The STAR Summer '23

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One of the greatest dangers in life is not from an outside source! The greatest danger a person can face is an undisciplined life!

There have been those who nearly conquered the world but never themselves, men like Napoleon, many of the Herods, Alexander the Great, and even many of the Pharaohs of Egypt. We have seen this failure even in our modern political leaders whose discipline over their own lives was sorely lacking though they led this great nation. Success Tim R. Barker District Superintendent in conquering others but failing to conquer self makes men and women unproductive, unfulfilled, sometimes broken, and depressed ... which many of these leaders experienced.

Much of the unproductiveness, pain, and unhappiness in our culture today is the result of undisciplined lives. Greatness does not come from power over others, it comes from power over self. It is a terrible lie that it does not matter how a leader lives his/her own personal life as long as he governs well – the example of an undisciplined life will only encourage another generation of undisciplined lives!

Victory and happiness do not come from what we have but who we are.

Love can become lust without self-control.

Faith without self-control becomes fanaticism. Pride without selfcontrol becomes arrogance. Courage without self-control becomes craziness. Joy without self-control becomes giddiness.

It is impossible to be what God wants us to be without self-control.

The Bible teaches us that an undisciplined life results in terrible losses.

No one is truly victorious in life without real self-control.

Romans 8:20-25 provides insight: “For the creation was subjected to frustration, not by its own choice, but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself will be liberated from its bond- age to decay and brought into the freedom and glory of the children of God. We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. Not only so, but we ourselves, who have the first

fruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for our adoption to sonship, the redemption of our bodies. For in this hope we were saved. But hope that is seen is no hope at all. Who hopes for what they already have? But if we hope for what we do not yet have, we wait for it patiently.”

2 Timothy 3:1-4 paints the darker side of this coin: “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days. People will be lovers of them- selves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good, treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—” In a single moment of failed self-control, the Uni- verse was plunged into sin! This distortion of God’s design for humans has left the entire human race prone to being out of control. Paul describes life in the Universe now as “Groaning.” (8:22-26) Tragic as the first moments of failed self-control were, each additional moment where self-control was absent only plunged mankind into ever-deepening rifts of tragedy.

This horrible condition hit a real low in Noah’s day when every man did evil in the sight of the Lord ... where all self-control was abandoned!

It again hit a low point during the time of the Judges when the Bible states in Judges 17:6: “In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit.”

Paul says in 2 Timothy 3:1-4 that the last days will be characterized by the lack of self-control: “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days. People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good, treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God–” Each time history has seen an explosion of undisciplined lives, the stage has been set for judgment. Even the world at times has recognized the absolute importance of self-control for success in life. Our armed forces could not exist nor could our military strength without major amounts of self- control! It is not likely that you will live a successful Christian life without well-developed self-control. Sin is a reality, and victory as a Christian will hinge on the right kind of self-control. The predicament we are in is simple. stxag.org 3

We are sinners, and even when saved by grace, our lives cannot continue to be a success without self- control.

Thankfully we are not alone in our self-control! God has made a special provision available in order to be self-controlled. The Holy Spirit has been given to all believers for the sake of helping us in our weaknesses.

BUT, while the Holy Spirit helps us, we must also exercise self-control!

God does not remove our free will in the exercise of our lives even after we are saved. In fact, we aren’t really free until we are saved ... we are now free to be self-controlled. God’s Spirit is thus teaching us, training us ... but we must yield to that training and exercise our self-control made possible now by God’s power in our lives. The world may not understand this process, but we must not ignore it!

The world can’t understand how a Holy Spirit can possibly make things different ... but they will under- stand the results if they see us yielded to God and our lives self-controlled.

Does your life reflect the training of the Holy Spirit or the values of this world? The world will judge us more by what they see in our lives than what they hear us say.

A self-controlled godly life will teach more about the nature of God than all the theology books in a library!

1 Corinthians 9:24-27 gives this example: “Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one gets the prize? Run in such a way as to get the prize. Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training. They do it to get a crown that will not last, but we do it to get a crown that will last forever.

Therefore I do not run like someone running aimlessly; I do not fight like a boxer beating the air. No, I strike a blow to my body and make it my slave so that after I have preached to others, I myself will not be disqualified for the prize.”

Paul mentions the fact that in a race all the runners run, but only the MOST disciplined person usually wins ... so we are to run FOR THE PRIZE. The self-control we exercise in this life does have a focus, both now and in eternity. The Olympics will start one day. Imagine how many undisciplined athletes will be there ... NONE! The level of self- control can actually determine the quality of our life as well as the rewards of our life ... both now and in eternity! Athletes don’t accept excuses. Only those who lack self-control have a myriad number of excuses. Judges don’t accept excuses either! Imagine telling a judge at the Olympics that you were just too busy to train since the last Olympics four years ago, so you hope that the judge will be easy on you. If you want the prize, you must accept the self-control that comes with getting it! We cannot choose to become a believer and then expect to ignore God’s call for self- control in our lives.

For those who learn to have self-control, the rewards can be sweet. We must not forget what is most important.

Self-control is required for every step of our lives. There will never come a time where we can avoid it. God has marked out the course, and we must accept the course and follow His plan if we would enjoy the rewards He also has for us. We can spend a lot of wasted time either manufacturing excuses for our lack of self-control or trying to explain our reasons for ignoring self-control ... but it will not change anything for the better. Paul even states how important it was for him as a leader to be sure that his own life reflected strong self-control while he preached it to others or he himself could lose the prize.

Real leaders have a great deal of self-control in their lives. Such selfcontrol should be evident to all.

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1 Corinthians 10:1-13 tells us: “For I do not want you to be ignorant of the fact, brothers and sisters, that our ancestors were all under the cloud and that they all passed through the sea. They were all baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea. They all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ. Nevertheless, God was not pleased with most of them; their bodies were scattered in the wilderness.

“Now these things occurred as examples to keep us from setting our hearts on evil things as they did. Do not be idolaters, as some of them were; as it is written: ‘The people sat down to eat and drink and got up to indulge in revelry.’ We should not commit sexual immorality, as some of them did—and in one day twenty-three thousand of them died. We should not test Christ, as some of them did— and were killed by snakes. And do not grumble, as some of them did—and were killed by the destroying angel.

“These things happened to them as examples and were written down as warnings for us, on whom the culmination of the ages has come.

So, if you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don’t fall!

No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind.

And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.”

Israel serves as a great example of the possibilities of self-control, and the results when such control is absent. All the Israelites had experienced equal realities, both with God and each other ... and so many of them perished through failed self-control. They now serve as a warning to us to not follow such an undisciplined life. Less than a handful of Israelites who left Egypt made the Promised Land. It was the constant lack of self-control by the vast majority that took them from one disaster to another, and it was the basis of their constant grumbling! Generally speaking, people who complain a lot are usually undisciplined people ... their complaints help them excuse their own lack of self-control by putting the blame on others. It has always been true that both possibilities exist for our lives, darkness, and deliverance ... and so much of this comes from either the lack of self-control or the exercise of it.

How productive is your life? How fruitful has your life been? Is your life a demonstration of self- control that others can admire and follow?

It takes a narrow focus to be self-controlled ... but this will keep us moving in the right direction.

All of us face the same temptations (10:13), we have the same opportunities (10:1-4), AND the same need for self-control if we are to be a success spiritually and otherwise.

Self-control is love’s victory. Are you living victoriously?

Of the eight characteristics of the fruit of the Holy Spirit, seven are directed either Godward or manward ... this last one, however, is directed selfward! No progress in a believer’s life can occur without this final quality, for “SELF-CONTROL is LOVE’S VICTORY!” The undisciplined life will be a disaster spiritually and otherwise.

How victorious is your life?

Tim R. Barker

Dear South Texas, As many of you have heard Pastor Doug Roberts has been fighting for his life against an infection in his leg. The doctors and family made the life saving decision to amputate the infected leg and he is getting stronger each day. Soon Doug will be waking up to this new reality.

Pastor Tim and our entire DP have initiated support for Doug and Janet called “We Care” and wanted to invite you to send a card of support with a monetary gift if possible. You can mail directly to the Roberts or send through the South Texas Network Ministries Center. They will be facing many changes and challenges and we want them to feel our prayer and financial support.

Your Fellow Servants, Tim R. Barker Don K. Wiehe

GIVING OPTIONS Calvary Temple Assembly of God ATTN: Rev. Doug Roberts 14335 Oconnor Road San Antonio, TX 78247

South Texas Network Ministries Center 12106 E Sam Houston Pkwy N Houston, TX 77044

Text to Give: Text: “stxag” to 73256 Fund: DO-We Care Memo - Doug Roberts

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One of the most challenging tasks and attitudes in God’s Kingdom is learning to serve and learning to be a servant; putting ourselves second and others first. It goes against a lifetime of learning the fine art of being selfish, taking care of “#1” and striving to get our own way. God has called us to be a servant. Someone who is humble and looks after others. Someone who is willing to lay their life down for others so they can know God. We must come Don K. Wiehe to the realization that no one owes us District Sectretary/Treasurer anything - Our family. Our friends.

Our church. Our school. Our government. NO ONE! But we owe everything to the Lord and then to others. And if you develop and keep that attitude, the attitude of a servant, God will use you in amazing ways to bless others, all of the glory will go to Jesus and we will find the fulfillment in our lives that we each so desire. The gospel is spread and the Kingdom advances on the feet of servants not on the feet of charismatic personalities. Keep serving! Think on these scriptures: Paul a bond servant Colossians 1:25 (NLT) God has given me the responsibility of serving his church by proclaiming his entire message to you.

Romans 1:1 (NLT) This letter is from Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, chosen by God to be an apostle and sent out to preach his Good News.

Serving our enemies Luke 6:27-31 (NLT) 27 “But to you who are willing to listen, I say, love your enemies! Do good to those who hate you. 28Bless those who curse you. Pray for those who hurt you. 29If someone slaps you on one cheek, offer the other cheek also. If someone demands your coat, offer your shirt also.

30 Give to anyone who asks; and when things are taken away from you, don’t try to get them back. 31Do to others as you would like them to do to you.

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The attitude of Jesus Philippians 2:3-11 (NLT) 3 Don’t be selfish; don’t try to impress others. Be humble, thinking of others as better than yourselves. 4Don’t look out only for your own interests, but take an interest in others, too. 5You must have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had.

6 Though he (Jesus) was God, he did not think of equality with God as something to cling to.

7 Instead, he gave up his divine privileges; he took the humble position of a slave and was born as a human being.

When he appeared in human form, 8 he humbled himself in obedience to God and died a criminal’s death on a cross.

9 Therefore, God elevated him to the place of highest honor and gave him the name above all other names, 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue declare that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

Matthew 20:20-28 (NLT) 20 Then the mother of James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came to Jesus with her sons. She knelt respectfully to ask a favor. 21“What is your request?” he asked.

She replied, “In your Kingdom, please let my two sons sit in places of honor next to you, one on your right and the other on your left.”

22 But Jesus answered by saying to them, “You don’t know what you are asking! Are you able to drink from the bitter cup of suffering I am about to drink?” “Oh yes,” they replied, “we are able!”

23 Jesus told them, “You will indeed drink from my bitter cup. But I have no right to say who will sit on my right or my left. My Father has prepared those places for the ones he has chosen.”

24 When the ten other disciples heard what James and John had asked, they were indignant. 25But Jesus called them together and said, “You know that the rulers in this world lord it over their people, and officials flaunt their authority over those under them.

26 But among you it will be different. Whoever wants to be a leader among you must be your servant, 27and whoever wants to be first among you must become your slave. 28For even the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve others and to give his life as a ransom for many.”

We believe in the call to ministry.

all Church Ministry majors!

Announcing SAGU tuition discount’s for ministry majors and credentialed AG ministers/missionaries and dependents: All students living on-campus and are ministry majors receive 50% off tuition including all federal, state, and SAGU scholarships and grants have been awarded. Students must be seeing a bachelor’s degree in Ministry related degrees, enrolled full time and live on campus, and complete a FAFSA at www.studentaid.gov Details are at: www.sagu.edu/50 Lastly, All Assemblies of God credentialed ministers/missionaries and dependents receive discounts on tuition. Details are at:

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Petra and Israel

12 Day Israel, Petra, and Holy Land Tour TEXAS BIBLICAL STUDY TOUR

Jerusalem Bethlehem Sea of Galilee Mount of Olives Megiddo Dan Nazareth Petra (Jordan) Mount Hermann And Much More…

March 1 – 12, 2024 $4,630.00 Per Person From Houston Includes: Roundtrip Air Transportation From Houston, First Class Hotels, Double Occupancy, 2 Meals A Day – Buffet Breakfast & Dinner, Daily Sightseeing With English Speaking Tour Guides, Entrance Fees, Airport Taxes, And Fuel Surcharges - Which Might Subject To Change, And Tips To Guides, Headwaiters, Porters, And Drivers.

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Tour Host: Dr. Tim R. Barker Tour Director: Dr. Calvin M. Durham

Ministers & Churches Changes and Updates New Certified

Christian Acuna

Jason Beard

Chacko Puliyampallil

Leticia Westbrock

Juana Danford

Trevor Morvant

Armando Garcia Otoniel (Tony) Garza Brian Johnson Joey Kisiah

William Lester Courtney (Danae) Mussett Johnny Ortiz

Jean Ouedraogo Aaron Parks Anthony Taylor Michael Tillotson

Ikenna Kalu

Raymundo Perez

Madelyn Phipps

Upgraded to License Juan (John) Chavez

Upgraded to Ordained Michael Allard Robert Brown Bryan Cardin Delores Fields

Reinstated Christopher Barrera

Transfers in

Keith Daugherty – New Jersey District

Josue Holguin – Texas Louisiana Hispanic Distirct

Transfers Out James Mayhair Sr. – North Texas District

Craig Williams – North Texas District

New Pastors Embrace Fellowship Church – New Caney, TX | Lead Pastor: Gregory Harvey Revive Church – Nederland, TX | Lead Pastor: Johnny Ortiz

Church Name Change Revive Church – Nederland, TX | Formally: New Hope Church

New Churches Centro De Avivamiento Internacional (PAC) – Laredo, TX | Lead Pastor: Francisco Hernandez Parent Church: Gateway Fellowship Church – Laredo, TX

Faith Church Cypress (PAC) – Houston, TX | Lead Pastor: David Tran Parent Church: Faith Church – Houston, TX

Tabernacle House of Worship (PAC) – San Antonio, TX | Lead Pastor: Isaac Tellez Parent Church: The Lord is Peace Worship Center – Corpus Christi, TX

Atrios Assembly of God Church (PAC) – Laredo, TX | Lead Pastor: Erika Delgado Parent Church: Gateway Fellowship Church – Laredo, TX

La Iglesia Del Pueblo (PAC) – Laredo, TX | Lead Pastor: Luis Jimenez Contreras Parent Church: Gateway Fellowship Church – Laredo, TX

Nueva Generacion En Cristo (PAC)– Zapata, TX | Lead Pastor: Francisco Llanez Parent Church: Gateway Fellowship Church – Laredo, TX

Persian Worship Center (PAC) – San Antonio, TX | Lead Pastor: Hooman Ashkanzad Parent Church: San Antonio Baruch Hashem Congregation – San Antonio, TX

General Council Affiliated Nixon Assembly of God Church – Nixon, TX | Lead Pastor: Paul Brothers

Withdrawn From The Assemblies of God High Waves Church – San Antonio, TX stxag.org 9

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STUCK IN HEBREWS For personal devotions, I read through the Bible once a year. Some years, like this year, I will read the New Testament twice. I’m in James at the time of this writing and will finish the first time through by mid-June!

But for a while I was stuck in Hebrews! Kept backing up, reading again! Some find it a bit more difficult to understand than some of the other New Testament books. But it is truly amazing, revealing, challenging, full of encouragements as well as some stark warnings. At times it seems to be a “bare knuckled”, loud alarm and in your face wake-up call!

One of the several such instances is chapter 6. I read it in a bunch of translations, and have never quite seen it the way it impressed me this time through! Time and space do not permit a full discussion on what’s there, but let me grab the thing that grabbed me the most, a challenge found in verse 9-12.

The first 8 verses he seems to be pouring cold water on the face of slumbering Believers! But verses 9-12 are a bit more encouraging to those who have been serving well. However, he warns them of two things: 1. That they must realize this is a “to the final bell” responsibility.

2. He warns them about becoming “sluggish” (NKJV); “Don’t Drag your feet, stay on course” (Message); “Spiritually dull and indifferent” (NLT); “Slothful” (KJV); “Lazy” (NIV).

For Seniors, actually for all of us, we must stay engaged in this war for the souls of the eight plus billion people on earth. The closer we get to the coming of the Lord the more intense the battle becomes. Satan has taken off the mask and gloves and has a host of warriors waging battle against God and the Church. They are calloused, hateful and determined! But we are empowered with the Spirit, armed with eternal promises, and, certainly, not alone! We are fitted together (Eph 4:16)

by Him! No embers outside the fire, every hand on deck! We must do this together!

The periphery of the church is a spiritually sluggish place, a dangerous place! Put on the armor of God. Be in the heart of the things in which your church is engaged.

You are vital! Stay engaged in the battle! No retreating! No sitting on the sidelines! The call is to the last breath or the trumpet call!

“No Coasting to the Finish Line!”

Wayne & Judy Clark Seniors With Purpose

Here are some events for our South Texas Seniors. But they are very secondary to your involvement in your church!

The Queen Esther, Branson trip, Sept 4-9 Registration information and details will be on our Website stxagseniors.com by June 10th. There is limited space available. This will be a great time of fellowship and you will see several Christian based shows.

Missions Trip to Managua, Nicaragua

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In the 71st District Council, we had a Missions Celebration where those who gave over $100,000 to missions in 2022 were honored along with those who were our Top Per Capita Givers! We want to thank everyone who gave to missions, and especially Crossroads Fellowship, Houston and Westover Hills, San Antonio, who each gave over One Million dollars to Missions! We also want to say thank you to Pastor Mike Allard for helping us with the Missions Celebration where in 1 day, a total of $304,280 was raised! Psalm 9:1 “I will praise thee, O Lord, with my whole heart”!

The total Missions Giving for 2022 for STXGM Churches was $12,901,088.50! It’s so amazing to see what can happen when people pray and give to those that go…everything belongs to God, so when we give, He gives back! Be a part of what God is doing in missions and let’s see what STXAGM can do for missions in 2023!

Some have reached out to us asking about where to find the Missions Giving Credit forms. They can be found on our website at: stxagmissions.org (resource page). This form can be used for any A/G mission support such as an outreach to your community or foreign outreach, etc., basically anything missions orientated other than anything to A/G National Ministries or your normal monthly support for missionaries to AGWM/AGUSM. If you have any questions on what qualifies, please feel free to email us at raudorff.stxag@gmail.com. You can also find an updated list of itinerating missionaries (except those in *Sensitive countries) including a link to their giving account number on our website. Check it out and you may find the resource you are in need of for your missions’ promotion.

“He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep, to gain what he cannot lose” Jim Elloit STXAGM To The Nations!

Roger & Debbi Audorff

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REV. ROD VINCENT STEPS DOWN AFTER 26 YEARS On January 1, 1997 Superintendent Howard Burroughs asked Rev. Rod Vincent to serve as our South Texas Assemblies of God Network’s Evangelist Representative, highlighting and bringing to the forefront the need for evangelism and revival in these last days. For 26 years Brother Vincent has served well and now steps down as our representative. Thank you Rod for 26 years of serving South Texas! We appreciate you, Cathy and your family!

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Come experience a weekend filled with Friendship, Fun, Sessions, Special Speakers, Panel Discussions, Food and Prizes.

Bethany Johnson

Melissa LeClare

Faithbridge Church 4711 Center St Deer Park, TX 77536

Dr. Traci Duck

August 25-26, 2023 Bring your teachers, helpers, volunteers, & children’s pastor.

$50 per person Register by August 18th Friday, 3PM - Saturday, 3PM Meals are included

Julia Savell

Scan the QR code to download the form online

Don’t forget your hotel reservation!

Holiday Inn Express & Suites / Hampton Inn close by.

Make it a fun girls weekend.

www.stxgm.org Contact: Melissa LeClare 713.455.1221 mleclare@stxag.org

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ABSTINENCE FROM ALCOHOL POSITION PAPER (ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL PRESBYTERY IN SESSION AUGUST 2-3, 2016) From its inception, the Assemblies of God has been unequivocally committed to abstinence from alcoholic beverages, a conviction firmly rooted in what the Bible teaches about the abuse of wine, the consumption of strong drink, and also in its cardinal ethical principle of love for God and others. Not to be overlooked as well has been the obvious and well-publicized devastation resulting from alcohol abuse in so many homes and communities. Throughout our history, the proclamation of the gospel has been a powerful force in bringing addicted persons to dynamic faith in Christ, delivering them, enabling lifelong abstinence, and enhancing healthy homes, churches, and communities.

Unfortunately, one hundred years after the founding of our Fellowship, consumption of alcoholic beverages has become even more pervasive. In large part, this has been the result of a massive, multibillion-dollar, annual advertising campaign by the alcohol industry over the last several generations touting the pleasures and benefits of drinking. The entertainment media have also played a major role in the transformation of public attitudes by frequent and sophisticated portrayals of social drinking in movies, television, and other media.

Certain widely published studies (now increasingly challenged) have added apparent legitimacy to drinking by seeming to prove that there are medicinal benefits to moderate drinking. Wine especially is promoted as a heart-healthy beverage. The public may well infer that it is not only acceptable to consume alcohol, but also right and good to drink moderately to promote good health.

Over the passage of time, the church world has been greatly affected by these pervasive cultural influences. Regular activities attended by Christian believers—sports events, office parties, social gatherings, business contacts, wedding receptions, and so forth—often expose them to alcohol.

As the pressures to participate in moderate consumption of wine and other alcoholic beverages mount, it is imperative that the longstanding Assemblies of God position on abstinence be reaffirmed in light of both the Scriptures and societal practice in order to faithfully witness to each generation and to continue to confront unjust and destructive social ills that harm people whom God loves. By any measure, the use and abuse of alcohol continues to take an enormous toll on people, and entire societies, around the world.

Modern Alcoholic Beverages Are More Intoxicating Since appeals to approve moderate drinking are often based on wine use in the Bible, it is critically important to understand the differences between the production and use of wine in biblical times, and the more deceptive and dangerous use of alcoholic beverages today. Any study of the use of alcoholic drinks in the Bible must recognize that there is little direct correspondence with today’s alcoholic beverages. There are several major differences: (1) wine of the biblical era generally had lower alcohol content, (2) ancient wine was commonly diluted before consumption, (3) grapes were a staple of ancient agrarian life and commerce requiring preservation of the juice, and (4) the distillation process for liquors had not yet been fully developed.

Wines in biblical times variously are estimated to have been from 7–10 percent alcohol.1 By contrast, modern breweries and distilleries produce table wines, fortified wines, and hard liquors that often have 14 percent, 18–24 percent, and 40–50 percent respectively.

Distillation, that now produces alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of 40 percent or more, was not invented until the Middle Ages. Thus, hard liquor as it is known and consumed today was unknown in biblical times.

Both ancient Greeks and Jews wrote of diluting wine to avoid intoxication. Drinking “unmixed” wine was considered barbaric in Greek culture. Ratios of 20:1 in Homer’s Odyssey and 8:1 in Pliny’s Natural History were probably not the norm but a mixture of 2:1 or 3:1 was common.2 The Mishnah component of the Talmud gives the ratio of dilution as 3:1.3 Several of the Early Church fathers and the Bible itself allude to the practice of diluting wine.4 With a typical dilution ratio of 3:1, wine in biblical times would have ranged between 2–2.75 percent alcohol. By today’s legal standards, a drink has to be 3.2 percent alcohol before it is classified as an alcoholic beverage.

Clearly, the wine consumed in Bible times lacked the potency of modern alcoholic beverages. Neither biblical nor historical references to mixed or diluted wine prove that everyone always diluted their wine, but the references do show it was a common practice.

Medical science was in its infancy and wine with its mild alcoholic content had numerous medicinal applications. For example, in the Parable of the Good Samaritan, the wounded traveler was treated by “pouring on oil and wine” (Luke 10:34).5 The healing and antiseptic properties of wine are probably reflected in Paul’s admonitions to Timothy to “Stop drinking only water, and use a little wine [oinos] because of your stomach and your frequent illnesses” (1 Timothy 5:23).

Grapes and the wine they yielded were basic staples of ancient agrarian life providing food, safer and more palatable beverages, and an important source of income. They were virtually a necessity of ancient life. By comparison, alcoholic beverages today are an optional recreational beverage, by no means a necessity, and, unfortunately, are far more potent and addictive. It is historically and hermeneutically misleading to suggest that the wine usage of Bible times justifies today’s consumption of far more powerful intoxicants.

To continue reading visit: ag.org/Beliefs/Position-Papers As cited in R. Laird Harris, ed., Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament [TWOT] (2 vols.), (Chicago: Moody Press, 1980), 1:376.

2 Robert Stein, “Wine-Drinking in New Testament Times,” Christianity Today, June 10, 1975, 9–11. Stein references numerous sources from the Greco-Roman world that address specific ratios of mixing water and wine.

3 The Mishnah, Shabbath 77a; The Mishnah, Pesahim 1086.

4 James Donaldson, Ante-Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), vol. 2.2.2; Cyprian, Epistle, LX11, 2, 22, 13; Justin Martyr, Apology, 1,67,5.

5 All biblical citations unless otherwise indicated are from the New International Version (2011).

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