Human body interaction function unit 2 science 5

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SCIENCE 5.

C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)

UNIT 2. HUMAN BODY. INTERACTION.

CONTENTS: 1.- Vital functions in human: nutrition / interaction / reproduction.

2.- Interaction function: 3.- Sense organs: sight / hearing / smell / taste / touch 4.- Nervous system: central / peripheral nervous system.

5.- Locomotor system: skeleton / muscles.

1.– VITAL FUNCTIONS IN HUMAN. Vital functions in human are the same as the rest of living beings: nutrition, interaction and reproduction. Human being is a multicellular organism formed by cells that form tissues. Several tissues form organs, and some organs working together form a system.

Human being uses some systems to carry out the vital functions: 1.1.- Nutrition: is the process in which living beings get oxygen and nutrients, that they use to get energy and grow. Later they expel waste products.

1.2.– Interaction: is the process in which living beings gather information from the environment and produce different reactions to them.

1.3.– Reproduction is the process in which living beings produce more beings similar to themselves.

1 What vital functions is he doing?. Only?

NUTRITION SYSTEMS are: .– Digestive system. .– Respiratory system. .– Circulatory system. .– Excretory system.

INTERACTION SYSTEMS are:

1.– Sense organs: Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste and Touch.

2.– Nervous System: Central and peripheral nervous system.

3.– Locomotor System: Skeleton and muscles.

2.– INTERACTION FUNCTION. During a normal day, we get millions of pieces of information from outside and inside our bodies. We have to filter them and choose the most important ones.

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Our receptors (sense organs) gather stimuli, and send signals through the nerves to our brain (nervous system). The brain study the information and give a response (to our locomotor system) to react.

Finally our muscles generate the movement.

Activity: Look at this man and the driver. What are the stimuli and the responses in each case?. Explain it SENSE ORGANS gather information from our 3.– OUR SENSES. sorroundings and send it to the brain through the nerves.

There are some organs related with the five senses: The eye (sight), the ear (hearing), the nose (smell), tongue (taste) and skin (touch).

These organs have got sensory receptors (specialised cells to detect stimuli from the sorroundings) to gather information. Connected with these receptors, there are nerves to send signals to our brain.

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USEFUL WORDS: .– sense organs .– locomotor system .– stimulus .– sight .– smell .– touch

.– nervous system .– response .– stimuli .– hearing .– taste .– sensory receptors

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Eyes detect light and images around us, change them into signals and send them to the brain.

3.1.– EYES AND SIGHT. Eyes are the sense organs of sight.

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PARTS OF THE EYE: 1.– OUTER PARTS: .– Eyebrow: protect eye from sweat. .– Eyelashes: hairs that protect the eye. .– Eyelid: skin that cover and protect the eye. .– Iris: the coloured part of the eye.It expands and contract to control the light. .– Pupil: the hole in the centre of the iris. .– Cornea: the front part of the sclera. It’s transparent. .-Lachrymal gland: produces tears to moist the eye.

1.– INNER PARTS: .– Lens: it’s transparent, and focuses light on the retina. (like the lens of a camera). .– Vitreous humour: a thick liquid. .– 3 layers: Sclera Choroid Retina: with receptor cells. .– Optic nerve: transports signals to the brain.

Process of sight: the light enters through the cornea, the pupil, and lens. Lens focuses the light on the retina where the receptor cells change light into signals. These signals are sent through the optic nerve to the brain .

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Protect your sight: Remember: you must protect your sight from outer conditions. .– Don’t spend too much time in front a screen, and don’t sit too close to it. .– Read or do your homework in a place plenty of light. .– Be careful with sunlight. .– When something (sand…) gets into your eye, wash your eye with water. .– If you can’t see properly, go to the doctor.

USEFUL WORDS: OUTER PARTS of the eye: .– eyebrow .– eyelashes .– eyelid .– lachrymal gland

INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES

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INNER PARTS of the eye: .– lens .– vitreous humour .– optic nerve

.– iris .– pupil .– cornea

.– 3 layers: .– sclera .– choroid .– retina

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3.2.– EARS AND HEARING. Ears are the sense organs of hearing.

Pinna

Ears detect sound vibrations around us, change them into movements (ossicles and cochela) and finally into signals that send them to the brain.

Ears assist with balance too.

PARTS OF THE EAR: 1.– OUTER EAR: .– Pinna: gather vibrations. .– Ear canal: is a tube.

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2.– MIDDLE EAR: .– Eardrum: is a membrane to transmit vibrations. .– Chain of ossicles: transmit the vibrations. They are three: .– Malleus. .– Incus. .– Stapes .– Eustachean tube: connected with the throat. .– INNER EAR: .– Cochlea: with receptor cells inside for hearing. .– Semicircular canals: with receptor cells for movement. .-Auditory nerve: to send sig-

Process of hearing: vibrations go through the pinna, ear canal to the eardrum. The eardrum transmit the vibrations to the ossicles and to the receptor cells in the cochlea that change them into signals. These signals are sent through the auditory nerve to the brain .

Balance: in the semicircular Canals, there are receptor cells that detect position and movement that change into signals and send them to the brain.

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Protect your hearing: Remember: you must protect your ear from outer conditions. .– Don’t listen music too loud, or don’t use headphone for a long period of time. .– Avoid very loud noise. .– Don’t put objects into your ears.

USEFUL WORDS: .– If you can’t hear properly, or your ear hurts go to the doctor.

OUTER EAR: .– pinna .– ear canal

MIDDLE EAR: .– eardrum .– chain of ossicles: .- malleus .– incus .– stapes .– eustachean tube

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INNER EAR: .– cochlea .– semicircular canals .-auditory nerve

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3.3.– SKIN AND TOUCH. Skin is the sense organ of touch. Skin is the largest organ in our body

Skin is a layer that covers and protects our body. It has got receptor cells that detect pressure, pain and temperature, and send these signals to the brain.

COMPONENTS OF SKIN: TWO LAYERS: .– Epidermis: the outer layer. .– Dermis: the inner layer under epidermis.

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OTHER COMPONENTS: .– Sensory nerves: to detect pressure, pain and temperatura. .– Capillaries. .– Sebaceous glands: produce a type of oil to protect the skin. .– Sweat glands: that produce sweat. .– Hair.

Process of touching: in the sking there are million of receptor cells that detect pressure, pain and temperature. They send these signals through the nerves to the brain.

Protect your skin: Remember: you must protect your skin from outer conditions. .– Wash your hands frequently and have a shower every day. .– Protect your skin from the sun with a sunscreen. .– Don’t stay under the sun for a long period of time. Danger of Skin Cancer.

3.4.– NOSE AND SMELL. Nose is sense organ of smell.

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Nose detects different molecules in the air. Nose has got receptor cells (in the olfactory epithelium), and they change information into signals that go to the brain through the olfactory nerve.

Olfactory nerve

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SKIN .– pressure .– epidermis .– capillaries .– sunscreen .– skin cancer

INNER COMPONENTS OF NOSE: .– Nasal cavity: is the space insde the nose. .– Olfactory epithelium: is the surface inside the nose with nerve endings with the receptor cells. .– Olfactory nerve: send olfactory information to the brain.

Process of smell: the receptors in epithelim detect 21 different molecules in the air. This information is changed into signals that the olfactory nerve send to the brain.

Protect your nose: .– Clean your nose. If you have a cold you can use salted water. .– Don’t insert objects into your nose. .– Don’t smell dangerous substances. .– pain .– temperature .– dermis .– sensory nerves .– sebaceous gland .- sweat glands

NOSE .– nasal cavity .– olfactory epithelium .– olfactory nerve

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3.5.– TONGUE AND TASTE. Tongue has got taste buds. Taste buds are the sense organs of taste.

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BITTER SOUR

SALTY

SALTY

Process of tasting: in the tongue there are taste buds with receptor cells.

Taste buds detect molecules from food, change this information into signals and send them through the gustatory nerve to the brain.

SWEET 25

The tongue has got four types of taste buds so it can detect four different flavours: .– Bitter like coffe. .– Sour like lemon. .– Salty like salt. .– Sweet like honey.

Taste buds

SOUR

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Tongue has got thousands of taste buds. They have got receptor cells that detect the substances in the mouth, change this information into signals and send them to the brain.

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Protect your taste: .– Clean your teeth three times a day. (And your nose. Smell and taste work together). .– Be careful with very hot and very cold food (you can burn your tongue) .– Go to the dentist.

The nervous system is a net of specialized cells 4.– NERVOUS SYSTEM. 28 called neurons that receives information, coordiNervous system receives impulses from stinates actions and transmits signals between differmuli from outside and inside the body, analyent parts of the body. ses this information, and gives responses to it.

It controls voluntary actions (walking , running…) and involuntary actions and systems (breathing, heart pumping, digestive system…).

Nervous system has two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system consists of specialised cells called neurons.

4.1.- NEURONS. Neurons are the specialized cells in the nervous system.

Parts of neurons: They have a cell body, one axon and many dendrites. .- Cell body with a nucleus. .- Axon: It’s the longest part of the neuron. It sends chemical and electric impulses to other neurons. A neuron has only one axon. .- Dendrites: they are like branches connected with other neurons. They receive chemical and electric impulses from axons from other neurons.

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TASTE: .– tongue .– bitter .– salty

.– taste buds .– sour .-sweet

NERVOUS SYSTEM: .- central nervous system .– peripheral nervous system .– neurons: .– cell body .– axón .– dendrites

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4.2.– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. A.– THE BRAIN is formed by cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. It’s protected by the skull.

The central nervous system is composed by the brain and the spinal cord.

The brain is composed by cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem.

A1.– Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It gets information from the sense organs and controls: senses, intelligence, thinking, language, memory and takes decisions...

A.2.– Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balance...for walking, etc.

A.3.– Brain stem connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord, and controls automatic movements (heart, breathing, digestive system, blood pressure…)

B.– SPINAL CORD connects the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and transport information between them. It’s protected by the spinal column. I t is the responsible for the involuntary responses or reflexes, that permit us to react very quick without thinking.

For example when we cut or burn a finger, we remove it very fast.

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4.3.– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It is formed by the nerves. They are like cables that link the central nervous system with the rest of the body (organs, sense organs, muscles…).

There are two types of nerves: .– Sensory nerves send information from sense organs to the brain. .– Motor nerves send information from the brain to the Peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves, and links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

There are two types of nerves: sensory nerves and motor nerves.

Protect your nervous system: .– Avoid substances like alcohol and other drugs. .– Protect your body against accident (wear a helmet when you ride a bike)...

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Nervous system.

USEFUL WORDS: .– Central nervous system: .– brain .– cerebrum .– cerebellum .– brain stem .– spinal cord

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.– Peripheral nervous system: .– sensory nerves .– motor nerves

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5.– LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM:

The locomotor system is formed by skeleton and muscles.

5.1.– SKELETON: Skeleton is a structure formed by bones and joints. long bone (femur)

Functions of skeleton: .– Skeleton supports the body. .– Skeleton protects our most important organs. .– Skeleton makes possible the movement of the body.

Flat bone (skull)

A.– BONES: Bones are hard pieces that form the skeleton. They are hard because hey contain lots of minerals, and light because of their spongy structure.

short bone (wrist)

HEAD:

Types of bones: .– Long bones like femur, humerus .– Short bones bones from the wrist. .– Flat bones like bones from skull.

skull

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mandible mandible

B.– JOINTS: Joint is the place where two bones link one to another.

In joints there are ligaments (that join bone to bone), tendons (that join muscles to bones), and cartilages (to protect bones from friction).

Types of joints: .– Mobile joints: with a big capacity of movement (shoulder).

TRUNK: clavicle clavicle

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scapula scapula sternum sternum

ARM: humerus radius ulna

.– Semi-mobile joints: with a reduced mobility (joint between two vertebrae).

ribs ribs Spine: spine vertebrae pelvis pelvis coccyx coccyx

carpals metacarpals phalanges

.– Immovable joints: with no mobility (bones of the skull).

C.- LESIONS OF BONES AND ARTICULATIONS Most frequent injuries are: .- Bone fracture. .- Sprain: it is an excessive stretching, tear or fracture of a ligament .- Luxation: it is when bones are not in their habitual place.

LEG: femur patella tibia fibula

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USEFUL WORDS: .– bone .– joint .– flat bones .– ligament .– mobile joint .– immovable joint

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41 tarsals

.– long bones .– tendon .– semi-mobile joint .– bone fracture

.– short bones .– cartilage

metatarsals phalanges

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5.2.– MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Our muscular system is formed by muscles, and tendons.

Our muscular system is formed by muscles Muscles move the skeleton. They are formed by muscle cells and tendons. Muscles are connected to the that can contract and relax skeleton by tendons, so when a muscle contracts, it moves a bone and produce a Blood vessel movement.

Bone Muscles are formed by muscle cells. These cells can contract (they become shorter) when they receive nerve signals from the brain. When the signals stop, these cells relax, and return to their original length (the muscle relaxes and elongate).

Muscle fiber

Tendon

Group of fibers Structure of a skeletal muscle.

Muscles use a lot of energy supplied by blood (oxygen, glucose and other nutrients). and blood also remove waste products from them.

There are three types of muscles: Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles.

A.– TYPES OF MUSCLES:

1.- Smooth muscles: we can’t control them, (their movements are involuntary). They are in our digestive system, blood vessels…

2.- Cardiac muscles: they form our heart. Their movement are very strong.

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3.- Skeletal Muscles: they form our muscular system. They are joint to our bones and their movements are voluntary (we can control them). Their fibers are very long, and our brain can give orders to them.

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B.– HOW OUR MUSCLES WORK: If a muscle contracts, moves a tendon held to a bone and produces a movement.

There are always two opposite muscles (antagonist muscles) for example biceps to bend and triceps to stretch the arm.

C.– PROTECT YOUR LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM: .– Sit down or stand with your back straight, it will be good for your spine. .– Keep your back straight and bend your knees when you want to lift heavy objects. .– Do some physical activity regularly, but don’t forget to warm up before to do it.

USEFUL WORDS: .– muscle cells (or fibers) .– to contract .– smooth muscles .– skeletal muscles 44

.– tendons .– to relax .– cardiac muscles .– antagonist muscles

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masseter sternocleidomastoid

Orbicularis oculi

HEAD & NECK: .– masseter .– orbicularis oculi .– sternocleidomastoid

deltoid

pectorals trapezius

biceps triceps Latissimus dorsi Intercostal muscles

Gluteal muscles

Abdominal muscles sartorius

bíceps femoris

quadriceps calves ARM: .– deltoid .– bíceps .– triceps

Achilles tendon 45

TRUNK: .– pectorals .– abdominal muscles. .- Intercostal muscles. .– trapezius .– latissimus dorsi

LEG: .– gluteal muscles .– bíceps femoris .– quadriceps .– sartorius .– calves .– Achilles tendon

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