The Mix Use Tower Atlas In the dichotomy of field and figure, the tower is the consummate figure, its autonomy is a product of its stature, its expressiveness is dependent on its singularity as an object. Yet it is still embedded in a field whose forces can be rejected or embraced. The tower, both due to its inherent figural qualities as well as the economic and political regimes that have historically served as its patron, tends to reject the field conditions of its locality, opposing or ignoring the generative opportunities locality offers. The Residential Tower Atlas takes a global approach to the local, taking the worldwide field of climate, and setting parameters for introducing a figure -the tower- that responds to local conditions. We begin by defining the field from which the tower is derived. Global variations in climate are registered using the Koppen climate classification system, which breaks down biomes into climate zones based on temperature, humidity, and seasonal dynamics, whether a winter is cold or rainy, whether a summer is wet or dry, or whether there are any seasonal variations at all. Our first order of investigation was to establish whether conventional assumptions concerning the thermal performance of surface area to volume ratios hold up to scrutiny. We ran simple extruded envelopes containing a given volume through environmental analysis software and concluded that, in fact, the circle with its low surface area to volume ratio out-performed other shapes in extreme climates. Taking this into account we established a variable building footprint that can alter its shape between four geometric primitives: the circle, the triangle, the square, and the rectangle as well as take on intermediate forms. Based on our initial study of surface to volume thermal performance we then deployed variations of this footprint over the Atlas. Note that there are places where the circle prevails, and places where all four exist, and conditions in between. This continuum is dependent on the discrepancy in their respective performance. In the vast majority of the inhabited parts of earth, the four primitives are reasonably close to one another in thermal performance, as climates become extreme differences become more pronounced. The second evaluation expands the continuum by introducing corrugation to the primitives, transforming their shape along vectors that maintain their radiality. We reanalyzed the primitives with increasing degrees of corrugation and established a coefficient to drive a parametric model. This coefficient was derived from the proportion of thermal transmittance, losses and gains, attributable to envelope shape, after zeroing out all other factors. The resulting corrugated primitives are then deployed by climate zone and latitude.
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THE MIX USE TOWER MANUAL Table of Contents
Introduction field and figure figure and field
1 2
Precedent Analysis precendent graph global constraints
3 4
Climate Analysis Koppen climate classification global climate distribution tower solar gain tower facade shading shading analysis data regional climate analysis
5 6 7 8 9-11 12-13
Tower Prototype geometric primitives geometric performance solar geometry general geometric variability specific regional variations
14 15 16 17 18-22
Parametric Design Software prototype software
23-24
field and figure
FIELD
FIGURE
In the dichotomy of field and figure, the tower is the consummate figure, its autonomy is a product of its stature, its expressiveness is dependent on its singularity as an object. Yet it is still embedded in a field whose forces can be rejected or embraced. The tower, both due to its inherent figural qualities as well as the economic and political regimes that have historically served as its patron, tends to reject the field conditions of its locality, opposing or ignoring the generative opportunities locality offers.
TOWER
figure and field
The local figure embedded in a global field.
precendent graph
1.2
1.0
Circle 0.8 Square
Facade RaƟo
Triangle Rectangle (1:5) 0.6
Cross (1/3, 1/3, 1/3)
Silver Towers
Cross (2/5, 1/5, 2/5) Y Tower
860 880 Lakeshore Drive Star
Torre Agbar Petronas Towers
0.4
Rectangle (1:10)
Commerzbank
Lippo Tower
džŝƐƟŶŐ dŽǁĞƌƐ
Aqua Tower Marina City Chicago Spire
Taipei 101
0.2
0.0 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Tower Footprint Area (m2)
This graph shows the relationship between floorplate area and facade ratio for towers with different footprint shapes. All the curves assume a 3.3 meter floor to floor height typical in residential tower construction. The points represent existing towers showing how real life cases correspond to the idealized model. The circle is the tower footprint with the smallest facade area per unit area of interior. As shapes become more elongated or corrugated the facade ratio per unit area of interior increases.
global constraints
global population density
Kรถppen climate classification
Koppen climate classification Af Tropical rain forest climate. Examples : Singapore, Belém, Brazil.
Am Tropical monsoon climate. Examples : Conakry, Guinea, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Aw Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. Examples : Bangalore, India, Veracruz, Mexico, Townsville, Australia.
Bsh Semi-Arid, Steppe climate (hot). Examples : NW Texas, Portions of S. America, India, Southern Africa.
Bsk Semi-Arid, Steppe climate (cool). Examples : Western Great Plains of USA, South Central Canada.
BWh Dry / arid (hot) - Low Latitude Deserts. Examples : Sahara Desert, Sonoran Desert, Arabian Desert, Yuma, Arizona.
BWk Dry / arid (cool) - Middle Latitiude Deserts. Examples : N. China, Mongolia, Mohave Desert, Russian Desert, Gobi.
Cfa Humid Subtrobical. Examples : SE USA (Florida-NC)/ westward to Oklahoma, Central/ E Texas.
Cfb Humid moderate climate without dry seasons. moderate summer. Examples : France
Cfc Humid cool climate without dry seasons. Examples : Coastal Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.
Csa Humid Subtrobical - mediterannean (warm). Examples : Cape Town, Central, Coastal Chile, California.
Csb Humid Subtrobical - mediterannean (cool). Examples : Cape Town, Central, Coastal Chile, California.
Cwa Humid Subtrobical. Warm with distinctly dry winters. p : N India,, S China,, S Japan. p Examples
Dfa Humid Continental Hot Summers. Year-round precipitation. Examples : Eastern, Mid-western USA.
Dfb Humid Continental Mild Summers. Year-round rainfall. Examples : New England, South Central Canada.
Dfc Sub-arctic Cool Summers. Year-round rainfall. Siberia, Northern North America, Northern Eurasia.
Dfd Sub-arctic Cold Winters. Year-round rainfall. Siberia, Northern North America, Northern Eurasia.
2% 1% 1%
2% 1%
1%
69%
Dsb
7% 1% 1%
Dsa Tropical rain forest climate. Examples : Singapore, Belém, Brazil
1%
Tropical rain forest climate. Examples : Singapore, Belém, Brazil
Dsc
2%
Tropical rain forest climate. Examples : Singapore, Belém, Brazil
A B
Dwa
C D
Humid Continental Hot Summers. Dry Winters. Examples : Northern Korea, Manchuria, Honshu.
Dwb
E
Dwc Dwd Sub-arctic Cold Winters. Dry Winters. Examples : Siberia, Northern North America, Northern Eurasia.
EF Ice cap climate. Examples : Interior Greenland.
ET Tundra climate. Examples : Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. Provideniya, Russia. Deception Island, Antarctica. Longyearbyen, Svalbard.
1%
1%
Humid Continental Mild Summers. Dry Winters. Examples : SE Scandinavia, Great Lakes Region. Sub-arctic Cool Summers. Dry Winters. Siberia, Northern North America, Northern Eurasia.
7%
CLIMATE// KOPPEN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
175°0'0"E
170°0'0"E
165°0'0"E
160°0'0"E
155°0'0"E
150°0'0"E
145°0'0"E
140°0'0"E
135°0'0"E
130°0'0"E
125°0'0"E
120°0'0"E
115°0'0"E
110°0'0"E
105°0'0"E
100°0'0"E
95°0'0"E
90°0'0"E
85°0'0"E
80°0'0"E
75°0'0"E
70°0'0"E
65°0'0"E
60°0'0"E
55°0'0"E
50°0'0"E
45°0'0"E
40°0'0"E
35°0'0"E
30°0'0"E
25°0'0"E
20°0'0"E
15°0'0"E
10°0'0"E
05°0'0"E
00°0'0"
5°0'0"W
10°0'0"W
15°0'0"W
20°0'0"W
25°0'0"W
30°0'0"W
35°0'0"W
40°0'0"W
45°0'0"W
50°0'0"W
55°0'0"W
60°0'0"W
65°0'0"W
70°0'0"W
75°0'0"W
80°0'0"W
85°0'0"W
90°0'0"W
95°0'0"W
100°0'0"W
105°0'0"W
110°0'0"W
115°0'0"W
120°0'0"W
125°0'0"W
130°0'0"W
135°0'0"W
140°0'0"W
145°0'0"W
150°0'0"W
155°0'0"W
160°0'0"W
165°0'0"W
170°0'0"W
175°0'0"W
180°0'0"
global climate distribution
90°0'0"
85°0'0"N
80°0'0"N
75°0'0"N
70°0'0"N
65°0'0"N
60°0'0"N
55°0'0"N
50°0'0"N
45°0'0"N
40°0'0"N
35°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
25°0'0"N
20°0'0"N
15°0'0"N
10°0'0"N
5°0'0"N
0°0'0"
5°0'0"S
10°0'0"S
15°0'0"S
20°0'0"S
25°0'0"S
30°0'0"S
35°0'0"S
40°0'0"S
45°0'0"S
50°0'0"S
55°0'0"S
60°0'0"S
65°0'0"S
70°0'0"S
75°0'0"S
80°0'0"S
85°0'0"S
tower solar gain + H rs
+ S-TRIANGLE 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
4
6
6
6
9
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
+
41%
S-TRIPOD 8
8
6
8
6
6
8
7
1
1
8
8
3
3
9
8
8
8
8
8
3
4
4
6
6
3
1
1
4
3
1
2
8
7
7
8
8
8
2
2
4
5
4
1
1
3
2
1
0
1
8
7
7
8
8
8
1
1
4
5
3
1
1
5
1
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
9
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
6
7
7
2
2
2
2
3
6
6
6
8
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
3
6
5
5
7
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
3
5
5
5
7
8
8
1
0
4
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
7
8
4
5
4
1
1
1
1
3
5
5
4
6
8
8
1
3
4
5
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
7
6
8
E
NE
NW
N
S
W
SE
E
N
W
SW
41%
S 64 m
+
+
+
N
TOTAL SRF AREA : 42, 935m2
N
TOTAL SRF AREA : 52, 513m2
19 m
# HRS OF SUNLIGHT/ DAY (avg) : 5
# HRS OF SUNLIGHT/ DAY (avg) : 4
E
W
55 m
% EXPOSED (avg) : 32% 50 m
% EXPOSED (avg) : 41%
W
E
S
S
+
+
+ S-SQUARE 6
6
6
6
8
8
5
6
4
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
1
2
2
1
1
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
2
3
3
2
2
1
9
9
9
6
6
6
4
6
5
4
3
2
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
5
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
5
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
7
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
E
N
W
37%
S- CIRCLE
34%
S 40.5 m
+
+
+ N
40.5 m
% EXPOSED (avg) : 37%
N
TOTAL SRF AREA : 36,082m2 % EXPOSED (avg) : 34%
E
W
# HRS OF SUNLIGHT/ DAY (avg) : 4
46 m
TOTAL SRF AREA : 44,150m2
# HRS OF SUNLIGHT/ DAY (avg) : 4
W
E
S S
+
+
+ S-RECTANGLE 9
9
9
9
0
0
9
9
8
8
6
6
9
9
9
9
0
0
5
6
5
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
0
0
2
3
3
4
6
6
9
9
9
9
0
0
1
1
1
3
6
6
38%
S-HEXAGON 8
8
5
5
0
0
0
0
4
3
9
9
7
7
5
5
0
0
0
0
2
1
9
9
7
7
5
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
9
7
7
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
9
9
9
9
0
1
1
1
1
3
6
6
6
6
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
9
9
9
9
0
1
0
0
0
2
6
6
6
5
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
9
9
9
9
1
2
0
0
0
2
6
6
5
4
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
9
9
9
9
2
3
0
0
0
2
6
6
9
8
8
5
8
5
7
7
0
0
0
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
0
0
0
2
6
6
9
8
8
5
5
5
4
5
0
0
0
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
6
9
8
8
5
3
5
2
2
0
0
0
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
6
9
8
8
5
2
5
1
1
0
0
0
9
8
8
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
6
9
8
8
5
1
5
1
1
0
0
0
9
8
8
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
5
9
8
8
5
1
5
0
1
0
0
0
9
7
7
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
5
9
8
8
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
9
7
7
7
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
4
9
8
8
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
9
6
6
5
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
3
9
8
8
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
E
N
W
S
E
55 m
+
+ N
% EXPOSED (avg) : 38% # HRS OF SUNLIGHT/ DAY (avg) : 4
30 m
TOTAL SRF AREA : 44,150m2 W
N
W
N
TOTAL SRF AREA : 39,117m2 E
S
% EXPOSED (avg) : 38% # HRS OF SUNLIGHT/ DAY (avg) : 4
9
S 50 m
+
43.3 m
6
33%
W
E
S
HEIGHT : 250m FLOOR AREA : 1650m² TOTAL FLOOR AREA : 175000m²
SOLAR ACCESS\\ TOTAL SUNLIGHT HOURS (daily avgs over 1 year)
tower facade shading
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0
9 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0
8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 4 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0
1 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0
1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0
1 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 3 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0
1 1 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 0
8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 0
8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 0
8 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 2 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 2 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 6 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0
6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 1 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0
1 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0
5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0
1 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0
1 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 1 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0
SPRING
SUMMER
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
3 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
4 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 1 0 .0 01 0 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
8 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
8 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 9 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0
6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0
3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
4 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0
2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0
1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0
5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 4 .0 0
1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0
1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 6 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0
0 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0
5 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 3 .0 0 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 3 .0 0
FALL
WINTER
shading analysis data
Effe ctive Shading Coe fficie nts Latitude: 65.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Latitude: 70.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0° Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 4.8% 10.5% 15.3% 10.7% 3.7% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 5.8% 14.7% 15.2% 14.6% 2.8% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 12.2% 3.8%
Latitude: 60.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 14.8% 4.4%
Latitude: 55.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 5.9% 14.9% 18.4% 14.2% 3.7% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 9.9% 17.8% 21.3% 16.7% 3.6% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 15.8% 4.8%
Latitude: 50.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 18.6% 5.8%
Latitude: 45.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 8.1% 21.8% 19.6% 18.4% 6.5% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 6.5% 22.6% 28.1% 20.2% 6.5% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 20.0% 6.2%
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 23.6% 7.0%
shading analysis data Latitude: 40.0° Longitude: -0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Latitude: 35.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 12.8% 24.5% 33.5% 23.2% 6.5% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 12.8% 32.0% 33.9% 27.2% 13.0% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 27.1% 8.4%
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 31.0% 9.9%
Latitude: 25.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Latitude: 30.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0° Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 20.8% 37.1% 42.3% 34.3% 14.3% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 27.2% 45.9% 56.3% 40.0% 20.6% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 37.9% 12.4%
Latitude: 20.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 47.4% 15.8%
Latitude: 15.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 0.0% 34.8% 64.4% 63.0% 59.6% 28.4% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 2.5% 50.9% 66.2% 67.2% 65.9% 39.7% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 62.3% 20.9%
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 66.4% 24.4%
shading analysis data Latitude: 10.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Latitude: 5.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0°
Month
Avg.SC
Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 3.7% 63.6% 64.8% 65.6% 64.5% 63.3% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 10.2% 62.8% 63.8% 64.2% 63.4% 62.5% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 65.0% 27.1%
Latitude: 0.0° Longitude: 0.0° Timezone: -0.0° [-0.0hrs] Orientation: 0.0° Month
Avg.SC
January February March April May June July August September October November December
[Behind] [Behind] 64.5% 64.5% 64.4% 64.0% 64.3% 64.4% [Behind] [Behind] [Behind] [Behind]
Summer Winter Annual
0.0% 64.2% 32.2%
Winter Summer Annual
0.0% 63.8% 27.2%
regional climate analysis LATITUDE: 1.3 N, LONGITUDE: 133.4 E
N
Location: Kuching, Malaysia
345°
Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 0.0 Overheated Stress: 1452.3 Compromise: 137.5°
15° kWh/ m²
Best
330°
30° 0.90
© W e athe r T ool
Worst
0.80 315°
45° 0.70
47.5°
0.60 300°
60°
0.50 0.40 0.30
285°
75° 0.20 0.10
270°
90°
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135° Compromise: 137.5°
210°
Avg. Daily Radiation at 137.0° Entire Year: 0.48 kWh/ m² Underheated: 0.48 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.21 kWh/ m²
150° 195°
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
165° 180°
LATITUDE: 16.8 N, LONGITUDE: 99.8 W
N
Location: ACAPULCO - MEX, WMO#=768056
345°
Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 0.0 Overheated Stress: 1264.4 Compromise: 67.5°
15° kWh/ m²
Best
330°
30° 2.70
© W e athe r T ool
Worst
2.40 315°
45° 2.10 1.80
300°
60°
1.50 1.20
Compromise: 67.5°
0.90 285°
75° 0.60 0.30
270°
90°
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
210°
Avg. Daily Radiation at 67.0° Entire Year: 0.92 kWh/ m² Underheated: 1.12 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.74 kWh/ m²
157.5° 195°
165° 180°
150°
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
regional climate analysis LATITUDE: 3.1N, LONGITUDE:101.6E
N
Location: KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470
345°
Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 0.0 Overheated Stress: 1446.8 Compromise: 150.0°
15° kWh/ m²
Best
330°
30° 0.36
© W e athe r T ool
Worst
0.32 315°
45° 0.28 0.24
300°
60° 60.0°
0.20 0.16 0.12
285°
75° 0.08 0.04
270°
90°
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
Compromise: 150.0° 150°
210°
Avg. Daily Radiation at 149.0° Entire Year: 0.22 kWh/ m² Underheated: 0.29 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.07 kWh/ m²
195°
165° 180°
LATITUDE: 18.9 N, LONGITUDE: 72.8 E
N
Location: Mumbai Ma IND, WMO#=430030
345°
Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 0.0 Overheated Stress: 1328.4 Compromise: 57.5°
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
15° kWh/ m²
Best
330°
30° 2.70
© W e athe r T ool
Worst
2.40 315°
45° 2.10 1.80
300°
Compromise: 57.5° 60°
1.50 1.20 0.90
285°
75° 0.60 0.30
270°
90°
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
147.5° 210°
Avg. Daily Radiation at 57.5° Entire Year: 0.66 kWh/ m² Underheated: 0.66 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.53 kWh/ m²
150° 195°
165° 180°
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
geometric primitives
1.0 0.9
SURFACE AREA / VOLUME
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
DIMENSION
geometric precedents
geometric performance
100%
SRF AREA/ VOL
80%
60%
Dfb // 51N
Dfb // 42N
Dwa // 39N
Cfa // 36N
Csb // 37N
Csa // 35N
Bwk // 36N
Bwk // 34N
Bwh// 30N
Bsh // 20N
Bsh // 28N
Cwa // 23N
Am // 18N
Aw // 13N
Aw // 02N
Chicago
Beijing
Tokyo
San Franciso
Teheran
Las Vegas
Los Angeles
Cairo
Mexico City
Dehli
Hong Kong
Mumbai
Bangkok
Kuala LAmpur
TOTAL SRF AREA : 52, 513m2 TOTAL FLR AREA : 175, 000m2 HEIGHT : 250m VOLUME : 405, 950m3
0
London
TOTAL SRF AREA : 44, 150m2 TOTAL FLR AREA : 175, 000m2 HEIGHT : 250m VOLUME : 405, 950m3
20%
Dfb // 55N
TOTAL SRF AREA : 42, 395m2 TOTAL FLR AREA : 175, 000m2 HEIGHT : 250m VOLUME : 405, 950m3
40%
Moscow
TOTAL SRF AREA : 36, 082m2 TOTAL FLR AREA : 175, 000m2 HEIGHT : 250m VOLUME : 405, 950m3
.05 4
.05
.05
solar geometry
57°0'0"N
.06
.05
8
60°0'0"N
.09
39°0'0"N
.11
36°0'0"N
4 .12
33°0'0"N
.14
30°0'0"N
8 .15
27°0'0"N
.21
24°0'0"N
.22
42°0'0"N
4
45°0'0"N
.08
48°0'0"N
.08
51°0'0"N
.07
.06
2
54°0'0"N
.27
12°0'0"N
2
15°0'0"N
1
18°0'0"N
.26
.24
4
21°0'0"N
.27
9°0'0"N
.
30
6°0'0"N
.32
3°0'0"N 0°0'0"
.30
SOLAR COEFFICIENT// DISTRIBUTION
general geometric variability
fb
W
CO
S MO
// D
//
2N
/2
/ wa
N 55 G
N HO
KO
NG
// C
4N
/2
I
BA
DU
/ wh
R
PU
// B
A
AL
KU
M LA
f // A
4N
// 2
specific regional variations
HONG KONG// 22N
CORRUGATION// ZOOM-IN
MOSCOW// 55N
CORRUGATION// ZOOM-IN
specific regional variations
MOSCOW
55N
specific regional variations
DUBAI
24N
specific regional variations
HONG KONG
22N
specific regional variations
KUALA LUMPUR
4N
prototype software shape variation
The final tower prototype software incorporates the climate and geometric research in a single program. By varying the shape, corrugation and area sliders a user can design an ideal tower for their region. The enviornmental performance of the designed tower is graphed automatically.
prototype software corrugation variation