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Healthy, Active Aging SPIRULINA

APRIL-MAY 2022

Degenerative Joint Disease

CHANGING LIVES THROUGH KINDNESS

Curing the Incurable

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APRIL - MAY 2022

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GETTING THE SCOOP ON CANADA’S PET CULTURE VOLUME 15 • ISSUE 1 • APRIL - MAY 2022

Inside: Healthy, Active Aging for People and Dogs

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by Dr. Sandra McCune and Dr. Daniel Promislow

24

Degenerative Joint Disease

by Jessika Harding

28

Spirulina Benefits

by Rebekah Edwards

Storage Mites

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by Dr. Jean Dodds

40

Spring Cleaning Benefits for Your Health and Home

Hugo

by Jillian Levy

46

Curing the Incurable

by Anne Jablonski

Changing Lives Through Kindness

52

Courtesy of AARCS

IN EVERY ISSUE Mark Your Calendars!

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Cross Canada Photo Contest Cover Photo: Murph Courtesy of Mel Pemble Instagram @mischiefmurph

56-59

George

APRIL - MAY 2022

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Letter from the Publisher

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Letter from the Publisher PUBLISHER Leslie Kennedy Tel: 604.220.5346 info@petconnection.ca www.petconnection.ca GRAPHIC DESIGN Britton Design Services CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Jean Dodds Rebekah Edwards Jessika Harding Anne Jablonski Jillian Levy Dr. Sandra McCune Dr. Daniel Promislow Deanna Thompson

Increase Your Health-span We recently came across the Dog Aging Project. Although in the USA, it is worthwhile to follow as it can help us understand and help people and their pets increase their health-span. Health is always #1. See page 8.

Some tips on how to improve your health-span, for you and your pets.

• Exercise & strength train • A good nights sleep • Plenty of fresh water • Clean foods • Meditate • Socialize and build a support system • Do something fun together, for you and your pets!

For those who have pets who gained a few pounds this past winter, and are still eating dry kibble, here is the formula to find out the percentage of carbs (sugar) in your pet’s food.

Pet Connection is published 6 times a year. Founded in 2008.

100 - % protein - % fat - % moisture - % ash (if not listed assume 6%) = % carbs.

SUBSCRIPTIONS To subscribe to the Pet Connection, please send $25.00 for a one year subscription. (6 issues).

Single copies are available for $4.95 each. All taxes included. Either order online from our website, or mail a cheque or money order with your name, address and postal code to:

Now that spring is here and we can get out more - please do! For those that have a dog, Thank the Dog for getting you out! For those with no pets, you can always volunteer to walk a dog at your nearest dog shelter, or offer to walk a neighbour’s.

APRIL - MAY 2022

Pet Connection 2443 Beacon Avenue Sidney, BC V8L 1X7 Pet Connection does not disclose its subscribers list to anyone.

PET CONNECTION does not assume responsibility for any claims made by its advertisers, or for any information dispensed. The articles and information presented are for information only and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Publisher. Permission to reproduce any part of this publication must be approved by the publisher.

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All Rights Reserved © 2022 - PET CONNECTION Pet Connection is located on the traditional territories of the WSÁNEĆ People, on whose traditional territories, we live and work.

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For those in the Victoria, BC area, the Victoria Pet Expo is happening!

For the first time in 2 years, an event in BC for you and your pets! April 30 - May 1st, at Pearkes Rec Center. For more information see page 55.

To your pets health, - Leslie Kennedy Publisher

“He is your friend, your partner, your defender, your dog.

You are his life, his love, his leader.

He will be yours, faithful and true, to the last beat of his heart.

You owe it to him to be worthy of such devotion.”

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OUR MISSION: To save innocent companion animals from any type of harm.

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APRIL - MAY 2022

CONTRIBUTORS Dr. W. Jean Dodds, DVM has spent 5 decades in hematology and immunology research and diagnostic veterinary clinical pathology. Dr. Dodds has over 150 research publications and holds 25 patents. She started Hemopet in 1986, the first non-profit national animal blood bank. Today, Hemopet’s range of nonprofit services and educational activities include: providing canine blood components and related services; adopting retired Greyhound blood donors as companions; and the Hemolife diagnostic division focused on hematology and blood banking, immunology, endocrinology, nutrition and holistic medicine www.hemopet.org

Rebekah Edwards, is a writer and editor located in Nashville, TN. After graduating from Trevecca Nazarene University with a bachelor’s degree in psychology, she developed a love for unraveling complexities behind common health topics through extensive research. She also enjoys implementing regulatory compliance guidelines and determining how to make education for readers as accessible and unbiased as possible. www.dr.axe.com

APRIL - MAY 2022

Jessika Harding, I am a huge animal lover and a pet nutrition enthusiast with a background in companion animal nutrition (canine and feline) and biotechnology. From growing up with dogs to working with my local shelter and pet store, animals have always been a significant part of my life. I am currently owned by two fantastic German Shorthaired Pointers - Artemis and Apolla, they keep me on my toes and wouldn’t have it any other way. www.ironwillrawdogfood.com

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Anne Jablonski lives in Northern Virginia with her husband and two ill-mannered, well-fed, and deeply-loved cats. She works as a freelance business consultant, teaches mindfulness and yoga, and credits a mellow orange tabby named Duke and Dr. Lisa Pierson for setting her on a path years ago to get good and educated about cat nutrition. www.catnutrition.org

Jillian Levy, completed her undergraduate degree in Psychology from Fairfield University, followed by a certification as a Holistic Health Coach from the Institute for Integrative Nutrition. Jillian is also a Yoga Alliance certified yoga instructor and has been trained in Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction through the University of Massachusetts. Jillian takes a “non-diet” approach to health and really enjoys teaching others about mindful eating, intuitive eating and the benefits of eating real foods. www.dr.axe.com

Dr Sandra McCune V.N., B.A.(Mod), Ph.D., Sandra’s background is in veterinary nursing and ethology. She has studied a range of companion animal topics including aspects of temperament, behaviour, cognition and welfare, and Human-Animal Interaction (HAI).

Deanna Thompson is the Executive Director for Alberta Animal Rescue Crew Society (AARCS). AARCS operates a quarantine animal shelter and veterinary hospital in Calgary and a quarantine and adoption centre in Edmonton helping thousands of animals each year. In addition to their innovative volunteer and adoption programs, AARCS focuses much of their work on improving animal welfare through Spay/Neuter Programs, Trap-Neuter-Return, Pet Assistance, and Animal Disaster Response. https://aarcs.ca

APRIL - MAY 2022

Dr. Promislow is interested in genetic variation in patterns of aging in natural populations, with ongoing work in fruit flies, dogs, and humans. He began his work on aging using comparative phylogenetic analysis, and now uses a variety of approaches, from mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of high-throughput data sets, to demography and epidemiology, to experimental quantitative genetics. Dr. Promislow is Co-Director and Principal Investigator of The Dog Aging Project. https://dogagingproject.org

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Healthy, Active Aging for People and Dogs

APRIL - MAY 2022

By Dr. Sandra McCune and Dr. Daniel Promislow

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Abstract Dogs act as companions who provide us with emotional and physical support. Their shorter lifespans compel us to learn about the challenges and gifts of caring for older individuals. Our companion dogs can be exemplars of healthy or unhealthy aging, and sentinels of environmental factors that might increase or decrease our own healthy lifespan. In recent years, the field of aging has emphasized not just lifespan, but healthspan— the period of healthy, active lifespan. This focus on healthy, active aging is reflected in the World Health Organization's current focus on healthy aging for the next decade and the 2016 Healthy Aging in Action initiative in the US. This paper explores the current research into aging in both people and companion dogs, and in particular, how the relationship between older adults and dogs impacts healthy, active aging for both parties. The human-dog relationship faces many challenges as dogs, and people, age. We discuss potential solutions to these challenges, including suggestions for ways to continue contact with dogs if dog ownership is

no longer possible for an older person. Future research directions are outlined in order to encourage the building of a stronger evidence base for the role of dogs in the lives of older adults.

Introduction Humans and our non-human animal companions share many attributes, and perhaps none more so than the experience of aging. As we and our pets grow older, we experience a steady physiological decline, leading to agespecific increases in the risks of morbidity and mortality.

Even in our youth, we observe this in our grandparents and parents, and often quite dramatically in our pets, and eventually, in our own lives.

Aging is a powerful phenomenon. In human populations, age is the single greatest risk factor for most of the common causes of mortality (1), often by orders of magnitude compared to the next most important risk factors, and aging also has tremendous psychological,

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social and economic impacts (2). We can think of aging as a broad, unifying principle—a conceptual bridge linking diverse ways in which we understand the world, from molecular and evolutionary biology, to demography and economics, to history and the fine arts, and more. It also provides a unique link between our pets and ourselves. Given the rapidity with which our pets age relative to us, they are a powerful reminder of what lies ahead for us, and they provide us with an opportunity to learn how to age well.

The past 30 years of aging research has led to tremendous advances in our understanding of the basic biology of aging, helping us to better understand aging both in our own species and our companion dogs. In this review we start with a brief discussion on the impact of aging in human populations (about which we know a great deal), about aging in dogs (about which we know much less), and the similarities and differences between the two. We then turn to an exploration of how the human experience of aging impacts our relationship with dogs, and how, in turn, aging in dogs affects human-animal interaction. Finally, we consider some of the important questions that arise from a consideration of the mutual experience of aging in humans and dogs.

APRIL - MAY 2022

Similarities and Differences in the Biology of Aging

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What do we mean by aging? There are numerous ways to define just what we mean by aging (also commonly known as senescence). Here, we define aging as the intrinsic physiological decline that occurs as organisms age, leading to a decline in fertility and fecundity, and an age-related increase in the risk of morbidity and mortality (3). As we mentioned above, age is the single greatest risk factor for most major causes of mortality in adults. This is shown in Figure 1, which illustrates that the age-specific increase in risk is exponential (linear on a logarithmic scale) for the major causes of human mortality in the United States.

Figure 1 Annual risk for diverse causes of mortality, based on 2013 US Centers for Disease Control National Vital Statistics Report. Note for virtually every major cause of mortality, risk increases exponentially with age (a straight line on a log-linear plot). The inset legend includes the mortality rate doubling time-the number of years it takes to increase mortality risk m to 2 m (4).

While not all species suffer from the same diseases, everyone eventually dies. The way that age affects the risk of death shows striking similarities across almost all animal species (5–7). The risk of dying is typically high immediately after birth, declines to a minimum in early adulthood, and then begins to climb steadily, and like the pattern of individual diseases, increases exponentially.

In humans, after age 30 the risk of death doubles about every 7–8 years (8). The shape of this relationship is notably similar in dogs (9). But there are important differences in the causes of this mortality. Some diseases, like cancer, are relatively common causes of mortality in both species, and increase with age not only in humans (Figure 1) but also in dogs (10–12). In contrast, while cardiovascular disease rises steadily to become the single

greatest cause of mortality in humans (Figure 1), in dogs it appears to be rare, and independent of age (13, 14).

It is clear from these prior studies that both humans and dogs age, but why do species age? In the 1950’s, Peter Medawar (15) and George Williams (16) laid out the evolutionary theory that explains why aging is inevitable.

In short, if a germ-line mutation reduces fitness early in life, selection will tend to eliminate that mutation. But if that same effect is limited to later in life, selection will be relatively ineffective at weeding out the mutation. Over evolutionary time, these late-acting deleterious mutations will accumulate so populations will tend to carry large numbers of these variants, leading to senescent decline.

And indeed, in almost every species examined, in the lab and in the wild, we see signs of aging (6, 17).

These are exciting discoveries, but it remains to be seen whether these molecular pathways discovered in the lab can also explain variation in aging and age-related traits that we observe in the real world. In populations outside of the lab, the differences we observe among individuals—height, shape, behavior, age-specific risk of disease—are due to differences in genotype, and in the environments that they experience from the moment of conception and throughout their life. In fact, quantitative genetics teaches us that within a population, all of the variation that we observe for any of these traits, or phenotypes (P), is due to the sum of the genetic (G) and environmental (E) variation, and the interaction between the two: P = G + E + cov(G, E).

To tease apart the complex network of mechanisms by which G and E ultimately shape aging-related traits, we have been led to consider companion dogs. We are motivated to think about aging in dogs not simply

because of their physical proximity to us, but also because they show the most variability of any mammal, not only for morphology and behavior (21), but also for patterns of morbidity and mortality (13). From the smallest to largest breeds, size differs by more than 50-fold (22), and this dramatic size variation is closely related to lifespan, with large-breed dogs typically much shorter-lived than smallbreed dogs (23). Given that dogs and humans both have considerable genetic variation, many similarities in disease, and a shared environment, with their much shorter lifespan, dogs provide us with an excellent opportunity to transfer lab discoveries to the “real world.” And given the much shorter lifespan in dogs, we might be able to more easily tease apart how genes and environment shape aging in dogs than in humans.

We are just at the beginning of this work whose goal is to uncover the causes and consequences of aging in dogs (24, 25) . These studies are made possible not only by the nature of how dogs age, but also by the close relationship dogs have with their owners, who generously share these data with the researchers. These studies are just one small example of the incredibly rich nature of humananimal interaction, and the relationships it can lead to, in which aging is a central component. This leads to many fascinating questions about the ways that aging in both

APRIL - MAY 2022

Interestingly, not only are the demographic patterns of aging conserved. The pathophysiological consequences of aging are also strikingly similar throughout the animal kingdom, from shortened telomeres, to mitochondrial dysfunction, to loss of the ability to maintain protein structure, and more (18). Turning from the consequences of aging to the molecular causes, over the past 30 years, researchers have identified a number of pathways which, when altered through drugs, diet, or genetic engineering, increase lifespan and healthspan in diverse lab organisms, including yeast, nematode worms, fruit flies and mice (19, 20).

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dogs and humans shaped the nature of this complex bond. In the following sections, we explore this in detail.

Aging and Human-Animal Interaction Sharing our lives with pets is a global phenomenon and has been a central feature of human society for thousands of years (26). An increasing body of evidence indicates that pets provide us with physical and emotional benefits (27– 29) . They encourage us to be more active, make us laugh, provide comfort and affection, help us feel safer, and can even help us connect with our neighbors and make new friends. This companionship may be especially important for older adults as their social networks shrink. As we describe above, for many of us, our companion dogs provide us with our first direct and intimate experience of aging. Even as children, many of us first experience the challenges and gifts of caring for an older individual, and of navigating the emotionally and psychologically difficult terrain around end-of-life care through pet ownership [e.g., (30)].

Since older humans and dogs are both subject to psychological and physical changes as they age, it is important to find creative ways to address the health needs of both these populations. As we develop ever more sophisticated ways to define healthy or unhealthy aging in our companion dogs, what we learn is likely to translate to humans as well. For example, in looking for environmental determinants of healthy aging, given the relatively short lifespan of dogs, we might observe the impact of both beneficial and detrimental environmental factors on aging in dogs long before similar impacts would appear in humans. In this sense, dogs could serve as sentinels of environmental factors that might increase or decrease our own healthy lifespan (31).

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Causes and Consequences of Aging

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How can we understand the enormous variation in patterns of aging? Research on human aging has sought first to measure variation in lifespan, and then to measure the degree to which this variation is explained by genes and environment. It turns out that about 20–30% of the variation in human lifespan is due to genetic factors [(32, 33), but see (34)]. So it pays to have long-lived grandparents, but environmental factors make a big difference. The next step has been to identify which

genes, and what environmental factors, contribute most to lifespan and age-related traits. In humans, one gene in particular, ApoE, has been shown to be associated with lifespan in studies of many different populations. There are particular alleles of this gene that are associated both with high risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and short lifespan.

Notably few other genes have been found in these studies.

There are considerable challenges in finding the many genetic and environmental factors that contribute to variation in aging. In particular, many genes that affect aging have extremely small effects, and so are hard to identify in even the largest studies (35). But humans are also hard to study because they live for so long. We have learned a great deal from numerous long-term longitudinal studies of human aging [e.g., (36–38)], but because we live so long, these studies take a long time—certainly longer than the duration of a graduate student or post-doc, and even the career of a scientist, interested in aging studies.

With this in mind, researchers have turned to the dog as a powerful model system to study aging in a natural population. As we mentioned above, dogs share similar mortality trajectories as humans, and similar pathophysiological processes (13, 14). Moreover, they share our environment, and so are likely to have at least some environmental risk factors in common with humans.

The first large-scale studies on dog aging have relied on retrospective analysis of existing data. These studies have provided overviews of the variation in lifespan among breeds, and the effect of size, age, and inbreeding on risk of disease and death (13, 14, 39–43). Researchers have also sought to identify genes associated with lifespan in dogs (44, 45). Given the close correlation between size and lifespan, it is particularly challenging to disentangle the two. For example, size in dogs is influenced by many genes, with one particular gene, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), playing a major role. Large- and giant-breed dogs tend to carry two copies of the ancestral (wolf-like) IGF1 allele, while toy breeds tend to have two copies of a derived allele. Notably, IGF1 is also associated with lifespan in laboratory studies (46) and even in some human populations (47, 48). This has led some to suggest that largebreed dogs are short lived because of the IGF1 allele they carry. While the frequency of the large-size IGF1 allele is associated with shorter mean lifespan across breeds, we do

not yet know if there is a causal relationship.

To fully understand how genes and environment shape patterns of aging, the gold standard is the long-term longitudinal study. Human cohort studies around the world have taught us much about genetic and environmental risk factors for a whole range of diseases [e.g., (36–38)]. Among the very many lessons learned, these longitudinal studies have taught us that smoking increases the risk of stroke (49), that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables promotes healthy aging (50), and that early-life socioeconomic status impacts late-life health (51) . Dozens of cohort studies support the benefits of both non-vigorous and vigorous exercise in reducing overall mortality risk (52, 53). This latter finding has led many to consider that the potential benefits of dog ownership for older people may be due to increased frequency and/or duration of exercise. We explore this further below.

Inspired by what we know about variation in aging in dogs, and by the success of human cohort studies, more recently, researchers have initiated large-scale longitudinal studies, setting out to follow thousands of companion dogs throughout their lives. The Golden Retriever Lifetime Study (GRLS) (24) is designed to better understanding the underlying causal mechanisms for variation in cancer in that breed, and the Dog Aging Project (DAP) (25) has set out to understand the genetic and environmental determinants of healthy aging by studying all breeds. These and several other ongoing large-scale studies in dogs (54–57) benefit from the power of community science, where dog owners in the general community generously share data about their dogs with researchers, with potential benefits to

people, to dogs, and to science. Despite the sophisticated health care system to which many dogs have access, we know relatively little about what healthy aging looks like in dogs. As with human medicine, there are many veterinary specialties, but geriatrics is not among them.

Projects like GRLS and DAP will provide the data needed to better understand what healthy aging looks like in dogs, what factors are most likely to promote healthy aging, and whether these findings can be translated to human populations.

This paper explores the current research into aging in both people and companion dogs, and in particular, how the relationship between older adults and dogs impacts healthy, active aging for both parties. The human-dog relationship faces many challenges as dogs and people age. In recent years, the field of aging has emphasized not just lifespan, but healthspan—the period of healthy, active lifespan. This focus on healthy, active aging is reflected in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) initiative for a decade of focus on healthy aging (58) and recent initiatives from the US Surgeon General on Healthy Aging in Action (59). As owners age, dogs may be particularly important for maintaining social connection with others, heart health, mobility and even cognitive function. However, older adults may reach a stage of decline when they can no longer adequately care for their dog. Aging dogs may place additional demands and costs on their owner.

Healthy Active Human Aging Life expectancy is increasing in many parts of the world and with that come new opportunities but also

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unprecedented challenges. Healthy aging provides the opportunity for older people to take an active part in society and enjoy an independent and high quality of life for longer. The WHO defines healthy aging “as the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age” and it defines functional ability as being “about having the capabilities that enable all people to be and do what they have reason to value” (60). Given the rapidly growing number of older adults in the coming decades (61), innovative approaches to promote healthy aging are increasingly important.

Extending the period of independent living in older adults can have a positive impact on quality of life and healthcare costs.

APRIL - MAY 2022

The role of pets in healthy active human aging

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Our world is changing, and as populations become increasingly aged in many countries, communities need to be better able to support this societal shift. New, innovative approaches to help older adults remain healthier for longer as they age may extend their healthspan but also potentially reduce the burden of healthcare costs (62). The role that pets play in creating

healthier, more engaged communities should not be overlooked. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that pets may offer a range of health benefits supporting older adults to retain their physical and mental health, independence, social connectedness and engagement (63–66). Pets also offer humans opportunities to nurture and feel needed, to provide a purpose, structure and routine for daily life (67), to enhance feelings of security (68), to give and receive affection, and to maintain older adults’ ability to care for themselves independently (69).

Beyond physical benefits, pets may help us meet our basic need to connect with “another.” Pets can provide a reason to get out of bed in the morning, a partner for walks through the neighborhood, and a positive topic of conversation with friends and neighbors. Opportunities to provide nurturance to others and to give and receive affection may decrease as we age, but pets are constant companions who can make us feel needed, valued, and loved. Several studies have shown that pets can often fulfill the four roles of an attachment figure proposed by Ainsworth (70). Specifically, many pet owners report that their pets are enjoyable and comforting (71), missed when absent (72), and sought out in times of distress (73).

Exercising in later life can be a challenge despite its well-known benefits (59). In the U.K., only one in four people aged between 65 and 74 exercise regularly (74). By age 75, about one in three men and one in two women in the US engage in no physical activity (https://www. cdc.gov/physicalactivity). Adults aged over 50 years who frequently walked their dog were more likely to report having a sense of community, more likely to achieve the recommended levels of physical activity (at least 150 min/week), and less likely to be sedentary than those who did not live with a dog (75–80). In one study, they achieved an average of 22 additional minutes of walking per day (~2,760 steps), compared to non-dog owners (74) . Results from the Health & Retirement Study's longitudinal survey indicated that dog walking was associated with more frequent moderate and vigorous exercise, lower body mass index, fewer limitations in activities of daily living and fewer doctor visits (81). Dog owners walked faster and were more likely to maintain their walking speed over a 3-year study than dog owners who did not walk their dog or non-owners (82). Walking speed is thought to be an indicator of balance, and for older adults, balance is crucial for preventing falls and maintaining independence (83).

The American Heart Association has issued a statement in support of the role that dog ownership can play in reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) (84): “Pet ownership, particularly dog ownership, is probably associated with decreased cardiovascular disease” and “…may have some causal role in reducing CVD risk.” One landmark study determined that risk of death from cardiovascular disease was decreased by 26% for pet owners compared to non-pet owners (85) following a serious heart attack, a result that was later replicated in larger cohort studies (86, 87). Presence of pet was associated with lower blood pressure in older adult patients with hypertension (88).

Socio-Emotional and Cognitive Health The increased risk of isolation and loneliness in older adults has a profound impact on health and well-being, and is often associated with depression (89, 90), lower overall life satisfaction (91), and with reductions in mobility and activities of daily living (91, 92). The effect

of loneliness and isolation on mortality is comparable to the impact of well-known risk factors such as obesity and smoking cigarettes (93). In a meta-analysis of 70 studies, the likelihood of death was 26% higher for those reporting loneliness, 29% higher for those experiencing social isolation, and 32% higher for those living alone (94) . Pets can make us feel needed and valued. Older adults having contact with dogs reported reduced levels of loneliness and improved mental functioning (95) , although some studies of loneliness showed little effect of interaction with dogs. It may be that some pet owners are lonely people who get a dog to alleviate loneliness while for others, dogs may be a protective factor against loneliness developing. Pet ownership is not a homogenous experience, which may explain the mixed results in studies of the impact of dogs on loneliness. Randomized controlled trials are needed to more definitively establish the relationship between pet ownership and loneliness (66).

Other socio-emotional benefits of human-dog interaction reported include older adults with dementia showing significant decreases in agitated behavior and increases in social interaction when a pet visited (96, 97) . Pet ownership was associated with less depression following spousal bereavement (98).

A recent systematic review evaluated 145 research studies on the topics of human-animal interaction and physical health and exercise, depression and anxiety, and loneliness and social functioning in older adults (66).

Among the less robust studies reviewed, pet attachment was associated with reduced loneliness in older adults, mediated the relationship between loneliness and health, and was viewed as a coping resource for loneliness. In contrast, most of the higher quality studies indicated no positive effect of pet ownership. However, one study found that individuals over 60 who lived alone reported their pets as particularly effective in attenuating loneliness and another found that higher levels of pet attachment related to less loneliness.

Pets as Social Capital Social Capital is a concept that captures trust between people (including those we do not know personally), networks of social support, the exchange of favors with neighbors and civic engagement. Many studies show that

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Physical Health and Mobility

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Social Capital is positively associated with important social indicators including mental health, education, crime deterrence and community safety. Pet Ownership, particularly dog ownership, is linked to higher levels of social capital and civic engagement (99). In a larger study, over 2,500 pet owners and non-pet owners were surveyed across four cities (Perth in Australia and San Diego, Portland and Nashville in the US) reasonably comparable in size, urban density and climate (100). In all four cities, pet ownership was significantly associated with higher social capital compared with not owning a pet. This held true after adjusting for a raft of demographic factors that might influence people’s connections in their neighborhood.

Among Pet Owners of all types, social capital was highest in dog owners who walked their dog. Dog owners were twice as likely as non-pet owners to have gotten to know someone in their neighborhood (101).

Approximately 40% of pet owners reported receiving social support from people they met through their pet (101) . Impact of pets goes beyond individuals. Emerging evidence indicates that pets may act as a social bridge between people and contribute to “ties that bind” societies and communities together, contributing to a civil society and healthy lifestyle. Pet owners were also more likely to be concerned about and active in their communities (101).

Not everyone wants a pet or indeed probably should have a pet. But given pet ownership is common, it should not be overlooked as a means of potentially strengthening communities. It follows that cities and neighborhoods should be “pet-friendly” to encourage responsible pet ownership. “No Pet” clauses in rental or social housing have been a strong barrier for pet ownership but recently we are seeing a change in some countries. For example, the UK government’s Model Tenancy Agreement (102) includes provision for pets.

APRIL - MAY 2022

Healthy active canine aging

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The burden of caring for an elderly pet can be particularly challenging for an elderly owner. Thus, maximizing healthy aging in dogs can improve quality of life not just for the dog, but also for the aging owner.

And the goal is not simply to maximize longevity, which could lead to extended periods of poor-quality life with high morbidity, but rather to maximize the

period of healthy lifespan, or “healthspan” (103, 104).

In recent years, this same notion has been introduced into the canine literature (14, 25, 105).

As any dog owner knows, like humans, dogs slow down as they age. With age comes not only decreased mobility (106–108) , but also changes in diverse behaviors (109, 110), age-related loss of cognitive function that, in many ways, mirror those in humans (57, 111), declines in physiological function (112) and increases in the risk of morbidity (13) and overall mortality (9, 42, 43).

Decades of epidemiological studies have shown us what we can do to maximize our own healthspan—eat healthy foods and in moderation, do not smoke, get plenty of exercise. And as we mentioned above, having long-lived parents and grandparents helps too. What about dogs?

We know that genetics plays a major role in determining life expectancy in dogs, with small breeds typically living considerably longer than most large breeds (113). But we know surprisingly little about the effects of diet, exercise or other environmental factors on canine healthspan.

We do know a considerable amount about diet and health in dogs, though there are few carefully designed clinical studies focused on diet and age-related disease or longevity [e.g., (114)]. Inspired by decades of studies in laboratory organisms showing that dietary restriction can enhance healthy lifespan (115, 116), a long-term study of diet restriction in a colony of Golden Retrievers suggested that the same might be true in dogs (117, 118), though the effects in this study appear to be due primarily to increased adverse effects of osteoarthritis in ad libitum fed dogs.

The literature on how diet might maximize healthy aging in dogs is permeated with anecdotal claims and is in need of large-scale long-term studies. Where we see more consistency is in the literature on the risks of obesity in dogs (119). Obesity is most notably associated with increased problems with osteoarthritis in dogs, but also can affect overall quality of life (120). But here, too, more studies are needed to better understand if and how obesity might impact other health risks in dogs (121). Moreover, while we know that exercise is associated with decreased risk of obesity [e.g., (122)], to our knowledge no one has yet shown that exercise in dogs is associated with increased healthspan.

Given the impact of aging in the lives of both dogs

Advancing research on older adults and pets As we described above, we are now seeing well-funded, large-scale studies of aging in dogs (24, 25, 54–57). These studies complement the many ongoing studies in human

populations. At the same time, the call continues for high quality, well-designed research on the special bond between older adults and pets as a means of improving human health in a rapidly aging world. Research questions need to move beyond pet ownership as a binary question and should be framed to examine different variables including: the extent and quality of regular interaction with dogs; pet keeping history over a person’s lifetime; the length of time they have had a relationship with their current dog; contact with other people's dogs or through animal-assisted interventions; and importantly, the relationship between a person's desire for, and the reality of, pet interaction as a factor in observed human health outcomes (123). Priorities include how human-animal interaction (HAI) impacts on major transitions or events in the lives of older adults such as retirement, the death of a spouse, and seeking or moving from independent living into sheltered accommodation or an institutionalized facility (67, 124). Recent systematic reviews within subpopulations are welcome but more research is needed on more ethnically and culturally diverse populations (125).

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and their owners, it is notable that while veterinary medicine, like human medicine, has a broad set of specialties, such as cardiology, oncology, parasitology, nutrition, and so forth, notably missing from the list is geriatrics. Dog owners and veterinarians alike can recognize an older dog, and the infirmities that come with age. But the in-depth knowledge of aging that a human geriatrician possesses does not yet exist in the veterinary medical landscape. With studies like the Dog Aging Project (25) and the Golden Retriever Lifetime Study (24) now underway, data from these studies should reveal the factors that influence risks of aging and agerelated disease, the diagnostic parameters and particular treatments that might be most appropriate for older dogs, and finally, ways to increase healthspan in dogs.

17

High quality, well-designed research requires standardized measures that are well-validated so that different research studies can be compared; well-designed research with comparison groups and adequate sample sizes; a focus on specific outcomes; and longitudinal studies to understand the value of pets to healthy aging (66, 126, 127).

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In their Consensus statement (124) the NIH reported the “need to recognize the heterogeneity of the older population and the complexity of the human-animal bond. … There is a need to specify the meaning of pets in everyday life and to explore the ways in which the presence of pets can affect the health and well-being of different segments of the older population” (128).

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In addition to the call for more research, the development of special pet-care programs and services for and by older adults is recommended together with the implementation of protocols and guidelines for the admission of pets and visiting dogs to assisted living and institutionalized care settings (67).

Challenges and Potential Solutions to Owning Dogs for Older Adults Many studies have shown benefits of dog ownership for older adults. Unfortunately, many are denied this pleasure because of negative attitudes and perceived obstacles by the person themselves [e.g., the inconvenience of pet care or restrictions on freedom to travel, (129)] or their family, carers or health professionals concerned about the financial cost, the risk of zoonoses, infections or extra workload (67). Pet ownership declines with age—nearly 40% of adults in the US aged 50–67 have a pet but this declines to only 9% for those aged 68 and over (130). Many of these risks are relatively small. The risk of zoonotic infection is small other than to certain particularly vulnerable populations (67). Common concerns and barriers related to pet ownership include finances, functional capability to meet the pet’s needs, restrictions imposed by their living arrangements and concerns should the pet owner fall ill or die (67, 131).

As older adults age they may become physically weaker, which may compromise their ability to interact with and adequately care for their dog (67, 127, 131). Heart and lung disease, osteoarthritis, or loss of sight may compromise their ability to adequately exercise their dog (127) or manage the motor skills necessary for attaching leads, lifting pet food or driving their dog to vet appointments or to the dog park. Older adults with dementia, still living independently, may lack the planning, organizational, and memory skills to safely care for a dog (127).

Addressing these concerns and potential barriers requires education of older adults about responsible pet ownership and welfare standards for animals kept as companions. Talking about budget, future plans and health with older adults interested in getting a pet will help them and their families and carers make good decisions (e.g., appropriate pets for their lifestyle and health status; basic discussions about exercise needs and financial resources needed to adequately care for the pet; decisions about care of the dog if the older person can no longer adequately care for their pet or they have died). Resources on how to re-home a pet safely if needed should be shared to plan for a time when they may no longer be able to meet the needs of their pet. Potential or aging owners should be made aware of existing programs that would enable them to interact with pets without having the responsibilities involved with owning them (e.g., participation in socialization programs for shelter pets, fostering shelter dogs, or keeping a dog company while friends, neighbors, or relatives are away from home working or traveling) (132).

Dog walking in particular, may be especially relevant for older adults. Maintaining physical functioning as we age is critical to maintaining independence and preventing the move from independent living to nursing homes (83). If an older person is no longer able to adequately care for a dog, they may still be able to have contact with dogs through

informal dog walking groups or by walking “loaner dogs” or local shelter dogs (64). Pet visitation programs are offered in some day centers, seniors residential homes, hospitals and hospices. Some older adults may be referred for canine therapeutic programs, which support maintenance of functionality (133), or partnered with social care providers (e.g., Meals on Wheels for their Pet Feeding programs). Increasingly, dog cafes and dog date programs are being set up to connect lonely people with dogs who enjoy human attention (134, 135).

The challenges of caring for a dog as an owner ages are compounded when older adults’ dogs themselves age and require more medical attention and care. As dogs age, their declining health and strength can impact the relationship with their owner, the health benefits they can bring to the owner and the enjoyment of dog ownership. For example, sensory loss, osteoarthritis and other conditions can affect canine mobility, cognitive function and ability to locate, attend, engage and move comfortably. Walks may become less enjoyable as dogs slow down or struggle to walk on rough ground (136).

Aging owners may struggle to carry their dog if it can no longer navigate stairs or steps to go outside (67).

There are clearly many challenges, but we also see exciting opportunities. As we mentioned at the beginning of this article, thinking about issues related to aging creates the opportunity for conceptually innovative interdisciplinary thinking. As we age, our companion dogs might help us to better understand and better cope with the physical challenges that we face. At the same time, our aging companion dogs create a living laboratory in which we can learn to work through challenging social and philosophical problems that we might also face with our loved ones and ourselves. How do we weight economic costs in decisions about late-life health care? How do we prioritize maximizing healthspan vs. lifespan, and how do we work through decisions that require prioritizing one over the other? What do we do with a sick pet when the effect of the treatment might be harder to bear than the disease? And how do we make the wisest choices around end-of-life/palliative care in our pets?

McCune S, Promislow D. Healthy, Active Aging for People and Dogs.

Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jun 7;8:655191. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655191.

PMID: 34164450; PMCID: PMC8215343.

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Some concerns may be relatively easily overcome with extra support from family or carers, or from external services, although there may be an associated cost.

So how can older adults be supported to maintain or initiate responsible pet ownership to enjoy the companionship and health benefits dogs may bring, or to find alternative ways of interacting with dogs without the responsibility of owning a dog?

19

Footnotes Funding. DP was supported in part by National Institute on Aging grant U19 AG057377 in support of the Dog Aging Project.

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Jet

Viper

Jet’s Owner, Handler, Tara LaBelle.

Jet, Viper & Dash

Meet Jet! Omega Alpha’s Ambassador!

For over 20 years, Tara LaBelle has enjoyed dog sports and is known as an agility coach, dog trainer and an AAC Masters judge & UKI agility judge. She and her dogs live near Vancouver, BC. Tara started competing with her first agility dog, a sable Sheltie, Viper, then with Swift and now competes with Jet (the latter dogs being border collies). Tara is a six-time IFCS Canadian Agility World Team member, as well as an eight-time medalist in IFCS events with her dog Jet. In 2019, Jet won the European Open world team tryouts. She is also a three-time world champion earning a gold medal in 2016 & 2017 individual jumpers and 2018 in Biathlon.

Tara’s favourite product for Jet is E-Z Mobility™ which helps to keep Jet’s joints healthy and flexible. To keep all her dogs in top condition, Tara uses HealthyPet™, Nutrify™, Probiotic 8 Plus™, Wild Salmon Oil, SinewPet™ and GlucosaPet™. − Tara LaBelle, Vancouver, BC.

OmegaAlpha.com | 1-800-651-3172 |

Bone & Joint Health

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DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE: An Integrative Multimodal Approach with Alternative Therapies

APRIL - MAY 2022

By Jessika Harding

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D

egenerative Joint Disease (DJD) is prevalent in both dogs and cats of all ages – estimated to affect nearly 20% of dogs throughout their lifetime and up-to 90% of cats (over the age of 10).

DJD is a chronic joint disease characterized by the loss of joint cartilage, changes in the joint capsule and new bone formations around the joint. These can lead to various levels of pain and discomfort for dogs and cats. The majority of cases are secondary to an existing Orthopaedic Disease – though rare, there are a small subset of animals that develop DJD without pre-existing conditions.

In an Integrative Multimodal Approach, Alternative Therapies are often combined with Conventional Treatments to achieve the desired result. Integrative refers to the combining of both conventional and nonconventional treatments. Complementary options that usually accompany an Integrative Multimodal Approach include Joint Supplementation, Laser Therapy and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF).

When utilizing complementary options, the goal is to reduce inflammation, improve blood flow to an area and trigger the body’s natural healing process. While DJD

Identifying the condition is the first step to managing the disease processes.

Without a proper diagnosis or a working theory, managing the disease becomes increasingly difficult. Diagnosis can be obtained by either an X-ray, CT scan or inspection through exploratory joint surgery. Treatment and management options can be explored once the condition is diagnosed. The best course of action is by using a Multimodal Approach which means combining several options to give the best overall result instead of using one single therapy. Non-surgical options will be explored as many pets are either poor candidates for surgery or are at a stage in the disease process where surgery isn’t an option.

Alternative Therapies, also known as NonConventional Therapies, are treatments or methods of care that fall outside of traditional veterinary medicine. The most common Alternative Therapies are Physiotherapy, Chiropractic Care, Acupuncture and Homeopathy.

APRIL - MAY 2022

The goal with an Integrative Multimodal Approach is to achieve an appropriate level of pain management and improve the pets quality of life. Communicating regularly with your Veterinarian will determine if the implemented therapies are sufficient.

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Joint Support - Supplements Joint Supplements can often be broken down into two categories – Cartilage Supportive Products and Antiinflammatory Products. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are referred to as Chondro Protectants, a cartilage component often harvested from mollusks. These supplements are taken orally and contain necessary components to help the body repair damaged cartilage.

In the Anti-inflammatory category, Methyl Sulfonyl Methane (MSM) and Omega-3 fatty acids from small, cold water fish have been found to have antiinflammatory properties. Cold water fish are one of the most underused supplements available to support DJD. Cartilage Supportive Products and Anti-inflammatory Products are safe for both dogs and cats and can be found in combined supplements on the market.

Inflammation Reduction - Laser Therapy Laser Therapy is a Complementary Therapy often combined with Chiropractic Care and Physiotherapy.

Wavelengths of light target photoreceptors within the mitochondria of the cell. This increases cell energy – promoting a faster healing process and reducing inflammation of a targeted area.

Treatment time and

frequency will vary depending on the severity of the condition and the strength of individual units. While Class 3 lasers are most commonly used for therapeutic purposes, the strength of the lasers within this category do vary and will affect treatment times and frequency.

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) Last but certainly not least is Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) – used to send pulses of electromagnetic energy into the targeted area of the body to promote healing and decrease inflammation.

It is believed that the PEMF devices can affect the levels of calcium and nitric oxide found in the tissues which influence complex pathways impacting metabolism, inflammation, and tissue growth and repair.

The prevalence of Degenerative Joint Disease in both dogs and cats is increasing – factors like obesity can be controlled whereas genetics cannot. With the countless number of supplements and therapies on the market, the outlook for many pets with a DJD diagnosis is relatively positive once a combination of treatments has been found. It is important to remember that each pet is a unique individual so their treatment plan should reflect this. Do not get discouraged if the first treatment option does not yield the desired results – try again and be flexible. Sometimes it takes adding multiple treatment options before getting exactly what you want. This is often why an Integrative Multi-Modal approach to managing Degenerative Joint Disease is often best.

APRIL - MAY 2022

cannot be cured, the body can be supported in the best possible ways to slow down the process and improve quality of life.

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SPIRULINA BENEFITS: 10 Proven Reasons to Use This Superfood

APRIL - MAY 2022

By Rebekah Edwards

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t’s blue-green, absurdly healthy but often overlooked or misunderstood. Spirulina may not be from Pandora, but it grows in our version of that magical moon, Hawaii, along with other exotic locations around the globe.

I

shown that adding spirulina to your routine could help detox your body, boost energy levels and even enhance brain function.

This blue-green algae is a freshwater plant that is now one of the most researched and, alongside its cousin chlorella, most talked about superfoods today. Grown around the world from Mexico to Africa to even Hawaii, spirulina is renowned for its intense flavor and even more powerful nutrition profile.

Not everyone can get their hands on the optimal Hawaiian variety, but fortunately, spirulina that’s standardly produced includes very significant health benefits for people who regularly consume it. By regularly, I strongly recommend that you taking spirulina daily for the following reasons.

While you may have only seen it as an ingredient in your green superfood beverages, energy bars and natural supplements, the health benefits of spirulina are so profound that taken on a daily basis they could help restore and revitalize your health. To date, there are over 1,800 peer-reviewed scientific articles evaluating its health benefits. Plus, thanks to its impressive nutrient profile, aid programs around the globe have even started popping up to set up spirulina production in areas struggling with malnutrition.

1. Detoxes Heavy Metals (Especially Arsenic)

What Is Spirulina?

Spirulina is a type of blue-green microalgae that is able to grow in both fresh and salt water and is consumed by humans and other animals. There are two species of the spirulina plant, including Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima are cultivated worldwide and used both as a dietary supplement (in tablet, flake and powder form) and even whole food — and even for livestock and fish feed.

So what is spirulina good for? There are tons of spirulina reviews out there, claiming that this amazing algae can do everything from boost metabolism to stabilize blood sugar and prevent heart disease.

Research continues to uncover more and more potential benefits of spirulina, and studies have

Affecting people all over the globe, chronic arsenic toxicity is a problem. According to the World Health Organization, the U.S. is one of the countries affected by inorganic arsenic that is naturally present at high levels.

Arsenic toxicity is an even bigger problem in the Far East. In the words of Bangladeshi researchers, “Millions of people in Bangladesh, India, Taiwan and Chile are consuming a high concentration of arsenic through drinking water, and thousands of them have already developed chronic arsenic poisoning.”

In fact, up to 3 percent of the entire nation of Bangladesh showed clinical signs of arsenic poisoning alone. As Bangladeshi researchers pointed out, “there is no specific treatment” for arsenic poisoning, which is why they evaluated alternatives like blue-green algae.

After giving 24 patients affected by chronic arsenic poisoning spirulina extract (250 milligrams) plus zinc (2 milligrams) twice daily, they compared the results with 17 patients who took a placebo and found that the spirulina-zinc combination worked.

Ultimately, the participants experienced a 47 percent decrease of arsenic in their body.

Spirulina against arsenic? Spirulina wins!

Make it part of your heavy metal detox.

APRIL - MAY 2022

So what exactly is this exotic ingredient and how can it impact your health? Let’s take a closer look at spirulina, plus why you may want to consider adding it to your routine.

Health Benefits

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2. Eliminates Candida According to researchers, “Candida species belong to the normal microbiota of an individual’s mucosal oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and vagina.” What does that mean? Well, without a healthy microflora balance in our body, we are simply much more susceptible to sickness and disease.

In fact, leaky gut syndrome and improper digestion are directly connected to microfloral imbalance.

Not only is invasive candidiasis the leading cause of mycosis-related death in the U.S., candida overgrowth has become the hallmark sign for most autoimmune diseases today.

Because of our shift toward a diet rich in sugar and unnatural ingredients, antimicrobial resistance and ineffective antifungal drugs, we have seen a significant rise in yeast infections since the 1980s.

Thankfully, spirulina appears to be able to help.

Several animal studies have shown that it’s an effective antimicrobial agent, particularly for candida.

Specifically, spirulina benefits have been shown to promote the growth of healthy bacterial flora in the intestines, which in turn inhibits candida from thriving. Additionally, the immunestrengthening properties of spirulina can help the body eliminate candida cells. Spirulina against candida? Spirulina wins!

3. Improves HIV/AIDS

APRIL - MAY 2022

Up until recently, epidemiologists have been puzzled trying to understand why people in Japan, Korea and Chad have relatively low HIV/AIDS rates.

One possible explanation, revealed in a 2012 study published in the Journal of Applied Phycology, may be the amount of algae that people in these areas regularly consume!

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When researchers took 11 HIV patients who have never taken antiretrovirals, they split the participants into three groups: one that was assigned to eat 5 grams of brown seaweed every day, one that was to eat 5 grams of spirulina, and one that

ate a combination of both. After the three-month trial period was complete, two key findings were discovered: • Absolutely no adverse effects were experienced from both seaweed varieties and the combination.

• CD4 cells (T-helper white blood cells that fight infection and are used to stage HIV) and HIV-1 viral load (another HIV biomarker) remained stable.

The results were so promising that one participant volunteered to continue the study for an additional 10 months, and this participant actually benefited from “clinically significant improvement in CD4 and decreased HIV viral load.” Therefore, spirulina deserves a place in natural HIV treatment.

4. Helps Prevent Cancer According to the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, “A number of animal and test tube studies suggest that spirulina increases production of antibodies, infection-fighting proteins, and other cells that improve immunity and help ward off infection and chronic illnesses such as cancer.”

This doesn’t come as a surprise as more than 70 peer-reviewed articles have been published in the scientific literature evaluating spirulina’s ability to affect cancer cells.

In an article published this past April, Czech Republic scientists pointed out that, in addition to its ability to control blood cholesterol levels, “Spirulina is also rich in tetrapyrrolic compounds closely related to bilirubin molecule, a potent antioxidant and anti-proliferative agent.”

When tested on human pancreatic cells, these researchers discovered that, “Compared to untreated cells, experimental therapeutics significantly decreased proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro in a dosedependent manner.” Essentially, this proves that consuming spirulina appears to be a potential natural cancer treatment.

Phycocyanin is a pigment found in the spirulina that scientists have discovered possesses antihypertensive effects (it lowers blood pressure). Japanese researchers claim that this is because consuming the blue-green algae reverses endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.

This could be extremely promising for Americans because metabolic syndrome has rapidly become one of the main causes of preventable disease today, as it raises one’s risk of developing heart disease, diabetes and stroke.

6. Reduces Cholesterol Along those same lines, spirulina benefits have also been shown to prevent atherosclerosis and lower cholesterol levels.

A recent animal study published in The Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology took rabbits, fed them a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) containing 0.5 percent cholesterol for four weeks, and then fed them a HCD with 1 percent or 5 percent spirulina for an additional eight weeks.

After the eight-week trial was complete, LDL levels decreased by 26 percent in the group eating 1 percent of spirulina and 41 percent in the group eating 5 percent spirulina, which heavily suggests that the more we eat, the more benefits we will receive! Serum triglycerides and total cholesterol were also significantly reduced.

7. Lowers Chance of Stroke In the study above, researchers also discovered that the spirulina supplementation lowered intimal aorta surface by 33 percent to 48 percent, which suggests that it can prevent atherosclerosis and subsequent stroke.

It’s important to remember that this clinical trial was conducted on animals that were still eating a HCD, and it highlights that regular spirulina consumption may literally reverse some of the damage done by eating a poor diet. You can only imagine the heart health benefits that would be experienced in those individuals who have a balanced diet!

8. Boosts Energy When you look at the chemical composition of spirulina, it’s no wonder that people who regularly consume it have an abundance of energy. Dr. Mehmet Oz recommends combining 1 teaspoon of spirulina powder with 12 ounces of lime juice and freezing the mixture in ice cube trays for a healthy boost.

According to Dr. Oz, spirulina and lime enhance energy performance because they unlock sugar from our cells and, when frozen, the cold from the ice boosts metabolic energy while giving our bodies a “wake-up call.”

It’s important to note that this has not been studied in clinical trials, although there are many anecdotal reports that spirulina may boost energy levels.

9. Alleviates Sinus Issues Known as allergic rhinitis, spirulina benefits the body by reducing the inflammation that causes people to experience sinus problems, according to numerous studies. Compared to placebo trials, spirulina is effective at reducing itching, nasal discharge, nasal congestion and sneezing.

10. Offers Neuroprotection for Brain Disorders & Memory Boosting In a 2012 study, a spirulina-enhanced diet given to rats provided neuroprotection in an α-synuclein model of Parkinson’s disease. This did not occur with the control diet. In a 2015 study, the effects of spirulina on memory dysfunction, oxidative stress damage and antioxidant enzyme activity were examined with mice. It was found that Spirulina platensis may “prevent the loss of memory possibly by lessening Aβ protein accumulation, reducing oxidative damage and mainly augmenting the catalase activity.”

While both studies are preliminary and involving animals, they hold promise for humans afflicted with Parkinson’s disease, other neurodegenerative diseases and those with memory problems.

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5. Lowers Blood Pressure

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Nutrition Facts The major reason why many nutrition experts prefer spirulina to chlorella? Dietary spirulina is arguably the most nutrient-dense food on the planet. It’s why

taking dietary spirulina supplements is essential to good health. Taken as an average of different spirulina species, just one ounce delivers the following nutrients:

• Calories:

81

• Potassium:

11 percent DV

• Protein:

39 grams

• Zinc:

4 percent DV

• Dietary fiber:

1 gram

• Phosphorus:

3 percent DV

• Sugars:

0.9 gram

• Calcium:

3 percent DV

• Selenium:

3 percent DV

Fats: • Total fat:

3 percent DV

• Saturated fat:

4 percent DV

Vitamins: • Riboflavin:

60 percent DV

• Omega-3 fatty acids: 230 milligrams

• Thiamin:

44 percent DV

• Omega-6 fatty acids: 351 milligrams

• Niacin:

18 percent DV

• Pantothenic acid:

10 percent DV

• Vitamin K:

9 percent DV

• Vitamin E:

7 percent DV

• Folate:

7 percent DV

• Vitamin B6:

5 percent DV

• Vitamin C:

5 percent DV

• Vitamin A:

3 percent DV

Minerals: • Copper:

85 percent DV

• Iron:

44 percent DV

• Manganese:

27 percent DV

• Magnesium:

14 percent DV

• Sodium:

12 percent DV

Products and Dosage Recommendations

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A common question when first trying out this incredible ingredient is: how much spirulina should I take daily? Although there’s no standard spirulina dosage, most studies have found a beneficial effect when consuming 1–8 grams per day. For reference, one tablespoon of blue spirulina is about 7 grams.

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Can you overdose on spirulina? Taking even large amounts of spirulina is unlike to cause serious harm, but it may result in digestive issues like nausea, diarrhea, bloating and cramps. Therefore, it’s best to start with a lower dosage and slowly work your way up to assess your tolerance.

When it comes to how to take spirulina, the options are endless. Spirulina capsules and spirulina tablets can be found at many health stores and pharmacies for a quick and convenient way to get in your daily dose.

Organic spirulina powder is also available and can be easily combined with other superfoods to create a nutritious and delicious spirulina smoothie.

Should spirulina be taken on an empty stomach? There are lots of different recommendations out there for when and how you should take spirulina, but it’s likely to be equally beneficial however you decide to take it, whether that’s before, during or after your meals.

Risks and Side Effects Many people wonder: is spirulina safe for kidneys?

Or is spirulina bad for your liver? And if not, what are the side effects of spirulina?

Despite the multitude of spirulina health benefits, there are potential spirulina side effects to consider as well. In particular, there have been some published case reports of individuals who had autoimmune reactions after using spirulina. There is a theory that this may be caused by the activation of an inflammatory agent, TNF-alpha, which could be more significant in people predisposed to autoimmune disease.

YOUR FIRST CHOICE FOR PEAK NUTRITION

However, other lab and research studies suggest that spirulina might suppress this inflammatory protein, so more research needs to be completed to evaluate the potential danger of spirulina for those with autoimmune disorders.

If you have an autoimmune condition, it’s a good idea to take this supplement under the supervision of your healthcare provider.

When considering where to buy spirulina, be sure to always purchase from a reputable retailer. It’s absolutely critical to make sure that the quality and purity of the spirulina that you consume is of the highest standards. Particularly, like anything that comes from the sea, be certain to only purchase blue-green algae that is free from contamination.

According to WebMD, contaminated spirulina can cause the following: • Liver damage • Stomach pain • Nausea • Vomiting

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your natural health care provider to confirm whether or not you should be using spirulina supplements.

Spirulina vs. Chlorella Because they are both similar microalgae species, it’s easy to understand how scientists confused chlorella and spirulina back in the 1940s.

In spite of their stark differences, people commonly mistake one for the other even today. Here are the four main differences that are important to understand: 1. Shape First of all, spirulina is a spiral-shaped, multicelled plant with no true nucleus. It’s blue-green in hue and can grow up to 100 times the size of chlorella. Comparably, chlorella is a sphericalshaped single-celled microorganism with a nucleus and is solid green.

2. How It’s Grown Second, the growing conditions differ considerably.

Spirulina grows best in low-alkaline conditions — particularly, fresh water lakes, ponds and rivers.

It also requires an abundance of sunshine and moderate temperatures.

Chlorella, on the other hand, grows in fresh water typically occupied by other organisms, which makes it more challenging to harvest.

3. Preparation

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Third, the ways in which both spirulina and chlorella can be eaten are also very different. Because of its hard, indigestible cellulose wall, for instance, chlorella requires mechanical processing to make it worthwhile for human consumption. Otherwise, the body won’t be able break down and metabolize its nutrients.

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The process can be quite costly, which explains why chlorella is usually more expensive than spirulina.

On the other hand, spirulina has a completely digestible cellulose wall and can be immediately consumed and digested with ease.

4. Nutrition Finally, although both are considered superfoods, spirulina and chlorella differ in their nutritional content. Arguably the healthier of the two, spirulina contains more essential amino acids, iron, protein, B vitamins, and vitamins C, D and E. With that said, chlorella still holds an abundance of health benefits. My personal go-to, however, is spirulina.

History Mexico Believed to have been a staple for the Aztecs, recorded history dating to the Conquistadors confirms that spirulina cakes were regularly sold as far back as the 16th century. One of the most elaborate explanations we have from this time comes from Cortez in his book, “Conquest of Mexico:” They make it into cakes like bricks, which they sell, not only in the market (of Tenochtitlan) but carry it to others outside the city, and far off. They eat this as we eat cheese, and it has rather a salty taste, which is delicious with chilmolli (a pungent sauce). They say that so many birds come to the lake for this food, that often in winter some parts are covered with them.”

Referred to as “Tecuitlatl,” spirulina was a primary source of protein for the Aztecs for several hundred years and Lake Texcoco remains an abundant fountainhead of this Superfood still today.

Lake Chad First mentioned by Dangeard in the 1940s, history tells us that Central Africans near Lake Chad have been cultivating spirulina since they first inhabited the region in the 9th century.

Referred to as “die,” an article was written in 1959 highlighting this fascinating food, yet researchers confused it with chlorella. It wasn’t until a Belgian Expedition in 1969, however, that scientists finally discovered the true value of spirulina.

Final Thoughts Spirulina, a blue-green algae grown in some of the most beautiful places in the world, has been well-researched for its many potential benefits.

What is the benefit of spirulina?

Some of the most significant health benefits include detoxing heavy metals, eliminating candida, fighting cancer and lowering blood pressure.

This algae has a rich history. Although there are several distinct differences between chlorella vs spirulina, the two are often confused.

Spirulina may cause autoimmune reactions in some who are susceptible to autoimmunity. It’s also not recommended for pregnant women or children. Be cautious where you purchase spirulina, as it may be contaminated if not bought from a high-quality source, leading to additional spirulina side effects.

APRIL - MAY 2022

Each serving contains a good amount of spirulina protein, plus important vitamins and minerals like copper, iron, riboflavin and thiamine.

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STORAGE MITES in Kibble Pet Food

APRIL - MAY 2022

By. Dr. Jean Dodds

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Caution: If you are eating cereal while reading this, we suggest you put down the cereal bowl or bookmark this for later reading.

Unfortunately, the primary and most common species of storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (yes, there are several), cross reacts significantly upon testing with the common house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farina.

Storage mites are commonly found in cereal-based foods such as human cereal and dry dog or cat foods. (Think kibble.) Did you know that storage mites are actually a common allergen for companion pets? It’s true.

In layperson terms: if you have the test done and your pet’s results indicate an allergy to house dust mites, your pet could also have allergic reactions to storage mites.

Of course, any scenario works between the two different mites, so you should take the validity of the results with a grain of salt. Because the results can show both, one, or the other.

Conditions have to be optimum for the mites to thrive such as high humidity and mold. In general, how we – as humans – store kibble and cereals will influence the population size of the storage mites. Of course, some studies have demonstrated the rare occurrence of the presence of storage mites in dry pet foods upon opening.

Albeit, it really comes to how we store the food.

How can you find out if your companion pet has an allergy to storage mites? An antibody test that measures the IgE levels is available. It requires a blood draw or skin prick.

As many doctors note with deadpan voices, “Everyone’s allergic to dust.” Indeed, it is a spectrum.

Now, let’s say you had the test done to eliminate other household allergens like wool, cotton or pollen. And the result for either house dust mites, storage mites or both was high.

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PEARKES REC CENTRE

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The suggestions to reduce the amount of storage mites in dry pet food are: 1. Check the bag for tears or holes before purchasing.

2. Buy only what your companion pet can finish in 30 days or less.

3. Once you get the bag of food home, you should divide the bag into one-week portions, pour into airtight and freezer-safe containers, store in your freezer, and thaw a portion when it is time to eat.

4. Wash food storage containers frequently with detergent and hot water. Dry completely before refilling with food.

You can certainly try these methods. You are reducing an allergen (always a good thing), but you are possibly not eliminating it (always a better thing if it can be done).

The preferred method would be to switch to canned, home-cooked or commercially prepared raw pet food.

As well, switch to fruit or vegetable treats.

Anecdotally, companion pet parents often believe the less processed food preparation was the cause. This could be the case as less processed food poses less of an allergenic risk to proteins. On the flip side, it could be the lack of storage mites.

Of course, we don’t know for sure. The blood test results that measure reactions to house dust mites and storage mites are ostensibly inconclusive. Again, we have reduced but not eliminated possible reactions to proteins. This can lead to chronic and unnoticeable chronic health conditions in companion pets. They might be healthier eating raw – but are not at optimum health.

Hemopet’s food sensitivity and intolerance test, Nutriscan, measures IgA and IgM antibodies in a dog or a cat’s saliva. By detecting high IgA and IgM antibody levels, NutriScan is able to identify changes in the dog or cat’s gene expression when faced with the reactive food protein, enabling the test to clearly identify the specific protein(s) causing the problem – from a purified, less processed, unadulterated form to cooked form.

…Which brings us to another point.

We have heard from companion pet parents that they switched their companion pets to raw food and noticed a significant change to their pet’s health. Indeed, pets thrive on raw diets.

References

APRIL - MAY 2022

Canfield, Michael S, and William J Wrenn. “Tyrophagus putrescentiae mites grown in dog food cultures and the effect mould growth has on mite survival and reproduction.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 21,1 (2010): 58-63. doi:10.1111/j.13653164.2009.00778.x, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00778.x.

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Dodds, W. Jean. “Commercial Raw Diets and Food Sensitivities.”

W. Jean Dodds’ Pet Health Resource Blog, Tumblr, 27 July 2015, https://drjeandoddspethealthresource.tumblr.com/ post/125178909421/raw-diet-sensitivities.

Gill, Christina et al. “House dust and storage mite contamination of dry dog food stored in open bags and sealed boxes in 10 domestic households.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 22,2 (2011): 162-72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00931.x, https://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00931.x.

Jeromin, Alice. FAQs about House Dust Mite and Storage Mite Allergies. 360, 28 Feb. 2013, https://www.360.com/view/faqs-abouthouse-dust-mite-and-storage-mite-allergies.

Morelli, Giada et al. “A Survey among Dog and Cat Owners on Pet Food Storage and Preservation in the Households.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,2 273. 21 Jan. 2021, doi:10.3390/ ani11020273, https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/273.

Olivry, Thierry, and Ralf S Mueller. “Critically Appraised Topic on Adverse Food Reactions of Companion Animals (8): Storage Mites in Commercial Pet foods.” BMC veterinary research vol. 15,1 385.

31 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1186/s12917-019-2102-7, https://bmcvetres. biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-2102-7.

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APRIL - MAY 2022

Spring Cleaning Benefits for Your Health & Home

APRIL - MAY 2022

By Jillian Levy, CHHC

40

S

pring is a season that for many people brings to mind thoughts of a fresh start. It makes sense then that it can feel great to give your home a refreshing, top-to-bottom spring cleaning when the weather starts getting warmer — and it turns out it can be good for your health.

Why is a spring cleaning good for you? Spring cleaning benefits can include:

Spring Cleaning Benefits Why is it called a “spring clean”? It’s because most people find the spring to be an annually energizing time when it feels good to get rid of the old and bring in the new.

Here’s more about some of the health benefits of spring cleaning:

• creating a calmer, more organized living space

• Reduces exposure to allergens and irritants, such as dust, mildew and mold.

• getting rid of things that clutter your closets and make you feel frazzled

• Helps prevent respiratory issues, such as asthma and trouble breathing due to poor air quality.

• inhaling less dust and irritants

• Decreases the chances of being exposed to harmful bacteria that can make you sick, including those living on the dirtiest surfaces in your home, such as cutting boards, countertops, doorknobs, etc.

• reducing the presence of potentially harmful bacteria that can live on your home’s surfaces Read on to find out how to go about giving your home a thorough spring cleaning, including by using the safest products you can.

• Helps stop germs from spreading from one family to another, including those that cause viruses and infections.

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APRIL - MAY 2022

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• Reduces the risk of falling and slipping if you remove clutter from pathways, hallways and staircases. It can even decrease the risk of a fire starting in your home if things are cleaned and organized regularly.

• Makes your home more calming and convenient to navigate, which can help reduce stress. For example, a tidy and peaceful-feeling bedroom may help improve your ability to sleep, which can translates to dozens of health perks like improved focus and moods.

• Can help you stick to healthy habits, such as cooking at home and working out at home, if you’re better able to find what you need and have the space to exercise.

• Can save you money if you’re better able to find and use what you already have. (You can also try selling unwanted items.)

Spring Cleaning Checklist What’s included in a spring clean? A thorough cleaning usually involves organizing your belongings, getting rid of what you don’t need, as well as a scrub down of your home’s dirtiest and most frequented spots.

Here is a checklist to help you reap the most health benefits of spring cleaning:

APRIL - MAY 2022

1. First, organize and discard

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for children. Once you throw out what you don’t really need, be sure to clean the drawers and vacuum the closets to remove lingering dust and irritants.

2. Tackle the dirtiest spaces Kitchen sink — Scrub down the bottom of your sink with a high-quality sponge and soap, then run cold water through your drain for several minutes.

Follow up with several drops of lemon essential oil to kill odor, then another rinse after several minutes.

Countertops — Use a natural cleaner, such as our Homemade Lemon Household Cleaner, and warm water to wash down surfaces. If you’re worried about damaging stone and leaving behind streaks, you can also opt for specialized cleaners, such as polishes made for stone and granite. Don’t forget to clean cutting boards regularly, such as with soap and fresh lemon to remove smells. Also use a disinfectant on draw handles in your kitchen and bathroom, which tend to be opened often and can build bacteria.

Microwave — Use a sponge and soap to first get rid of stuck-on food and strains. Good Housekeeping magazine recommends then filling up a large microwave-safe bowl with one cup of water and a chopped-up lemon, lime or orange or several tablespoons of vinegar and sticking it inside the microwave, then running the microwave on high for a few minutes.

Go through your home, and get rid of things that you don’t use very often, which likely take up space and make it harder to clean and find what you’re looking for.

Refrigerator — Wash the outside, especially the door handles often, but then also go over the shelves with soap and water, as well as the removable bins, which can build up bacteria.

This step can also help your home to feel calmer overall — plus it keeps you from losing things and feeling frustrated due to disorganization.

Your phone — Some research suggests that our cell phones are among the germiest places in our homes.

Wipe yours down often with a microfiber cloth.

Additionally, cleaning out junk and old items can reduce the chances you’ll use expired and potentially problematic products on your body, such as expired makeup, skin care and hair products. Of course, getting rid of old food in your refrigerator and cabinet is always a good idea.

Other dirty spots to pay attention to include:

Pay attention to crowded spaces, such as closets, “junk draws,” makeup bags, cabinets and play rooms

• coffee makers

• pet toys and bowls • toilet bowls • toothbrush holders • sponges/sponge holders

This can include your microwave, under your mattress and around ceiling fans. Here are some tips for cleaning up places you likely overlook: • Vacuum, bang out, hose off and air-dry doormats.

• Wash your windows inside and outside with glass cleaner and a microfiber cloth. Don’t forget to dust around blinds and shades, then vacuum the floor to pick up dust.

• Check if your appliances, such as your oven, have self-cleaning functions to remove stubborn bacteria, then run any functions you discover.

• Shine stainless steel surfaces using a mix of one teaspoon of dish detergent and one quart of hot tap water on a microfiber cloth.

• Wash your shower curtains in the laundry machine, or use all-purpose cleaner if they’re vinyl.

• Pull furniture away from the walls, and vacuum behind and under it. Check if couch covers can be washed, and be sure to wash blankets often.

• Remove dust from your drapes, curtains and throw pillows by running them in the dryer for 15 minutes on the “air-only.”

• Freshen shower and sink drains using a mix of 1/2 cup baking soda with 1/4 cup table salt. Pour the mixture down the drain, followed by one cup heated vinegar, let it bubble for about 15 minutes and then rinse.

• Wash your children’s toys in either the dishwasher or laundry machine. Plastic children’s toys can usually go through a quick cycle in the dishwasher. Soft toys like stuffed animals can be placed inside a pillowcase and put through a gentle cycle in the washing machine before being air dried.

• Wash comforters and big, bulky blankets two to three times per year in the washing machine. Put pillows into the dryer on high heat for 10 minutes.

• Periodically remove the fuzz from your dryer’s filter and run a cycle of your washer machine with bleach added.

Natural vs. Chemical Cleaners To get your home in tip-top shape this spring, you’ll require certain cleaning products. However, you shouldn’t feel the need to go overboard buying all types of expensive cleaners that aren’t really necessary (such as stain removers, floor shiner, etc.).

A few high-quality natural cleaning products should do the trick, and many types can even be made at home.

What’s the main difference between natural vs. Chemical cleaners?

It all comes down to the ingredients that are used.

Believe it or not, recent studies have shown that many home cleaners contain toxins. This can be a real problem because these products can linger on places such as fabrics and countertops and then may be ingested or rubbed onto your skin.

Some chemical cleaners have been found to contain potentially harmful ingredients, such as: • Formaldehyde • Quats, or quaternary ammonium compounds • Chloroform • Sodium borate, also known as borax, and boric acid • Bleach • Ammonia • Antibacterial agents • And many others To avoid contaminating your home with potentially harmful chemicals, choose products made by companies with a history of disclosing all ingredients and those that use mostly organic ingredients. Consider making your own eco-cleaners, also called green cleaners, by using substances like baking soda, ​vinegar and lemons).

Natural cleaning products tend to be made with less ingredients overall and often include natural disinfectants, such as essential oils. For example, our Homemade Lemon Household Cleaner recipe mentioned above calls for only several ingredients: distilled white vinegar, melaleuca oil, and lemon juice or lemon essential oil, which naturally help kill bacteria.

APRIL - MAY 2022

3. Pay attention to often forgotten places/appliances

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According to research done by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), some of the best natural cleaning products include: • Dr. Bronner’s Pure-Castile Soap, Baby Unscented (there are so many uses for Castile soap in your home, such as for laundry, dishes, etc.)

• Green Shield Organic Glass Cleaner, Fresh • Attitude All-Purpose Eco Cleaner • Earth Friendly Products Toilet Cleaner, Natural • AspenClean Super Scrub Powder • Arm & Hammer Super Washing Soda Detergent Booster and Household Cleaner

Conclusion Is a spring cleaning necessary? Many experts recommend giving your home a deep cleaning at least one to two times per year, one of which can be when spring begins in order to leave your home feeling refreshed and tidy.

Because a good scrub down can remove bacteria, irritants, dusts, old products and pet hair from your home, spring cleaning benefits can include reducing allergies and respiratory issues like asthma, decreasing risk for spreading illnesses or viruses, making your home more quaint and relaxing, reducing indoor air pollution, and decreasing the risk for falls and slips.

• Ecover ZERO Laundry Liquid Concentrate • Seventh Generation Automatic Dishwasher Powder, Free & Clear Check out the entire EWG database to find more information about safer cleaning products. If you prefer to make your own cleaning products, try these recipes that use safe and versatile ingredients: • Natural Home Deodorizers

Makes 16 ounces

• Homemade Dish Soap

Ingredients

• Homemade Laundry Detergent

2/3 cup high-proof vodka

• Lemon Essential Oil Recipes

1/2 cup white distilled vinegar

• Apple Cider Vinegar Recipes • Diatomaceous Earth Recipes • Risks and Side Effects

APRIL - MAY 2022

Chances are you have cleaning products in your home right now that can potentially trigger reactions.

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Spring DIY Disinfectant

Look out for those that contain fragrances and artificial scents, detergents, bleaches, and task-specific cleaners made for anything from the bathroom tile to the oven. These can be dangerous when used over time, such as by causing skin rashes, respiratory problems, irritated eyes, asthma, burns and even hormone-related issues.

Like all ingredients, it’s important to be aware of what you’re using, even if it’s considered safe. Take note of any reactions that a cleaning product may cause for anyone in your home, including pets, and try something different if you notice a negative reaction.

3/4 cup distilled water 18 drops Lemon essential oil 12 drops Lavender essential oil 16-ounce GLASS spray bottle Instructions Make sure you use a clean Glass spray bottle.

It should not have any bleach or other product residue. A new bottle may be the best way to go, but regardless, just make sure it is clean.

Pour the vodka, vinegar and water into the bottle. Vodka is a great disinfectant. Just use the cheap stuff. While vodka does not kill bacteria, it helps clean surfaces and it works to eliminate odors. Vinegar is next up and is a great option since it can help remove dirt and grime. Next, add the distilled water.

Using distilled water is important because it is bacteria-free. Use within a couple of weeks.

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Feline IBD

Curing the Incurable

APRIL - MAY 2022

By Anne Jablonski

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A

fter six years of escalating misery, all of my cat’s inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms disappeared - quite literally - within 24 hours of making the complete transition to a raw, grainless diet.

That was nearly seven years ago and the symptoms did not return. I know, I know, many people aren’t going to take the time and trouble to seek out a balanced homemade diet recipe, double-check the research behind it, and spend weekends grinding whole chickens and rabbits for their cats. But some will.

Ultimately, I came to the realization that I was putting my IBD cat at much greater risk by feeding speciesinappropriate commercial foods than by feeding him a carefully-prepared, balanced, grain-free, raw meatbased diet. Interestingly, plenty of other folks I know with cats that have digestive troubles report this same experience. A grain-free diet “does the trick” for these IBD cats, but a raw diet with grains does not. Why is that? They’re carnivores.

The information on how to correctly prepare and serve a homemade diet is out there for the taking, but it requires a critical eye and a commitment to dig deep into justifications for every ingredient. The people in Canada who developed a splendid formulation called Feline Future (now TC Feline), for example, spent years culling through small animal nutrition handbooks, dissecting the nutritional content of a cat’s natural prey, and conducting field trials to formulate raw-meat based recipe that closely mimics a natural prey diet for small cats. That makes good sense -why shouldn’t we feed something to a cat that mimics a mouse? Some have gone further. A very gifted woman named Michelle Bernard published a fabulously well-researched book, Raising Cats Naturally, on how to care for cats the way nature intended. She’s been feeding raw successfully to cats for over a decade, and carefully re-dissected the lay and veterinary research on feline nutrition to explain what constitutes a genuinely balanced and complete home-prepared diet for cats.

Feed the Body Feed the Mind We are passionate about helping your pet to optimum health by working with your pet's individual needs based on their health history.

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Vets Must Get In Front of This Issue The mainstream veterinary community’s dismissal of homemade, and especially raw, diets is out of hand because of a handful of noisy, irresponsible crackpots who are doling out ghastly advice is a poor substitute for not engaging in critical thought, reasoned debate, and unemotional discussion of a very serious issue. Gosh, vets should be in front of this issue. Leading. And teaching their clients about it if their clients have an interest.

Right now they’re playing catch-up. And frankly, many are playing catch-up pretty badly.

APRIL - MAY 2022

One of the byproducts (pun intended) of this veterinary nutritional anarchy is that desperate animal caregivers can’t turn to their vets. So they run a couple of cursory Internet searches on “natural diets” and maybe end up feeding some dangerously unbalanced homemade food and use aromatherapy to treat diabetes mellitus in cats. You know what I mean. Honestly, I don't think I’m too far off the mark when I suggest that vets have a responsibility to make nutritional knowledge a priority. Not a postscript that consists of selling a bag or can of over processed byproducts and speciesinappropriate grain fillers formulated by an industry firstly answerable to shareholders, not animal caretakers.

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I don’t regret taking the time and trouble to learn about feeding cats properly on my own, but the thousands of people who are subscribing to Internet groups these days seeking answers on feline nutrition portends a diminishing faith in the mainstream veterinary community. And trust me, some of the answers they’re getting online aren’t worth a plug nickel.

So you're a vet, and if I come into your office (perish the thought, huh?) and you judge that I’m serious about wanting to try raw feeding, could you point me to information about the proper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the feline diet? This is a mighty big one that too many people who are new to raw feeding don’t understand. I’d love it if more clients could have their vets hand them information on the precise mineral requirements of a cat and tell them which vitamins to use and in what proportions. The questions we have!

Telling Clients That "Raw Feeding Can Be Dangerous" Is Not Enough.

I wasn't cavalier about disregarding mainstream veterinary advice. Nor did I take admonitions about homemade feeding lightly. I did not carelessly plunge into feeding “any old diet” for my cat. I took the business of preparing cat food very seriously. I had trepidations about the idea to begin with. I read all the warnings on the pet food websites about the “dangers of raw.” Believe me, I wanted to find an "answer" in a bag or a can. I wanted all that prescription food that my vet was selling me to work. But my sweet, sick cat was only getting sicker. And, as I learned from the hundreds of people who are members of the online feline IBD support group that I was honored to co-moderate for several years, my story was not at all unique.

Correctly prepared and served, fresh raw diets - balanced fresh raw diets - are what Mother Nature designed these marvellous carnivores to eat. The raw diet that cured my cat of IBD is much like his diet would be if he had the ambition or incentive to hunt small prey. He may be a thoroughly domesticated feline hothouse orchid, but physiologically, he has never stopped being an obligate carnivore. The recipe I use is adapted from the original recipe developed by Feline Future (now TC Feline) and is discussed in greater detail in the book Raising Cats Naturally. Information on how to source the ingredients and safely prepare the diet is available in a number of places, including this very website.

In the course of discussions and correspondence with various veterinary professionals, it’s clear that the issue of home-prepared diets is a sore point for many. That said, as I and others discovered in battling feline IBD the key to helping many sick cats very often lies in

The standard rejoinder I heard years ago and continue to hear from many vets goes like this: many homemade diets, including all meat diets (whether raw or cooked), are “highly unbalanced and are likely to be deficient in key nutrients unless properly supplemented.” You’ll get no argument from me on that. I am also told that many veterinary nutritionists strongly discourage the use of raw diets for some very good reasons. Again, no disagreement there. No one in their right mind would feed an all meat diet to a cat. That would be horribly unbalanced. For starters, an all-meat diet would be much too high in phosphorus and dangerously low in calcium.

The results for a cat would be disastrous. I can only applaud and encourage anyone, vet or lay person, who loudly and vehemently discourages anyone from feeding something so patently unsafe to a cat.

But there is so very much more to the story. The customary response from vets, and certainly the pet food industry, about the possibility for raw diets to be dangerously unbalanced is a red herring. It distracts from the fundamental issue of advocating a balanced diet that is true to the carnivorous heritage of small cats. If the goal is to give a cat the best diet possible, then vague admonishments about the potential for homemade diets to be unbalanced are not enough. As things currently stand, the average vet knows that there are unbalanced homemade diets out there and simply defaults to endorsing a dry, commercial diet. But wait. But does s/he know exactly why and how it’s unbalanced? Could s/he look at a recipe for homemade food and help a client to troubleshoot it to make it properly balanced? Or could the vet at least know which resources to suggest to a client to go dig deeper for the answers?

The Risk Factor I hear vets and pet food industry marketing specialists warn about the grave dangers from parasites and bacteria

from feeding raw diets, but none explain to me with any defensible precision what the degree of that risk really is. No food that anyone feeds a cat is wholly without risk. Cats can get Salmonella and E. coli from canned food too. After the pet food recall debacle in 2007, can anyone say with a straight face that feeding commercial food is “safe”? Responsible raw feeders take great pains to source meats from livestock that are free-range and are therefore less likely to come in contact with Salmonella.

Trichinella from pork? That’s simple. Raw feeders probably should worry about it. But to quote my mentor on raw feeding when I asked about trichinella poisoning from raw food: “Don’t feed pork. No self-respecting cat would eat pig anyway.”

As for the often-cited concerns about the risks to people from handling raw diets for animals? This one leaves me stumped. Surely those of us preparing these diets aren’t the only humans that have raw meat appear in the kitchen? In our house, we have a very firm rule that only the cats are permitted to eat the raw meat. And I’m fairly certain that I’m not the only one with access to hot soapy water and a dilute bleach or vinegar or hydrogen peroxide solution to thoroughly clean kitchen surfaces.

When it comes to the litter box, observing sensible rules of basic hygiene is always in order.

I know of so very many success stories from this diet from people who had nearly given up all hope for relief for these sweet IBD animals. Their cats were wasting away and the ever-increasing doses of prednisone were no longer working or had led to other health problems like diabetes. Like me, they came to feeding this diet because nothing else was working. More than once, people who already scheduled an appointment to euthanize their desperately ill cat were persuaded to try the raw diet as a last resort and were astonished to see their cats improve dramatically or even achieve an apparent cure with no medication.

This is no joke. IBD most definitely is a curable disease in many, many cases. But it’s never going to be cured if we keep putting the wrong fuel in a cat’s digestive engine. If you’re a veterinarian, please, please consider recommending this diet - with all the appropriate caveats about the wisdom of following a tested recipe to the letter - for your refractory IBD patients. What have you got to lose?

APRIL - MAY 2022

feeding a species-appropriate diet. Although this point is absolutely central to understanding how it is that I cured my own marvellous cat, and how others did the same, I am saddened to find serious veterinary resistance both to this message and to its implications for how other chronically ill cats might benefit from dietary improvements that respect the unique requirements of an obligate carnivore.

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APRIL - MAY 2022

Mental Enrichment!

WORK OUT YOUR BRAIN!

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Mickey Mouse's space journey took him directly to…..

EIASVSP

Can’t wait to see my buddy!

ABROD UALITNC NECRPET

This jumble was created by The Blue Sheet Clubhouse, a group of brain injury survivors. The Cridge Centre for the Family’s Brain Injury Services provides independent housing with support for survivors of brain injury. Through the development of support groups like The Blue Sheet Clubhouse we strive to provide opportunities for personal development and reintegration in the community.

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APRIL - MAY 2022

Changing Lives Through Kindness

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In addition to rescuing animals, AARCS provides numerous community support programs to improve animal welfare in Alberta. This includes facilitating a Pet Food Bank, Spay/Neuter Assistance, TNR (TrapNeuter-Return) and Animal Disaster Response. By getting to the root causes of animal homelessness, we can help people and pets in our community live better.

The organization is supported by over 2,000 volunteers and foster parents across Alberta. We pride ourselves as a place where everyone is welcome — a place where individuals, families and businesses can come together to volunteer and give back in an area that is important to them. Whether that be as a caregiver in the shelter, as a foster family, a transport driver or part of our events team, there is something for every animal lover.

AARCS and the people who make up this amazing organization are making a difference every day in the lives of homeless animals, and there really is no greater feeling in the world than to save a life.

A COMPASSIONATE WORLD FOR ALL ANIMALS AARCS is a leader in the animal welfare community and Albertans turn to us for help. Over 4,000 animals come through AARCS programs each year. We have an exceptional veterinary medical program coordinated from our in-house veterinary hospital located at AARCS Safe Haven shelter in Calgary. Having a veterinary hospital onsite has given AARCS the ability to help the animals in most dire need of medical attention with onsite surgical suites and the ability to provide life-saving treatment. In addition, we operate an intake shelter and adoption centre in Edmonton. Both facilities are vital to the animal welfare

landscape in Alberta. Unlike a traditional shelter, AARCS utilizes a vast network of foster homes across the province allowing us to care for 500 animals on average at any given time throughout the year.

Every day AARCS receives calls about animals in need of help — from broken bones, gunshot wounds, embedded porcupine quills, and mange to deadly diseases such as parvovirus. AARCS strives to ensure that these animals receive the medical care they need, along with the chance to recover in a loving foster home. AARCS’ onsite veterinary hospital is designed specifically to help homeless animals and provides medical care to the most vulnerable. Our shelters provide temporary housing so we can assess the needs of each animal prior to going into a foster home. Our certified Behaviour Specialists are there to support both the animals and the people and our Adoption Specialists ensure successful long-term matches. As well, our Edmonton location, houses 45 spots for adoptable cats and rabbits onsite.

We are here to provide new beginnings for each rescued animal on their journey to forever, adoptive homes.

LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AARCS is dedicated to honouring Indigenous history and culture and committed to working together in the spirit of friendship, cultivating authentic and respectful relationships with all First Nations.

We acknowledge that AARCS Safe Haven and Veterinary Hospital is located on traditional territories of the Niitsítapi (Blackfoot) and the peoples of Treaty 7 region of Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksiká, Piikáni, Tsúūt’ínà and Stoney Nakoda First Nations (Chiniki, Bearspaw and Wesley) and that Calgary is home to Métis Nation of Alberta District III. We also acknowledge that AARCS North Haven is located on the Treaty 6 territory, a traditional gathering place, travelling route and home for many Indigenous People including the Nehiyawak/ Cree, Tsúût’ina Niitsitapi/Blackfoot Nakota Sioux, Haudenoaunee/Iroquois, Dene Suliñe, Anishinaabe/ Ojibway/Salteaux and the Inuk/Inuit.

OUR HISTORY The Alberta Animal Rescue Crew Society (AARCS) is headquartered in Calgary, Alberta with a second facility

APRIL - MAY 2022

T

he Alberta Animal Rescue Crew Society (AARCS) is a grassroots animal welfare organization with a foundation of compassion and kindness, embodied by its hard-working staff, volunteers, foster homes and supporters. Our goal is to help homeless animals in communities across Alberta and provide community support programs to address the root causes of animal overpopulation and homelessness.

Our vision is that together we can enact societal change so that someday we may all witness a Compassionate World for All Animals.

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and adoption centre in Edmonton, Alberta. We are a federally registered charity run by a volunteer board of directors and incorporated as a society in the province of Alberta.

AARCS was founded in 2006 and is comprised of a network of individuals and families concerned about the welfare of abandoned, abused and surrendered animals in the province of Alberta. Our volunteers range in age from young children to seniors and are all animals lovers who are looking to make a difference.

AARCS initially started with our Rescue, Rehabilitate and Re-home Program. This program entails rescuing animals and placing them in the safety of our foster home network while awaiting suitable placement in permanent adoptive homes. These animals are provided all the necessary veterinary care as well as food, rehabilitation, training, kindness and support.

APRIL - MAY 2022

We further expanded operations to include additional programs, including Spay/Neuter & Disease Prevention Initiative, Trap-Neuter-Return and Animal Disaster Response.

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In 2012, AARCS opened our first shelter in Northeast Calgary, which was designed to provide temporary housing, emergency shelter, and quarantine for newly rescued animals. It also provided us with office and meeting space, as well as supply storage.

We soon outgrew our space and in 2016 our veterinary bills exceed $1 million. Therefore in 2017, we renovated and moved to a new (to us) 13,000 sq foot facility in SE Calgary. This doubled our capacity for dog and cat holding, and we outfitted a brand new onsite veterinary hospital designed specifically to help homeless animals.

The hospital has two operating suites, one dental suite, including dental X-ray, digital full-body X-ray, incubator, isolation ward and pharmacy. We have on staff four veterinarians, four Registered Veterinary Technologists and two Tech Assistants. We are grateful to the many veterinarians and technologists who also volunteer their time at the facility. Since opening we have also become an accredited teaching facility and welcome student vets, tech and T.A.’s. We have partnered with the University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine to provide rotations so numerous students can get hands-on learning.

AARCS firmly believes that improving the lives of animals, educating the public about animal care and promoting spay and neutering leads to a happier and healthier society. The communities where AARCS focuses its efforts generally have very limited animal services — sometimes hundreds of kilometres from the nearest veterinary clinic or animal shelter. We collaborate with communities to regain control of their animal population and provide support for struggling families. These initiatives including the facilitation of free pet food, surrender services and free spay/neuters and wellness exam.

In 2020, after lengthy strategic planning sessions, AARCS expanded operations to include an additional intake facility in Edmonton Alberta. This 10,000 square foot shelter we named North Haven houses 45 adoption spaces for cats and small animals, plus additional dog and cat housing for newly rescued animals, an isolation ward, office and meeting space as well as storage for food and supplies. With our teams working in remote northern communities, this facility is vital to ensuring oncehomeless animals have a temporary place to stay once rescued, and has allowed us to expand our programing.

As a member of the Humane Canada (formally Canadian Federation of Humane Societies), AARCS supports professional standards in the animal welfare industry and collaboration between agencies so that together

we can prevent the suffering and cruelty to animals and instill empathy, compassion and appreciation for all living things. Our volunteers are out-and-about in the community regularly, whether it is assisting at spay and neuter clinics, rescuing animals, hosting adopt-a-thons to showcase our adoptable animals, fundraising to support our programs, or visiting with the public at local festivals.

As a registered non-profit, all donations are tax deductible.

We are not government funded and rely on the generosity of the public to continue to do this important work. You too can help by partnering with us in our life-saving work so that one day soon we will achieve a Compassionate World for All Animals. Check out our How You Can Contribute page or make a donation today and change the life of a once homeless animal.

APRIL 2022

MAY 2022

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Due to the uncertainty of future

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