A Thesis submitted to the Department of Interior Architecture and Design in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts 2024
Pamela Lindeback defended this thesis on June 27, 2024.
The members of the supervisory committee were:
Jill Pable
Professor Directing Thesis
Yelena McLane
Committee Member
Kelley Robinson
Committee Member
Kelly Kinahan
Committee Member
The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with the university requirements.
This thesis is dedicated to my amazing children, Genesis and Angelina. You are my inspiration and my strength. Your curiosity, joy, and love have fueled my journey and motivated me through every challenge. This work is a testament to the dreams I hold for you and the endless possibilities that lie ahead. May you always pursue your passions with determination and never stop believing in the power of your dreams.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am profoundly grateful to my thesis director, Dr. Jill Pable, whose expertise, encouragement, and unwavering support have been instrumental in completing this manuscript. Your guidance has been a beacon of light, steering me through the complexities of research and academia. Your insightful feedback and patience have immensely contributed to the refinement of this work.
I am indebted to you for your mentorship, which has shaped this thesis and enriched my intellectual journey. Your dedication to excellence and passion for knowledge have inspired me to reach new heights. Thank you for your invaluable contributions, belief in my capabilities, and for being an exemplary mentor.
Additionally, I sincerely thank my subcommittee members, Dr. Yelena McLane, Prof. Kelley Robinson, and Dr. Kelly Kinahan, for their time, expertise, and valuable feedback throughout the evaluation process. Your insights have greatly contributed to the refinement and quality of this manuscript.
Finally, I am deeply thankful to my director, C.J. Reynolds, Director of the Disaster Recovery and Resilience Task Force at the Florida Housing Coalition, for her invaluable contributions to the subject matter of this thesis. Your extensive expertise and experience in affordable housing have offered insights and perspectives, profoundly enriching the content of this work. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to collaborate closely with you on such impactful initiatives.
ABSTRACT
The global housing crisis, a complex and pressing issue, leaves many struggling to find stable and affordable housing to meet their basic needs (Habitat for Humanity, 2023). Singlefamily exclusionary zoning discriminates against higher-density, lower-income communities and exacerbates social inequality. Additionally, marginalized populations face increased vulnerability to gentrification, impacting their mental and physical well-being (Donkin, 2014; Osmick & Wilson, 2020; Rolfe et al., 2020) The principle of health equity, which advocates for everyone to have an equal opportunity for optimal health, is being violated on a large scale in the U.S. due to inadequate rental conditions, unaffordable rent, and housing insecurity. Additionally, these conditions often place residents in neighborhoods with limited access to healthcare services and healthy food options. Housing insecurity leads to stress and other health conditions, exacerbating disparities and undermining community well-being. This stark reality calls for immediate action toward a more equitable future where everyone can access safe and affordable housing as a fundamental determinant of health (The White House, 2023)
This study delves into the impact of affordable housing design on residents, examining how the design and quality of affordable housing influence its occupants' physical, mental, and social well-being. This objective is to identify specific design elements that contribute to improved health outcomes and overall quality of life for residents in affordable housing. Evidence-based theories in new urbanism, community index theory, and the theory of supportive design collectively form a holistic community design framework for identity restoration in marginalized populations. The study reveals that trauma, housing conditions and instability, environmental conditions, socioeconomic status, food insecurity, and neighborhood location and characteristics are all significant factors that influence health outcomes (Handy, 2014)
A comparative analysis of the design of amenities in the low-income and luxury tiny home community and agrihood community case studies identifies similarities and differences. This helps to understand the factors influencing amenity distribution and quality. Each design feature is analyzed for its benefits using a well-being lens of evaluation for safety, privacy, identity, purpose, and connection, forming a basis for comparison. These core concepts are derived from the design theories on community design, resident engagement, and healing
environments. The semblance forms a basis for comparison in determining which amenities potentially support human well-being.
Key findings include, firstly, the importance of locating affordable housing in urban areas to ensure residents have access to grocery stores, healthcare, education, work opportunities, and entertainment, which is crucial for those without cars (Gao et al., 2021). Secondly, promoting social interaction through daily activities, maintenance, and programmed amenities fosters a sense of purpose and belonging, enabling residents to connect and thrive. Lastly, the study highlights the potential socioeconomic benefits of a sharing economy, where local community members can access amenities and fresh food from urban farms through membership programs. This approach helps dispel the myth that living near affordable housing devalues single-family homes and demonstrates how community involvement can enhance the economic vitality of affordable housing developments.
People increasingly invest in smart, affordable tiny homes within sustainable agrihood farm-to-table communities. These communities offer a deeper connection to the land through strong communal ties, provide green infrastructure benefits, and ensure trusted food sources (agrihoodliving.com, n.d.) Further research is needed on the connection between place attachment and the health effects of accommodating facilities that fulfill residents’ needs for autonomy, education, connection and belonging, innovation, privacy, and safety. This can inform the design and development of housing that fulfills basic needs and elevates the overall quality of life and well-being for residents living in affordable housing.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
As the 20th century began, housing was identified as essential to improving and positively impacting families' well-being (Björkman, 2012). Access to decent housing that is affordable, safe, secure, accessible, and resilient helps to support better health (Habitat for Humanity, 2023). Four key pillars that link housing and health for affordable housing residents are (1) Stability, (2) Affordability, (3) Quality and Safety, and (4) Neighborhood Opportunity (Hernández & Swope, 2019) The interconnected housing pillars support affordable housing residents to improve health outcomes and overall well-being. A brief description of each is below.
Stable housing is critical for maintaining health and well-being. When residents have stable housing, they experience lower stress levels and better mental health. The absence of the constant threat of eviction or the need to move frequently allows individuals and families to establish routines, maintain consistent healthcare, and foster community ties. Stability in housing reduces disruptions that can negatively impact children's education and adults' employment. For instance, families with stable housing are more likely to have regular healthcare check-ups and consistent medical treatment, leading to better overall health outcomes. Stability also promotes psychological well-being, as the security of having a home fosters a sense of safety and belonging.
Affordable housing ensures that residents can allocate their income to other essential needs. When rent consumes a manageable portion of a household's budget, families can spend more on nutritious food, healthcare, and other necessities, significantly improving their physical health and reducing the incidence of chronic diseases. Affordable housing reduces financial stress, which is linked to numerous adverse health effects, including hypertension and mental health disorders. For example, households that do not spend a disproportionate amount of their income on rent are less likely to experience food insecurity and can afford preventive healthcare services, such as vaccinations and regular medical check-ups, enhancing their long-term health prospects.
The quality and safety of housing directly affects residents' physical and mental health. Poor housing conditions, such as mold, lead paint, pests, and structural deficiencies, can lead to respiratory issues, injuries, and other severe health problems. High-quality, safe housing promotes a healthier living environment by mitigating these risks. For instance, children living in homes without lead paint or mold have a lower risk of developing asthma or lead poisoning, which can have long-term health and developmental consequences. Safe housing environments also reduce the risk of accidents and injuries, contributing to the overall well-being of residents. The opportunities available in the neighborhood, such as access to schools, healthcare, jobs, and recreational spaces, influence health outcomes. Living in neighborhoods with ample resources and opportunities promotes social determinants of health, such as educational attainment, economic stability, and access to healthcare services. Safe, walkable neighborhoods also encourage physical activity, essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. For example, residents of neighborhoods with accessible parks and recreational facilities are more likely to engage in physical activity, reducing the risk of obesity and related health conditions. Additionally,
proximity to quality schools and employment opportunities enhances economic stability and overall quality of life, further supporting health and well-being.
The future of affordable housing is uncertain due to years of underfunding, deferred maintenance, and dwindling political support, as noted by Hernández and Swope (2019). Increased access to affordable housing promotes health and well-being (Kottke et al., 2018)
Housing insecurity, which threatens health and well-being, cannot be eliminated even when clinical services are enhanced (Kottke et al., 2018). Housing insecurity refers to the challenges and uncertainties individuals and families face in securing stable, affordable, and safe housing. It encompasses various issues, including a high rent burden, where a disproportionate amount of income is spent on rent, leaving insufficient funds for essential needs like food, healthcare, and education. The risk of eviction is another aspect involving the constant threat or occurrence of being evicted from one's home due to an inability to pay rent or other factors. Frequent moves result from unaffordable rent, eviction, or other housing-related issues, leading to instability. Homelessness represents the most severe form of housing insecurity, where individuals or families lack a stable residence and may live in shelters, temporary accommodation, or on the streets. Additionally, substandard housing conditions involve unsafe or poor-quality housing, such as buildings with structural issues, mold, pests, or inadequate heating and plumbing. Lastly, overcrowding occurs when living spaces are shared by too many people due to the inability to afford adequate housing, posing health and safety concerns. The substandard physical conditions of affordable housing highlight the disparities in the relationship between housing and health.
Habitat for Humanity Global (2023) has established five criteria for a decent home, which are:
1. A home is affordable.
2. A home safeguards a family's health by maintaining the structure.
3. A home needs to be secure from displacement.
4. A home’s design is accessible to all.
5. A home is safe against the outside world's threats from a pandemic or climate change.
Decent housing is a launching point for achieving equity (Cunningham et al., 2018; Habitat for Humanity, 2023) Targeted strategies for remediating public health begin with affordable housing (Handy, 2014; Hernández & Swope, 2019; Jacobs et al., 2009; Pevalin et al., 2017; Rolfe et al., 2020). Some researchers suggest we must break down barriers that deny members of our society the legal privileges presented by a sturdy foundation of decent, affordable, safe, and stable housing and communities (Hernández & Swope, 2019).
1.2 Problem Statement
Affordable housing refers to housing units available at a cost that does not exceed 30% of a household's gross income, ensuring that low to moderate-income families can cover other essential needs such as food, healthcare, and education. It targets households earning less than a certain percentage of the area median income (AMI), typically between 30% and 80%.
Supported by government programs like the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) and
Section 8 vouchers, affordable housing ensures tenants pay a manageable portion of their income towards rent, with subsidies covering the rest. It must meet quality standards to provide safe, decent, and sanitary living conditions. Affordable housing is vital for economic stability, improved physical and mental health, community development, and educational success, fostering diverse and inclusive communities.
Living in substandard housing conditions within affordable and unaffordable housing settings can have negative impacts on both mental and physical health, as well as increase the risk of infectious and chronic diseases and injuries (Hernández & Swope, 2019). Factors such as housing with peeling paint, which may lead to potential lead exposure, water leaks leading to
black mold growth, inadequate central air conditioning contributing to upper respiratory issues, noise impacting mental health, unpleasant odors exacerbating upper respiratory problems, and lack of access to public transportation leading to psychological distress, are some of the documented connections between health and marginalized communities. These adverse conditions predominantly affect lower-income populations residing in affordable housing (Braveman, 2023; Ghimire et al., 2021; Keall et al., 2010; Pevalin et al., 2017).
Section 8 housing vouchers, as outlined on the U.S. Government benefits.gov website, assist low-income individuals and families to cover their monthly rent (Cunningham et al., 2018). The author’s personal experience living in a Section 8 community revealed a decline in both mental and physical health within a short period. Multiple health and safety hazards were present simultaneously, including an inoperable elevator and slippery painted concrete walkways. The intense noise from a malfunctioning air conditioning window unit led to an exorbitant monthly electric bill due to constant operation driven by high humidity. Attempts to mitigate moisture with a dehumidifier exacerbated noise issues, offering no mental peace.
Maintenance staff recommended placing baking soda or Damp Rid boxes to address moisture accumulation. These conditions, when prolonged, can contribute to significant mental and physical health deterioration.
1.3 Justification of the Research and Project
A decent, affordable home needs to support the well-being of residents. A few definitions of well-being include:
• The state of being comfortable, healthy, and happy (Merriam-Webster, n.d.-b)
• The state of doing well, especially concerning one's happiness or success (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
• The presence of positive emotions and moods, the absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, fulfillment, and positive functioning (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.-b)
Empirical results from a vast and growing field of research point to historically rooted and systemic inequalities in housing that negatively affect known marginalized groups (Hernández & Swope, 2019). Low-income, racial, and cultural minorities, people suffering from mental health issues, the unhoused, immigrants, LGBTQIA+, youth exiting foster care, single parents, older people, the disabled, veterans, drug abuse survivors, Native Americans, domestic violence survivors, and refugees are some of the populations that need affordable housing (Pable et al., 2022)
Disadvantaged communities across the United States are grappling with the enduring housing crisis, which has worsened already dire living conditions. Developers and investors in multi-family housing frequently prioritize maximizing profits, often exploiting government incentives to deepen inequity further and intensify the affordability crisis. This perpetuates housing instability and prolongs the problem (Jacobs et al., 2009). Even when affordable housing becomes available, it is often in poor condition and inadequately inspected, leading to significant negative consequences for residents' physical and mental health (Pevalin et al., 2017)
Infrastructure that supports clean water, running electricity, waste disposal systems, and fire suppression helps people carry out daily activities in a safe environment (Federal Facilities Council, 2002). Homes need to be low-maintenance and climate-resilient. When conditions are safe, residents can develop a sense of place.
Establishing place attachment in affordable housing poses difficulties due to frequent relocations experienced by residents. Place attachment, characterized by emotional connections to specific locations, is influenced by childhood experiences, cultural identities, and social
relationships (Altman & Low, 1992). Over time, individuals develop feelings of familiarity, stability, and security, which hold significant meaning and lasting effects. Involuntary relocations, common among low-income residents, are often stressful, prompting adapting to lost attachments and forming new ones (Altman & Low, 1992). Such transitions can lead to trauma, compounded by the loss of personal belongings and familiar environments, potentially resulting in health issues. Nonetheless, fostering place attachment in affordable housing can promote stability for individuals, creating strong bonds to their homes and communities.
The World Health Organization defines healthy housing as a shelter that supports a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Healthy housing provides a feeling of home, including a sense of belonging, security, and privacy. Healthy housing also refers to the physical structure of the dwelling and the extent to which it enables physical and mental health. This thesis examines the housing conditions within affordable housing communities that impact residents' well-being. It highlights the necessity of establishing appropriate housing standards to enhance housing quality for marginalized communities, fostering a sense of belonging through a sharing economy and attachment to their homes. Numerous studies have demonstrated the strong connection between well-being and housing conditions through interviews with residents of affordable housing (Jacobs et al., 2009; Keall et al., 2010; Rolfe et al., 2020)
1.4 Research Questions
This study's research questions focus on exploring the relationship between the wellbeing of residents in affordable housing and the conditions of their housing and surrounding community. The study also examines design strategies for prioritizing the well-being of individuals in supportive housing construction outcomes.
1. What building conditions in tiny homes affect residents' perceptions of well-being? This study aims to pinpoint issues in affordable housing design that may impact residents' well-being. To answer this question, input was gathered and analyzed from tiny home resident surveys and existing community case studies
2. How might physical and psychological design considerations support the well-being of residents in affordable housing? Using survey and case study data, I created a list of community, amenity, and home design features that could be incorporated into future affordable housing community projects to promote health and well-being. I documented and analyzed community case studies and tiny home case studies, focusing on features that literature review sources support as promoting well-being
1.5 Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
While health studies often focus on preventable or controllable health conditions such as asthma and heart disease, it is crucial to recognize that substandard housing conditions can also have a significant impact on health outcomes (Hernández & Swope, 2019; Pevalin et al., 2017; World Health Organization, 2018). This study aims to pinpoint the architectural design problems in affordable housing communities that may impact the well-being of its residents, using both self-reported data and the author’s informed analysis of physical and mental health issues supported by the literature (Hernández & Swope, 2019; HUD, 2010; Keall et al., 2010; Rolfe et al., 2020) The definitions below support the study’s objectives
Well-being is a meaningful positive outcome for people of all parts of society. It tells us that people perceive their lives are going well. Good living conditions, which include housing and employment, are fundamental to well-being (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.-b). Problems in housing quality threaten residents’ well-being.
A disparity is a quality or state of being different (Merriam-Webster, n.d.-a). A disparity is also a difference in level or treatment, especially one seen as unfair (Oxford Languages, n.d.).
There is much scholarship on housing disparities in urban planning and related fields such as social studies, sociology, law, and public policy, and more research into affordable housing design is needed. Many of these studies link housing conditions and social determinants of human health (Braveman, 2023; Handy, 2014; Hernández & Swope, 2019; Jacobs et al., 2009; World Health Organization, 2018).
According to the World Health Organization, affordable housing-built environments should prioritize essential outcomes to promote residents' overall well-being. Table 1 outlines these topics
Table 1
Recommendations of the WHO Housing and Health Guidelines
Note. (World Health Organization, 2018)
The World Health Organization has identified categories highlighting evidence linking health and housing (2018). The conditions include physical, chemical, biological, building, and social factors, detailed below
Physical factors that affect health include:
1) Cold or hot indoor temperatures that lead to death,
2) Ventilation and energy efficiency of housing,
3) Radon exposure causing cancer,
4) Lighting conditions in the dwelling and mental and other health effects,
5) Neighborhood and building noise and related mental health.
Chemical factors that affect health include:
1) Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in dwellings causes respiratory and allergic effects,
2) Lead-related health effects.
Biological factors that affect health include:
1) Humidity and mold in dwellings and related health effects,
2) Hygrothermal conditions and house dust mite exposure,
3) Cockroaches, rodents, pets, and mites that lead to respiratory, allergic, or asthmatic effects.
Building factors that affect health include:
1) Injuries in built environment domestic accidents
2) Estimating the number of home accidents from injuries.
Social factors that affect health include:
1) Multi-family high-density housing, housing quality, and mental health,
2) Social conditions of housing and fear/fear of crime,
3) Poverty and social exclusions and related health effects,
4) Crowding and related health effects,
5) Social factors/social climate and mental health.
These categories relate to the physical setting of affordable housing and the health effects that people are currently experiencing in affordable housing
It is widely accepted that the built environment can impact human well-being, as supported by various theories and frameworks. The Theory of Supportive Design by Robert Ulrich framework, as seen in Figure 1 below, historically focuses on how design impacts the healing process in the built environment. (R. S. Ulrich, 1991). Robert Ulrich's theory of supportive design, which focuses on reducing stress and enhancing healing through environmental design, can also significantly enhance affordable housing community design. By incorporating key principles such as providing a sense of control, fostering social support, and integrating positive distractions, affordable housing can become more than just a place to live (R. Ulrich, 1997; R. Ulrich, 1991). Strategies like involving residents in the design process, creating shared spaces, ensuring safety and accessibility, and integrating natural elements and art can create healthier, more engaging living environments. Applying Ulrich's principles can ultimately transform affordable housing into supportive, vibrant communities that improve residents' quality of life, as the theory has transformed healthcare environments.
Figure 1
Robert Ulrich’s Theory of Supportive Design
Note. (R. S. Ulrich, 1991)
The connection between housing and well-being needs to be studied more. Healthcare studies analyze how quickly people heal based on the quality of healthcare environments. I believe additional studies are needed to examine the diverse outcomes of housing communities and their impact on overall well-being.
1.6 Methodology
This study employs an ethnographic mixed methods approach within a post-positivist paradigm to investigate potential links between affordable housing design and residents' wellbeing. Utilizing tiny home resident surveys, community case studies, and tiny home case studies as primary methods, the research aims to delve into residents' experiences and perceptions. Tiny home resident surveys identified common themes of satisfaction or dissatisfaction among residents, probing into their present or past experiences in tiny homes. The survey assessed
residents' well-being and analyze the role of amenities in supporting them within tiny home communities.
A community case study will examine how amenities present in these projects may contribute to a resident's sense of purpose, identity, health, and connection within communities. Additionally, a case study on tiny homes explored innovative features to enhance residents' safety, privacy, and control.
Reviewing data from tiny home resident surveys and case studies on communities and individual tiny homes provides an understanding of the principles that shape the design of these living spaces. By organizing the key principles of well-being that emerged from the literature review, the design features and amenities were analyzed to determine how they apply to supportive home and community design. These guidelines were used to program a prototype micro HHome and a macro home community that embodied a balanced and fulfilling living environment. The micro home concept focuses on small, efficient living spaces, prioritizing minimalism and functionality. These homes are designed to maximize limited space through innovative design. In contrast, a macro home community encompasses larger residential developments, including multiple homes and shared communal spaces such as parks, community gardens, and recreational facilities. These communities aim to foster social interaction and create a sense of belonging
1.7 Role of the Researcher
I play a multifaceted role in this study, blending advocacy, analytical study, and design expertise to investigate the experiences and needs of affordable housing residents within affordable housing communities
Firstly, I utilized survey data to gather insights into the lives and experiences of tiny home residents, aiming to understand their challenges and requirements in tiny home community environments.
With over ten years of experience in interior design, including work in commercial and residential housing, I bring practical experience shaping living spaces. Having directly interacted with residents of affordable housing communities, I witnessed firsthand the mental and physical challenges these populations face. This experiential background motivates me to deepen my understanding of this demographic through academic research.
By pursuing a Master of Fine Arts degree in Interior Design at Florida State University, I aim to expand my knowledge and skills to better address the needs of disadvantaged populations Through analysis, I draw upon existing studies on affordable housing conditions and their impact on human well-being to inform this research study. Additionally, I intend to disseminate findings and real-life design solutions for affordable housing communities, contributing to advocacy efforts and practical improvements in housing and community design.
1.8 Assumptions of the Study
I assume that each participant honestly and willingly shared their stories and experiences. Research shows that some residents have lived in affordable housing repeatedly and will have different outcomes than those who recently entered the system (Pevalin et al., 2017; Rolfe et al., 2020). I also assume that the strategies identified from the case study analysis can contribute to resident well-being. Further research is needed to confirm whether these amenities do or do not support residents’ well-being.
1.9 Significance of the Study
Housing quality is crucial to assessing well-being (Keall et al., 2010). Measuring the quality of the constructed environment is only possible with accurate comparative measurements (Keall et al., 2010). Recognizing that enhancements in designing and maintaining built environments can positively impact resident well-being, the researcher seeks to understand how these improvements can be effectively implemented. Moreover, the researcher highlights the often-overlooked connection between ongoing housing issues and mental health, emphasizing these challenges' profound and lasting effects on overall well-being. Suitable housing protects health, whereas poor housing deteriorates health (Pevalin et al., 2017).
1.10 Limitations of the Study
The survey sample is limited to Reddit user groups comprising of tiny home residents, limiting the representation of resident experiences across other affordable housing communities. This limitation underscores the importance of recognizing the potential lack of generalizability and sensitivity to subtle variations in the collected data due to the sample size of eight participants Similarly, the community case study sample is restricted to comparing amenities provided by nine communities, potentially limiting the breadth of insights into community dynamics and resident experiences. Community types that will be analyzed include low-income tiny home communities, tiny home communities, low-income agrihood communities, fixedincome agrihood communities, and luxury agrihood communities. Likewise, the tiny home case study is confined to comparing ten tiny homes constructed using different methods, which may restrict the comprehensiveness of findings regarding innovative design features and resident satisfaction across a broader range of tiny home configurations.
1.11 Delimitations of the Study
This study concentrated exclusively on adult individuals residing in tiny homes, excluding children or families, despite the importance of family dynamics research in housing studies. Participants come from different socio-economic backgrounds with diverse motivations for living in tiny homes, which may impact their experiences and perspectives.
1.12 Definition of Terms
Affordable Housing – is generally defined as housing on which the occupant is paying no more than 30 percent of gross income for housing costs, including utilities (HUD, n.d.)
Housing Choice Vouchers – The Housing Choice Voucher Program, or Section 8, is the federal government’s program for assisting low-income families, the disabled, and the elderly in affording housing (US Government, benefits.gov, n.d.).
Non-Profit Housing – Nonprofit corporations develop nonprofit housing with a community board of directors and mission. Most housing developed by nonprofit housing developers is affordable, with rents or prices below market rate. Income generated from the housing is put back into the organization's mission rather than distributed to stockholders or individual investors, as would be the case in for-profit housing (HUD, n.d.).
Tiny House – (1) a detached single-family dwelling unit of not less than one hundred and fifty square feet and not more than six hundred square feet in floor area, including loft floor area, that is constructed or mounted on a foundation and is connected to utilities, built or prefabricated and permanently anchored to a foundation and provided with permanent utility connections (Law Insider, n.d.); (2) tiny houses are dwelling units that are 400 square feet or less in floor area, excluding lofts (International Code Council, n.d.)
Well-being – the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous (Merriam-Webster, n.d.-b).
Table 2 below from the National Low Income Housing Coalition gives additional definitions that support understanding low-income categories.
Table 2
Low-Income Definitions
Note. (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2023)
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
As discussed in Chapter 1, the quality and availability of affordable housing are uncertain due to lack of funding, postponed maintenance, and wavering political support. Substandard physical conditions in affordable housing support disparities in the housing-health relationship stability, tenure, affordability, quality, safety, and neighborhood opportunity link housing and health.
The literature review in this chapter explores various topics that underpin the relationship between affordable housing and human well-being:
1. It provides an overview of systemic challenges faced by residents in affordable housing.
2. The text examines the impact of social determinants of health on overall well-being and discusses healthy home standards to promote resident well-being, connecting housing and health.
3. It delves into evidence-based design theories that connect the built environment and urban design to foster positive health outcomes.
4. It explores the concept of home and how place attachment is formed.
5. It investigates supportive housing communities, referencing tiny home communities and agrihoods, considering their potential role in addressing affordable housing shortages.
2.2 Sources for Bibliographical Information
The primary sources of this literature review consist of books, journal articles, and peerreviewed journal papers accessed from the Strozier Library located at Florida State University. Additionally, governmental agency reports and non-profit housing authority reports were referenced. The articles were referenced in databases including Wiley Online Library, Sage Journals, Oxford University Press, Research Gate, Elsevier, National Library of Medicine, Journal of Interior Design, the National Low Income Housing Coalition, Florida Housing Coalition, and the Office of Policy and Development under the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Common keywords used to search for content for this review include affordable housing, health and housing, social determinants of health, well-being, tiny homes, restorative environments, supportive design, co-living, sharing economy, place attachment, and meaning of home.
2.3 Systemic Challenges in Affordable and Public Housing
2.3.1
Introduction to Systemic Problems in Low-income Housing
Systemic problems refer to issues that have widespread impacts on society, stemming from fundamental flaws within the underlying system. Addressing these issues requires acknowledging and modifying the system's structure, organization, and policies. Several vital topics highlight the widespread deterioration of affordable housing and identify areas requiring attention for meaningful improvements:
1. History of Segregated Public Housing: This section examines the historical context of segregated public housing policies and their enduring effects on housing disparities and inequalities.
2. At-Risk Populations in Affordable Housing: Identifying vulnerable populations within affordable housing, such as low-income individuals, seniors, people with disabilities, and minority groups, who face increased risks of housing instability and inadequate living conditions.
3. Stigma of Spatial Disadvantage: Investigating the societal stigma associated with residing in poor neighborhoods and its impact on residents' well-being and opportunities.
4. The Public Housing Voucher Program: Assessing the effectiveness and accessibility of government-sponsored housing voucher programs in providing affordable housing options for low-income individuals and families.
5. Exclusionary Zoning Policy: Zoning policies perpetuate segregation and limit access to affordable housing in certain areas, contributing to spatial inequalities and housing affordability challenges.
Some of the critical issues that arise in marginalized populations in affordable housing are the lack of awareness of residents' rights and responsibilities, difficulty navigating the public housing system, the disparity between public assistance levels and market rate costs, a lack of support for those with addictions and mental health problems, inaccessible complaint resolution processes, the need for landlords to improve property maintenance and pest control, and most notably a lack of affordable housing options (Dayal, 2021)
The section below highlights the history of public housing, which traces its origins as a segregated program to house migrant workers with very low or no income. By examining the timeline of public housing, we can gain insight into significant events and notable figures who In 1934, Atlanta became the location of the first "slum clearance" project in the United States. It was also the site of America's first federally funded public housing, segregated by race for lowincome. shaped policies based on their biases and perceived needs. By examining the history of
U.S. public housing, we can better understand how the current housing programs contribute to the ongoing segregation and gentrification problem among the communities most in need of assistance. An example from the National Low-Income Housing Coalition (2023) illustrates this.
2
Techwood Flats, also known as Tanyard Creek "Slum Housing" 1936
Note. (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2019)
3
Techwood Homes, Atlanta, GA, 1950
Note. (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2019)
Figure
Figure
Techwood Flats, or Tanyard Creek, was renovated and named Techwood Homes.
Techwood Flats' living conditions were crowded, with many families sharing one room, safety
2.3.2 History of Segregated Public Housing
Housing issues, and unsanitary housing conditions. Techwood Homes (1936-1996) was designated for white families, while University Homes (1937-2009) was reserved for Black families (Atlanta Housing Interplay, 2022)
In 1937, the U.S. federal government established a public segregated housing program called the Housing Act 1937. The segregation criteria included race and socio-economic status. Next, the Housing Act of 1968, the 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act, and the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act left American communities with the perception, accurate or not, of poverty, high crime, and ineffective schools surrounding residents in affordable housing.
Despite the Housing Act of 1968, which outlawed housing discrimination, decades of local, state, and federal policies supported segregation (Fullwood, 2016; National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2019). In 1974, U.S. President Nixon withdrew public housing support and started the current private market housing Section 8 voucher program.
In 1989, U.S. President Reagan made more cuts, but Congress developed a HOPE VI program to tear down older housing and replace it with mixed-income housing. HOPE VI is a precursor to today's "repositioning" effort (converting public housing units to private markets), multifamily, and mixed-income housing. In 1998, the Faircloth Amendment limited the construction of new public housing. In 2019, 1.1 million units of HUD public housing operated by over 3,000 local public housing agencies (PHAs) served 2.2 million residents. Unfortunately, low-income segregated communities face disparities in accessing housing today. Past efforts to resolve the disparities have proven unsuccessful (Fullwood, 2016).
2.3.3 At-Risk Populations in Public and Affordable Housing
Housing inequality continues to rise in at-risk populations most vulnerable to housing instability (Chun et al., 2023). The growing number of groups that encounter discrimination not only in housing choice but also in housing location include low-income families/individuals, racial and cultural minorities, persons with mental disabilities, the unhoused, immigrant populations, LGBTQIA+, youth coming out of foster care, unaccompanied children, young adults, single parents, elderly, disabled, women, single parent families, veterans, substance abuse survivors, people from Indigenous populations, domestic violence survivors, the elderly, persons recently released from incarceration with criminal records, and refugees (Chun et al., 2023; HUD, 2010; Pable et al., 2022) Most unhoused individuals (66.7%) are single, while the remaining are families (Jackson et al., 2020)
The Department of Housing and Urban Development is working to remove barriers that vulnerable populations face when securing private market housing, including developing individual assessments that inspect background evaluation criteria (HUD Outlines Its Action Plan to Remove Unnecessary Barriers to Housing for People with Criminal Records | HUD.Gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2023). In Table 3 below, HUD and The Springs Rescue Mission organization highlight obstacles to entering shelters or programs and exiting homelessness. These conditions can exacerbate the injustice experienced by individuals or families seeking permanent housing.
Barriers
BARRIERS TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING APPLICATIONS
1. No rental history
2. Poor credit history
3. Sporadic employment history
4. No high school diploma/GED
5. Recent or current abuse and/or battering (client fleeing domestic violence housing situation)
6. Head of household under 18 years old
7. Large family (three or more children)
8. Severe health problems/conditions
9. Severe mental illness
10. LGBTQ identification
11. Sobriety (on-site breathalyzers and drug screens)
12. Rigid rules and requirements
13. Strict curfews (without exception)
14. Admission dependent on chapel or class attendance
15. Mandatory program participation
BARRIERS TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING APPLICATIONS
16. Background checks
17. Income requirements and verification
18. Criminal records
19. Credit checks
20. Forced labor participation
2.3.4 Stigma of Spatial Disadvantage
Spatial disadvantage refers to the unique characteristics of communities that distinguish them from others. These traits can lead to discrimination against impoverished areas and reinforce negative public perceptions of both the structures and the people that live there based on stigma and reputation. Socio-economic disadvantages can impact individuals in many ways. The term disadvantage covers a variety of ideas, such as poverty, deprivation, social exclusion, and social capital (Pawson et al., 2015). Many individuals cannot attain affordable, high-quality housing and lack access to essential services and amenities such as recreational activities, educational opportunities, healthcare, and other facilities. Such disadvantages may lead to poor employment, health, livability, and academic outcomes (Tucker et al., 2022).
These issues are further compounded in socially disadvantaged communities, where a cycle of poverty perpetuates the problem. One's housing location frequently dictates one's opportunities and ultimate outcomes in life. Low-income individuals face a locational disadvantage if they live beyond walking distance of a bus station or a reliable bus route.
Participants in a socio-economic study on the affordable housing system discussed other disadvantages by identifying these critical factors as obstacles in the affordable housing system, detailed in Table 4
Table 4
Obstacles in the Affordable Housing System
OBSTACLES IN THE AFFORDABLE HOUSING SYSTEM
1. Lack of coordination between levels of governmental organizations
2. Necessity and timing of emergency governmental funding
3. Availability of entry-level jobs and literacy requirements
4. Lack of support for early childhood development
5. Digital inclusion
6. Intergenerational trauma
7. Availability and quality of rental properties
8. Price of rental properties
9. Housing suitability for complex clients and family size
10. Place stigmatization with crime and safety
11. Chronic stress impacting mental health and well-being
12. Unemployment, lack of benefits, low-income levels
13. Gentrification
Note. (Tucker et al., 2022)
Spatial disadvantages manifest in the areas where people live, behave, and take on characteristics that define them because of place. The challenges associated with spatial disadvantage include long-term unemployment, poor health, food insecurity, and housing stress (Tucker et al., 2022). The spatial concentration of disadvantaged people deepens their disadvantage, and governments are less likely to invest in disadvantaged communities (Wiesel et
al., 2018). The spatial distribution of government spending concerning zoning policy has produced a gentrification of segregated neighborhoods. Gentrification is a process wherein policy decisions, real estate projects, systemic racism, and restricted access to capital for homeownership and business development lead to the displacement of lower-income residents by those with higher incomes (Carter, 2022). Residents of underprivileged communities may undervalue their neighborhoods, leading them to sell their properties at lower prices. Limited access to housing and stability due to discrimination has hindered low-income and minority families from relocating to neighborhoods that promote good health (Braveman, 2023).
In contrast, thriving communities provide diverse housing options and accommodate individuals of all backgrounds, family sizes, and income levels. Neighborhoods with various housing options promote diversity, equity, and sustainability (Chakraborty & McMillan, 2022) A sharing culture or "collaborative consumption" can potentially create greater equality, helping connect people to resources and services in communities tackling systemic issues (Vith et al., 2019, p. 1027). For example, a shared garage stocked with tools for a community can function to support property maintenance, increasing social impact.
2.3.5 The Public Housing Voucher Program
Another systematic challenge in affordable housing is the administration and processes of programs themselves. Unfortunately, public housing is frequently viewed as a singular unsuccessful initiative that tragically concentrated low-income households led by single parents from minority communities in poorly designed and poorly managed housing complexes (Vale & Freemark, 2012). The Federal Aid program, managed by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, was established to provide safe and ample rental housing options for lowincome families, elderly individuals, and those with disabilities through the local Public Housing
Authorities (PHAs). The PHA offices assist local communities in finding suitable housing options for enrolled residents and distribute housing vouchers that supplement housing costs.
These authorities follow specific guidelines to evaluate and choose eligible candidates.
However, in the 1970s and 1980s, U.S. public housing policy shifted away from governmentfunded public housing projects toward housing voucher programs providing subsidies for families to rent in the private market or privately developed public housing (Vale & Freemark, 2012). This shift led to more barriers as private market owners gained the authority to determine qualifying criteria and set rental prices. According to (Cunningham et al., 2018), the current public housing voucher system lacks sufficient funding and affordable housing options for those in need Furthermore, the private rental market is plagued with pervasive discrimination against families and individuals, adding even more strain on the PHA office's workload.
Table 5 provides the income categories the government has established for people to receive housing assistance (US Department of Housing and Urban Development, n.d.)
QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING RESIDENTS
1. Extremely low income is at or below 30% of the area median income.
2. Low income is at or below 80% of the area's median income.
3. Moderate income describes a family at or below 120% of median income for federal programs.
4. Housing costs, including utilities, should be at most 30% of gross income.
5. Their income can be at most 50% of the median income for the county or metropolitan area where they wish to live.
6. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) determines the median income by county or Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).
Table 5
Qualification Requirements for Affordable Housing Residents
Note. (Florida Housing Coalition, n.d.-b)
The PHA provides vouchers to applicants whose median income is at or below 30 percent of the area's median (US Department of Housing and Urban Development, n.d.) The PHA will gather and verify family income, assets, citizenship, and composition information. Personal information is obtained from an applicant's employer and bank. Many individuals find it challenging to afford housing due to the gap between their housing needs, inflated rent, living wages, and the limited availability of affordable housing.
It is common for families facing financial difficulties to experience a prolonged wait before receiving housing assistance through the Housing Choice Voucher program (Acosta & Gartland, 2021) According to the analysis by CBPP, which utilized data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the main reason is the scarce program funding. Figure 9 below displays the waiting list statistics for each state. Closed waiting lists and long waits for housing assistance make clear that we must expand housing resources for our nation's lowestincome renters (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2023). According to the Florida Housing Coalition, more than half of the waiting lists for the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) were not accepting new applications for housing assistance. Figure 4 below shows how long people wait around the country to receive housing vouchers.
4
Wait Years for Assistance for People in Affordable Housing Note. (Acosta & Gartland, 2021)
On average, 60% of households on waitlists are families with children, 11% are older adults, and 18% include at least one person with a disability (The National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2016).
Once an individual or family has secured a housing voucher, they may encounter the issue of housing discrimination (Rosen & Garboden, 2022). Some landlords purposely target voucher holders for their lower-quality units, which are often situated in neighborhoods with high poverty rates (Rosen, 2014). The landlord frequently controls the process of choosing neighborhoods for urban residents. This results in varying living environments for those who are economically challenged. Experts who study poverty and residential mobility have been
Figure
fascinated by how the decisions made by low-income families interact with structural obstacles. This interaction often leads to impoverished communities that perpetuate social and economic isolation as well as racial segregation (Rosen, 2014)
Unfortunately, many landlords prefer tenants who are not government-subsidized and are part of the fair housing market (Cunningham et al., 2018) Landlords possess greater authority to conduct inspections and evict tenants holding vouchers in contrast to those who do not have vouchers (Besbris et al., 2022). Landlords are likelier to cancel appointments or not show up for apartment viewings with voucher holders. Unfortunately, additional discrimination based on factors such as race, ethnicity, family size, and LGBTQIA+ status is also a common reason for landlords to reject potential tenants (Cunningham et al., 2018). Voucher holders typically live in more impoverished areas with larger populations of black and Hispanic individuals than all renters (Besbris et al., 2022). However, the Fair Housing Act states that it is illegal to discriminate against individuals seeking housing based on their race, color, national origin, sex, handicap, familial status, or religion.
Following a housing voucher acceptance, the housing unit selected by the family must meet an acceptable level of health and safety before being approved. The PHA states they will inspect the dwelling and determine whether the rent requested is reasonable. People who live in affordable rental housing depend on landlords for repairs and a secure living environment. Imposing rent control measures on landlords may lead to a further deterioration in the upkeep of housing units as landlords may need to prioritize property maintenance (Diamond, 2018). However, policies mandating landlords to inspect their housing quality might restrict them from starting new tenancies or increasing rents (Cunningham et al., 2018).
The Department of Housing and Urban Development has compiled an extensive roster of housing options accessible with housing vouchers, each with distinct prerequisites. The PHA
determines suitable housing based on an individual's necessities, family size, and situation. The table below shows different housing options that receive financial assistance under this program. Table 6
HUD Housing Assistance Unit Types
HUD HOUSING UNIT TYPES
1. Single Room Occupancy Facilities
2. Congregate Housing
3. Group Homes
4. Shared Housing
5. Cooperative Housing
6. Manufactured Homes
7. Accessory Dwelling Units
8. Tiny homes
9. Micro units, micro apartments
Shared living spaces where individuals have communal bathrooms and kitchens.
Housing options that provide both private rooms or apartments and opportunities for communal activities with fellow residents.
Home for older adults and individuals with disabilities that offer services.
A shared housing unit where a family receiving assistance lives alongside one or more other residents.
Individuals residing in housing owned by non-profit organizations obtain memberships to ensure the safety and security of their homes.
These homes can easily be moved and used as primary residences
Dwellings can either be attached or detached from each other.
Structures are typically connected to a base and generally have a floor area of less than 500 square feet.
Like efficiency apartments, this housing type provides 200-400 sf studios within a larger building.
HUD HOUSING UNIT TYPES
10. Transitional and supportive housing
11. Multi-family
12. Private-owned home or townhome landlords
Note. (usa.gov, n.d.)
2.3.6 Exclusionary Zoning
Various housing facilities cater to individuals who are homeless, seeking to move away from welfare, or recently discharged from institutions.
Separate apartments are collected under one owner who rents them out to individuals.
Homeowners can choose whether to participate in the Section 8 housing voucher program.
Addressing systemic zoning and community development issues may irritate people (Carter, 2022). Efforts to eliminate the shortage of affordable rental housing require a combination of local, state, and federal solutions. Exclusionary zoning regulations that favor single-family homes and limit high-density housing severely restrict the amount and types of new housing. These regulations inflate land requirements for each home, constrain the housing supply, and drive up prices. Restrictive zoning regulations disproportionately limit rental housing development, notably multifamily developments (National et al., 2023).
Throughout history, it is evident that in the 19th and early 20th centuries, privileged white individuals targeted specific communities. For example, the United States Government forcefully displaced Native Americans from their ancestral lands and relocated them to the West, a devasting journey known as the "Trail of Tears." This displacement led to Native Americans
living on restricted reservations, which severely limited their economic prospects and opportunities. Figure 5 below depicts this event.
Gentrification is a process that can significantly impact a community's history, culture, social capital, housing, economy, and health. Neglected neighborhoods are transformed by introducing new businesses and resources, which can change the area's demographics, including household income and racial/ethnic composition (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.-a). Unfortunately, this can often result in the displacement of long-time residents and businesses from their homes and workplaces. Displacement happens when long-time, original neighborhood residents move from a gentrified area because of higher rents, mortgages, and property taxes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.-a). For those striving to escape poverty, the considerable obstacle of limited job opportunities in impoverished areas can be discouraging due to the physical distance between these communities and potential employment (National et al., 2023)
Exclusive single-family zoning, a widely used U.S. housing policy, was adopted to create and maintain racially segregated neighborhoods and concentrate poverty. Local jurisdictions are familiar with opposition to multifamily housing development (Craw, 2020). It is noteworthy that multifamily housing yields lower property tax revenue for the government than single-family residences. This aspect is crucial since government expenditures are vital in urban planning.
According to Craw (2023), local planning and elected officials should maintain a healthy skepticism regarding opponents of multifamily housing who raise concerns about subsidized housing, crime, overpopulation, and traffic issues. The presence of most forms of multifamily housing within 2,000 feet of a new development appears to have either a neutral or a positive effect on sales prices for single-family homes in the area (Craw, 2023) Diverse communities that include individuals from different income groups offer several advantages, such as mutual support among residents and the development of social capital (Carter, 2022).
There is often community resistance to multifamily housing, known as not-in-mybackyard (NIMBYism), mainly from single-family homeowners who fear a decline in their property values. However, local authorities, community groups, and academic experts can verify these false claims and analyze the effects of multifamily housing through a data-driven approach. This approach could lead to increased availability of affordable and fair housing options within a metropolitan area (Craw, 2020) Recent studies have found that there is either no effect or a favorable impact on the sales prices of single-family homes within 2,000 feet of a new multifamily housing development (Craw, 2020). Despite this evidence, community resistance often slows down or blocks the growth of low-income multifamily housing.
Negative perceptions surrounding the development of affordable housing communities featuring tiny homes have resulted in community feedback regarding issues such as increased traffic, littering, and the congregation of people in public spaces (Jackson et al., 2020). A study
on The Dwellings, a 130-unit affordable tiny home community in Tallahassee, Florida, revealed that funding constraints and NIMBYism hindered stakeholder efforts to achieve fairness and affordability at this development. Unfortunately, these obstacles prevented the project from achieving its goal of providing housing for the homeless population (Jackson et al., 2020)
6
The Dwellings, Tallahassee, Florida, a tiny home affordable housing project Note. (Jackson et al., 2020)
According to The Dwellings community website, residents can access various amenities and programs to set them up for success. These include a community center, laundry services, walking trails, smart technology in every home, community gardens, a hydroponic greenhouse, training and educational facilities for skill development and resource connection, a community kitchen and dining hall, outside gathering spaces, and solar power. According to Jackson, there was considerable opposition from the public towards the development plan, which made it challenging to secure a site for the new community. Consequently, the community has no nearby bus stop or local grocery store.
Several obstacles during the initial planning phase include locating an adequate site, permitting processes, securing funding, navigating zoning regulations, accessing building codes
Figure
for tiny home communities, complying with tiny home building regulations in Florida, defining best practices against community opposition to ensure surrounding property values will not decrease, adhering to dwelling unit limitations per parcel in Florida, providing adequate parking and walkways, and implementing effective stormwater retention measures (Florida Housing Coalition, n.d.-a; Jackson et al., 2020)
2.4 Housing as a Social Determinant of Health
2.4.1
Introduction to Healthy Housing
Housing quality directly impacts health and can perpetuate social and environmental inequality (World Health Organization, 2018) Conducting housing inspections and postoccupancy evaluations can help identify necessary repairs and updates to outdated building codes. Various researchers have found a correlation between persistent housing issues and the resident's health in affordable housing. See Table 7 below.
Table 7
Affordable Housing Conditions That Affect Resident Well-Being
AFFORDABLE HOUSING CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT RESIDENT WELL-BEING
1. Residential crowding
2. Air quality in high-density buildings
3. Residential exposure to tobacco smoke, volatile organic compounds, and asbestos
4. Water leaks, poor ventilation, dirty carpets, and pest infestations
Dramatically increases the risks of viral transmission (Chen & Krieger, 2021)
Outdated and unclean systems can compromise older buildings. Window units in HVAC systems can cause indoor temperatures to fluctuate and increase moisture levels, directly increasing asthma risk (Jacobs et al., 2009)
Linked with respiratory irritation or illness and some types of cancer (World Health Organization, 2018).
Exposure to moisture, lead, leaks, and inadequate heating or cooling can lead to mold, mites, and other allergens, which increase the risk of asthma, diabetes, obesity, headache, and migraine and cause poor cardiovascular health (Braveman, 2023), (Jacobs et al., 2009)
7 - continued
AFFORDABLE HOUSING CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT RESIDENT WELL-BEING
5. Inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities
6. Inadequate natural, indoor, and outdoor lighting
7. Increased noise levels
8. Injuries can be caused by slips, falls, and lack of disrepair in affordable housing.
9. Lack of accessibility
10. Carpet with residual pesticides that off-gas into the air or new carpeting that off-gas volatile organic compounds
11. Inadequate heating and cooling, control of temperature environment, and insufficient airflow
It affects food safety and personal hygiene (World Health Organization, 2018).
Causes injuries and psychological stressors (Jacobs et al., 2009).
Lack of proper insulation and soundproof windows can decrease sleep quality and emotional distress (Keall et al., 2010)
Recognize potential hazards such as uneven flooring, inadequate lighting, poorly maintained stairs, missing safety guards, and unsafe windows/doors (World Health Organization, 2018).
It is challenging for individuals who use wheelchairs to access resources within their housing units and community (Apparicio & Seguin, 2006)
Causes upper respiratory issues and headaches (Keall et al., 2010)
Leads to mold and bacteria growth (World Health Organization, 2018).
Note. (Apparicio & Seguin, 2006; Chen & Krieger, 2021; Florida Housing Coalition, n.d.-a; Hadden Loh et al., 2022; Handy, 2014; Hernández & Swope, 2019; Jacobs et al., 2009; Keall et al., 2010; Krieger & Higgins, 2002; Pevalin et al., 2017; Ranson, 2002; Taylor, 2018; World Health Organization, 2018)
Physical improvements to affordable housing have the potential to impact residents' mental and physical health conditions positively (World Health Organization, 2018). However, it is essential to note that many older buildings do not provide accessibility for people with functional impairments, as building codes did not require accommodation at the time. Along
with accessibility features, a healthy home, outlined by the World Health Organization, encompasses the criteria in Table 8.
Table 8
World Health Organization's "Healthy Home" Standards
WHO “HEALTHY HOME” STANDARDS
1. Home has structural soundness.
2. Home is free from accidental injury hazards.
3. Home provides sufficient space for all ordinary household activities for all family members.
4. Home has a readily and easily accessible supply of drinkable water.
5. Home has sanitary means of collecting, storing, and disposing of all liquid and solid wastes.
6. Home provides facilities for personal and household hygiene and cleanliness.
7. Home is sufficiently weatherproof and watertight and protects from the elements.
8. Home provides indoor air quality that is healthful and comfortable.
9. Home is free from excessive noise from both interior and exterior sources.
10. Home has natural and artificial lighting that is safe and adequate for daily activities.
11. Home is free from toxic odors, air containments, or pollutants.
12. Home protects from insects and rodents that carry disease.
13. Home is served by health, welfare, social, educational, cultural, and protective community services and facilities.
Note. (Ranson, 2002; World Health Organization, 2018)
2.4.2 Social Determinants of Health
Health equity emphasizes that everyone should have a fair opportunity for optimal health, necessitating an equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and conditions conducive to good health. Despite this, millions of households in the United States face inadequate rental conditions or struggle with unaffordable rent burdens (The White House, 2023) Inadequate housing poses several risks, including exposure to unsanitary conditions, lead poisoning, poor indoor air quality, and climate-related hazards (The White House, 2023). Moreover, social determinants of health, such as environmental conditions, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood characteristics, significantly influence overall health outcomes. Research has established connections between health, housing, and social care (Handy, 2014 ) Individuals from lower-income backgrounds who reside in affordable housing may have lower life expectancy and quality of life. The healthcare system is shifting toward identifying and addressing individuals' social risk factors, including housing instability and food insecurity. The stigma associated with public, affordable housing also exacerbates disadvantage and disassociation.
The built environment, socio-economic status (SES), well-being, and health support a sense of place (Williams & Kitchen, 2012) Living in a single detached home is strongly linked to a high sense of place related to health, highlighting the importance of housing as a social determinant of health (Williams & Kitchen, 2012).
In their research on the Social Determinants of Health, Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson present evidence demonstrating that societal characteristics, rather than disparities in healthcare, drive differences in health outcomes among population groups (Marmot & Wilkinson, 2006). Social position is a crucial determinant of health (Osmick & Wilson, 2020)
As evidenced by Marmot and Wilkinson's research, social position categorizes social
determinants of health into five distinct categories, highlighting their interconnected nature and impact on global quality of life outcomes. See Table 14 below for a description of each. Table 9
Social Determinants of Health
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
1. Education Access and Quality Childhood poverty harms brain development and academic performance. Helping kids with education and supporting families pays off with better health.
2. Health Care Access and Quality: The lack of a primary care providers in the US and distance from healthcare providers both can make it challenging to receive essential health services.
3. Neighborhood and Built Environment: Where you live impacts your well-being. Many people in the US live in dangerous areas, especially minorities and low-income individuals.
4. Social and Community Context:
Healthy relationships and community support are crucial for well-being. Discrimination and unsafe environments can harm health. Those without social support need interventions and access to resources for better health and wellbeing.
5. Economic Stability People with steady employment are less likely to live in poverty and more likely to be healthy, but many people have trouble finding and keeping a job.
Note. (Marmot & Wilkinson, 2006)
Steve Rolfe and his research team address the complex relationship between housing and health, focusing on understanding how housing impacts the social determinants of health and
well-being beyond its physical effects. Their work emphasizes incorporating this understanding into housing policy and practice to enhance housing as a public health intervention, particularly benefiting low-income and vulnerable tenants (2020). By adopting this approach, we can conduct further research and deepen our understanding of housing as a social determinant of health. Rolfe's theoretical framework outlines scientifically researched variables that serve as causal pathways linking tenants' housing experiences to their overall health and well-being. Table 10 provides details.
Causal Pathways Connecting Overall Housing Experience to Resident Well-being
CAUSAL PATHWAYS CONNECTING OVERALL HOUSING EXPERIENCE TO RESIDENT WELL-BEING
1. Overall satisfaction with housing organization; Quality of relationship with housing provider.
2. Comparison of current and previous experience of renting.
3. Rating of property quality; weatherproofing.
4. Satisfaction with maintenance service.
5. Rating of ability to cope financially with bills.
6. Rating of neighborhood quality and social support in the local area.
Note. (Rolfe et al., 2020)
Like Rolfe's work on causal pathways, the social gradient in health underscores how material disadvantage, coupled with factors like insecurity, anxiety, and inadequate social integration, can impact the health of individuals in lower socio-economic classes (Osmick & Wilson, 2020) This phenomenon refers to the observation that individuals with lower socioeconomic status experience poorer health outcomes and shorter lifespans than those more privileged (Donkin, 2014). People from underprivileged communities face a higher likelihood of
Table 10
experiencing multiple health conditions and lack access to proper healthcare resources. This persistent health inequality may further deteriorate their overall health conditions over time (Imison, 2012)
2.4.3 Connecting Home and Health
The well-being of residents in their homes intertwines with the design and condition of the home itself (US Department of Housing and Urban Development, n.d.). In affordable housing design, there is a need for equal emphasis on functionality and safety of interior and exterior spaces. However, prevailing residential design practices in the United States often prioritize durability and aesthetics over the functional impact on health and well-being (Rethinking the Future, n.d.; US Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). This conventional approach to space design needs to be revised to address the negative emotional experiences of families living in disadvantaged housing conditions (Aresta & Salingaros, 2021). Current domestic architecture frequently fails to accommodate individuals' and families' diverse needs and activities (Aresta & Salingaros, 2021).
Housing quality encompasses both the physical conditions of a home and the quality of its social and physical environment, impacting physical and mental health (Institute of Medicine, 2015; US Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Preventing housing-related diseases and injuries requires integrating healthy housing and community knowledge into daily routines (Office of the Surgeon General (US), 2009). Past research has been analyzed to establish practical approaches for designing homes and communities that meet residents' needs effectively.
2.5.1
2.5 Evidence-Based Design Theory
New Urbanism in Community Design
During the early 1990s, architects and planners introduced the concept of New Urbanism in response to urban sprawl and its detrimental effects on quality of life. Recognizing a lack of community spirit as a key issue, they aimed to implement suitable land planning principles to address these concerns (Devlin, 2010) Research suggests that cities with more vitality, environmental consciousness, fiscal and regulatory positions, and cultural diversity foster advancements in New Urbanism (Gao et al., 2021). This movement aims to curb urban sprawl, preserve ecological resources, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, revitalize communities, and enhance urban living standards by renovating buildings, neighborhoods, and regions (Gao et al., 2021).
Planning the location of affordable housing with access to important things like transportation, healthcare, and education supports residents who may not own transportation. By doing this, we ensure that people living in affordable housing can access the resources they need (Gao et al., 2021). New Urbanism is a planning and development approach that aims to create diverse, walkable, compact, and mixed-use communities, integrating various components such as housing, workplaces, shops, entertainment centers, restaurants, schools, parks, and civic facilities (Gao et al., 2021) Table 11 lists the different strategies employed in New Urbanism.
Table 11
Urbanism Design Strategies
New
4. Mixed housing
5. Quality architecture and urban design
6. Smart Transportation
7. Sustainability
8. Quality of life
Note. (newurbanism.org, n.d.)
In developing affordable housing communities aligned with New Urbanist principles, it is essential to integrate community-building concepts seamlessly into the urban landscape. Mixeduse buildings that promote walking and social interaction and public sidewalks around homes can nurture a sense of belonging among residents. Christopher Alexander, a prominent architect advocating for human-centered urban design, suggests that a community can be vibrant and enjoyable if it provides a range of activities. Access to essential resources like workplaces, grocery stores, shops, healthcare facilities, recreational spaces, and schools within walking distance can significantly improve the quality of life for those without cars (C. Alexander, 1977).
2.5.2 Sense of Community Index
The Sense of Community Index, developed by McMillan and Chavis, is a measurement tool for gauging residents' perceptions of the community. This index compromises five dimensions: membership, influence, neighborhood, built environment, fulfillment of needs, and emotional connection, which are explained in detail in Table 17 (Chipuer & Pretty, 1999; McMillan & Chavis, 1986)
Table 12
Sense of Community Index Strategies
SENSE OF COMMUNITY INDEX STRATEGIES
1. Membership
2. Influence
The included and excluded individuals define the sense of community, underscoring the importance people place on being recognized as members.
The ability of a group to influence its members is crucial for everyone's growth and well-being. However, personal choice should not be sacrificed for conformity.
3. Neighborhood and Built Environment Where you live impacts your wellbeing.
4. Fulfillment of Needs Communities thrive when members uphold positive and shared values that reflect their needs, goals, and dreams and inspire collaboration
5. Emotional Connection Community is strengthened by shared history, participation, and identification.
Note. (McMillan & Chavis, 1986)
Assessments based on the Community Index measure individuals' emotional attachment and connection to their neighborhood. Studies have demonstrated that social interaction enhances social functioning, irrespective of personality traits. Many individuals seek meaningful connections with like-minded peers in a cooperative community setting. Well-designed communities are believed to facilitate such shared experiences (Jackson et al., 2020; Wilson et al., 2022).
2.5.3 Humanistic Architecture
Humanistic architecture prioritizes human well-being in design decisions by drawing from psychology, sociology, biology, and physiology to create spaces that promote positive health outcomes. This approach combines traditional architectural design with psychotherapeutic methods to create healing environments (Mazuch & Stephen, 2005). Three design tools developed by researchers include Sense Sensitive Design, Emotional Mapping, and The Design Prescription (Mazuch & Stephen, 2005).
The Sense-Sensitive Design considers environmental characteristics that support mental well-being and enables people to understand how and why spaces are or are not healing environments. These include lighting, color, views, artwork, smells, transformation of space and form, arrangement of furniture, manipulation of scale and proportion, sound, texture and materials, movement through space and time, and indoor and outdoor landscapes.
Emotional mapping enables designers to identify people's emotions, feelings, sentiments, and sensations in housing settings. Spaces' colors are associated with people's emotions in that environment. For example, a children's bedroom may be yellow to reflect happiness. This simple key informs the application of design and environmental features that will counteract negative emotions and accentuate the positive.
The Design Prescription method aims to optimize conditions for the healing process by identifying the interaction between health conditions and environmental factors in the built environment. The design process involves creating a floor plan and status spreadsheet to analyze spaces, activities, health conditions, and emotions. Designers utilize this tool to address sensory stressors affecting mental and physical health. Human-centered design requires understanding the needs and vulnerabilities of individuals within space. Healing spaces for diverse populations necessitate considering interior design aspects that foster a connection to self, facilitating the
healing process. Humans tend to apply human emotions and qualities to homes to create a stronger connection between self and the place that shelters the self (C. C. Marcus, 1995).
2.5.4 Theory of Supportive Design
Ulrich's Theory of Supportive Design, also known as stress-reducing design, was introduced by architect, professor, and evidence-based healthcare design researcher Roger Ulrich in 1991. This theory advocates for creating environments that promote wellness and aid in coping with stress by providing positive stimulation. It underscores the importance of providing individuals with a sense of control over their environment, social support, and exposure to nature to facilitate healing. Figure 7 below highlights Ulrich's Theory of Supportive Design.
Individuals experience reduced stress when they perceive a sense of control over their environment. Providing opportunities for individuals to make choices and have autonomy within their surroundings can contribute to their well-being.
Figure 7
Robert Ulrich's Theory of Supportive Design
Access to social support networks can facilitate quicker healing and improve overall well-being. Environments that promote social interaction and connection with others are integral to supportive design.
Ulrich emphasizes incorporating natural elements into the built environment. Perceiving nature as a restorative and multi-sensory experience involving responses to sounds, smells, and visual content can contribute to healing and stress reduction.
Ulrich's Theory of Supportive Design emphasizes the significance of designing environments that promote physical, emotional, and psychological well-being by providing control, social interaction, and a connection with nature as a positive distraction.
2.5.5 Biophilia: Access to Nature
Biophilia, originating from the Greek words for "life" and "love," is a theory emphasizing the human need for connection with nature to promote well-being. Coined by Erich Fromm and popularized by biologist Edward O. Wilson, biophilia design theory underscores the influence of nature on mental health and overall lifestyle. It refers to the human drive to connect with nature and other living beings, guiding biophilic design principles to create spaces that feel alive and inspiring (Jacobson et al., 1990)
For affordable housing to be equitable, individuals must have access to outdoor spaces that support physical, mental, and emotional well-being (Debertin, n.d.). Covered porches, for instance, provide partial observation and experience of both indoor and outdoor environments (Jacobson et al., 1990).
Stephen Kellert, a pioneer in biophilic design, identifies key principles, including adaptation to nature, incorporation of natural features and processes, fostering emotional attachments, promoting community membership with the natural environment, offering various
settings to access nature, prioritizing authentic experiences, and improving human relationships with natural systems (Kellert, 2018). Incorporating nature into built environments can significantly enhance individuals' well-being, regardless of socioeconomic status (Debertin, n.d.)
2.6 Place Attachment at Home
2.6.1
Introduction to Home
Home is a sanctuary where individuals can seek solace, recharge, and find comfort amidst life's challenges. Emotional bonds formed with people and physical spaces profoundly influence our psychological growth, and establishing these connections can begin within the home environment (Marcus, 1995) Therefore, cultivating a home that nurtures human wellbeing is crucial for fostering happy and healthy families and individuals. People's living spaces reflect who they are and play a significant role in their quest for completeness and fulfillment (Marcus, 1995).
2.6.2 Privacy and Safety at Home
Experiencing traumatic life events such as divorce, loss, homelessness, or natural disasters can profoundly impact individuals, leading to disconnection and loss of self (Marcus, 1995). Losing a home in such circumstances intensifies the challenge of regaining a sense of stability. Creating a sense of home in new housing can be incredibly challenging for low-income and vulnerable households (Rolfe et al., 2020). The fundamental concepts of safety, privacy, and having a secure place to call home can contribute to a sense of identity by alleviating concerns and allowing individuals to focus on self-realization.
2.6.3 Place Attachment Theory
A home is more than just a building; it provides comfort, security, and familiarity, with furniture, decor, and ambiance contributing to its identity and reflecting its occupants' personalities (Community Recycling Network for Scotland, 2010) The importance of furniture in creating a sense of home and its connection to place attachment requires further research. Lack of furniture is a significant reason tenants struggle to sustain their tenancy, impacting individuals and families (Nubani et al., 2022). Furniture also plays a crucial role in building place attachment by creating environments conducive to physical, mental, and social well-being. Space personalization through furniture allows individuals to claim their space, promoting understanding and stability (Pable et al., 2022)
Emotion and feeling are central to place attachment (Altman & Low, 1992), influencing behaviors and actions within a place. Strategies to build place attachment in affordable housing include ensuring housing stability, furnishing residences, affordability, avoiding family separation, extended tenure, engaging in gardening rituals, and ensuring safety (Jackson et al., 2020; Korpela, 1989; Nubani et al., 2022; Pable et al., 2022; Scannell & Gifford, 2017). Place attachment at home satisfies human needs for control, creativity, mastery, opportunities for privacy, personal displays, security, and serenity (Altman & Low, 1992) Personal attachments can include objects, homes, buildings, communities, natural settings, or third places, which are public places we connect to (Waxman, 2003).
Unintentional loss of possessions or homes can evoke profound grief, emphasizing the importance of personal attachments and identity anchors in affordable housing design to promote dignity and place attachment. The identity anchors concept developed by architects at Shopworks emphasizes the importance of personal attachments and identity in affordable housing design to promote dignity and place attachment, especially in the face of unintentional
loss or displacement. Identity Anchors are design principles that create a sense of belonging and attachment in housing (Shopworks, 2021). Elements like a humanizing facade, spaces for personalization, art, gardens, bookshelves, gathering areas, pet zones, and ritual spaces for meditation, exercise, and creativity all contribute to creating a healthy home environment that supports the well-being of residents, regardless of the housing type. The following section explores tiny home communities as a promising opportunity for individuals to reside in an environment that promotes dignity and provides support.
2.7 Supportive Housing Communities
2.7.1
Co-Living Through a Sharing Economy
Co-housing, which integrates private housing units with shared spaces like kitchens, dining rooms, gardens, fitness centers, and laundry facilities, promotes community engagement, sustainable living, and affordability. This concept is based on social, environmental, and economic pillars (Brysch & Czischke, 2022), encouraging collaboration and mutual support among residents. Co-housing communities can reduce individual costs, strengthen community bonds, and contribute to more compact and resilient neighborhoods by sharing resources and services. This approach aligns with current social needs, including addressing the challenges of an aging population, the lack of affordable housing, and the growing emphasis on sustainability and green living (United Nations, 2022).
2.7.2 Tiny Home Communities
Over the last 15 years, interest in tiny homes has risen significantly, with a considerable spike starting in 2013, according to Google Trends (2020). Defined by the 2020 version of the International Residential Code Appendix Q, a tiny house is considered a dwelling with a floor area of 400 square feet, excluding lofts, with specific ceiling height requirements for various
spaces. Bathrooms, toilet rooms, and kitchens can have a ceiling height of under 6 feet 4 inches (1930 mm). Foundation types, such as slabs, crawlspaces, basements, or piers, must be carefully considered during the design phase. Tiny homes, or dwelling units, provide complete independent living facilities, including living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation (Hudson, 2021),
Tiny home communities have several benefits: affordability, sustainability, a strong sense of community, and a simplified lifestyle. Tiny homes are more cost-effective than traditional houses, making them accessible to a broader range of individuals, including those with lower incomes or those looking to downsize and reduce expenses. Additionally, tiny homes have a smaller environmental footprint than larger ones, requiring fewer resources to build and maintain. Many tiny home communities also incorporate sustainable practices, such as using renewable energy sources and water conservation techniques (Jackson et al., 2020).
Community walkability fosters social connection, especially during stressful events like a global pandemic, for they represent vital sources of well-being and community capacity (Glover et al., 2022). Activities that enable authentic social interactions with neighbors build the social fabric of our neighborhoods and provide access to essential resources, such as information, material resources, and social support (Glover et al., 2022). Residents can foster community collaboration, support, and camaraderie by sharing common spaces and amenities. This bonding creates an environment where individuals feel connected and supported, making it a great place to call home (Glover et al., 2022). Furthermore, tiny homes encourage a minimalist lifestyle, where residents prioritize experiences and relationships over material possessions. This more straightforward way of living can reduce stress, increase happiness, and provide greater fulfillment (Ford & Gomez-Lanier, 2017). An example of a thriving tiny home community that
continues to build new homes is Escape Tampa Bay, a community in Florida that provides affordable tiny homes in a naturalistic setting. See Figure 8.
Escape Tampa Bay Tiny Home Village, Florida aerial view
Incorporating smaller homes as affordable housing is just one aspect of a comprehensive range of community development solutions (L. Alexander, 2017). Housing First is a collaborative housing initiative in Finland (Foley & Analyst, 2023) involving the national government, municipal governments, and the Y-Foundation NGO, operating across 57 municipalities. It operates based on four fundamental principles: independence, autonomy, equality, and integration. It provides housing assistance that caters to the individual's needs with on-site support. Participants have the freedom to choose the treatments and services they receive without being required to give up intoxicants. Staff treat program participants as equals and offer consistent positive feedback. Participants are connected to the community by having their lease
Figure 8
and receiving assistance to maintain contact with family and other networks. Since the program started in 2008, Finland is the only country in the E.U. where the frequency of homelessness has declined. This dignity supports individuals and fosters positive outcomes in a respectful environment. Programs like this are essential for advocating robust housing policies and promoting affordable housing development.
Tiny house living offers a simpler, more meaningful life with a strong focus on social connections and relationships (Mangold & Zschau, 2019). Additionally, this lifestyle promotes a closer relationship with nature (Kilman, 2016). Time outdoors in nature and social interaction impact mental health positively (Kellert, 2018).
A recent study interviewing tiny home community members revealed insights into their preferred community amenities. The study covered their definition of community, motivations for living in a tiny home, and financial considerations associated with community living. The feedback gathered from these interviews could provide valuable insight into the future development of affordable housing communities (Wilson et al., 2022). These characteristics are listed in Table 13 below.
TINY HOME COMMUNITIES DESIGN FEATURES
1. Similar spatial/infrastructural and social characteristics of homes
2. Community spaces that provide services
3. Place-based community of a specific size
4. Specific geographic features
5. Participation in community activities
6. Benefit from a commitment toward shared values and interests
7. Communities with social support and good neighborly relationships
8. Community governance with sharing values and interests
Table 13
Tiny Home Community Design Features
13 - continued
TINY HOME COMMUNITIES DESIGN FEATURES
9. Easy access to the city
10. Green landscapes, walking paths throughout
11. Locations that are near a body of water
12. A community pool
13. A gym
14. A common center
15. A communal kitchen
16. A community garden
17. Community activities
18. Laundry machines
19. Create and maintain a sense of privacy
20. Personal space in some form or another
21. Land or space between homes for privacy
Note. (Willoughby et al., 2020; Wilson et al., 2022)
2.7.3 Agrihood Communities
Agrihoods, another type of residential neighborhood, are designed around a working farm and community gardens focusing on eco-friendliness, where residents live and work together. An estimated 200 agrihoods across the U.S. are in at least 30 states (Freed, 2023). "No matter how rich or poor or old you are, or where you come from or what you believe, we all have connections with food and land." Daron "Farmer D" Joffe (Freed, 2023, p. 3). Some agrihoods include tiny homes, and some have high-end single-family development. These communities offer a more connected, healthier lifestyle, encouraging residents to be mindful of their environmental impact. By connecting residents closer to nature and promoting communitysupported agriculture (CSA), agrihoods enable residents to engage with the harvest of the community farm while fostering a sense of community and environmental responsibility
(agrihoodliving.com, n.d.). Food has the power to bring people together, and there is a growing trend of consumers wanting to be part of the story of their food (Freed, 2023).
One family's exploration of agrihoods across the U.S. led them to create a website listing these communities (agrihoodliving.com, n.d.). They found that agrihoods with tiny homes, like Village Farm in Austin, Texas, exemplify the potential for developing affordable housing. Village Farm, an agrihood with 152 tiny homes within a farm-to-table agrihood setting, has amenities including a general store and cafe, community kitchen, pathways connecting homes, farms, gardens, a school, pocket parks, and commercial areas, resembling a traditional village. The community offers various activities and events, such as pop-up restaurant nights, a weekly farmers market, and cooking classes, promoting community engagement and connectivity among residents. See Figure 9 below
Farm, a tiny home community agrihood in Austin, TX
Note. https://villagefarmaustin.com/
2.7.4
Tiny Home Design Challenges
Opinions on tiny homes can vary among individuals. While some prefer a simpler lifestyle with fewer possessions and more time for outdoor activities, others believe that living in
Figure 9
Village
a tiny home is not feasible. However, for those struggling financially or with minimal belongings, a tiny home that provides a space to sleep, eat, relax, work, and spend time with loved ones can be an ideal solution (Spesard, 2023) While some may criticize tiny home living, the benefits of this lifestyle make it a worthwhile consideration (Spesard, 2023)
Tiny home challenges include the following strategies (eco tiny house, 2024)
Maximizing the functionality of limited space while ensuring comfort and convenience can be challenging. Designers must carefully plan layouts, storage solutions, and multi-functional furniture to make the most of every square foot (Split et al., 2024). With limited space, finding efficient storage solutions is crucial. Designing creative storage options such as built-in cabinets, under-bed storage, and wall-mounted shelves can help maximize space while keeping the interior clutter-free. In tiny home design, it is essential to select pieces that serve multiple functions Items like convertible sofas, fold-down tables, and Murphy beds help optimize space by serving dual purposes. Since floor space is limited, designers must use vertical space effectively. Installing shelving units, lofted sleeping areas, and tall cabinets can help maximize storage and living space. Proper lighting and ventilation are essential for the comfort and well-being of tiny home occupants. Designers must incorporate sufficient windows, skylights, and ventilation systems to ensure adequate natural light and airflow. Tiny homes often have limited resources, so energy-efficient design strategies are crucial to minimize energy consumption and utility costs. Some strategies include incorporating high-performance insulation, energy-efficient appliances, and renewable energy sources like solar panels.
Designing tiny homes that meet building codes and zoning regulations can be challenging, as these regulations may vary depending on location. Designers must ensure their plans comply with local building codes and obtain necessary permits before construction begins. Designing a tiny home can be a daunting challenge that demands meticulous attention and
strategic planning. Taking the time to consider every detail carefully will pay off in the long run by ensuring that the tiny home meets the needs and wants of residents.
2.7.5 Tiny Home Legal Barriers
Due to the novelty of this housing trend, working with local jurisdictions to navigate zoning, permitting, and building codes for tiny home communities poses challenges. Traditional lenders may not offer loans for tiny homes, highlighting the need for further research on building codes and policy changes to permit tiny homes (L. Alexander, 2017; Anson, 2017; Ford & Gomez-Lanier, 2017; Willoughby et al., 2020) Legal barriers include adherence to building codes and local zoning ordinances, defining tiny homes as a distinct housing type, land use regulations, incorporating green building features, and addressing Community Development Law (CED) issues (L. Alexander, 2017; Jackson et al., 2020; McGee, 2018).
Architects often prioritize designing larger houses for the upper class, neglecting affordable, smaller starter homes due to various factors such as tax brackets, financial incentives, and policy planning (Galford & Tucker, 2021). However, housing for low-income individuals and families stabilizes them, improves health outcomes, and reduces reliance on emergency services and public resources (The National Alliance to End Homelessness , 2018)
Tiny home communities offer affordable housing options for various demographics, including low-income individuals, young families, and downsizing seniors. These communities serve as supportive environments and present opportunities for developers and government agencies to address housing needs effectively (Jackson et al., 2020; Mangold & Zschau, 2019; Pryciak, 2019; Willoughby et al., 2020)
2.8 Summary
Big-box home builders have dominated the housing market, resulting in homes that are often too expensive and too large for many families. This trend has made finding reasonably sized and priced homes challenging, exacerbating the ongoing housing crisis. Social movements advocating for housing justice challenge the notion that housing is a commodity and demand that it be recognized as a fundamental human right (Lima, 2021) Access to affordable housing is crucial for supporting the well-being of low- and fixed-income residents. However, years of underfunding, deferred maintenance, and dwindling political support have hindered progress in this area. Tiny home communities offer a practical solution to provide safe and comfortable homes. Evaluating their potential should involve exploring various aspects, including the history of public housing, the impact of affordable housing on human health, available amenities, and residents' experiences. Understanding these factors can help change the stigma surrounding tiny homes and integrate affordability into communities. When affordable homes are carefully designed to improve the lives of their residents, they provide strong support (Kautz, 2011; Wilson et al., 2022).
Underfunding, deferred maintenance, and dwindling political support have hindered progress in this area. Tiny home communities offer a practical solution to provide safe and comfortable homes. However, their potential needs to be recognized through exploring various aspects, such as the history of public housing, the impact of affordable housing on human health, available amenities, and residents' experiences. Understanding these factors can help change the stigma surrounding tiny homes and integrate affordability into communities. When affordable homes are thoughtfully designed to enhance the lives of their occupants, people are wellsupported (Kautz, 2011; Wilson et al., 2022).
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Chapter 2 discussed the adverse effects of housing conditions on the health and wellbeing of urban residents. In addition to affordability, low-income communities need access to resources and amenities. Research shows that poor housing conditions, including accessing decent housing, are challenging due to high living costs and limited social support programs for marginalized populations. Existing studies have explored the relationship between health and housing but have mainly focused on the physical aspects of housing that support physical health. They often neglect the influence of housing and their associated community environments on mental well-being.
3.1.1
Research Description
Addressing housing quality, safety, and sustainability represents a promising approach to address the multifaceted challenges individuals face navigating the journey to permanent and affordable housing (Keall et al., 2010). By examining the interplay between these factors, this study seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of how community environments can positively influence individuals' experiences and outcomes in housing insecurity. This research occurred in four parts and examined tiny home amenities and community amenities concerning human well-being:
1. A survey of tiny home residents was conducted.
2. Case studies were generated about nine residential communities, tabulating their amenities and frequencies.
3. Case studies were generated about ten tiny home designs tabulating their amenities and frequencies.
4. A new table combined the data from parts 1, 2, and 3, analyzing the amenities through a well-being framework
It should be noted that the author assumes that an amenity in a home or community can support human well-being and will comment on these aspects in Chapter 4.
3.1.1.1 Research Part One
A survey was created and posted on a sub-Reddit tiny home group to gather personal experiences from tiny home residents. This survey is provided in Appendix A. The survey aimed to gather resident opinions based on their experiences on various aspects that influence an individual's well-being, including features and amenities of tiny homes and tiny home communities, availability of specific community amenities, exposure to nature and the outdoors, and its impact on promoting feelings of happiness and contentment, and the importance of safety measures and privacy strategies for maintaining a healthy and secure living environment. The survey sought to understand the design factors contributing to overall well-being and how they can be improved to enhance people's quality of life.
3.1.1.2 Research Part Two and Three
A case study is a research method that involves the empirical investigation of a phenomenon or setting in its real-life context, often used in social sciences. It is designed to provide insights into a particular problem and generate new knowledge (Groat et al., 2013). A case study theory-driven focus defines the scope of the study, providing a framework for collecting data and analyzing it based on predetermined criteria (Groat et al., 2013).
The research analyzed nine community case studies and ten tiny home case studies to identify the amenities and features offered in each. Six tiny home communities and the programs they offer to help residents rent or buy their units were analyzed. Three agrihood communities, regardless of the presence of tiny home living, were also analyzed. The frequency of various amenities was calculated to determine the most common features of tiny home and agrihood communities. Criteria for selecting communities included the presence of tiny homes, whether in an agrihood setting or a tiny home village. Additionally, communities were selected that offered agrihood lifestyles that focus on planting, harvesting, and preparing food in a community setting. Sources for the community case studies include journal articles, community websites, and agrihood listings on agrihoodliving.com. Additionally, online searches were conducted for local communities in Tallahassee, Florida, and other communities within the state.
Ten tiny homes were also analyzed. Five of the homes were prototype units from the communities that were assessed, and the other five were selected based on the innovation of factory-built model certifications, with affordability and sustainability criteria considered. A tiny home online global search was needed for innovation happening in different parts of the world.
3.1.1.3
Research Part Four
Using Robert Ulrich’s Theory of Supportive Design as a guiding framework, the study identified the supportive concepts of control, purpose, security, privacy, identity, connection, and health as key factors of human well-being to which design architecture could attend. Ulrich’s theory focuses on healthcare settings. The study extends this framework to encompass the design of supportive, affordable housing communities. The primary intent of this section is to develop a community-supportive framework that designers, architects, developers, city planners, and the government can apply when planning and creating affordable housing communities. By drawing
on human user experiences and analyzing community and case studies, the study generates a list of amenities to support residents' well-being in affordable tiny home agrihood communities and the broader community they inhabit.
3.2 Research Questions
This study investigates the role of design in shaping residents' sense of belonging and community attachment through amenities. Below are research questions that will activate the research study:
1) What building amenities in affordable housing might affect residents' perceptions of well-being? This study aims to pinpoint issues in affordable housing design that may impact residents' well-being. To achieve this goal, input was gathered from affordable housing tiny home residents. Additionally, amenities in tiny home and agrihood communities were analyzed, and lastly, tiny home case studies were analyzed.
2) How can design considerations help promote the well-being of affordable housing residents? This study will collect data from affordable housing residents to create a list of physical and psychological features that could be incorporated into future affordable housing design projects that may promote health and well-being.
3.3 Sample Description and Justification
The survey research was conducted with individuals living in supportive tiny home communities. The selection criteria included individuals directly impacted by housing challenges, such as unaffordability, poor housing conditions, and limited access to resources and amenities. The survey participants were from diverse demographic backgrounds, including varying age groups, ethnicities, socioeconomic statuses, and renters versus homeowners.
Adult residents aged 21-72 who currently or have lived in tiny homes in the past are the participants in the research. The survey data was collected to help gain deeper insights into the participants' lives and experiences. There were no restrictions on socioeconomic background, racial or ethnic affiliation, or gender identity in this study. Data gathering occurred via an online survey through a Reddit-sub-reddit group of tiny house owners and renters The human subjects' approval for this study’s protocol was secured before data collection. Please refer to Appendix A for the survey questions.
Tiny home communities case studies were chosen based on shared amenity spaces they offered or if they did not offer any. In addition, each community’s programs were analyzed to support rental assistance, rent-to-own, affordable down payments to buy a home, lot lease programs, innovations that consider ecological footprints, and what shared indoor and outdoor amenities the cost included.
Agrihood community case studies were chosen based on their incorporation of urban farming, access to nature, and how the land benefits residents. These communities range from tiny home neighborhoods to larger, higher-end single-family residential areas spanning thousands of acres.
Tiny home case studies were chosen based on model homes within the case study communities. Some were stick-built construction, and others were factory-built. Additionally, tiny home case studies were chosen based on factors such as pre-fabricated construction methods, net-zero and off-grid options, resiliency to climate change, aesthetic qualities, smart home technology built-in systems, kit of parts homes that could be delivered and assembled in rural or urban places, homes that provided lots of windows for natural light, homes where all living was on one floor for accessibility, homes that can be reconfigured and customized, and homes that could be moved to different locations.
Understanding the key factors contributing to residents' perceptions of affordability, attachment, and identity restoration will help stakeholders better tailor design strategies to meet the diverse needs of vulnerable populations. Attachment is a term used to refer to the emotional connection individuals develop with their living space, community, and surroundings. It includes a sense of belonging, security, and comfort, which are all important in creating a sense of home and well-being. Identity restoration refers to the ability of individuals to express their identity and maintain a sense of autonomy within their living environment, which can be particularly crucial for marginalized populations.
By delving into the perceptions of residents towards the affordability, safety, and emotional connection they feel towards their homes, as well as examining other factors such as access to amenities and a sense of belonging within the community, stakeholders can develop a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the multi-dimensional nature of housing experiences. By gaining deeper insights into the complex and diverse needs and preferences of vulnerable populations residing in affordable housing communities, design strategies can be tailored to address these specific needs and help ensure that these communities are safe, comfortable, and inclusive for all.
3.4 Data Collection
This study used data from various sources to form a basis for and triangulate its conclusions. First, a literature review included academic studies, reports, and articles. This review provided a theoretical framework and contextual background on the relationship between housing, health, and the challenges low-income individuals face.
Quantitative data was obtained through surveys administered to individuals residing in tiny home communities. The surveys focused on safety and privacy in housing situations,
perceived health impacts, access to resources and amenities, and the overall well-being of tiny home residents. The data collection aimed to capture the complex lived experiences of interactions between housing, health, and well-being in tiny home communities, focusing on tiny home residents
Nine in-depth community case studies of select tiny home and agrihood communities were analyzed to collect qualitative data on their amenities. Criteria for selecting the communities included low-income tiny home communities without amenities, low-income tiny home communities with some amenities, tiny home communities with amenities, fixed-income tiny home agrihood communities, tiny home agrihood communities, and luxury agrihood communities.
The Florida State University Human Subjects Committee reviewed and approved all study instruments and protocols before administering the research. A 15–30-minute online survey was distributed through a sub-Reddit tiny home social media platform community with 22,000 members. Eight responses formulated the data. Upon their survey submission, participants who provided an email address received a tiny home fact sheet on permitting and zoning tiny homes as an incentive.
3.5 Data Analysis Methods
By systematically searching and critically appraising relevant home and community studies, I could identify emerging trends, gaps in knowledge, and areas requiring further investigation within the community design field. Content analysis of literature from reports, journal articles, and websites identified themes of frequented amenities, also revealing a need for amenities. For the community case study analysis of amenities and home features, I employed a comparative analysis approach to comprehensively understand the measures and characteristics of the data.
This method allowed for a detailed examination of how amenities potentially impact residents' experiences and needs within affordable housing settings.
3.6 Assumptions, Limitations, Delimitations
3.6.1 Assumptions
A supportive community design can impact various aspects, such as perceptions of placemaking and identity restoration of residents who live in affordable housing. The study is based on participant survey responses, examining how placemaking initiatives in supportive communities can enhance community and belonging among residents.
3.6.2 Research Limitations
Some of the limitations of this study include sample bias occurring if certain demographic groups are overrepresented or underrepresented in the participant poll. For instance, if the study's majority of participants are from a specific age group, race, or socioeconomic status, it may not represent the entire population's views. Participants may provide answers they feel are socially acceptable or what they think the interviewer wants to hear. The study captures a single point in time, so it may be challenging to identify changes that occur over an extended period. External factors such as economic fluctuations, policy changes, or community dynamics may impact residents' experiences and perceptions.
3.6.3 Delimitations
This research focused on understanding the perceptions and experiences of individuals living in different types of tiny home communities. This study did not specifically concentrate on any resident group, such as seniors, families, cultural groups, or other differentiators. The study covered nine communities with different community types to accurately represent the
experiences of individuals in these communities. It is important to note that this research did not focus on the long-term sustainability or scalability of supportive community models but on the immediate experiences and perceptions of individuals living in tiny home communities
3.7 Summary
This research seeks to advance our understanding of the role of supportive community design in addressing the complex needs of individuals navigating the journey to secure permanent housing. By elucidating the mechanisms through which placemaking and identity restoration intersect within supportive environments, this study aims to inform evidence-based housing and urban design approaches, fostering more equitable and inclusive communities. The findings of this study could add to the knowledge base of how health and community housing design are connected to support public health.
The insights generated from this research may be helpful for policymakers, urban planners, and community developers seeking to address housing insecurity and promote inclusive, supportive living environments. Additionally, insights from the case studies analysis can inform architects and designers on creating living environments that support human wellbeing.
CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
Historically, the standard practices and designs for public housing exhibited racial segregation, where white public housing complexes typically utilized better amenities. These overtly racist practices were made illegal with the passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968, yet their impacts continue to be evident in various aspects today (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2019) This study aims to identify effective ways of planning and designing affordable housing communities, specifically affordable homes, that meet the needs of all residents. This chapter examines the data collected from tiny home resident surveys, a community case study and tiny home case study analysis. The study's findings offer insights into developing affordable urban housing that provides residents with a safe, equitable, and fulfilling life. The results are supported by both quantitative and qualitative data, which will be discussed in detail in this chapter.
4.2 Methodology
The data aims to address the primary research questions regarding the conditions within affordable housing, operationalized as tiny homes, which may influence residents' perceptions of well-being, and, secondly, how design considerations aid in promoting the well-being of residents in tiny home affordable housing. The research component addresses socio-economic factors and perceptions of well-being in tiny home affordable housing and community design by evaluating (1) results from a tiny home resident survey inquiring about users’ perceptions of
home features and community amenities, (2) nine comparative community case studies analyze the size, type of community, home prices, and available amenities. Lastly, (3) ten comparative tiny home case studies analyze rent or purchase costs, construction type, and home features like indoor and outdoor spaces. Finally, the results from 1, 2, and 3 were analyzed in a table that examines their relationship to human well-being. A set of guidelines are extracted from this table.
4.3 Data Collection
4.3.1
Survey Recruitment and Response Analysis
After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval from The Florida State University and full support from the Reddit subgroup where the survey was posted, a Qualtrics survey link was shared on the social media site. The survey, which included a consent page and survey (see Appendix A), was completed by eight individuals. The survey did not inquire about the participants' income status, which may differ from the residents in the location of this thesis project. Five participants had a bachelor’s degree or higher education, five were employed fulltime, and the other three were retired. All participants were between the ages of 51-64. The group surveyed were tiny home dwellers who have lived in tiny home communities across the United States. Of the group, five were tiny homeowners, and three were renters. The sizes of the homes ranged from 125 square feet to 800 square feet. Six tiny homes were built on a foundation, and two were on wheels. The responses from the multiple-choice questions examining why participants lived in a tiny home are shown in Figure 10 below. The primary reasons for choosing these modular homes were their affordability, compact size, minimalist lifestyle, and faster construction than traditional stick-built homes.
Tiny Home Dwellers Survey Results
Note. What Reasons Did Participants Choose to Move into a Tiny Home
Additional preferences on privacy and safety home features were queried in the survey, and the results are below in Figures 11 and 12. Privacy features like fenced-in yards, private parking, blinds on windows, and interior doors for privacy were the top privacy features.
Note. What Privacy Features Do Tiny Home Dwellers Prefer
Figure 10
Figure 11
Tiny Home Dwellers Survey Results
Participants deemed safety features such as gated communities, exterior motion lights, smoke detectors, CO2 air quality sensors, and smart home technology for a security system most important. In the other category, they prefer background checks for residents and gun cabinets in homes
Figure 12
Tiny Home Dwellers Survey Results
Note. What Safety Features Do Tiny Home Dwellers Prefer
The study delved into residents' perceptions of mental well-being in affordable housing, focusing on their feelings of safety and privacy. Many long-term residents of affordable housing have gone through traumatic experiences and require more control over their safety and privacy at home. In a general well-being survey, participants were asked to describe their experience living in a tiny home as positive or negative. All of them reported feeling positive about their experience. Participants cited no mortgage, decluttering, living within their means, not worrying about utility costs and bills, having fewer bills in general, spending less time and effort on cleaning, and paying lower taxes.
Eight survey participants were also asked which amenities they prefer in tiny home communities. The results are shown in Figure 13 below and include laundry facilities, a community location near a grocery store, a dog park, access to public transportation, a community garden, a community pool, a shared work center with Wi-Fi, nature trails for biking or hiking, an observation deck with water access, and an additional storage facility. The most frequent preferences included a laundry facility to make this weekly task accessible, a location near a grocery store for those walking or riding a bike, and a dog park because many tiny home communities do not include fenced-in yards. These results from the multiple-choice questions are listed in the table below.
Tiny Home Dwellers Survey Results: Community Amenity Preferences
Resources from the literature review support the idea that having amenities close by in low-income communities has many benefits for residents. Proximity of amenities provides inclusivity and convenience, reduces travel costs, and improves overall quality of life. Nearby essential services such as grocery stores, schools, healthcare facilities, and recreational areas save time and energy, making daily routines easier. It also encourages walking or biking, reduces reliance on cars, and lowers transportation expenses, promoting better health. Access to nearby
Figure 13
amenities fosters community engagement and bonding, increases safety, and provides better accessibility for those with mobility issues or without cars. In conclusion, having equitable amenities nearby contributes to a more convenient, efficient, and enriched lifestyle, significantly enhancing residents' satisfaction and well-being.
4.3.2 Community Case Study Analysis
This investigation conducted a comparative case study of select housing communities to analyze aesthetic quality and different home design styles within each community, home prices, community size, available amenities, and consideration for land conservation and green infrastructure In my view, the findings provide valuable insights for designing agrihood tiny home communities. They suggest that it is possible to incorporate supportive amenities into affordable housing projects through master planning regardless of the size of the community. Missing middle housing refers to the need for diverse, affordable housing choices in sustainable, walkable neighborhoods (Parolek, 2024). Examining these comparisons details how social amenities have been incorporated into purposeful planning for supportive community development. Table 14 compares the community case studies that have inspired this thesis project. The four community types are low-income tiny home communities, affordable tiny home communities, affordable tiny home agrihoods, and luxury home agrihoods organized here in order of smallest and most affordable to the most luxurious.
Table 14
Community Case Study Details and Site Plans
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Name of Community & Location
The Dwellings
Tallahassee, FL
Home Prices Type of Community Size of Comm unity
Subsidized Rent $250$450 per month
Low-income Tiny Home, incomerestricted 30 Acres and growing
Amenities Within Community
Community Center, Community Garden, Laundry Facility, Community Kitchen/Dining Hall, Walking Trails, Hydroponic Greenhouse, Outside Gathering Spaces, Training/Education Room, Art Room, Food Pantry, Solar-powered Amenities
The Dwellings Site Plan
Table 14 - continued
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Cass Community Detroit, MI
$1 per square foot, $200$400/month
Rent to Own, Low-income Tiny Home
1.72 Acres No amenities are available; the community does not have walkable access to public transit
Cass Community Site Plan
14 - continued
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Village at the Farm at Penny Lane
Chatham, NC $300/ month Supportive Design Tiny Home Agrihood 40 Acres Clubhouse, Walking Trails, Outdoor Pavilion, Therapeutic Farm, Woodshop, Greenhouse, Holistic Health Clinic, Wellness Center, Bed & Breakfast, Solar Farm, Lodge
Village at the Farm at Penny Lane Site Plan
Table 14 - continued
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Name of Community & Location
Tiny Homes at Navaho Jacksonville, FL
Subsidized Rent $250$450/month
Community
Subsidized, Low-income Tiny Home Community 5 Acres Nature Courtyards
Tiny Homes at Navaho Site Plan
Table 14 - continued
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Name of Community & Location Home
Oaks/Village Tampa Bay, FL
$95k - $160k
$650 lot lease/monthly
3.5 Acres and growing
Community Pool, OnSite, Manager/Security, Walking Nature Trails, Tree Sanctuary
The Oaks/Village Site Plan
Table 14 - continued
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Name of Community & Location
Village Farm Austin, TX
$1,430 mortgage
$165k - $187k
$750 monthly Community Fee
Affordable Tiny Home Agrihood
1.25 Acres for Tiny Homes
10 Acres for Green Gate Farm Farm, Fitness Center, Pool, Hot Tub, Raised Beds, Picnic and BBQ Areas, Community Gardens, On-Site Management, Solar Farm, Pavilion, Fitness Center, Community House, Walking Trails
Village Farm Site Plan
Table 14 - continued
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY ANALYSIS DETAILS
Name of Community & Location
Palm Canyon Mobile Club
Palm Springs, CA
$175k - $280k
$1,000 lot lease/monthly Affordable and Luxury Tiny Home Community
Acres Clubhouse, Gym, Pool & Spa, Dog Park, Outdoor Grills, On-Site Manager, Fitness Center, Indoor Lounge Areas, Kitchen Facilities, Ping Pong Tables, Dance Hall, Shuffleboard
25 Acre Organic Farm, Wellness Center, Edible Landscaping, Playgrounds, Ballfields, Tennis Courts, 16 miles of Nature Trails, Bocce Courts, Gym & Cycling Studio, Pools, Horse Stables, Lake w/Dock, Dog Park, Public Gardens, Treehouse
As part of the community case study analysis, community site plans were compared to identify design considerations for this project’s hypothetical agrihood community design. The location of community amenities was evaluated to design a community that encourages social interaction through walkable pathways, gathering spaces, and opportunities for informal
Serenbe Site Plan
encounters. Taking two communities that frequent amenities, the following figures identify the walkability of pathways to amenities that provide opportunities for engagement. The site plans were obtained through community websites. Figure 14 below shows the Village at the Farm at Penny Lane, a supportive agrihood tiny home community that houses and supports individuals with severe mental illness.
14
Pathways to Connection through Amenities and Native Land Preservation
Note. Village at the Farm at Penny Lane, Pittsboro, North Carolina
Figure 15
Pathways to Connection through Amenities and Native Land Preservation
Note. The Dwellings Tiny Home Community, Tallahassee, Florida
Figure
The measurement of distance analysis determined travel paths in the two communities above, specifically their proximity and walkability to amenities. These factors are crucial as they encourage physical activity and social interactions. For instance, paths to crucial amenities should be short and direct to ensure quick and easy access. The location of these paths within the community fosters safety. Furthermore, well-lit paths, clear signage, and roads with slow traffic can significantly enhance safety in community design. The amenities in both communities are easily accessible and provide views of nature along the way. Additionally, the paths encourage community engagement during planned mealtimes in the community kitchen or recreational activities that bring residents together.
An amenity within a community is a feature or service that enhances the quality of life for residents and contributes to their overall well-being and convenience. These amenities include physical facilities like parks, playgrounds, swimming pools, fitness centers, community centers, services like childcare, public transportation access, retail shops, restaurants, and cultural institutions. Amenities should be available for all income levels, including subsidized rentals. They are designed to provide recreational, social, educational, and practical benefits, making the community more attractive and functional. They often play a significant role in shaping the identity and appeal of a neighborhood or residential area.
Our research provides valuable insights into the present patterns in community planning by examining the frequency of shared amenities. The favorability of different amenities is analyzed through present amenities in the community case studies. This can assist in devising more adaptive and comprehensive low-income community design approaches that cater to residents' developing needs and well-being. Table 15 below shows the frequency of amenities in the case study communities, from the most affordable with the least amount to the most expensive with the most amenities. The most repeated amenities include a management office,
nature trails, a community center, a community garden, and a community pool. It is important to note that a community center could be a room or multiple rooms, offices, and house amenities within the community center.
Management offices in low-income communities are crucial in providing essential support and services to residents, contributing to community well-being and stability. These offices serve as central hubs where residents can access information, assistance, and resources tailored to their needs. They facilitate communication between residents and property management, addressing maintenance issues promptly to ensure safe and habitable living conditions. Management offices also play a pivotal role in connecting residents with social services, educational programs, and job training opportunities, promoting economic empowerment and upward mobility. By fostering a sense of community and providing a platform for resident engagement, these offices contribute to social cohesion and neighborhood resilience. Through proactive outreach and advocacy, management offices help empower residents to navigate challenges and access the support they need to thrive in their homes and beyond. Table
15 below lists all community case study amenities from most frequent to least.
Community Case Study
Greenhouse
Laundry Facility
Makerspace
Sauna/Spa
Gated Community
Meditation Garden
Storage Facility
15 - continued
Analyzing the provided list of amenities ranging from low-income to luxury lifestyles reveals several distinctions and frequencies. Among these cases, affluent residential communities offer a more comprehensive range of high-quality amenities than lower-income communities, primarily due to their more significant financial resources and investment capabilities. The developers of these luxury neighborhoods can allocate funds to construct and maintain top-notch
facilities, including state-of-the-art fitness centers, luxurious swimming pools, well-maintained parks, and elegant clubhouses, significantly enhancing the community's overall appearance from the higher rents/sales prices
Moreover, affluent communities benefit from superior infrastructure, advanced security systems, and meticulously designed landscaping, further elevating the living experience. The funding for these amenities is primarily derived from HOA or other community fees, which sustain the existing facilities and attract additional investments, ensuring that the standards remain consistently high.
Conversely, lower-income communities often need help with financial constraints, leading to limited budgets, value engineering for amenities, and reduced maintenance efforts. As a result, residents in these areas may have access to fewer facilities and experience a lower overall quality of living compared to their affluent counterparts. Additionally, low-income communities face barriers in zoning that sometimes cause them to be further away from the resources the residents need.
4.3.3 Tiny Home Case Study Analysis
The trend of affordable tiny homes has created a unique opportunity for designers and builders to explore innovative and compact solutions for home design. By examining tiny home case studies, it is possible to compare various design solutions that seek to optimize space and functionality, evaluate construction innovation methods, provide a connection between indoor and outdoor living, and ensure the safety and well-being of residents. Table 16 below compares the features of the ten case study tiny homes selected for this study. Square footage, construction type, floorplans, features, and cost are analyzed. The homes are listed from most affordable to most expensive.
Table 16
Tiny Home Case Study
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
of
The Dwellings, Tallahassee, FL $50k
Stick-built Kitchen, Bathroom, Loft Bedroom, First-Floor Bedroom, Living Space, Front Porch, Solar-Powered, Free Internet, Free Dwellings TV, Smart Meters, Smart Lighting, Smart Door Locks, Smart Fans, Smart HVAC, Three Different Models
The Dwellings Exterior View
The Dwellings Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Cass Community Tiny Homes, Detroit, Michigan
Stick Built Front Porch, Rain Chain, Bedroom, Entry w/Coat Closet, Bathroom, Kitchen, Living/Dining, W/D Closet, Rear Terrace w/Sliding
Wood Panels for Privacy and Shade, Each Home is a Different Style and Floorplan
Cass Community Exterior View
Cass Community Floorplan (All homes have different plans)
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
of
or
Tiny Homes at Navaho $50k 500 sq ft
Built Covered Front Porch, Living/Dining, Kitchen, Laundry Closet, Bedroom, Bathroom, Three Different Models Available
Tiny Homes at Navaho Exterior View
Tiny Homes at Navaho Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Avrame
$35k$90k+
Prefab
Factory Built
Assembled on Site
Structural Kit, Shell Kit, Exterior Kit, Interior Kit, Living Room, Bathroom, Kitchen/Dining, Flex Room, 2nd Bedroom, 3rd Bedroom, Many Different Models Available
Avrame Exterior View
Avrame Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Nomad Cube
$65k + 300 sq ft 1 cube
Prefab
Factory Built ADU
Cubes
Assembled on Site
Flat-packed, Modular, Off-Grid, Water Generation, Solar Power, ADU Options, Living, Dining/Kitchen, Bathroom, Bedroom, Many Different Configurations Available
Nomad Exterior View
Nomad Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Huga $75k 450 sq ft
Concrete
Prefab Panels
Assembled on Site
Living Room, Kitchen, Bedroom, Bathroom, Upstairs Loft Area, Rooftop Deck, Bedroom Closet Walls, Bedroom, Hurricane, Earthquake, Bullet-proof, Concrete Construction, Large Metal Door for Safety Over Windows
Huga Exterior View
Huga Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
The Oaks/Village $95k$160k, Lot fee $1000 200 sq ft –540 sq ft
Prefab Factory Built Delivered to Site
Kitchen, Bedroom, Dining, Living, Work Area, Private Deck, Covered Porch, Many Different Models
Available
The Oaks/Village Exterior View
The Oaks/Village Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home
Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Avava $117$179k
sq ft –750 sq ft
Prefab
Factory Built
Assembled on Site
Net Zero, Low VOC and Recycled Building Materials, H2O solar heating, Instant Hot Water Heating, Rainwater Collection, Greywater Systems, Uncovered Deck, Living Area/Kitchen, Work area/Desk, Bathroom w/Tub, Bedroom, Many Different Models Available
Avava Exterior View
Avava Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Palm Canyon Mobile Club
$175k - $295k
$1,000 Lot Lease/Monthly 600 sq ft –800 sq ft
Manufactured Factory Built Delivered to Site 2 Uncovered Decks, Living Room, Eat-In Kitchen, Master Bedroom, w/Master Bath and WIC, Laundry Room, Bedroom 2, Bath 2 with tub/shower, Many Different Home Models Available
Palm Canyon Mobile Club Exterior View
Palm Canyon Floorplan
Table 16 - continued
TINY HOME CASE STUDY FEATURES
Name of Tiny Home Community or Tiny Home Manufacturer
Table 17 below provides a frequency of tiny home features found in the case study analysis, ranging from the least expensive to the most expensive home models. Table 17
Table 17 - continued
The most frequent home features throughout the case studies include factory-built construction, a front or rooftop porch, high ceilings, large windows, a full-size kitchen, a fullsize bedroom, a full-size bathroom, and in-unit laundry. The least frequent home features were a movement space, smart home technology, a flex/workspace, a fenced-in yard, and additional built-in storage options. The connection between indoor and outdoor spaces that support wellbeing was analyzed. The research found through the literature review supports the inclusion of spaces designated for social support. Entertaining spaces in smaller homes can sometimes be
Huga Oaks/ Villages Avava
Canyon Mobile Club
challenging. Extending the living space to include social engagement spaces with friends and family through decks, rooftop terraces, balconies, and sunrooms improves the quality of life for residents living in tiny homes. A fenced-in yard provides safety, privacy, and the option to have a dog.
The case study analysis shows that 80% of the tiny homes are certified factory-built with stationary pier and beam foundations, while 20% are stick-built on-site with concrete slab foundations. Differences in pricing arise from materials, finishes, delivery costs, what is included with the home purchase price, and construction labor costs. The level of finishes and materials affects the home’s price considerably. One of the tiny home case studies, the Dwell House, a prefab modular home, sells for $439k for 532 sq. ft. in comparison to another case study, the Huga Home, a pre-fab concrete modular home, costs about $75k for 500 sq. ft., around the same size as the Dwell House. Many donations of materials and time go into building transitional and lowincome tiny homes to make them affordable. Looking at all the case study home features provides insight into practical design considerations that have been made based on prices that can also be included in less expensive homes. These include laundry in the unit, additional builtin storage, and a privacy fence.
Additionally, prefab homes require installation and utility connections, which add to the costs. Some factory-built tiny homes do not include plumbing, electrical, or appliances in the price, requiring consumers to calculate these needs before deciding to purchase. Manufacturers may offer optional built-in furniture kits, sauna kits, and separate ADUs for additional living space. Securing a foundation appropriate to the site and region is also essential for resilience to natural weather patterns and durability as climate change continues.
The pre-fab homes are factory-built and certified to stand up to many different types of climate conditions. Factory-built homes or those with prefabricated components dominate this
case study group. Sustainable features like renewable energy through solar power and intelligent home technology, such as temperature and light sensors, can facilitate a net-zero lifestyle, reduce operating costs, and provide residents with a sense of control and safety over their living environment. While solar panels are valued for their energy efficiency benefits, they are less frequent due to high upfront costs and development preferences. Off-grid and net-zero options are also less common due to the higher initial investment required for sustainable housing.
By examining the benefits and challenges of tiny home construction types, new frameworks can be developed to integrate factory-built homes into existing neighborhoods and influence regulations governing innovative construction and zoning.
4.3.4 Case Study Features and Amenities through the Lens of Human Wellness
The framework lens used for this study is central to human well-being. This framework integrates insights from the literature review, surveys, and case study analyses, providing a comprehensive approach to understanding and evaluating tiny home and agrihood communities and the people that live there. It directly addresses the study's research questions, which focus on the effectiveness of design features in supporting the mental, physical, and spiritual well-being of residents in affordable housing communities.
To reacquaint concepts within the framework, it is essential to highlight its key components and their connection to the research questions The framework is grounded in a thorough literature review (Chapter 2) that examines the social determinants of health and their relationship with housing. It also explores theories such as Robert Ulrich’s supportive design, new urbanism principles, and the community index theory, all of which inform the design strategies to enhance resident well-being through evidence-based design decisions. Chapter 4 presents original research findings, including feedback from tiny home residents and surveys,
offering practical insights into the lived experiences within tiny home communities. This framework component helps validate the design implications drawn from theoretical insights and case study analyses.
The case study analysis framework incorporates detailed analyses of nine community case studies and ten tiny home case studies, providing a rich data source on the practical application of design strategies. These analyses focus on construction techniques, sustainability, and innovative design elements, examining how design features and amenities potentially impact resident satisfaction and well-being.
Insights from eight tiny home resident survey participants provide firsthand accounts of their experiences, highlighting the benefits and challenges of living in tiny homes. This framework ensures that resident perspectives are central to the study’s conclusions.
Drawing from the literature review, survey, and case studies, the framework outlines specific design implications that support mental, physical, and spiritual well-being. These implications are tied to the research questions by examining how different design features contribute to identity restoration, community bonding, and overall quality of life.
The framework lens includes safety, privacy, purpose, identity, and connection Safety is fundamental for people to feel secure and protected in their environment. It provides comfort, allowing individuals to focus on other aspects of their lives without constantly worrying or feeling afraid. This contributes to overall well-being and happiness. Privacy enables individuals to have personal space and control over their environment, promoting autonomy, self-expression, relaxation, reducing stress, and supporting emotional well-being. Having a purpose in life is essential as it gives individuals a sense of meaning and direction. When people have clear goals and a sense of purpose, they feel more motivated, fulfilled, and resilient in facing challenges. A sense of purpose contributes to a feeling of satisfaction and overall well-being. Identity is a
complex concept that encompasses how individuals perceive themselves and others. People with a strong sense of identity and acceptance tend to experience greater self-esteem, confidence, and psychological well-being. Embracing one's identity is essential in promoting authenticity and self-acceptance. Building meaningful connections with family, friends, and community members can provide emotional support, encouragement, and a sense of belonging. Strong social connections are linked to improved mental health, resilience, and well-being. With the aid of the study's well-being lens, Table 19 below presents an analysis of the top survey responses, highest to lowest frequent community case study amenities, and highest to lowest tiny home case study features viewed through the elements of well-being. See Chapter 2 for a discussion on these concepts that support the mental and physical well-being of residents in housing communities. This analysis aimed to determine the degree to which the most desired home features and amenities attended to human wellness factors. These amenities and features fall into this section's holistic community design approach.
Table 18
Community Amenity Data Analysis Through a Well-being Approach
Table 18 - continued
COMMUNITY AMENITY DATA ANALYSIS THROUGH A WELL-BEING APPROACH
Survey Results: Community Amenities Most to Least
Work Center with Wifi
Trails
Deck to Water
Looking at the provided list of amenities, certain elements align closely with multiple well-being categories, while others may not be as directly related.
For instance, community amenities like the Community Center, Fitness Center, and Nature Trails contribute to several aspects of well-being. The Community Center can foster connections through shared programming activity spaces. At the same time, the Fitness Center promotes physical and mental health and supports purpose and identity in taking care of oneself
through movement. Nature Trails offer opportunities for connection with nature and physical activity, supporting well-being across all the well-being implications.
However, as noted, the absence of specific amenities in multiple well-being categories does not necessarily mean they are unimportant. Take the example of the Co-Workspace or the Educational Facility. While they may not directly address safety or privacy concerns, they could still play a vital role in promoting well-being by providing opportunities for skill development, education, and social support.
Regarding privacy being the least attended-to element, this suggests a potential area for improvement. Privacy is crucial for individuals to feel a sense of autonomy and comfort in their living environment. Addressing privacy concerns through thoughtful design or community policies could contribute significantly to well-being.
In summary, while some amenities may have a more noticeable impact on multiple aspects of well-being, each element serves a purpose within the community. Considering residents' diverse needs and striving for a balance of amenities supporting various well-being dimensions is essential.
Like the community features above, tiny home case studies were reviewed through the same well-being lens. Table 19 below provides data from participant surveys and community case studies to reveal those home features that can support residents in housing.
Table 19
Tiny Home Features Data Analysis Through a Well-being Approach
TINY HOME DATA ANALYSIS THROUGH A WELL-BEING APPROACH Survey Results:
Home Features
Analyzing the features of tiny homes reveals a holistic approach to well-being, addressing key aspects such as
community connection. From blinds on windows ensuring privacy to smart-home security systems and locked gun cabinets enhancing safety, residents can benefit from a sense of security and peace of mind. Outdoor spaces like fenced-in yards and front porches foster socialization and connection with nature, while amenities like private parking and interior doors provide autonomy and convenience. Health and safety are prioritized through features like smoke detectors and air quality monitors, ensuring a safe living environment. The comfort and spaciousness of high ceilings, large windows, and full-size rooms contribute to residents' overall well-being, complemented by the certified construction of factory-built homes. Lastly, wellplanned, furnished units alleviate the burden of purchasing furniture, enhancing residents' wellbeing by creating a turnkey, welcoming living environment. Together, these features form a foundation for residents to thrive in affordable housing communities. When considering mixed-use development in affordable housing communities, addressing the wellness categories of privacy, safety, purpose, identity, and connection is essential through home design, community amenities, and activities that engage the local community. Privacy is essential for personal space, and in a high-density environment, design needs to provide opportunities for refuge. Safety in the built environment is essential for peace of mind; smart home security systems and secured entry points improve an overall sense of security. Identity features like personalization inside a home or in shared spaces, community art projects, cultural events like farmers markets, and educational opportunities through the greenhouse help residents express their individuality and foster a sense of belonging, reinforcing their identity within the community. Integrating spaces for meaningful hands-on activities, such as an urban farm, maker spaces, and educational workshops, can help residents find and pursue their passions, contributing to a sense of purpose and fulfillment. Community support networks are developed through shared interests and activities. This holistic approach ensures that
residents have a place to live in a nurturing environment that supports their well-being and personal growth.
4.4 Summary of Findings
Analyzing both community amenities and features of tiny homes through the lens of well-being implications, including safety, privacy, identity, purpose, and connection, reveals several key findings. The impact on well-being can be diverse, as specific amenities and features can directly or indirectly affect various dimensions of well-being. Well-being incorporates physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects. Some of the findings can fall under multiple wellbeing implications. Some amenities, such as nature trails and community centers, promote physical health, connection with others, and a sense of purpose, positively impacting overall well-being.
In the researcher's view, only some case study developments provided residents with opportunities to contribute to or shape their community, lacking a sense of ownership and connection to their living environment. For instance, lower-income communities that lack a central office or on-site management make it hard for residents to seek help. Additionally, these communities often have insufficient security patrols and resident accountability. Moreover, when there are no planned facilities like indoor and outdoor shared gathering spaces, it can lead to isolation. The following sections delve deeper into the implications of well-being and their significance in supporting the research of a holistic design framework for affordable housing communities.
Privacy
Privacy, a crucial aspect of well-being, is sometimes overlooked in community amenities and tiny home features. Ensuring privacy through measures like designated personal spaces,
noise reduction, respectful behavior, and private amenities like lockers, smart locks, or occupancy sensors that allow residents control over shared spaces and maintain privacy is vital for supporting residents' emotional well-being and sense of security. Blinds on windows and interior doors can also reduce stress and anxiety. Additional privacy measures include soundproofing walls between living units, private restrooms, and private entrances. The secondfloor shared living space in the community house of this thesis project provides several shared spaces like a kitchen, dining, living, laundry, cleaning closet, workspace, walking room, and reading room, where spaces are not private. The micro sleeping units in the community house on the second floor are the refuge to balance the shared spaces. Twelve units with twelve individuals will co-exist
Privacy design features that divide space into communal areas to create semi-private nooks are considered. Additionally, forming a booking schedule for laundry, kitchen, and cowork desks could be a privacy implication decided on by residents. Individual outdoor spaces are also significant for privacy. The community house provides two level two outdoor porches and a level one front porch on the community house individual outdoor spaces on the HHomes foster privacy and social engagement.
Safety
Safety issues in affordable housing communities can be complex and multifaceted, often stemming from environmental, social, and economic factors. Feelings of safety can come from well-lit indoor and outdoor spaces, surveillance systems, secure entry points, regular upkeep of infrastructure, effective security monitoring, neighborhood involvement through organized activities, and economic support programs to reduce poverty and unemployment. Safety features from the tiny home resident surveys include smoke detectors, interior doors, smart home security
systems, and background checks, which can contribute significantly to residents' sense of safety and peace of mind.
Identity
Restoring identity through affordable housing amenities involves creating environments that foster a sense of belonging, pride, and empowerment among residents. This can be achieved through thoughtful design, community engagement, and resources and services addressing the community's diverse needs. Identity can be supported through the personalization of outdoor and indoor spaces. This community is designed to engage residents in decorative choices that facilitate ownership of communal and private spaces. Residents are encouraged to govern their community, live in the spaces, take care of the spaces, and feel a sense of pride in where they live. Amenities focusing on wellness, creativity, inclusivity, and sustainability offer various opportunities to discover more about oneself and the world around them. Meeting basic needs like access to fresh food and inclusive power infrastructure supports the restoration and development of individual and collective identity. Residents can feel more connected to their community, more confident in their personal and cultural identities, and more empowered to lead fulfilling lives.
Purpose
Affordable agrihood housing communities can provide a sense of purpose to residents by integrating agriculture, community engagement, and educational opportunities into the living environment. These elements can foster a sense of belonging, responsibility, and personal growth. On-site employment and volunteering opportunities provide meaningful work and a stable income. Regular events like weekly farmers' markets or harvesting food together can strengthen community bonds and celebrate the community's efforts. Equal access to physical and mental wellness spaces and programs supports a resident’s sense of purpose. Environmental
conservation and sustainable living practices are keystones of this agrihood community, which instills a sense of responsibility towards each other and the environment. Community governance gives residents a voice in decision-making, fostering agency and purpose.
Connection
Some communities lack spaces for engagement, limiting the potential for building strong social networks. Many amenities and features within shared spaces contribute to fostering social connection and a sense of community, aligning with the principles of the sharing economy. Community centers with shared spaces like tool closets, laundry facilities, dog parks, front porches, and fenced-in yards provide opportunities for residents to interact, share experiences, and build relationships, fostering identity restoration through trust and social bonds and a sense of belonging within the community. A stable and nurturing environment through consistent support, personal development programs, access to resources and opportunities for education and employment, and celebrating cultural inclusivity where people come together peacefully from different backgrounds. These amenities are in some of the community and tiny home case studies, but not all. Additionally, features that offer residents autonomy and control over their environment, such as blinds on windows, private parking, smart home technology, and air quality monitors, contribute significantly to emotional well-being and comfort, enhancing residents' overall quality of life by lowering utility costs within the shared living environment.
In summary, creating supportive environments prioritizing safety, privacy, purpose, identity, and connection is essential for promoting well-being in community and individual living spaces. By carefully considering residents' diverse needs and preferences, communities can foster environments that support holistic well-being. In the researcher's view, not all the case study developments provided residents with opportunities to contribute to or shape their community, lacking a sense of ownership and connection to their living environment. The lack of
structured activities or spaces for engagement limits the potential for building strong social networks.
Additional analysis of the tiny home case studies mentioned smart home features like temperature and light sensors, but many did not include them. These technologies can significantly enhance both comfort and security. Spaces adaptable for various uses (e.g., home offices, gyms) were rarely highlighted. These can significantly enhance the versatility and functionality of living space, supporting personalization and place attachment. Overall, incorporating more green infrastructure, such as solar energy, green roofs, water collection systems, effective waste management systems, and using solar lights outside, providing native habitat conservation, was often overlooked. These features support operating costs, environmental sustainability, and community pride in working towards a greener tomorrow.
In Chapter 2, Roger Ulrich's theory of supportive design underscores the importance of crafting healthcare environments that elevate individuals' physical, psychological, and social well-being by integrating features that captivate and enhance users' experiences. Establishing spaces with desirable amenities, avenues for personal agency, social reinforcement, and uplifting experiences can significantly aid individuals' restoration processes ( Ulrich, 1991)
4.4.1 Holistic Design Approach
In the endeavor to design holistic communities, integrating Robert Ulrich's theory of supportive design in healthcare settings emerges as paramount for fostering residents' comprehensive well-being. By embracing a spectrum of features and amenities, including mixeduse development, seamless nature integration, immersive multi-sensory experiences, accessible educational opportunities, health-centric housing, a collaborative sharing economy, mindful and
therapeutic environments, opportunities for creativity, inviting community gathering spaces, and sustainable infrastructure, communities may be able to cultivate environments conducive to physical, mental, and social health. These design tenets are structured to cultivate social cohesion, forge deeper connections with nature, facilitate continual learning, provide access to health-enhancing amenities, and nurture a profound sense of community and belonging among residents.
This thesis research introduces a new holistic approach to community design that can reinforce residents' connection to their identity across physical, emotional, social, and cultural dimensions of identity restoration. The following section provides observations on the development of a holistic design approach to affordable housing design that supports this thesis research, identifying design considerations that may aid in promoting the well-being and sense of belonging of residents in affordable housing. The discussion below summarizes findings from the case study analysis points from the literature review, and the author’s design perspective through working in affordable and transitional housing design. This framework will be applied to this hypothetical project to show its application to an affordable housing community project.
16
Holistic Community Design Framework
The following text explains these implications and how they relate to a supportive design approach. This introduction explores the comprehensive design implications for supportive housing, emphasizing the importance of privacy, security, outdoor living, autonomy, health, comfort, community connection, purpose, and identity. The discussion highlights how these design elements can significantly enhance the quality of life in affordable housing communities, fostering stable, supportive, and vibrant living spaces. Through detailed analysis and recommendations, the introduction sets the stage for understanding how thoughtful design can transform affordable housing into thriving communities.
Figure
4.4.1.1
Mixed-Use Development
Integrating mixed-use development into agrihood affordable housing communities can provide a variety of residential, commercial, and communal spaces that provide access to fresh, locally grown produce all year round.
• Mixed-use development promotes local economic vitality, food production, and opportunities for meaningful connections with like-minded individuals in a harmonious and cooperative community setting.
• Researchers looking at tiny home communities believe well-designed and masterplanned tiny home communities can help create meaningful shared experiences (Jackson et al., 2020; Wilson et al., 2022).
• Locating the urban farm community near walkable or bikeable resources is integral in supporting employment and engagement opportunities for residents who may not own a car. In several case studies, low-income communities were not walkable to public transportation or nearby amenities, making it difficult to leave the community when resources are needed.
• Additionally, consideration for New Urbanism, a movement that aims to halt urban sprawl, protect ecological resources, reduce energy usage and carbon emissions, revitalize communities, and enhance urban living standards by renovating buildings, neighborhoods, and regions was considered (Gao et al., 2021). Implementing a new community within an urban environment requires planning policies that approve mixed-use development and consider native land conservation.
4.4.1.2
Nature Integration
For affordable housing to be equitable, individuals must have access to all the ecosystem elements the design engages to sustain themselves physically, mentally, and emotionally (Debertin, n.d.). One of the most frequently shared amenities in all the case studies includes access to nature trails, farms, and gardens. Implementing successful biophilic design leads to emotional attachments to structures, landscapes, and places (Kellert, 2018). The indoor-tooutdoor continuum blurs the line between natural and built. Connecting with genuine, ecologically self-sustaining natural features and processes versus artificial plants can restore mental health (Debertin, n.d.; Kellert, 2018). Biophilic design fosters feelings of membership in a community (Kellert, 2018) The amenities that facilitate connection with nature, such as outdoor gardens, green spaces, walking trails, or rooftop terraces, provide opportunities for relaxation, contemplation, and rejuvenation while promoting environmental sustainability.
4.4.1.3
Sustainable Infrastructure
Amenities that promote eco-conscious living and connection to the earth, such as recycling centers, bike storage, rainwater harvesting, renewable energy use, and EV charging, encourage responsible consumption and support a holistic lifestyle. The Dwellings community case study is an excellent example of green infrastructure supporting low-income residents. Solar energy, growing food, collecting rainwater, and smart home technology that regulates room temperature all provide a sense of control and place, establishing an ecological footprint while supporting residents.
4.4.1.4
Community Gathering Spaces
When someone's identity is compromised, restoring it goes beyond fixing financial or personal information. It also involves rebuilding one's social identity and belonging within
interpersonal relationships, communities, and social networks (Hargrave, n.d.). This process may require creating new connections, rebuilding trust with others, and renegotiating social roles and identities. By doing so, individuals can regain their sense of self and feel more connected and secure within their social circles. Social support strengthens community bonds by fostering social interaction and providing spaces for shared activities. Most of this thesis’ community case studies feature spaces for shared activities like swimming for relaxation or cafes to enjoy nourishing local food. To encourage families to participate actively in everyday life, providing spaces where residents can spend time with friends and family fosters connection.
4.4.1.5 Art and Culture Experiences
The local cultural context dramatically aids in understanding peoples’ place in the world. Creative expression in a programmed space can promote social connections and identity formation. Exposure to art stimulates the imagination and encourages innovation. Furthermore, creative spaces enhance the visual appeal of public buildings. Local art exhibitions by residents and the local community help create a sense of community and unity. Additionally, events that revolve around art and culture bring people together.
4.4.1.6
Educational Opportunities
Identity restoration refers to the process by which individuals rebuild, reaffirm, or rediscover their sense of self after experiencing a significant disruption or loss of their identity. Rebuilding the self by learning can expand a person’s capacity to engage with others and contribute to the community. Access to educational programs to learn about sustainable agriculture, nutrition, and environmental stewardship can encourage life-long learning and personal development. Workshops and activities in places like greenhouses cultivate community engagement. The agrihood community case studies provide programmed spaces to educate and
facilitate shared working experiences with hands-on, multi-sensory experiences in planting and harvesting one's food.
4.4.1.7 Sharing Economy
A sharing economy is a system where community members collaborate to share resources, amenities, and services. This approach aims to maximize efficiency, reduce waste, and foster community in affordable housing. The shared equity housing model is an innovative approach to affordable homeownership that aims to balance the interests of individual homeowners and the broader community. It involves structures such as community land trusts (CLTs) and limited equity cooperatives (LECs), where the ownership and benefits of property are shared between homeowners and a supporting entity, typically a nonprofit organization. In this model, the supporting entity retains a stake in the property's equity, which helps to keep the housing affordable for future buyers (Ehlenz, 2014). Homeowners gain stability, equity, and support, while the community benefits from preserving affordable housing. This model addresses housing affordability by preventing market-driven price spikes, ensuring homes remain accessible to lower-income families over the long term. Additionally, residents can share items such as tool libraries, equipment, appliances, vehicles, childcare, pet-sitting, and house-cleaning services in a sharing economy (Huurne et al., 2020). This reduces residents' living costs and contributes to a more sustainable lifestyle. Lastly, the sharing economy model promotes the creation of social connections and a sense of community among residents, which can lead to a happier and more fulfilling living experience. Along with sharing resources, amenities, and tools, sharing skills, knowledge, and trading goods and services can cultivate a sense of community.
4.4.1.8
Mindful and Therapeutic Spaces
When designing a community, it is essential to consider incorporating amenities that promote health and wellness. Such amenities provide an excellent opportunity to create a space that encourages relaxation, stress relief, physical rejuvenation, emotional healing, and selfreflection, contributing to overall health and well-being. Additionally, analyzing amenities from several community case studies that promote physical health and well-being, such as fitness centers, yoga studios, meditation rooms, and spas, encourages relaxation, exercise, and self-care, promoting identity restoration. Several low-income case study communities do not provide amenities that support the residents.
4.4.1.9
Healthy Home Design
A healthy home supports the emotional and physical well-being of its dweller. Residents in single-detached housing are approximately 11 times more likely to have a high ‘health-related sense of place’ than those in high-rise apartment/condo buildings, underscoring the connection between housing density and health (Williams & Kitchen, 2012). After analyzing the ten tiny home case studies, several key points emerged. Physical safety can be ensured through safe locations and door locks, but emotional safety - the need for people to establish emotional stability in a physical environment - is often overlooked (Ajeen et al., 2023). A personal sense of control at home influences stress levels and wellness.
Humans need control and self-efficacy in environments and situations (Scannell & Gifford, 2017). One of the easiest ways to get privacy is to cover one’s windows, install a fence around the yard, and install cameras to keep track of things inside and outside one’s home (Harry, 2023). The smart net zero solar energy homes enable the householder to schedule the
energy usage upon demand to interact with the intelligent grid, thus reducing or eliminating energy costs (AlFaris et al., 2017).
Factory-built housing can be delivered in flat-packed boxes containing prefabricated micro dwellings with eco-friendly components that enable more accessible transportation and assembly. The finished home can also be delivered, assembled to the site, and secured to a foundation, connecting all utilities, water, and sewer. A greywater collection system, rooftop solar panels, and a battery pack to store generated energy can support the ecological footprint (dezeen.com, 2023), as in some of the homes in the case studies.
Living in independent housing is linked to more substantial personal and household responsibilities and increased activities at home, providing privacy and connectivity for those who have gone through traumatic experiences or face mental health challenges (Yanos et al., 2007).
Healthy housing considers the practicality of the materials used and their aesthetic quality. It involves designing open and bright spaces with ample natural light, varied ceiling heights, horizontal window bands, and spacious terraces. An easy flow between the interior and exterior spaces should allow for exploration and opportunity. All these elements can work together to promote a love for complexity and a healthy living environment (Dosen & Ostwald, 2013). Furniture has the potential to facilitate place attachment by creating restorative environments that promote physical, mental, and social recovery processes, thereby enhancing residents' overall well-being (Nubani et al., 2022).
A humanizing façade, built-in places for personalization, art, gardens, bookshelves, gathering spaces, pet areas, and ritual spaces to meditate, exercise, and create can support place attachment (Shopworks, 2021) Personal attachments can include objects, homes, buildings, communities, natural settings, or third places, public places people connect to (Waxman, 2003)
4.5 Summary
Looking inward to explore questions about personal values, interests, passions, hobbies, purpose, and identity can help individuals better understand themselves (Browne & Elmer, 2019). Knowing how identity is formed is crucial to regain a sense of self. Identities are shaped by the exchange of love from others. Coming from an imperfect background, experiencing complex relationships, and moving from place to place can all challenge one's sense of love and safety. Rebuilding identity involves recognizing our individuality, inherent value as human beings, and connections to others (Hargrave, n.d.). Embracing challenges and opportunities on this journey leads to understanding oneself, reclaiming power, and living a more fulfilling life through active participation in a holistic community.
The research findings presented in this chapter provide an overview of communities ranging from low-income tiny home communities to luxury home agrihoods. The range of community types provides data on shared amenities within communities regardless of socio-economic evaluation. The literature review of systemic challenges in affordable housing design and development describes developers' challenges in creating thriving low-income housing communities. This study’s data research results based on participant survey responses and frequency of amenities in community design reinforce the need for amenities and home features that promote resident well-being. The results describe community settings that foster shared resources, shared amenities, and many opportunities for community engagement.
More research is needed to understand the full efficacy of each type of amenity to support well-being. Collectively, the amenities and home features presented in this thesis are a beginning foundation for additional research on the personal narratives of individuals residing in these ypes of communities and how amenities and home features support human well-being in housing.
CHAPTER FIVE PROGRAM
5.1 Introduction
The literature review began by exploring the systemic barriers to low-income housing since the early 1900s. Understanding the history of these issues can reveal problems that continue today. Furthermore, an exploration into the relationship between health and housing revealed that housing conditions, instability, and location all directly affect human health. Lastly, the literature review delved into the importance of human engagement in shared spaces that foster a sense of belonging and place attachment for identity restoration.
This chapter proposes a hypothetical new affordable housing community called Tiny Branch Agrihood, and elements discussed thus far in this thesis have formed many of this new design’s elements and priorities through information gathered from the literature review, tiny home resident survey responses, community case study analysis, and tiny home case study analysis. The survey questions addressed implications surrounding safety, privacy, affordability, location, and amenities as perceived by tiny home residents. The community case studies looked at different community types: tiny home communities, tiny home agrihood communities, and luxury agrihood communities. The type of community, an amenity comparison, and an examination of green infrastructure through the nine communities inform the new design’s overall needs and space requirements. A description of the project's scope and goals, concept, location information, site analysis, the community's cultural context, applicable building codes, and regulations are present in this chapter.
The insights garnered from existing literature and original research, as detailed in Chapter
4, emphasize the importance of integrating a holistic design approach within the context of an urban farming community. Holistic design underscores the crucial role of amenities and a sharing economy in fostering an affordable, sustainable, thriving urban farming environment that supports human well-being and enhances user identity and purpose
5.2 Programming Questions
Programming questions in the design context refer to specific inquiries to gather information and define project requirements. These questions focus on practical aspects such as functionality, spatial requirements, user needs, and technical considerations. They help understand the project's scope and develop a framework for its implementation.
In contrast, goals are broader aspirations or objectives that guide the project's overall direction. While programming questions delve into how to achieve these goals, the goals themselves are more overarching and conceptual. They encapsulate the desired outcomes or intentions of the project, such as creating a sustainable community, promoting social equity, or enhancing user well-being. Goals provide a vision for the project and inform decision-making throughout its development
Primary Programming Questions: What sustainable and energy-efficient design elements can be integrated to reduce utility costs and environmental impact while enhancing residents' comfort and health?
1. What privacy-enhancing features, such as soundproofing, private entrances, and strategically placed barriers, can be integrated to respect residents' need for personal space?
2. How can outdoor spaces be designed to provide safe, accessible, and inviting areas for recreation and relaxation, promoting physical health and social engagement?
3. How can including smart home technology, such as automated lighting, climate control, and security systems, improve residents' sense of control and safety?
4. How can aesthetic considerations, such as the use of color and natural materials, contribute to a therapeutic living environment for residents?
5.3 Project Goals
This proposed design aims to create a solution that addresses the absence of community amenities within urban built environments while promoting programmed activities and spaces for community bonding and inviting the local community to engage. The design aims to create a harmonious and mutually beneficial relationship between the land, the people, and the built environment. Its purpose is to promote its users' physical, social, and mental well-being by encouraging residents to share food, tools, spaces, and responsibilities. This approach can foster strong community bonds and help to build a sustainable and thriving community. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, the result of this affordable agrihood community aims to showcase how a holistic design ethos, combined with a focus on sustainability, community engagement, and social equity, can champion environmental stewardship and craft a dynamic and inclusive living environment.
5.4 Client Profile
This thesis project focuses on an affordable housing agrihood community; the ownership belongs to a non-profit organization that manages affordable housing communities. Development incentives for land use and prioritization of affordable and sustainable development will be
integral components of the project, which are not the focus of the discussion here. The stakeholders involved recognize the importance of fostering inclusivity and affordability through a well-being lens, emphasizing the need for a holistic design framework that supports the overall well-being of residents and users. The proposed project, Tiny Branch: An Agrihood Community, is bolstered by government grant funding and will be operated by residents, volunteers, and a small staff under the guidance of the non-profit affordable housing developer.
5.5 User Profile
5.5.1
Residents
The resident users of Tiny Branch Agrihood encompass a diverse range of individuals, including tiny home enthusiasts, urban farmers with a passion for agrarian living, those seeking to downsize or simplify their lifestyle, and potentially low-income individuals who have been navigating the affordable housing system. Qualified homeownership is available through the twelve HHomes on site. This community caters primarily to individual adults seeking accommodation in one-bedroom homes or micro-units with one bedroom and one bathroom. The qualification for ownership or rental of these units is based on the Area Median Income, subsidized through the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Additionally, qualified buyers may benefit from a down payment incentive to facilitate homeownership. Lastly, a program to support homeownership can begin with living in a micro-unit and working in the community for three years before qualifying to purchase a home. This investment can lead to financial success and home ownership, gaining equity for those who have struggled with the affordable housing system.
5.5.2 Staff
The agrihood community requires staff, whether volunteers, residents, or hired employees, hired and managed through the non-profit developer. Staff includes a community office manager, farm-to-table manager and staff, wellness center manager, yoga instructor, cleaning services, greenhouse educator, tool manager, farming and grounds maintenance manager, and staff. The office manager manages the weekly farmers market, open to residents selling harvested food and community farmers who want to sell their produce and goods. Residents volunteer in some capacity to maintain the greenhouse, the meditation garden, or the urban farm and grounds. Additional assistance in the shared spaces within the community house, like the art gallery and makers space, or maintaining the second-level shared amenity spaces, is also a requirement for living in the community.
5.5.3 Membership for Non-Residents
Working like a fitness center membership, Tiny Branch Agrihood will offer membership to individuals and families outside the community. This membership entitles them to use the facilities and participate in events and activities for members. Key card access ensures the safety and responsibility of everyone who utilizes the shared spaces and grounds. Visitors can dine at the farm-to-table café and volunteer on the farm with produce as an incentive. The weekly farmers market will also bring the local community in to visit. These relationships form a trusting bond with everyone who shares the spaces.
5.6 Location
The location research for this project began by narrowing down available sites in Tallahassee's urban areas with lower incomes. A look into the historical census data of this region provided additional justification for affordable housing.
In 1825, the federal government granted Marquis De Lafayette $200,000 worth of northern Florida territory. He established Frenchtown in Tallahassee, Florida, where slavery was outlawed, attracting many French and free black settlers (Greer, 2017) From the 1920s to the early 1970s, Frenchtown experienced significant economic growth despite enduring Jim Crow segregation and economic oppression.
The end of segregation in Tallahassee had unintended consequences for Frenchtown. The removal of local institutions, such as hospitals and schools, halted and reversed the neighborhood's growth (Greer, 2017). A period of economic stagnation, during which schools were closed and black residents were forced to move to be closer to resources designated for blacks, led to a migration of black residents away from Tallahassee. According to US Census data, in 1930, the population of Leon County was 65 percent black.
Some of the changes that have taken place in the past 70 years, particularly the ratio of white to black population, influence planning and segregating neighborhoods. As of 2023, the population of Tallahassee stands at 198,342, with a median age of 27.7. Leon County is the most highly educated county in Florida, with 49.9% of its residents holding a Bachelor’s, Master’s, professional, or doctoral degree, compared to the national average of 24% and the Florida average of 22%.
The current population in Tallahassee consists of 49.4% White, non-Hispanic, 35.8% Black or African American, non-Hispanic, 4.1% Asian, non-Hispanic, 3.85% White, Hispanic, 3.85% non-Hispanic, 2.86%
5.6.1 Site Analysis
The 5.88-acre existing site for this thesis project is at 835 W Tharpe Street, four minutes from Frenchtown and two minutes from Levy Park in Tallahassee, Florida. The lot is currently empty and for sale through a religious organization. The existing site location supports walkability and bike ability to essential medical, grocery stores, restaurants, and entertainment for employment and engagement opportunities for residents without cars. A new bus stop at the entrance serves the local community.
Figure 17 below shows a location map of the area and the site within the neighborhood context. Color-coded dots show nearby amenities, allowing for additional resource analysis.
Figure 17
Tiny Branch Agrihood Site Location Map
This empty parcel #2126200280000 has several economic incentive programs for development. These include Frenchtown/Southside Community Development Area, Historically Underutilized Business Zone, and Urban Jobs TCA. This property is in a Multi-Modal Transportation District zoned UP-1, Urban Pedestrian 1. This project can revitalize this mixed residential and commercial area to unite the community. The UP-1 permitted uses and notes can be fully viewed in Appendix C. Permitted uses for the (Community House) include any residential, restaurant, social, and recreational facilities, community facilities, non-medical services, (Greenhouse) accessory uses, and (HHomes) include any residential. The location is near employment or activity centers with access to public transit. The provisions of this district promote more intensive and multiple-use developments with pedestrian facilitation and orientation.
During this phase of research, a neighborhood and user profile analysis helped determine the site location. The urban site is near Frenchtown, Levy Park, downtown, and Midtown, making accessing various resources and opportunities in the surrounding neighborhoods convenient. The site is also within walking distance of grocery stores, businesses, schools, medical centers, and parks, making it convenient for residents to commute without a car. However, adding a bus stop at the project's entrance can further improve accessibility for community visitors
18
Map of Project Location
Note. 835 W Tharpe Street, Tallahassee, Florida
19
Project Site Photo
Note. 835 W. Tharpe Street, Tallahassee, Florida
5.6.2 Census Data
Referencing the literature review and the history of affordable housing in this thesis provides a foundation to understand why similar patterns in housing development continue.
Housing segregation began at the onset of workforce housing development conception in the
Figure
Figure
1930s, and the lack of empathy for marginalized populations based on the location of housing and amenities that are available to them began what we know today as class polarity.
Tallahassee has a rich history dating back to 1824 when Native American and Spanish settlements previously inhabited it. The city was designed to be a government center for the Territory of Florida and eventually became a hub for the slave trade and cotton production in the region. Over time, Tallahassee also became known as a college town. West Florida Seminary, established in 1857, is what we now call Florida State University. As the capital of Florida, Tallahassee is home to the state Capitol and serves as a governmental hub. Today, the city offers a variety of outdoor activities for nature enthusiasts.
Population changes of white people, black people, and Native Americans in the Tallahassee region have a direct impact on the poverty rates that exist today. The World Population Review by the U.S. Census and related documents describe population changes in Tallahassee, Florida, from 1513 to 2024. Table 21 below details the growth patterns.
Table 20
Population changes by color, by year: Tallahassee, FL (FSU.edu, n.d.; U.S. Census, n.d., 1930; World Population Review, 2024)
POPULATION CHANGES BY COLOR, BY YEAR TALLAHASSEE, FL
Throughout Tallahassee’s history, census data has revealed periods of population changes based on color, highlighting the decline in Native American populations. Slavery played a significant role in the South, and this was no different in Tallahassee, where the black population grew as white cotton and tobacco plantation owners required slave labor.
The ongoing residential segregation in Tallahassee, FL, is mainly based on geography. Most of the city's black residents live in areas close to Florida A&M University, a historically Black University, on the city's south side, the historically black Frenchtown neighborhood, and a few enclaves in the northwest part of the city. Interestingly, the city has six Census Block Groups with few black residents, including the Betton Hills neighborhood on Thomasville Road and the Old Town neighborhood near Leon High School (Lawrence, 2011) This residential segregation aimed at blacks has hindered their educational and employment opportunities (Lawrence, 2011) According to floridarealtors.com, people of color endure significant buying challenges throughout and even after their home purchases.
The Tallahassee statistics and demographics data were analyzed to identify the need and location for additional affordable housing. Leon County has a 19.4% poverty rate. Additionally, 26.1% of households in the county are severely burdened by housing costs, with monthly housing expenses exceeding 50% of their income. 52.1% of housing units are owner-occupied with the remaining renters. The median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage, 20182022, is $1,646 monthly. The median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage, 20182022, is $564 monthly. 24.3% of persons living in Tallahassee are impoverished (U.S. Census, 2023). Table 22 below shows poverty rates by race/ethnicity.
Poverty
by skin color, Tallahassee, FL 2023
POVERTY BY SKIN COLOR, TALLAHASSEE, FL, 2023
The researcher focused on Frenchtown, a Tallahassee urban area, to find a property zoned for affordable housing projects. Based on poverty statistics, Frenchtown needs additional affordable housing.
5.6.3 Window Orientation and View
The 835 West Tharpe Street community site in Tallahassee, Florida, faces northwest and West Tharpe Street. Residential neighborhoods surround the site on the three other sides with a protection barrier of existing canopy and ecosystems.
Large windows and lots of native landscaping maximize views of the farm and garden from the community house, greenhouse, and HHomes on site.
5.7 Anticipated Changes
The anticipated change to this 5.88-acre site will be the development of a new construction agrihood affordable housing community that includes a 20,000-square-foot community house, a 3,500-square-foot greenhouse, 12 800-square-foot HHomes, an urban farm, and a mediation garden.
5.8 Analysis of General Space Requirements
5.8.1 Space Sizes and Adjacencies
The literature review, community case studies, tiny home case studies, and tiny home resident survey responses inform the research in this section. Square footage recommendations and adjacencies consider the size limitations of each building structure that necessitate a complex interplay of economic, regulatory, environmental, social, and design factors. The design of supportive amenities on the site reduces the number of residential home sites. Table 23 below illustrates the estimated square footage of the community house's major and minor spaces within level 1.
Table 22
Community House Level 1 Amenities
Estimate square foot of major and minor spaces
Table 22 - continued
Table 24
Community House Level 2 Shared Living
Estimate square foot of major and minor spaces
Table 25
Community House Level 2 Adjacency Matrix
Needed
Table 26
Greenhouse:
Table 26 - continued
Table 27
Greenhouse Adjacency Matrix
X=Adjacency Needed
Learning/Herb Growing Food Growing Room
Table 28
HHome Major Spaces
Table 29
HHome Adjacency Matrix
X=Adjacency Needed
5.9 Summary
A comprehensive review of literature in Chapter 2, supplemented by original research in Chapter 4, insights from nine community case studies, ten tiny home case studies, and feedback from eight tiny home resident surveys, informs this design. Furthermore, research-based design implications draw from various disciplines, including social determinants of health, housing, and well-being connections, new urbanism principles, community index theory, Robert Ulrich's theory of supportive design for healing environments, and the crucial role of home in stability and identity restoration, particularly for those facing systemic barriers in affordable housing communities. Using the supportive design framework through the lens of safety, privacy, purpose, identity, and connection, the amenities and lifestyle of this design program can guide the future design of affordable agrihood communities that support inclusive and equitable human well-being.
CHAPTER SIX
DESIGN SOLUTION
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1
Design Goals
As stated in Chapter 5, the primary design goal for Tiny Branch Agrihood is to create an inclusive and affordable community environment that promotes a connection to the land and how nature supports us in urban settings. A secondary goal for the agrihood was to support users' mental, physical, and spiritual well-being where they live and work. The original research component began with a deep dive into the systemic barriers people face while trying to attain affordable housing. The design challenge evolved beyond providing housing to encompass how resources and amenities support a holistic approach to caring for the needs of marginalized and low-income individuals in their living and working environments. Based on the literature review, these strategies are included in the overall guiding design criteria for Tiny Branch, a supportive, holistic, and affordable agrihood community
1. INCLUSIVITY: Pioneer inventive approaches to affordable housing opportunities that cater to diverse demographics.
2. COMMUNITY: Foster a cohesive community spirit through engaging in communal activities and shared spaces.
3. HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTS: Craft thoughtfully designed spaces that promote holistic well-being and nurture occupants’ health.
4. NATURE INTEGRATION: Incorporate green infrastructure and sustainable materials seamlessly into the architectural fabric to harmonize with the natural environment.
5. INNOVATION: Harness cutting-edge technology to empower residents andenhancetheir autonomyandcontrolovertheirlivingenvironment.
6. PRIVACY/SAFETY: Enhance residents’ sense of security and privacy through strategic design interventions.
7. PLACE ATTACHMENT: Curate amenities that serve practical functions and contribute to residents’ sense of belonging and attachment to their community.
8. SHARING ECONOMY: Design communal amenities that facilitate resource sharing and promote a culture of collaboration and mutual benefit among residents.
Each component of the holistic design framework received special consideration to achieve the guiding design criteria. Based on the validity of findings in the literature review and data collected from the original research, the researcher created a list of suggestions regarding a supportive design framework. This document is intended to guide design best practices rather than serving as a strict set of requirements. It offers a checklist of design recommendations and action items to help ensure the successful implementation of affordable housing agrihood design. It included:
• Inclusivity
o Pioneer inventive approaches to affordable housing opportunities that cater to diverse demographics.
o Support equitable access to the amenities on site, multiple housing options, including home ownership and transitional to permanent housing, with different income requirements.
o Extend membership opportunities, including access to amenities for the outside community.
• Community
o Create multifunctional community spaces, such as a community house with firstfloor amenities shared with the local community and second-floor congregate living with shared amenities for residents living in micro units. Amenities include resident co-working space, shared kitchen and dining areas, resident and member wellness spaces, art and cultural spaces, farm-to-table café, and farmers' market event venues that can be used for social gatherings, educational workshops, and recreational activities.
o Propose outdoor spaces that include a large, covered porch at the community house, outdoor second-floor seating for residents, an urban farm, and a meditation garden that provides walking trails that connect to community walking trails.
• Healthy Environments
o Craft thoughtfully designed spaces promoting holistic well-being and nurturing occupants’ health through air quality monitoring and air purifying indoor plants.
o Ensure thermal comfort by providing proper insulation, energy-efficient windows, and heating/cooling systems to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures yearround.
o Utilize low-VOC materials, paints, and finishes to reduce exposure to harmful chemicals and improve indoor air quality.
o Employ green spaces like parks, walking trails, gardens, and farms to provide residents access to nature and outdoor recreation.
• Nature Integration
o Incorporate green infrastructure and sustainable materials into the architectural fabric to harmonize with the natural environment.
o Design educational spaces that support research and sustainable farming techniques through hands-on learning, experimentation, and collaboration. This includes providing access to relevant resources and tools and fostering a space that encourages critical thinking and problem-solving in the context of agriculture.
o Educate the community on farming techniques for residents and the outside community through planting, harvesting, and preparing food grown in the agrihood.
o Provide views of nature that include the existing tree canopy, the meditation garden, and the urban farm through large windows in each built environment that help restore and heal from daily stress, anxiety, and possibly past trauma.
• Innovation
o Harness cutting-edge technology to empower residents and enhance their autonomy and control over their living environment. Integrating solar energy panels, rainwater collection cisterns, and smart home technology within residential communities can enhance a sense of place identity and sustainable living. By harnessing solar energy, residents can reduce their reliance on traditional energy sources, decreasing their environmental impact and potentially lowering energy costs. Energy storage on site also secures power during minimal power outages.
o Provide rainwater collection cisterns to help conserve water resources, providing an eco-friendly solution for irrigation and other non-potable water needs.
o Install smart home technology to promote energy efficiency and convenience, allowing residents to monitor and control their home systems for optimal resource
usage. These sustainable technologies can foster a more robust community identity and a greener, more eco-conscious way of life.
o Supply free Wi-fi for connectivity to bridge the digital divide and support resident’s educational and employment opportunities
o Promote access to fresh food, local food production, and nutrition education through the urban farm and greenhouse.
o Install low-impact development strategies like permeable pavements and native landscaping to help manage stormwater and reduce heat.
o Embody pre-fab certified construction homes built off-site and installed onto elevated slabs, saving construction waste and developing a more resilient home
• Privacy/Safety
o Enhance residents’ sense of security and privacy through community engagement, fostering a sense of collective responsibility for safety.
o Provide well-lit pathways, parking areas, and entrances to improve visibility and reduce the risk of accidents or criminal activity.
o Install intentional landscaping such as fences, native hedges, and trees to create natural barriers that provide privacy between the homes
o Secure all entry points with key card access, ensuring only authorized residents and guests can enter the buildings.
o Ensure maintenance objectives are shared with all community residents and staff to ensure safety.
o Design privacy features like barriers between private and public spaces.
• Place Attachment
o Curate meaningful experiences through amenities that serve practical functions and contribute to residents’ sense of belonging and attachment to their community, fostering stability and supporting well-being
o Provide shared cleaning supplies and tool closets, encouraging resident participation in the upkeep of the facilities and their own spaces, fostering place attachment.
o Offer options to personalize HHomes with paint choices and garden plots with small fenced-in yards.
o Provide a furniture package option with home financing so that residents do not have to worry about purchasing furniture to support low-income residents where they are
o Design open shelving and built-in storage options in the homes and micro-units in the community house to provide places to store personal items.
• Sharing Economy
o Design communal amenities that facilitate resource sharing and promote a culture of collaboration and mutual benefit among residents, contributing to more sustainable consumption patterns and reducing the ecological footprints of residents
o Design spaces for sharing food, tools, and appliances to increase access and cost savings.
6.1.2 Proposed Site Design Solution
Design strategies for the site located at 835 West Tharpe Street in Tallahassee, Florida, include the following:
• Incorporate mixed-use development that includes a community house with residential housing on level two and commercial amenities on level one.
• Build a greenhouse that supports the urban farm and shared tool shed for community residents.
Figure 20
835 West Tharpe Street, Tallahassee, Florida, Site plan
• Install twelve prefabricated residential HHomes, preserving as many trees as possible.
• Install a new bus stop. The northwest facade of the community house runs parallel to West Tharpe Street, making the new bus stop accessible to residents and visitors from the local community.
• Install solar panels on all buildings to face south, west, and east to maximize solar heat gain.
• Provide membership amenities to the community's residents and those outside the local community. These include a farm-to-table café, maker space, art gallery, wellness center, yoga studio, greenhouse education classes, urban farming opportunities, and a large meditation garden.
• Utilize nearby resources, including a vegetarian café and a meat market across the street.
• Integrate the community design into the surrounding residential neighborhood.
• Create noise barriers to the traffic on West Tharpe Street that include fencing and vegetation.
• Install safety and privacy features, such as a surrounding community fence, with one entrance and one exit at the front.
6.1.3 Community Site Plan
The site plan for Tiny Branch Agrihood considers the new urbanism design strategies of walkability, connectivity, mixed-use, increased density, mixed housing, sustainability, and green infrastructure, all of which improve the residents' and local visitors' quality of life. Clear signage at the community entrance blends into the landscape. A community house includes level one amenities and level two shared living amenities. An urban farm and meditation garden are included in the community design to support holistic programmed outdoor activities. The
meditation garden also catches runoff storm water and filters it through a bioswale system under the ground. Renderings of the community, urban farm, and meditation garden are shown below.
A winding road runs through the community with one entrance and one exit for safety. A public transportation bus stop is installed so residents without cars and visitors can easily access the community.
Figure 21
Tiny Branch Agrihood Community Site Plan Rendering
Tiny Branch Agrihood Community Signage at Entrance Rendering
Tiny Branch Agrihood Community Site Plan Rendering
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Tiny Branch Agrihood Community Urban Farm Rendering
Figure 25
Tiny Branch Agrihood Community Meditation Garden Rendering
6.2.1
6.2
Community
House: Design and Analysis of Major Spaces
Community House: Introduction
The subsequent section delves into each significant area within the community house programmed by the researcher. Each primary space's purpose, behaviors, and activities have been scrutinized. These analyses are supplemented with design implications gleaned from a comprehensive literature review, in-depth community and tiny home case study analysis, and insights from surveys conducted with tiny home residents. Focusing on key areas, this narrative illustrates innovative opportunities for affordable home development within a supportive design framework, with particular attention directed toward supportive shared spaces. Considering how interconnectedness creates a harmonious and balanced environment that supports individuals' physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being is the premise of holistic design. Figure 21 below shows the exterior of the community house Additionally, the floorplans for levels one and two are shown with the final programmed spaces. A breakdown of all community house spaces with square footage is also included.
Figure 26
Community House Exterior Rendering
Figure 27
Community House Level 1 Amenities Floorplan
Table 30
Community House Level 1 Amenities: square foot of major and minor spaces
Table 30 - continued
Figure 28
Community House Level 2 Floorplan
Table 31
Community House Level 2 Shared
31 - continued
6.2.2 Community House: Breezeway/Farmers Market
The Breezeway in the Community House is the first entry point for users as they begin to explore the urban farm community. The farmhouse style of the community house invites residents and community members to engage with an urban farming culture that promotes sustainability and local food sharing. The bright red building attracts drivers and walkers passing by and activates this urban pedestrian area of Tallahassee, Florida. Additionally, increasing the safety of pedestrians, medians, and crosswalks across West Tharpe Street needs further evaluation.
Figure 29
Community House Breezeway/Farmers Market Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the Breezeway/Farmers Market include:
1. A sharing economy promotes generosity and mutual benefit through food sharing and exchange. Permanent kiosks create year-round opportunities for residents and the local community to access fresh food. Additionally, supporting independent local farmers and local food growing increases economic opportunities for the community (Alloh et al., 2024).
2. An inclusive, affordable housing community setting fosters a cohesive spirit through engaging communal activities like a weekly farmers market. Inviting the local community to engage with residents of all backgrounds at Tiny Branch Agrihood can foster a sense of belonging to the outside community, removing negative bias towards affordable housing and fostering housing justice (Public Counsel, 2024).
3. Supportive social amenities that encourage integration with nature and provide multisensory experiences, such as working on a farm, help foster a deep connection with nature, and engage all the senses - sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. Spending time in a multi-sensory environment has enhanced concentration, focus, alertness, memory recall, mobility, creativity, social relationships, communication, and overall awareness (Hidden Angel Foundation, 2024).
4. The community's food system's success and resident engagement greatly depend on where agricultural amenities and sales outlets are located and how they are designed within the community (Breger, 2020).
6.2.3 Community House: Farm to Table Café
The farm-to-table café is dedicated to offering patrons fresh, high-quality food that is locally sourced, supporting sustainable agriculture practices. By sourcing ingredients from the community’s urban farm and nearby farms and producers, the café directly links to the origins of the meals, allowing customers to understand where their food comes from. This commitment to using locally sourced ingredients promotes a healthier and more environmentally conscious dining experience and helps strengthen the local community and economy.
30
Community House Farm-to-Table Café Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the Farm to Table Cafe include:
1. Creating an environment where people can come together and interact, known as a "third place," is essential. When residents, employees, and volunteers plant, harvest, and prepare fresh local food, it fosters a sense of pride and ownership within the community and strengthens their connections and attachment to place (Waxman, 2003).
2. Access to local food through grab-and-go meals made with food grown on location provides nourishment that supports human well-being in an inclusive setting (Breger, 2020).
3. Indoor and outdoor seating spaces transition with large windows and biophilic views (Kellert, 2018).
Figure
4. A functional back-of-the-house kitchen and food prep area with a second entrance provide easy access to pick-up meals.
6.2.4 Community House: Makerspace
The purpose of a maker space is to provide a collaborative environment where individuals can gather to create, innovate, and learn, using shared tools, resources, and knowledge to develop projects, enhance skills, and foster a sense of community (Shin, 2016). Creative activities such as pottery and painting are available. The makerspace will adapt to the preferences of the residents and members. Various tools and materials support a sharing economy as residents, members, and volunteer teachers collaborate to turn the maker space into a local, culture-building experience. Natural light flows throughout this space into the corridor through storefront windows, allowing visitors to watch people without entering the space.
Figure 31
Community House Makerspace Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the Makerspace include:
1. A flexible and programmed space with activities specifically for making can evoke positive emotional connections with others (Creation Crate, 2018) and can support identity restoration through creativity
2. A studio environment supports autonomy that fosters a sense of control over one's environment. Classes and self-directed making connect hands to materials in a multi-sensory experience (Walden University, 2024). All users are invited to explore their creativity, possibly for the first time in their adult lives, to support human well-being.
3. The integration of holistic design elements provides a seating area to gather, listen to a piano player, and watch others, creating community through healthy afternoon and evening entertainment for residents and the local community.
6.2.5 Community House: Art Gallery
Community art galleries provide essential resources that significantly contribute to people's well-being. These resources include fostering a sense of community and belonging, deepening understanding and appreciation of local history, providing access to social connections and networks, and offering opportunities for learning through art appreciation (Lee & Northcott, 2021). The art gallery in this thesis project provides a neutral background for various curated shows. Visitors can preview the display through interior storefront windows, which unveil work by residents and local artists. A secure and temperature-controlled storage and curatorial space is included in the gallery for art handling. Flexible, moveable walls accommodate various exhibitions, installations, and performances. An exploration with prefab concrete furniture is displayed in a custom, accessible reception desk and display table. The
playful aesthetic combines concrete and color, beginning with the wayfinding signage and corridor design that connects the maker space and art gallery.
Community House Art Gallery Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the Art Gallery include:
1. Art galleries can preserve and showcase diverse cultural heritage, offering visitors a meaningful and enriching experience through storytelling and inspiration (Lee & Northcott, 2021; Valley Art Gallery, 2024). Completed projects by residents and local artists showcase capabilities.
2. Community engagement in workshops, artist talks, and community events fosters interaction and a sense of pride between the artists and the public (Lee & Northcott, 2021; NORC University of Chicago, 2019)
3. The community benefits economically by attracting visitors and stimulating the local art market through the gallery space.
Figure 32
6.2.6
Community House: Wellness Center
Tiny Branch Agrihood has outdoor physical activities that support a healthy lifestyle. Residents and members also need spaces to unwind, stretch, and relax. Membership to the community supports anyone with a key swipe card who can access the amenities on level one in the community house. Holistic health addresses physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and financial well-being through amenities and activities (Schwegman, 2020; Summers, 2020).
Views of nature through large windows and a soft, neutral color palette with natural materials can reduce stress and promote relaxation. Good health considers preventative measures to maintain balance and prevent illness more than physical or mental health, but an “inclusion of layers of self” (Summers, 2020). Participating in group activities, such as attending educational workshops on nutrition and mental health, provides individuals with valuable knowledge and skills to make informed and healthier lifestyle choices. In wellness centers, the various elements create a supportive community that contributes to individual well-being and overall health (Pitas et al., 2021).
Figure 33
Community House Wellness Center Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the Wellness Center include:
1. Smaller, intimate zones foster privacy (Privacy International, 2024). When users visit the wellness center, zones include yoga/stretching, Pilates machines, a sauna, and two hot and cold jacuzzi to help with blood circulation and physical restoration
2. Accessible and holistic amenities include saunas, hydrotherapy pools, and fitness areas that can improve residents' and members’ quality of life.
3. Lockable storage for personal items enhances privacy and safety in a restorative environment.
6.2.7 Community House: Group Yoga
Yoga is widely acknowledged as a form of mind-body medicine that integrates an individual's physical, mental, and spiritual components. By combining physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation, yoga aims to improve overall well-being and alleviate various stress-related illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and high blood pressure. Additionally, yoga practice has been shown to enhance flexibility, strength, and balance and may also contribute to a sense of inner peace and relaxation (Atkinson, 2009). Group yoga promotes social connections and support networks, providing motivation, learning, and accountability (John et al., 2024). Group yoga sessions offer opportunities to learn and find inspiration through interactions, exposing participants to different techniques. Residents and members can participate in group yoga classes taught by other residents, volunteers, or contracted yoga instructors. Yoga is accessible to everyone. Classes provide supportive environments to challenge oneself and explore personal boundaries of practice.
Figure 34
Community House Group Yoga Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the Group Yoga Room include:
1. Ambient lighting, sound speakers, and temperature can all be controlled to create a focused mind-body experience.
2. Natural materials with acoustical properties, air-purifying plants, and a biophilic focal point of nature create a peaceful, eco-friendly, quiet space conducive to meditation and concentration.
3. Being free from excessive decoration improves concentration, engagement, and serenity during group yoga sessions (Oster, 2024).
6.2.8 Community House: Micro Living Units
This thesis community design also offers an innovative housing model: micro living units. Despite opposition, housing models that prioritize 'eco-living' tenancies in small private rooms with shared communal spaces provide an affordable option for many (Harris & Nowicki,
2020). Residents who apply to live in the micro-units are selected based on income and availability to volunteer and work in different capacities throughout the community. They sign yearly leases and qualify for subsidized rent. Three single-family lots on the site are designated for a program where micro-unit residents live on-site for three years to qualify for a downpayment assistance program to purchase an HHome.
The 300-square-foot micro-units are on level two of the community house. Twelve smaller private living spaces share amenities to support affordability for residents living on level two. The unit design maximizes space efficiency with multi-functional spaces and multiple storage solutions, providing privacy in a co-living environment. Privacy is considered, and each lockable unit is equipped with full restroom amenities, furnished sleeping space, desk space, built-in storage cabinets and closets, and a built-in window seat.
Figure 35
Community House Micro Units Axonometric Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the micro-units include:
1. Furnished units with built-in storage and furniture provide residents with a private space they can move into with little upfront cost, making affordability accessible (Latarche, 2015) Furniture has been shown to build place attachment, as residents feel secure having a bed
2. A shared cleaning closet on level two provides residents with tools and supplies to maintain their micro units and shared spaces.
3. A shared laundry space on level two allows residents autonomy to practice self-care.
4. Additional privacy is considered in creating a library corridor that separates the units from the shared living spaces.
The design of the Community House’s level two corridor provides soundproofing and a transition between private living micro-units and the shared spaces. A library component is added for learning and creating a feeling of coziness.
Figure 36
Community House Library Corridor Rendering
6.2.9 Community House: Shared Living/Dining/Kitchen
Resource sharing, such as appliances, tools, skills, and knowledge, promotes sustainability in an urban multi-family mixed-development community. A shared living/dining/kitchen space on level 2 fosters relationship building and cooperation. Public restrooms are available on level 2 for visitors or residents.
Community House Shared Dining/Kitchen Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the shared living/dining/kitchen include:
1. Individual kitchen storage is provided, and designated areas in the refrigerators allow residents to cook meals with their food or plan meals communally with other residents.
2. Cost savings by sharing appliances, cookware, bulk purchasing, and shared leftovers reduces individual expenses, promoting sustainability.
Figure 37
3. Sharing recipes, cooking tips, and meal ideas helps people eat healthier and learn about different cultures through diverse cuisines. These sharing economy activities support diversity, affordability, and understanding among community residents (N. Marcus, 2017)
6.2.10 Community House: Co-Workspace
Co-working spaces co-construct a sense of community through residents' day-to-day interactions in the space. Some residents might choose to live in the second-level micro units because they enjoy collaborative living and the minimalist lifestyle that comes with not having as many things. Co-workspaces connected to congregate housing can provide a practical and valuable solution for individuals who work remotely, offering a place to connect with others. Reducing travel time, car expenses, clothing for work, and other expenses support a minimalist lifestyle. Creativity and innovation through exposure to different perspectives, ideas, and disciplines can provide professional and personal development opportunities. The area includes desking, a separate room for walking and working treadmills, and comfy sofas to take breaks from your desk. All residents from the community are invited to share this co-working space.
Community House Co-Workspace Rendering
Figure 38
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the co-workspace include:
1. Supporting work-life balance involves having separate workspaces from home, allowing individuals to disconnect when not working.
2. Biophilic views of the outdoors support stress relief and productivity in co-workspaces
3. Technological amenities like free high-speed internet and a printing area support remote work.
6.2.11 Greenhouse
Green infrastructure like rainwater harvesting and solar panels keep the greenhouse running through power outages. Environmental stewardship and raising awareness about issues like food insecurity, biodiversity, and climate change all support the mission of Tiny Branch Agrihood. The greenhouse space includes a shared tool closet, herb closet, library, public restrooms, one education/herb growing room, and one food growing room, all supporting a sharing economy. Hard farm work can restore the senses and cultivate identity restoration as users connect to the food they grow and eat.
Figure 39
Greenhouse Exterior Rendering
Design criteria based on research and review of literature for the greenhouse include:
1. The greenhouse allows accessible and year-round food production, extending growing seasons and providing fresh, locally grown produce to residents of the agrihood, the farm-to-table café, and visitors of the farmer’s market. Additionally, growing food encourages healthier habits and fosters a deep appreciation for fresh, locally grown produce.
Figure 40
Greenhouse Space Plan
Figure 41
Greenhouse Herb Growing/Education Room Rendering
2. The greenhouse can also be a research facility led by visiting agricultural scientists, where new farming methods and plant varieties can be tested, contributing to innovation and knowledge generation.
3. Farm skill development in an agrihood setting includes gardening, plant propagation, composting, and sustainable landscaping, empowering residents and visitors to become more self-sufficient and resilient (Breger, 2020).
6.2.12 HHome
Single-family and multi-family housing options each offer distinct mental and physical benefits. Single-family homes provide privacy, space, and a sense of ownership, which enhance mental well-being. They also offer reduced noise, opportunities for outdoor activities, and the ability to customize the living environment. On the other hand, multi-family homes foster community and social interaction, enhancing mental health through social support. They provide convenient access to amenities like gyms and pools and are often located in walkable areas, all promoting physical activity and overall health. The Tiny Branch Agrihood community offers a variety of housing options and amenities to support single-family and co-living residents.
Looking at the case studies, many tiny home models are customizable and can be expanded to include additional square footage. The research on innovation in construction methods and off-grid living with net-zero strategies provides insight into affordability when solar and rainwater harvesting are included, reducing utility bills. Additionally, factory-built homes reduce construction waste and can be installed anywhere with the proper foundation and utility hookups
The 800-square-foot HHome combines the concept of tiny home living with singlefamily development zoning. Individual housing units provide more privacy than more dense
multi-family development. Tiny homes are typically under 400 square feet. Barriers in zoning and permitting of “tiny homes” determined that the home model for this project would fit into single-family zoning to expedite the permitting process. The Tiny Branch agrihood community consists of twelve single-family homes. Homeownership in a community of like-minded individuals fosters feelings of rootedness, stability, and belonging. Smaller homes can accommodate visitors with amenities like a sunroom and outdoor deck. Extending the interior 800 square feet of living space with 400 more square feet of outdoor living provides ample room for socializing with friends, family, and neighbors. The rendering below is a model of the HHome designed for this thesis project.
Figure 42
HHome Exterior View Rendering
The design criteria for HHome are based on the case study analysis and findings from the literature review.
Figure 43
HHome Interior View Rendering
Figure 44
HHome Space Plan
1. Smart and healthy home features that offer user control and remote access to home functions such as temperature, appliances, and air quality aim to save time, energy, and money.
2. Smart locks and motion lights outside the homes provide added security
3. High ceilings and large windows create the illusion of space, making the home feel more expansive and comfortable. Natural light penetration improves air quality and energy efficiency. Abundant natural light and views of the outdoors create an uplifting living environment.
4. Thoughtful kitchen, restroom, closet, and hallway storage solutions maximize space efficiency and keep the home organized and clutter-free.
5. Place attachment refers to the emotional bond and sense of connection users develop with their living space. Home personalization opportunities like hanging art, organizing personal belongings into provided storage, and decorating with cherished photos and mementos bring a sense of identity and belonging to a home.
6.3 Conclusion
Due to the rising costs of rent, mortgage interest rates, homeowners’ insurance, and utility costs, developers are reimagining what affordable housing can function as when integrated into communities. In urban single-family neighborhoods, opportunities to add affordable housing that includes supportive amenities can benefit the residents and local communities. Introducing urban farming and weekly farmers' markets allows people to connect with locally grown food and develop a stronger bond with the earth. The additional amenities included in this project's design solution aimed to address the broader question of how design influences the well-being of residents in supportive, affordable housing.
Informed by the literature review, case study analyses, and tiny home resident surveys, the design solution presented in this study explores the intentions, look, and feel of an appropriate urban affordable housing agrihood community in Tallahassee, Florida. The literature review provided a breadth of information on systemic barriers in affordable housing, guiding the project's location. Design theory and human well-being were also researched to understand the impact of design on residents living in affordable housing communities. The programming phase of this project focused on how community design and tiny home design can be incorporated into amenities that support a sharing economy and a holistic design framework. The concept of the agrihood community was informed by conducting tiny home community research. People prefer to spend time outdoors with others in shared activities. The tiny home lifestyle embraces the connection from interior to exterior spaces and activities. The basis for the aesthetic decisions blends the charm of a rustic farmhouse and modern, minimalist Scandinavian design with innovative pre-fab modular housing. Scandinavian minimalism style emphasizes simplicity and functionality, characterized by clean lines, uncluttered spaces, and functional furniture, creating a calm and orderly environment. Incorporating natural materials like wood and wool brings warmth and comfort, making interiors more inviting and serene. Large windows maximize natural light, creating a brighter and more expansive feel. The timeless aesthetic, with a neutral color palette and classic design elements, remains stylish and relevant for years, reducing the need for frequent redecorating. Additionally, Scandinavian designs often prioritize sustainability, using eco-friendly materials and production methods, aligning with the growing demand for environmentally responsible design. Minimalist spaces can reduce stress and increase focus by eliminating visual clutter and distractions. The synthesis of design strategies in safety, privacy, purpose, identity, and connection is not only relevant to developing a community design that engages with the local community but
also has the potential to shift the negative stigma on affordable housing (Kottke et al., 2018).
When the local community also benefits from the agrihood and shared amenities this community provides, it can lead to a more positive perception of affordable housing. Building community bonding is more difficult in an age of technology, but it is a crucial need. People need face-toface interactions within their community and activities to build relationships.
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION
7.1 Introduction
As the affordable housing crisis continues to rise nationally, it becomes more important for researchers to study the historical context, the user group’s activities and behaviors, developers, financiers, policymakers, and financial assistance programs that support affordable housing maintenance and development. Additionally, research on how the built environment and community design in affordable housing impact the well-being of users can provide a glimpse of the reality many confront. The systemic barriers people face when trying to find decent, affordable housing in locations near resources leave many people without hope or homeless. The low-income population deserves diversity, equality, and inclusivity in housing choices, including housing location.
The proposed design solution takes a unique approach to how a holistic community design can enhance the well-being of residents in affordable housing communities. The concepts of safety, privacy, purpose, identity, and connection in affordable housing were researched through a comprehensive literature review, community, tiny home case study analysis, and surveys with tiny home residents. This multi-faceted approach led to several themes and a design solution informed by findings. In this chapter, we revisit the research and programming questions from Chapters 3 and 5, providing responses based on our findings. This researcher also proposes future research directions to explore how affordable housing communities can better cater to human well-being.
7.2 Response to Research Questions
The proposed solution sought to answer the primary research question of how affordable housing design might affect residents’ perceptions of well-being by understanding existing conditions, resources, and community amenities. To achieve that goal, I sought lived experience testimonies from residents in tiny home communities. Additionally, nine community types were analyzed for amenities, proximity to resources, and affordability. Lastly, ten tiny home designs ranging from affordable to luxury were also examined for home features supporting healthy housing concepts. The methodology included research to create a list of physical and psychological features that promote health and well-being for residents living in affordable housing communities.
7.3 Emergent Themes and Design Recommendations
This study’s primary research question asks what building conditions in supportive housing affect residents' perceptions of well-being and, secondly, how design considerations might support the well-being of residents in affordable housing. This study collected data from tiny home resident surveys and community and tiny home case studies to create a list of physical and psychological features to promote health and well-being. Below is a summation of the findings.
7.3.1 Safety, Privacy, and Community Amenities
Safety:
o Supply smoke detectors, air quality monitoring sensors
o Smart home technology that includes a security system and lock control
o Furnish exterior motion lights
o Run background checks on community residents and members to coexist harmoniously in the community’s shared spaces
Privacy:
o Fenced-in yard
o Blinds on windows
o Interior doors to rooms
Community Amenities:
o Provide laundry facilities
o Determine location near a grocery store and resources
o Construct access to public transportation
o Organize and populate a community garden
o Build a shared work center with free wifi
o Purpose nature trails for walking or biking
7.3.2 Amenity Considerations
Shared Spaces:
o Provide access points to fresh food for community residents
o Program accessible spaces for bonding experiences through making, creativity, and educational opportunities
o Design shared spaces to welcome outside local community members to utilize amenities
o Support a sharing economy with shared tools, equipment, and maintenance responsibilities, with education on how to maintain indoor and outdoor spaces
Sustainability:
o Utilize green infrastructure like solar energy and battery storage to lessen the environmental footprint of the community
o Provide farming education to residents and the local community
o Preserve native land as much as possible in community development
Nature Integration:
o Nurture multi-sensory experiences in an urban farm environment that include planting, harvesting, and storing food
o Design outdoor spaces that encourage exploration
o Utilize a greenhouse for food growing and group education
7.3.3 Home Feature Considerations
Interior Design Features:
o Provide full-size and durable furniture, whether built-in or installed
o Accentuate room sizes with tall ceilings to expand the living space
o Distribute built-in opportunities for personalization like shelving, nooks, and walls for artwork
o Furnish storage solutions in each space
Connection Between Indoors and Outdoors:
o Design large windows for natural light
o Offer social spaces on the interior and exterior of the home
o Form biophilic views of nature through landscape design
Innovation:
o Integrate smart home technology to control lighting, locks, appliances, and air temperature
o Embody solar energy and rainwater harvesting to minimize utility bills
o Utilize factory-built construction and certification to ensure the safety and durability of the homes and greenhouse
Based on survey responses from tiny home residents and data from community and tiny home case studies, these design considerations highlight human well-being's importance in supportive and affordable community design. During the research phase of locating community case studies, agrihoods emerged as viable options for affordable housing community design, precisely because of the food security and community bonding they offer. The design solution for the hypothetical agrihood affordable housing community incorporates all the design implications, ensuring a holistic and supportive living environment for residents.
I believe each perceived preference and recommendation influences one or more of the five human well-being concepts: safety, privacy, purpose, identity, and connection from chapter two. The survey questions also inquired why people chose to live in tiny homes. Responses like affordability, downsizing, living a more minimalist lifestyle, and taking less time to construct were why people chose the tiny home lifestyle. The resident surveys focus on privacy, safety, and preferred amenities. The case study analysis compared frequent amenities and home features to determine which amenities and features support identity restoration, purpose in residents' lives, and connection with others.
Lastly, whether residents use the amenities in single-family and multi-family housing complexes is crucial for understanding their value and effectiveness. While many developments
boast features like fitness centers, swimming pools, and community gardens, there often exists a gap between the presence of these amenities and their utilization. In multi-family housing, shared amenities can foster a sense of community and enhance quality of life. However, their success depends on accessibility, maintenance, and community engagement. Conversely, shared amenities are less standard in single-family home communities, limiting opportunities for social interaction and community building. The effectiveness of these amenities in promoting wellbeing and community cohesion often hinges on whether they are designed to meet the actual needs and preferences of the residents.
7.3.4 Programming Sub-Questions
1. The first sub-question addresses integrating sustainable and energy-efficient design elements to reduce utility costs and environmental impact while enhancing residents' comfort and health. Using sustainable interior materials, such as reclaimed wood and recycled glass, improves air quality. Prefab construction, energy-efficient windows, air quality monitoring, and solar panels with battery storage on site for power outages reduce utility bills and support affordability while improving indoor air quality. These conscious technology strategies may empower residents in identity restoration and environmental stewardship, allowing them to make a long-term impact by reducing greenhouse gases and combating climate change.
2. The second sub-question asks what privacy-enhancing features, such as soundproofing, private entrances, and strategically placed barriers, can be integrated to respect residents' need for personal space High-density insulation in walls reduces sound transmission between units, ensuring privacy. Additional soundproofing in floors and ceilings prevents noise from traveling vertically, enhancing overall acoustic privacy.
Acoustic windows, solid core doors, wall and ceiling panels, and noise barriers between micro-units and shared living spaces absorb noise and reduce echo, promoting a quieter living space. Determining setbacks away from main streets can also reduce noise. Native landscaping can create visual and acoustic privacy throughout the community. Providing dignified personal space and tranquil environments in comfortable living spaces shows respect for residents and enhances their quality of life.
3. The third sub-question explores how the design of outdoor spaces provides safe, accessible, and inviting areas for recreation and relaxation, promoting physical health and social engagement. Some design implications are offered. Proper lighting in pathways and common areas improves visibility and safety at night, and motion-sensor lighting in less busy areas saves energy while maintaining safety. Fences define boundaries for controlled access, and smooth, level pathways accommodate wheelchairs, ensuring accessibility across the community grounds. Various outdoor seating options, such as covered benches, lounge chairs, swings under pergolas, gazebos, or large umbrellas, protect from the intense Florida heat. Walking trails encourage daily exercise and relaxation in natural surroundings. Community urban farms promote a shared purpose and a sense of community with outdoor dining facilities that create social spaces that connect the indoors to the outdoors. Incorporating natural elements like native plants, trees, and water features creates a calming atmosphere. To fully utilize outdoor spaces in affordable housing communities, it is important to have a balanced mix of safety, accessibility, and positive distractions that encourage exploration and promote physical health, social engagement, and a sense of community.
4. The fourth sub-question explores how including smart home technology, such as automated lighting, climate control, and security systems, improves residents' sense of
control and safety. Ensuring smart home technology can seamlessly integrate and is easy to use for all residents with different technical abilities is important. Providing education and resources to help residents understand and navigate smart home features can ultimately benefit residents and community operating costs. Smart locks, temperature management, emergency lighting during power outages, smoke detectors, and carbon monoxide detectors can empower residents to manage their home environment easily and efficiently, taking control of their daily routines and living conditions. Additionally, enhanced safety through quick response notifications enables residents to prepare and respond quickly to emergencies, enhancing their safety and reducing potential harm. Optimizing energy usage enhances security in power outages, integrating control over the resident's living environment and providing protection Safety features like key fob access to buildings nurture peace of mind that people in the spaces have gone through the membership process.
5. The fifth sub-question explores how aesthetic considerations, such as color and natural materials, can contribute to a therapeutic living environment for residents. The psychological impact of color, where neutrals promote relaxation and warm colors like yellow and red stimulate creativity, needs balance to create a visually pleasing and therapeutic environment. Color balance within the different spaces of the community was carefully considered, such as calming colors in the wellness center and stimulating colors in the makerspace. Materials and fabrics also have the power to connect people to nature with tactile comfort qualities like wood floors and ceilings and durable fabrics with a soft hand. Health benefits from indoor air-purifying plants and natural light are linked to reduced stress and better sleeping patterns. Using natural elements of art, like views of the outside, can evoke positive emotions and a connection to nature. An overall design
concept of Scandinavian farmhouse minimalism carries throughout the spaces of this affordable housing community. A neutral palette with pops of color in creative or engaging ways may stimulate positive behaviors. Affordable housing communities can enhance the well-being of their residents and promote the creation of stable, vibrant neighborhoods by incorporating thoughtful color schemes and natural materials into their design. These elements can create therapeutic living environments, fostering a sense of tranquility and harmony for the residents.
7.4 Reflections on the Study Procedure
The research encountered challenges and constraints while conducting the study. The management of low-income tiny home communities imposed restrictions on conducting inperson interviews and meetings with residents due to privacy concerns. As a result, the researcher could not carry out observational studies on the residents' homes and daily activities. Observations can be conducted to understand better the user’s experience and behavior within tiny homes and communities. Furthermore, engaging in physical interactions and meeting participants in person could recruit a larger and more diverse participant population. The survey participants for this study were asked to complete the survey online through a sub-Reddit tiny home community group.
7.5 Recommendations for Future Research
The evidence-based design of multi-family communities is widely studied. However, the affordability and inclusivity of individuals' ability to afford market-rate rents and down payments for mortgages have become highly polarized and need urgent attention. The recent threat of economic inflation has exacerbated this issue, stealing hope for many who aspire to secure stable
housing. Further work on zoning regulations, permitting procedures, and community prejudice has created additional barriers to affordable housing development. These bureaucratic and social hurdles often slow down or halt the progress of much-needed housing projects, further exacerbating the housing crisis.
Further research on the design of affordable housing communities is a promising avenue for future study. Drawing inspiration from more luxury-style communities and adapting the amenities that support community building and resident development on a smaller, more affordable scale can make a significant difference. This approach can help bridge the gap between luxury and affordable housing, ensuring that even lower-income residents can access features and amenities that enhance their quality of life. Furthermore, there is a need for further research to determine which amenities are utilized more frequently and how individuals perceive them. The potential for future research in this field is extensive, and the results could significantly influence the design and construction of affordable housing communities.
7.6 Conclusion
Further research and political action are needed to support marginalized populations' vulnerabilities. Investigating how affordable housing communities can foster inclusivity and well-being is crucial. Ensuring the well-being of residents in affordable housing leads to improved physical and mental health outcomes, community stability, and economic benefits, fostering safer and more cohesive neighborhoods. Prioritizing supportive environments reduces healthcare costs and enhances social cohesion, creating long-term benefits for all. The supportive design of communities considers the proximity and availability of amenities and resources that residents need to support identity and purpose. By integrating features such as community centers, educational facilities, and recreational areas within easy reach, residents can engage in
activities that foster personal growth and community involvement. Access to these amenities enhances convenience and contributes to belonging and empowerment. Additionally, ensuring that healthcare, employment opportunities, and public transportation are readily accessible further supports residents in achieving a balanced and fulfilling life.
The affordability targets for this project aim to provide quality housing options for low to moderate-income households, ensuring that a significant portion of units remain within reach of those earning below the area median income (AMI). A mixed-income model is implemented to achieve this, where affordable units are interspersed with market-rate units. This approach promotes economic diversity and helps subsidize affordable units through higher rental income from market-rate units.
Balancing affordability with amenities and resilient building principles requires a strategic approach. Shared amenities such as fitness centers, community gardens, and recreational areas will be designed to be cost-effective yet functional, ensuring they meet residents' needs without significantly increasing overall costs. Additionally, incorporating resilient building principles such as energy-efficient systems, durable materials, and sustainable design practices can reduce long-term maintenance and utility costs, making the project more economically viable.
By prioritizing affordable housing while incorporating essential amenities and resilient features, the project aims to create a livable, sustainable community that supports the well-being of all its residents. This balance is crucial to ensure affordable housing does not come at the expense of quality, safety, or community cohesion.
The funding plan for this project involves a multifaceted approach to ensure financial sustainability while maintaining affordability. Grant funding from government programs and private foundations dedicated to affordable housing and community development will be
accessed. Additionally, income will be generated through farm-to-table café sales, farm and greenhouse produce sales, amenity memberships, research opportunities from grant funding, and leveraging community gardens and agricultural initiatives. These activities will provide financial support and promote community engagement and healthy living.
Political action is necessary to dismantle the structural barriers perpetuating housing inequities. Creating housing solutions that are both affordable and supportive of all residents involves implementing inclusive zoning practices, offering incentives for affordable housing developments, and ensuring fair housing laws are enforced. Such measures would facilitate the creation of mixed-income communities that provide diverse housing options and promote economic stability, leading to more vibrant, resilient communities where everyone can thrive.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
TINY HOME RESIDENT SURVEYS
APPENDIX B
TINY HOME RESIDENT SURVEY INCENTIVE
APPENDIX C
SITE PLAN CODE REVIEW - UP-1 URBAN PEDESTRIAN, TALLAHASSEE, FL
APPENDIX D
TINY HOME CODE REVIEW, TALLAHASSEE, FL
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Pamela Elisabeth Lindeback
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Department of Interior Architecture and Design
Florida State University
Education
2024 Florida State University
Master of Fine Arts Candidate, Interior Design
College of Fine Arts, CIDA, NASAD Accredited
2013 Art Institute of Jacksonville
Bachelor of Fine Arts, Interior Design
1994 Tampa Technical Institute
Associate of Science in Commercial Art
Professional Experience
2023-2024
Florida Housing Coalition
Disaster Recovery and Resilience Task Force
Research Assistant/Project Coordinator
2020-2024
2021-2022
2021-2022
2019-2020
2015-2019
2014-2015
Pamela Lindeback Interior Design
Principal Designer
Habitat for Humanity
Tiny Home Designer, FF&E Procurement and Installation
Purdue Office Interiors
Interior Designer
Commercial Design Services
Interior Design Lead
Group 4 Design
FF&E Supervisor/Associate, Commercial Design
Art Institute of Jacksonville
Adjunct Professor, Interior Design
2014-2015 The Design Studio
Interior Design Assistant, Residential Design
2012-2014
2005-2008
Sisler Johnston Interior Design
Marketing/Project Coordinator
Natural Solutions 365
Business Owner, Professional Organizer
Certificates
2024 Florida State University, Social Sciences & Public Policy
2023
Graduate Emergency Management Certificate
Florida State University
Human Subjects Research Certificate
2022 ASID
Pre & Post Occupancy Evaluations Certificate
2021 Linked-In
Be an Inclusive Organization People Won’t Leave, Certificate
2021 IDEO, Sanford University
From Ideas to Innovation, Design Thinking Certificate
2021 IDEO, Sanford University
Insights for Innovation, Design Thinking Certificate
2016 Transformations School of Design
Real Estate Home Staging Certificate
2015 USGBC
LEED GA
Presentations at Conferences
2024 Ringling Museum
Wonder in Native Nature: The Connections We Make in Untouched Places
Boards & Membership
2023
2023
2016-2024
Florida State University
Student Advisory Board, Interior Architecture and Design
Florida State University
Teacher’s Assistant, Interior Architecture and Design
