PEG Case Study: Architecture in the Expended Field by urtzi grau

Flat Horizontal

Though itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spatial flexibility can accomodate a wide range of programs, the economic logic of the Flat Horizontal type is geographically limited. It resists density and is almost invariably suburban.

FH : Situating the Type Though the utility of the Flat Horizontal in a wide range of programmatic applications makes it difficult to classify functionally, it obeys a more or less consistent logic of location and positioning. Its large footprint generally resists density while its associated infrastructureâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;parking lots, loading docks, and access roadsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;draw it toward transportation thoroughfares.

The organizational logics of the building tend to trump site specificity. Highway access, limited vegetation and large expanses of flat land are privileged, and where topographic variation is encountered, it is overcome with brute force and rendered sufficiently flat for occupation.

1.5

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Architecture in the Expended Field

Flat Horizontal

In this sense, the FH is less a building type than it is an economic logic writ large. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power derives from its ability to climatize a large floor area under a single expansive roof.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Floor Area Ratio

Flat Horizontal

The economic efficiency of this operation for enclosing spatially extensive programs has rendered the FH type as the normative space of suburban public life.

FH : The Mall at Short Hills One of the first planned communities in the country, Short Hills was the dream of Stewart Hartshorn who purchased 1,500 acres of land in the late 1800s. Throughout the first half of the century, the suburban community grew quickly, and in 1949 the Prudential Insurance Company of America acquired a large tract of land where The Mall at Short Hills now sits.

Seven years later, B. Altman opened a 130,000-square-foot store on the land and eventually added an additional 50,000 square feet to meet market demands. Local residents continued their demand for expanded retailing and in the early 1960s, a small open-air center opened that included retailers such as FAO Schwarz and Pottery Barn.

Architecture in the Expended Field

The momentum continued as America’s largest Bloomingdale’s premiered on the site in 1967. In 1974, Prudential Insurance Company of America began working with The Taubman Company, The Mall at Short Hills’ current owner. By 1980, the two had completed a two-year, $100 million project to enclose the mall.

The first phase of a major expansion was completed in November 1994 adding a 100,000-square-foot, the next expansion phase was completed in August 1995 adding two anchors -- a 137,000 square-foot Neiman Marcus and a 188,000 squarefoot Nordstrom -- and many new specialty stores.

Flat Horizontal

However the FH is not necessarily limited to commercial applications. Its efficiency as a container has made it useful in other spatially consumptive programs of recreation and assembly.

FH : Expanded uses of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Big Boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; The tendency to consolidate resources under one roof (the logic of the suburban shopping center) can expand beyond the purely economic drivers of commercial development. Examples from Dronten, Holland (Demeerpaal) to New Jersey High Schools demonstrate the opportunities that the big box offers as a space of assembly and social interaction.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Community Center, Holland

High School Graduation

Speaking + Performance

Flat Horizontal

But in the suburban context, these spaces tend to be dispersed (often in schools). But in the current environmental and economic climate, this arrangement can be questioned.

FH : Dispersal of Assembly By their very nature, recreation centers and spectator facilities pose a major dilemma for schools. Besides their construction cost, they tend to be enormous guzzlers of water (for showers, restrooms, concessions, and pools. In addition, they feature large volumes (atriums, natatoriums, gymnasiums) that come with huge air-conditioning requirements and include

energy consumptive programs and often utilize large expanses of glass that can add significantly to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat load. Large events likewise burn energy and create mountains of solid waste.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Hopewell Boro

Pennington Boro

Mercer County *Public Schools

Hopewell Twp Lawrence Twp

Twin Pines Site

At the same time, these venues mark a notable point of public assembly in the social networks of the suburbs. Connected as they often are to schools and education facilities, they mark a point of intersection between governmental investment and public use that is unrivaled in the suburban landscape.

Flat Horizontal

Strained budgets have already prompted a pooling of resources in service of recreational programs. But this consolidation could be intensified.

FH : Consolidating Resources The current economic recession has forced many suburban communities to consolidate resources for programs of assembly and recreation. Dependent as they are on state educational funding, these facilities are subject to increasingly difficult economic restrictions. As budgets tighten extra-curricular activities are among the first to be cut, and the expensive

construction, maintenance and energy costs of these large facilities becomes increasingly burdensome.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Hopewell Boro

Pennington Boro

$ Mercer County Hopewell Twp

$$$$

$$ Lawrence

$$ Twp

Twin Pines Site

Flat Horizontal

The Twin Pines project currently includes facilities for performance and recreation, but is lacking a significant interior space that would allow for a wider range of types of assembly.

FH : Consolidating Resources The Twin Pines site is one such example of combining resources to create a space of recreation. It marks a combined effort between 4 municipalities and the County government to establish a shared facility for sports and recreation on a former airfield in Hopewell Township.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Flat Horizontal

Rather than repeating the typical programs of recreation and assembly in each school, the FH type be used to consolidate these resources in a single structure.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Hopewell Boro

Pennington Boro

Mercer County *Public Schools

Hopewell Twp Lawrence Twp

Twin Pines Site

Flat Horizontal

The relative effectiveness of such a proposition can then be weighed against the design criterion outlined by the State of New Jersey for construction of public schools.

FH : The NJSCC 21st Century Schools Design Criterion The NJSCC has identified 25 design criterion that impart specific (and increasingly stringent) requirements on the performance of school buildings.

Architecture in the Expended Field

1. ACOUSTIC COMFORT 2. THERMAL COMFORT 3. VISUAL COMFORT 4. DAYLIGHTING 5. INDOOR AIR QUALITY 6. SAFETY AND SECURITY 7. ENERGY PERFORMANCE 8. LIFE CYCLE COST 9. COMMISSIONING 10. LEARNING CENTERED DESIGN 11. STIMULATING ARCHITECTURE 12. ACCESSIBILITY 13. FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY 14. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 15. HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING ENVELOPE 16. RENEWABLE ENERGY 17. HIGH PERFORMANCE HVAC 18. HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC LIGHTING 19. ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE SITE PLANNING 20. ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS 21. WATER EFFICIENT 22. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT 23. COMMUNITY USE 24. CATALYST FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 25. SERVICE LIFE PLANNING

Flat Horizontal

The NJSCC design criterion generally impart two sets of demands on the envelope those relating to the needs of the interior (internal pressures) and those relating to a larger cultural, political, economic, and environmentally conscious world (external pressures).

Architecture in the Expended Field

ACOUSTIC THERMAL LIGHTING LIGHTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY SECURITY & ACCESS ENERGY ENVIRONMENT ENERGY ICONICITY ICONICITY SECURITY & ACCESS FLEXIBILITY

ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY + LIGHTING SITE AND CLIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

SECURITY & ACCESS SITE AND CLIMATE ENERGY

Flat Horizontal

Daylight Harvesting Moisture Flow Thermal Insulation Secondary Structure

Primary Structure

Acoustic Insulation

Lighting

FH : A Logic of Parts In order to meet these requirements, the typical gynmasium obeys a logic of economic organization. that promotes a high degree of off-the-shelf production.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Flat Horizontal

Badminton

Basketball

Boxing

Gymnastics

Roller Skating

Indoor Soccer

Table Tennis

Tennis

Volleyball

Banquet

Auditorium

Spectator Stands

FH : A Multitude of Requirements Despite some up-front savings, this logic of construction is invariably limiting when viewed against the requirements outlined by the NJSCC.

y: 40 z: 7

z: 4.2

Meeting x: 8 a: 30 General Gym x: 32 y: 36.5 z: 9.1

a: y: 1168 14 v:z:10630 4.2

Videoconferencing Archery x: 8 a: 30 x: 7.5 y: 37 z: 3

a:y:277.5 14 v: 832.5 z: 4.2

x: 30 y: 40

a: 1200 v: 8400

z: 7

x: 30 y: 40

a: v:

x: 26 y: 36 z: 7.6

x: 6 y: 10 z: 6

a: v:

x: 30

a: v:

Roller Skating x: 30 y: 60 z: 5.5

x: 27 y: 45 z: 9

a: 1215 v: 8505

x:y:1860 a: 324 v: varies y:z:18max 10.67 v: 2268 z: 7

Gymnastics x: 26 y: 36 z: 7.6

Exhibiting

y: 40 Indoor Soccer z: 7

a: 277.5 v: 832.5

Main Hall Boxing/Wrestling x: 33 a: 1800

Dancing (Ballroom) a: v:

a: 1168 v: 10630

x: 27 y: 45 z: 7

a: 60 v: 360

x: 30 y: 40 z: 7 a: 1800 v: 9900

General Gym

Basketball

Dancing (Disco) x: 30 y: 40

Architecture in the Expended Field

Archery

a: 936 v: 7113.6

Racquetball/Squash z: 7

a: v:

x: 7.5 y: 37 z: 3

z: 7 Boxing/Wrestling x: 18 a: 324 y: 18 Social v: 2268 Event z: 7 Gymnastics

Exhibiting

x: 30 y: 40 z: 7

x: 32 y: 36.5 z: 9.1

Basketball x: 27 a: 1215 y: 45 Auditorium v: 8505 z: 7

a: 936 v: 7113.6

Racquetball/Squash x: 6 y: 10 z: 6

a: 1215 v: 10935

Roller Skating Classroom x: 30 a: 1800 x: a: 96 Classroom y: 608 v: 9900

Volleyball Archery a: 1215

z: 4.2 Indoor Soccer Classroom (Lecture) x: 27 a: 1215 14 a: 224 Classroom (Lecture) y:x:45 v: 10935

x: 20 y: 37 z: 9.1

740 a: 1168 x:a:32 v: y: 7895.8 36.5 v: 10630 z: 9.1

128 x: z:y:5.5 z:y:4.2 12

x: 7.5 a: 277.5 v:y:11056 37 v: 832.5 z: 3

x: 27v: y: 45 z: 7

a: 1215 v: 8505

x:v:18 392 y: 18 z: 7

a: 324 v: 2268

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

100 y:a:10 z: 6

v: 360

y: 60 z: 5.5

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: 500 y: 45 v: 10935 z: 9

Lockers/ShowerTennis x: 10.5 250 x:a:20 a: 740 y: 18 y: 37 v: 7895.8 z: 8.4 z: 10.67

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

Toilets Volleyball a: 100 x: 20 y: 37 z: 9.1

a: 1215 v: 11056

Storage Fencing x: 10.5 a: 100 y: 18 z: 8.4

x: 10.5 y: 14.4 z: -

a: 151.2 v: -

148 x: z:y:9.1 z:y:4.2 14 z: 4.2

v: 470.4 a: 112 v: 470.4

x: 7 a: 98 z: max 10.67 4.2 y:z:14 v: 392 z: 4 x: 8 a: 95 y: x: 148 a: 95 y:4.2 14 x: z: 10.5 a: 189 4.2 v: 1587.6 y:z:18 z: 8.4 x: 8 a: 30 y: x: 148 a: 30 z:y:4.2 14 z: 4.2

Lobby Videoconferencing x: 10.5 a: 100 a: 30 Videoconferencing y: x: 188

148 x: z:y:8.4 z:y:4.2 14 z: 4.2

a: 30

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4 x: 30 y: x:40 30 7 y:z:40 x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

Auditorium a: 1200 Auditorium v: a:8400 1200 Kitchen v: 8400

a: 500

z: 8.4 Social Event x: 30 a: Social Event y: v: x:40 30 a: Lockers/Shower 7 y:z:40 v:

x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

a: 250

7 y:z:40 x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

a: 100v:

x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

a: 100

z: 8.4 (Disco) Dancing x: 30 (Disco) a: Dancing y: v: x:40 30 a: included in Gross (1.4 Gross Factor) Toilets

Badminton

8.4 Dancingz:(Ballroom) 30 a: Dancing x:(Ballroom) y: v: x:40 30 a: Storage 7 y:z:40 v:

x: 7 v: y: 14 z: 4

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: 98 v: 392

a: 189 v: 1587.6

Lobby a: 100

Net 4519 m² Gross 6326.6 m²

a: 500

Lockers/Shower x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: 250

Toilets a: 100

Storage

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: 100

Corridors

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: v:

1x 1x

1x 1x Must be able to adjust between 30-1500 lux Must be able to calibrate between maximum daylighting and minimum daylighting Must perform between the noise ratings of 35-50 RC(N) Must provide air-change of 0.3 - 0.9 cfm/ft Must be able to control temperature precisely according to humidity levels

1x 1x 1x 1x

1x 1x 1x

a: v:

v:a: 10630 1168 v: 10630

Archery a: 277.5 Archery

included in Gross (1.4 Gros

z: 8.4

y: 36.5 x: 32 9.1 y:z:36.5 z: 9.1

Kitchen

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

Exhibiting a: Exhibiting v: a: Corridors v:

z: 8.4 x: 30 y: x:40 30 7 y:z:40 x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

General Gym x: 32 a:Gym 1168 General

Cafeteria

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

1x 1x

Cafeteria

Corridors x: 10.5 Tablea: Tennis y: 18 z: 8.4

1x 1x

a: 151.2 v: -

Office Workz: -(Private) Main Hall a: 20 Office Workx: 8(Private) a: 1800 y: x: 148 a: 20 x: 33 Table Tennis y: 60 v: varies z:y:4.2 14

Meeting Meeting

v: 9900

Indoor Soccer Kitchen x: 27 a: 1215

v:a: 1232 224 v: 1232

Officework (Open) Officework (Open) Badminton

Roller Skating Cafeteria x: 30 a: 1800

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

y: x:16 14 z: 10.67 z:y:5.5 16 z: 5.5

x: 10.5 y: 14.4

v: x: 1587.6 26 a: 936 y: 36 v: 7113.6 z: 7.6

Racquetball/Squash Lobby x: 6 a: 60

v:a: 1232 224 v: 1232

2x 2x

Fencing

Badminton a: 189 Gymnastics

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

y: x:16 z: 914 z:y:5.5 16 z: 5.5

Volleyball Art Production x: 20 a: 1215 a: 112 Art Production y: x: 378 v: 11056

Table Tennis Boxing/Wrestling x: 7 a: 98 y: 14 z: 4

v: 403.2 a: 96 v: 403.2

Tennis Demonstration x: 20 a: 740 14 v: 7895.8 a: 224 Demonstration y:x:37

Fencing Basketball a: 151.2

x: 10.5 y: 14.4 z: -

a: 60 v: 360

Tennis Gym General

x: 20 y: 37 z: 10.67

Must be able to adjust between 30-1500 lux Must be able to calibrate between maximum daylighting and minimum daylighting Must perform between the noise ratings of 35-50 RC(N) Must provide air-change of 0.3 - 0.9 cfm/ft Must be able to control temperature precisely according to humidity levels

x: 7.5 y: 7.5 37 x: 3 y:z:37 z: 3

Net 4519 m² Gross 6326.6 m²

v: a:832.5 277.5 v: 832.5

Basketball x: 27 a: 1215 Basketball 2x

y: x:45 27 7 y:z:45 z: 7

v: a:8505 1215 v: 8505

y: x:18 18 7 y:z:18 z: 7

v:a: 2268 324 v: 2268

y: x:36 26 z:y:7.6 36 z: 7.6

v: 7113.6 a: 936 v: 7113.6

Boxing/Wrestling x: 18 a: 324 Boxing/Wrestling 2x

Gymnastics x: 26 a: 936 Gymnastics 1x

Racquetball/Squash x: 6 a: 60 Racquetball/Squash y: x: 106 v:a: 360 60 6 y:z:10 v: 360 included in Gross (1.4 Gross Factor) z: 6

Roller Skating x: 30 Skating a: 1800 Roller Net 4519 m² Gross 6326.6 m²

y: x:60 30 z:y:5.5 60 z: 5.5

v: a:9900 1800 v: 9900

Indoor Soccer x: 27 Soccer a: 1215 Indoor

1x 1x

Flat Horizontal

FH : From Part to Whole In order to achieve the a wide variety of light, temperature, acoustic, and spatial conditions, these buildings rely heavily on HVAC systems to control interior coniditions. Today, as energy costs climb and environmental awareness grows, the real costs of this logic are increasingly apparent.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Site & Climate Energy Use denied

Iconicity

I AM

Security & Access Acoustics

Lighting

reliance on external systems

Flexibility

recreate Thermal light

Air Quality

“Re-flattening” of Ground

Offsite Carbon Offsetting

HVAC Life Cycle

Environmental Cost

Heavy reliance on HVAC leads to shorter lifecycles

Site & Climate Energy On-site Power Generation

I AM

Iconicity

Security & Access Acoustics

Lighting Air Quality

Flexibility Thermal

Engagement with Ground

Life Cycle

100% Offsite Power Generation

Environmental

Flat Horizontal

Common Big Box strategies privilege a flat ground plane and a decorated frontage, effectively divorcing the imperatives of iconicity and performance.

FH : Reconsidering the Relationship of Building to Ground

Architecture in the Expended Field

Retaining Wall Retaining Wall

Performance / Environ Friendliness

Roof Wall On Grade

Iconicity / Cultural Friendliness

Buchholz Sports Hall Camenzind & Grafensteiner Landskrona Sports Hall Arne Jacobsen LGjovik Olympic Mountain Hall Moe Levorsen A/S

Halstenbek Sports Arena Andre Poiters

Berlin Velodrome Dominique Perrault

Max Schmeling Halle Joppien, Dietz & Joppien

Flat Horizontal

FH : Reconsidering the Relationship of Building to Ground Factors influencing the building/ground relationship range from NJâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate (which necessitates a high degree of thermal performance) and the iconicity achieved by exposing the

buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roof surface to an at-grade viewer. In addition a 35 foot height restriction mandated by local zoning can be negotiated by partially embedding the building in the ground.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Elevated

Mounded

On Grade

Depressed

Sunken

Embedded

Buried Iconicity

Temperature Control

Daylight

Ventilation

Flat Horizontal

An alternative relationship between building and ground could not only produce better environmental performance but also combine the representational and conditioning functions of the building into a single surface.

Architecture in the Expended Field

Roof Iconicity / Performance / Environ Cultural Friendliness Friendliness

Flat Horizontal

Part Logic (Truss + Corrugated Deck)

Expansion of Parts (Hyperbolic Spanning Elements)

FH : Merging the Logics of Part and Whole Accepting the duallt inconic and performative functions of the roof impart a set of pressures that can then begin to inform geometry, structure, and programmatic variation.

Whole Logic (Hyperpolic Parabaloid)

Individuation of Parts (Elements Adjusted to External and Internal Pressures)

Architecture in the Expended Field