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Leadership and Gender in the Ephesian Church: An Examination of 1 Timothy
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Carl P. Cosaert, Ph.D. Walla Walla University
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Theology of Ordination Study Committee Columbia, MD, January 23, 2014
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Introduction
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"If a man desires the office of an elder, he desires a good thing. If a woman desires the same,
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she doesn’t understand. She cannot rule her house well. If she rules it, that is not well."1 This
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statement from an Adventist website discussing the issue of women's ordination reflects the
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position advocated in the papers opposing the ordination of women given at the July 2013
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meeting of the Theology of Ordination Study Committee. This conviction is rooted in the belief
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that the qualifications the apostle Paul2 gives for the selection of overseers in 1 Timothy 3:1-7
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are "highly gender-specific."3 For this reason, it is claimed that an "elder/overseer must be of the
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male gender."4 But not merely male, but specifically "husbands and fathers who have a proven
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record of successful leadership in their homes."5 Therefore on the basis of gender alone "women
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can neither be elders nor pastors, nor be ordained as such."6
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While the qualifications for overseers in 1 Timothy 3:1-7 may at first appear to exclude
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women from consideration, I believe that a careful evaluation of the passage fails to support that
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conclusion. Although the vast majority of church leaders in Paul's day were undoubtedly male,
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gender does not appear to have been one of the criteria for serving as a leader within the church. 1
Eugene Prewitt, "Response to Critiques on 'Brief Bible Thoughts on Women's Ordination.' Advindicate (October 30, 2012), n.p. [cited 28 August, 2013]. Online http://advindicate.com/articles/2179. 2 The question of the authorship of the Pastoral Epistles is a controversial topic. Although there are difficult questions associated with the Pauline authorship of 1 Timothy, in the opinion of this author the difficulties related to the non-Pauline authorship are far greater. Accordingly, this paper assumes the Pauline authorship of these epistles. 3 Ingo Sorke, "Adam, Where Are You? On Gender Relations" (paper presented at the Theology of Ordination Study Committee. Baltimore, MD, July 23, 2013), 37. 4 Stephen Bohr, "A Study of 1 Peter 2:9, 10 and Galatians 3:28" (paper presented at the Theology of Ordination Study Committee. Baltimore, MD, July 23, 2013), 26. 5 P. Gerard Damsteegt, "Headship, Gender, and Ordination in the Writings of Ellen G. White" (paper presented at the Theology of Ordination Study Committee. Baltimore, MD, July 23, 2013), 30. 6 Sorke, 33.