PEG / Flat Horizontal Walmart Worldwide STOCKHOLM
Irr: 2.5 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 104 W/m^2 ExIll: 10.4 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 13.5%
130K FT^2 60˚ N. LAT. 15˚ ROTATION
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE
20’ BLDG. HT
%Refl: 80% 0,0,5,9
NEW JERSEY
Irr: 4.5 kwH/m^2-day Irr: 188 W/m^2 ExIll: 18.7 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 7.5%
160K FT^2 40˚ N. LAT. 0˚ ROTATION
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE
22’ BLDG. HT
%Refl: 20% 0,0,0,5
CAIRO
Irr: 7 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 292 W/m^2 ExIll: 29.1 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 4.8%
60K FT^2 30˚ N. LAT. 90˚ ROTATION
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE
16’ BLDG. HT
%Refl: 0% 15, 0, 0, 40
RIO DE JANEIRO
Irr: 5.25 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 219 W/m^2 ExIll: 21.8 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 6.2%
200K FT^2 20˚ N. LAT. 30˚ ROTATION
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE
24’ BLDG. HT
%Refl: 10% 2,0,0,5
1
8
2
2
2
2
10 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
elemPV
AFFECTS partSOFFIT, CORNICE
coverage, panel size, orientation
T
170
PARAPET
190
210 Low Precip.
14 16
Med. Precip. Hi Precip.
18 20 22
4
5
4
5
5
5
6
4
5
5
6
6
6
6 7
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
(#PANELS)
One of the major upshots of the large spaces required by big-box retailers like Walmart is the sense that the interior becomes a sort of environment-unto-itself with no apparent relationship to environmental conditions or exterior space. For retail purposes, this disorientation is sometimes preferable, while at other times this lack of experiential continuity between itnerior and exterior is detrimental. As the soffit is the only continuously available (visually) plane of reference from the interior of the store, the sizing, orientation, and distribution of the skylights takes on a great deal of importance with regard to orientation as well as to interior illuminance. A typical bay configuration for a revised temperate American Walmart is shown below.
Survey from 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project
Hi
Lo
Differentiation & Continuity
Paint
based on local irradiance and illuminance levels
configurations to produce, mitigate discontinuity of interior/ exterior experience
to mitigate effects of extreme temperatres, light levels and building heights
24' 330 dy 292 W/m^2 17.5'
SUN
116 ft.^2 skyltAREA
0° DIFFERENCE
22'
FINISH
STRIATED
SOLAR IRRADIANCE FLATNESS
12.25' 25'
2.5
GENERIC
80%
300 dy 210 W/m^2
50' TYP.
17.5'
DIAGONAL BIAS
Typical Structural Bay 180 ft.^2 Skylight Area / Bay
10’ 80
INTERIOR
elemSKYLT
20'
SUN
100-130K FT.^2
GENERIC
10-12 PTS. 3 PANELS
151 dy 188 W/m^2 15'
180 ft.^2 skyltAREA
10˚ 7˚
24' 151 dy 188 W/m^2
22'
DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF.
180 ft.^2 skyltAREA
17.5'
17.5'
S GENERIC
HIGHLY CORRUGATED > SAWTOOTH - dissolution of form
S
160-180K FT.^2
14-16 PTS. 5 PANELS
GENERIC
med solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (6',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')
20'
F
RAINFALL
CONTEXTUAL
151 dy 188 W/m^2 15'
40
0
180 ft.^2 skyltAREA
59 dy 120 W/m^2 17.5'
22'
SUN
DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF. DIM. DIFF. SHIFT
22'
GENERIC
200-220K FT.^2
18-22 PTS. 8 PANELS GENERIC
F CONTEXTUAL S
SUNLIGHT
finish, hue (shade, warm/cool)
CONTEXTUAL
EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE
elemPAINT
S
PARAMETERS RATIO irradiance DEPLOYMENT bldg_height avg_temp AFFECTS partSOFFIT
3° DIFFERENCE
324 ft.^2 skyltAREA
INTERIOR partSKYLT
16’ 20
18’ 15
20’ 10
22’ 8.5
24’ 5
26’+ 0
The specific responses to these conditions suggested by the guide generate, in turn, discrete ranges of affective experience produced by the cornice and the soffit with regard to the relationship of the building’s massing to its surroundings and the relationship between the space of the interior and that of the exterior of the store. While each range produced by climactic variables is necessarily limited, the guide also provides techniques for working within a given range that would allow each building to be even more specifically tailored to local conditions. This flexibility points to the broader disciplinaryvalue of such a study, for while many of these problems may be specific to Walmart, the methods for generating potential solutions and the ways in which these solutions are evaluated are quite flexible, and can in most cases be applied to any other incarnation of the Flat Horizontal type.
V=6.25x10e4 SA=1.375x10e4 Vsrf=8.18x10e-1Tsrf Roof=9.1x10e-2Tsrf
24'
SUN
12' 13'
F
14’ 40
FV
low solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (10',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')
EXPERIENTIAL CONTINUITY
elemGREEN ratio, planting type
CONTEXTUAL
12’ 60
Walmart’s typical American condition allocates separate representative and performative functions to each face. Friendliness toward a host culture is generated through the materiality of the vertical facades or in the articulation of peaks and corrugations through the parapet wall. Meanwhile, the building’s relationship to the exterior environment, both physical and meteorological, is framed primaily through the configuration of the parking lot, plantings, and drainage areas. This duality produces a divorce between investments in environmental friendliness and those in cultural friendlinss. By embedding both of these functions in the cornice and the soffit, a more integrated solution can be achieved.
partSKYLIGHT 5' x 6' sp. 15,20' OC
partDRAIN 10 catch pts. 0% retain partMEMBRN
partRF_STR 50'X50' bay 1way joists 5'OC
partCLUMNS 50'X50' bay 11" SQ. STL.
INTERIOR
EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE
x dim
PARAMETERS RATIO annual_precip H,(max/mini) REFERENCES elemDRAIN AFFECTS partCORNICE
12-14 PTS. 4 PANELS
0%
By examining surface area and volumes in proportionally related exemplars of each type, we can see that the roof is the dominant face of the FH (Flat Horizontal) type, as it comprises at least 41% of the surface area of any Walmart store. Dominant faces of other typologies are highlted in red and grey, their values having been highlighted as well.
INTERIOR
130-160K FT.^2
5%
II. RELATIONS, PARTS, FRIENDLINESS varAMERICA(typ) -> varWORLD(typ)
I. RELATIVE VALUE
12' 13'
F
dim y
10%
In researching Walmart and its links to the broader Flat Horizontal type, we have focused our attentions on the roof, as it comprises the greatest part of Walmart’s surface area and engagement with the environment while also acting as the dominant face of the building inside the store. While the roof is generally treated as only a performative menbrane in current Walmart stores, incarnations produced by the PEG guide seek capitalize upon the dormant expressive capacities of the roof as evidenced in the soffit and cornice, specifically. The PEG guide partitions the roof further into a set of elements and provides a series of techniques for linking each element’s responses to performative mandates to types of experiential effects while also implementing several new performative criteria. As a whole, the responses to performative criteria provided by the PEG guide are meant, by making each building’s relationship to the environment explicit through the treatment of the roof, to induce a sense of locality or local specificity to each Walmart, localizing each store with regard to global systems of sun and weather.
2° DIFFERENCE SUN
22'
CONTEXTUAL
15%
13˚
16˚
S
AVG TEMP. -
GENERIC
CONTEXTUAL
AFFECTS partSOFFIT, CORNICE
spacing, size, rotation, differentiation
RAINFALL
ax) 'm x(5 dim
un
e_s fac
F
hi solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (4',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')
By always using PV panels as skylight shading devices and orienting the entire assembly to take advantage of dominant sun direction, the interior is ‘localized’ with regard its global coordinates while environmental gains are also achieved.
25%
BUILDING HEIGHT K-VALUE
Standard Configuration
Rotational Strategies
50%
numbers refer to components of CMYK values
24'
INTERIOR
ORIENTATION TO MAJ. SUN
65%
Walmart has utterly dominated the American retail sales market since its inception in 1962. However, its domestic dominance has not always translated to success in international arenas. While Walmart maintains a presence in over a dozen countries, the majority of its statistially significant international sales have been in neghboring Mexico and Canada. Walmart is slowly on its way to approaching what apperas to be complete market saturation in the U.S., and, if the future holds true to present form, it will need to confront its inability to gain market share overseas in order to retain its current status at the top of the retail market. Many of Walmart’s problems may be attributed to an inflexibility of its stores with regard to previaling local conditions. For all of ruthelss efficiencies in almost every area, however, Walmart has yet to develop a systematic way of responding to local cultural and environmental conditions in a way that makes these variations readily apparent and thus effective inflectors of experience or branding tools. It is the production of a guide to such a system of expressive efficiency that is PEG’s goal.
7.0
HUE SELECTION
22'
MULTI-SLOPE > HIGHLY FACETED - multiple identities
PARAMETERS RATIO + DEPLOYMENT days_of_sun irradiance bldg_orientation latitude
6.5
1° DIFFERENCE
SUN
154 ft.^2 skyltAREA
17.5'
ALTITUDE PV ANGLE
CONTEXTUAL
8-10 PTS. 2 PANELS
5.8
REFLECTIVITY
24'
twin t8 strip fixt. (12' oc typ.)
70-100K FT.^2
5
48' TYP.
primary structure (50' oc typ.)
50-60K FT.^2 5-6 PTS. 1 PANEL
p)
4.5
xtra-hi solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (3',5') spacing_skylt (24',15')
secondary structure (5' oc typ.)
CONTEXTUAL
' ty
4
INTERIOR
F
dim y(6
3.5
INTERIOR
PV panel
S
Lo
GENERIC
GENERIC
partPV
Hi
Skylight Ratio & Distribution
CONTEXTUAL
Base Configurations (drawings not to scale)
Lo
Anti-Globalisation
Flat Horizontal: Walmart
irradiance avg. temp orientation latitude bldg. ht.
Global Positioning
PLANAR > SINGLE SURFACE > LOW-PITCH FACETED - monolithic, closed
Hi
2008 Values from Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal
partCORNICE friendliness_ENVIRO
6
ON
Economic Freedom
SPH
partSOFFIT friendliness_CULTUR
Floor Area (In Thousands of Ft.^2) 50 90 110 130 150 (#PANELS)
REFERENCES elemSKYLT
un
e_s fac
FR
Values from combination of surveys from 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project
C-VALUE >
PARAMETERS store size rainfall DRAIN POINT DRAIN PANEL
Cultural Protectionism
2000-3000
V. SOFFIT CONFIGURATIONS varWORLD(typ)
precipitation store size
The drainage strategies outlined to the left produce solutions embedded with latent biases with regard to a store’s site-inclusiveness, which one may desire to either mitigate or amplify, depending upon local-cultural micro-climates or more general societal attitudes. The techniques employed toward these ends may also be modified to respond to differing rainfall amounts in a given location and also may be combined with variations upon the techniques of curvature and faceting shown below in order to form more explicit relationships with the stores’ surroundings.
Drainage Points
x dim lat
1500-2000
Current Supercenter Config.
12
RATIO solar_potential energy_costs DEPLOYMENT global_coordinates
1000-1500
Roofline
partSKYLT
y dim
600-1000
Drain
AFFECTS partCORNICE
PARAMETERS
400-600
< Y-VALUE
elemDRAIN
catchment, #panels, orientation
200-400
25˚
x,y
100-200
22˚
PARAMETERS RATIO annual_precip water_availabilty DEPLOYMENT natural_engagement
0-100
AVG TEMP +.
IV. CORNICE CONFIGURATIONS varWORLD(typ)
III. ELEMENTS varWORLD(typ)
z
Annual Precipitation (mm/yr):
7.5+
19˚
Your World, Your Local Walmart
6-7.5
4˚
4.5-6
1˚-
3 3-4.5
RAINFALL
2.5-3
EXTERIOR ENGAGEMENT
Insolation (kwH/m^2-day): 1-2.5
V=1.25x10e5 SA=1.5x10e4 Vsrf=6.7x10e-1Tsrf Roof=1.67x10e-1Tsrf FH
TWR
12.5' 17.5'
INTERIOR
V=3.75x10e5 SA=3.5x10e4 Vsrf=8.57x10e-1Tsrf Roof=7.1x10e-2Tsrf
V=3.125x10e5 SA=3.625x10e4 Vsrf=1.79x10e-1Tsrf Roof=4.1x10e-1Tsrf
friendliness_CULTUR friendliness_ENVIRO
Standard Configuration
Typical American Store Measurements taken in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas