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Sweden GDP per capita has grown slowly in the past few years. The GDP per capita gap is slightly below the level of the upper half of OECD countries. Income inequality is below the OECD average, but highest among the Nordics. Income has increased for all income groups in Sweden, but more strongly in the upper part of the distribution. Greenhouse gas emissions per capita and per unit of GDP are well below the OECD average and falling, and exposure to pollution is low. Some progress has been made in immigrant integration. Yet, the scale of humanitarian and family reunion immigration, together with a high skills gap vis-Ă -vis natives, calls for continuous efforts to coordinate policies and better tailor measures to individual needs. Education reforms have gone in the right direction, but more systematic and fundamental action is required. Improving school results and integration, including by lowering labour market entry barriers, is necessary to keep the employment rate high and avoid increasing inequality further. More efficient housing and rental markets would increase labour mobility and enhance productivity. Shifting the composition of the tax structure could increase its efficiency in an equity-friendly way. Growth performance, inequality and environment indicators: Sweden A. Growth Average annual growth rates (%) GDP per capita Labour utilisation of which: Labour force participation rate Employment rate1 Employment coefficient2 Labour productivity of which: Capital deepening Total factor productivity Dependency ratio
2002-08 2.2 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.2 2.1 0.5 1.6 0.4
2012-18 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.8 -0.3
Level
Annual variation (percentage points)
2017 28.2 (31.7)*
2013-17 0.3 (0)*
8.7 (7.6)*
-0.1 (0)*
2016 1 (10.9)* 0 (0.3)* 0.1
Average of levels 2010-16 1.6 (11.3)* 0 (0.3)* 0.1
B. Inequality and environment
Gini coefficient3 Share of national disposable income held by the poorest 20%
GHG emissions per capita4 (tonnes of CO2 equivalent) GHG emissions per unit of GDP4 (kg of CO2 equivalent per USD) Share in global GHG emissions4 (%) * OECD simple average (weighted average for emissions data)
C. The gaps in GDP per capita and productivity are small Gap to the upper half of OECD countries5 Per cent 15
10
GDP per capita GDP per hour worked
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Source: Panel A: OECD, Economic Outlook Database; Panel B: OECD, Income Distribution and National Accounts Databases; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Database and International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Database; Panel C: OECD, National Accounts and Productivity Databases. StatLink 2 https://doi.org/10.1787/888933955389