessels, especially those small, no longer carry out their task, do not feed the surrounding tissue, and without food the tissue will fail. Complications on the eyes, kidneys and nerves, and elsewhere in the body, are created. If a person is well treated, he is actually healthy. Therefore, all forms of treatment should be well known. The only drug that a man with diabetes needs is insulin. Additionally, it is important to have proper nutrition and of course exercise. Exercise can now be carried out in different ways, at different times, with or without different types of equipment, with different intensity and extensibility. Physical exercise can be divided into recreational and professional. In the recreational mode of physical exercise, it is sufficient interest and motivation for physical exercise and the lack of health contraindications for certain physical activity. On the other hand, there is also a professional or top sport that is characterized by: a strong focus on achieving goals, selectivity in the selection of those for whom it is intended, the professionalization of most of its participants (athletes, trainers, judges and other sports workers) and specific technology for preparation, implementation and control of training process. Regardless of the type and degree of physical activity, it is important that every man knows his goal. Whether it is a health status, physical appearance, a psychological sense of a higher quality of life, a person's physical activity must be carried out regularly, continuously and under the control of an expert. Especially when it comes to some more complex kinesiological activities. In the case of simple activities such as nature hiking, cycling, etc., it is essential for a person
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PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON DIABETES activities and spend them as often as complex activities such as sports games, exercise in fitness centers and the like person to practice in consultation with professionals who we consider doctors, kinesiologists, kinesiotherapists, physiotherapists, trainers etc. The aim of this thesis is to study professional literature, books, journals and scientific papers to prove that physical activity is very helpful in regulating Type 1 diabetes. It also aims to awaken all people who read this work about the importance of physical exercise in life, the beneficial effects of exercise on the health of the body and the prevention of many diseases, and when we talk about diabetes, prove that physical activity has a great function in preventing type 2 diabetes in regulation of type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetics, prove that physical activity is beneficial lower blood glucose, reduce insulin delivery, improve blood HbA1c hemoglobin, and many other beneficial effects that physical activity causes in diabetics. According to the records found, which originate from the time before our era, diabetes is obviously known to humans. However, it was not until the beginning of this century that it was successfully treated with insulin (Codella, Terruzzi & Luzi, 2017). Realizing that these patients wet a lot of sweet urine, her old doctors gave her the name of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes in Greek means flow, and mellitus in Latin sweetness. The disease is usually more common in adults than in children, but while in adults it often occurs in a milder form and does not require continuous insulin use, in children, insulin therapy is practically always necessary. The disease is by no means rare in childhood, and frequency differs in different regions and various ethnic groups. The goal of diabetes treatment is to eliminate hyperglycemia symptoms, reduce or eliminate chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, and enabling a more normal lifestyle. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease, or a disorder in which a substance is disturbed in the body. Among the many metabolic processes in the body, one of the most important is the conversion of food to energy and heat. Metabolic processes release energy from the food and use it for muscle work, creating heat, and restoring billions of cells from which the organism is built. Three are the main food ingredient: carbohydrates or sugars, proteins and fats. In the process of digestion before they enter the bloodstream, carbohydrates are mostly degraded into simple sugars (glucose), proteins break down into amino acids, and fat in fatty acids. To allow blood glucose to enter the cells, the pancreas, the organ located in the abdominal cavity secretes into the blood hormone insulin, which binds to the surface of some cells. Glucose enters only those cells on whose surface the insulin is bound (some cells are brain exclusion because they use glucose and no insulin present). Entering into the glucose cell immediately turns into energy by the process of "burning" with the oxygen we breathe or stored inside the cell and serves as a reserve of energy. This creation of energy reserves is necessary, because to maintain life the organism must always have at its disposal certain amounts of energy (Colberg et al., 2016). The liver is responsible for the synthesis of most of the circulating blood proteins, and is a body that plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. The body's glucose needs are recorded in the liver, and glucose provides the body with food digestion or by degradation of glycogen-storage sugar in the liver and muscles. In the case of prolonged hunger, when glucose is not possible with the gastrointestinal tract and liver reserves are consumed, the process triggers the process of producing glucose from the amino acids or other molecules. Hormones are substances that are created in special organs called so-called glands with internal excretion. One of them is insulin that is produced in the pancreas. of glycogen-storage sugar in the liver and muscles. In the case of prolonged hunger, when glucose is not possible with the gastrointestinal tract and liver reserves are consumed, the process triggers the process of producing glucose from the amino acids or other molecules. Hormones are substances that are created in special organs called so-called glands with internal excretion. One of them is insulin that is produced
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PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL ONÂ DIABETES in the pancreas. Traveling by blood, it binds to different cells (muscular, liver, fatty, etc.) and acts like a key that opens the door lock through which glucose can enter each cell. Large amounts of insulin are excreted into the blood, especially after a meal, because there are many glucose in the blood that must enter the cells. At this time, no glucose is released in the liver and muscles, but a reverse process occurs, i.e. the excess of glucose is stored in the liver and the muscle cells, in order to create energy reserves for the hunger condition. If the liver and muscles are sufficiently supplied with these glucose reserves, the excess is converted into fat and stored in the fat cells. At the time of starvation the processes go in reverse. When insulin performs its function, it breaks down and is excreted from the body, which explains the need for constant replacement of insulin in the blood, especially after a meal when the need is greatest. Type 1 diabetes occurs in 5 to 10% of cases of this disease, characterized by insulin deficiency attributable to inability to produce pancreatic beta-cells. In Type 2 diabetes, insulin receptors become insensitive or insulin resistant and therefore glucose cannot enter the cells, resulting in hyperglycemia. In the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, there is usually a double disorder. The first is a decrease in insulin receptors in the cells and the inability of insulin to transport glucose to the cells (insulin resistance), especially in fatty tissue, liver, skeletal muscle cells. Insulin resistance disrupts normal glucose entry into cells, and also affects increased glucose uptake in the liver. Insulin resistance is partly a genetic disorder, but external factors such as obesity, increased concentration of free fatty acids in the blood, reduced body activity, older age ... contribute to its development. Thus, blood glucose levels increase, and the pancreas begins to gain higher levels of insulin to amplify glucose entry into the cells, initially solving problem-soluble glucose in the blood and this time referred to as impaired glucose tolerance (Nguyen et al., 2015). As the cells continue to have insulin resistance, the process further goes into a circle with increasing insulin secretion, the pancreas is exhausted over time, and the secretion of insulin is reduced, which ultimately has the onset of diabetes
REFERENCES Codella, R., Terruzzi, I., & Luzi, L. (2017). Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly?. Acta Diabetologica, 1 - 16. Nguyen, T., Obeid, J., Walker, R. G., Krause, M. P., Hawke, T. J., McAssey, K. & Timmons, B. W. (2015). Fitness and physical activity in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus in good or poor glycemic control. Pediatric diabetes, 16 (1), 48 - 57. Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C. & Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/ exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 39 (11), 2065 – 2079.