THIRD CLIMATE The
Kelly Murphy / Martin Pavlinic
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Mapping: Kelly Murphy & Martin Pavlinic’ Fall 2014 - Harvard Graduate School of Design - GSD 9132 - Term Project Copyright: Scanned texts and source references compiled in this booklet are intended for single-use academic purpose only, according to the Harvard University Fair Use Guidelines & Course Reader Copyright Guidelines. No part of this booklet may be copied, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, transmitted or distributed in any way for commercial purposes. All files are copyright to their respective authors and/ or publishers. All other content is Š2013-14 Harvard Graduate School of Design, The President & Fellows of Harvard College. 2
We started with a simple question: Why are there Atlantic Salmon being farmed in Puerto Montt, Chile, far from their native habitat, and far from their final destination? Answering that question meant identifying and peeling away at an array of other questions, surveying roads we could go down in answering them. What systems and institutions led to the industrialization of fish reproduction a hemisphere and an ocean away from the salmon’s biological home, intruding in the territories normally haunted by its Pacific cousins? What spaces, terrestrial and imaginary, does this urbanization occupy and transform? What histories, be they social, economic, or theoretical, do we engage in order to understand a seemingly improbable territorial displacement of an entire industry? The trajectory we have taken is a somewhat nonlinear history, looking at the terrestrial and fluid geographies that allow this disjunction to happen. From there, we step back and look at the global supply chain, and look at the pressures and opportunities that took these industrialized processes from Norway to Chile (and elsewhere). However, distance means time, even in the globalized market, and so we then looked into the technology that takes time and slows it, when it comes to the shelf life In order to understand the geographies of the globalized fish trade, we look at the logistical processes and their historical roots. Though these histories take us physically away from the ocean, we realize their roots plunge right back into the sea, as it was the ice and the chilled winds off the ocean that first gave us the ability to slow time, to preserve our food. From there, this third climate, with its origins in and on the ocean, has been mechanized, populated, and dispatched over land, sea, and air, in a continuous chain, a protected stasis field of preservation that makes the modern world possible. This collection of artifacts, projections and processes is intended to reveal the massive geographies and theoretical implications of even the most mundane processes, to register and note the ripples emanating from the net pen. 3
Contents Geographies...............................................................................................................7 Markets....................................................................................................................23
Frozen Foods............................................................................................................28
Logistics...................................................................................................................46
Enclosure and Interiorization...................................................................................40
The Third Climate....................................................................................................50
Bibliography.............................................................................................................63
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Geographies Norwegian Salmon Farm
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Geographies Norwegian Salmon Farming Network, Fjord Scale
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Geographies Chilean Salmon Farming Network, Fjord Scale
Geographies Norwegian Salmon Farming Network, Fjord Scale
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Geographies Highly figured Norwegian coastline with protected fjords and cold water
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Geographies Highly figured Chilean coastline with protected fjords and cold water
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Geographies Ocean Temperature Gradients (NOAA.gov)
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Geographies Salmon Temperature Range 10-12Ëš Celsius
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Geographies Salmon Temperature Range 10-12Ëš Celsius
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Markets Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food by Paul Greenberg (Penguin Books 2011)
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“Salmon aquaculture was developed in Chile through a collaboration of the Japanese Development Agency (JICA) and Fundacion Chile, leading to the production of commercially farmed salmon for the first time in Chile in 1981. Chile was deemed to be a suitable location for the promotion of this industry for reasons of geography and counter-seasonality.� (Barton 2009)
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Markets Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Chile
Markets Fundacion Chile & Japan International Cooperation Agency
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“ Farming salmon in Chile is a bit like farming penguins in the Rocky Mountains.”
— Charles Fishman, The Wal-mart Effect
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Markets The Wal-Mart Effect by Charles Fishman Penguin Books 2007
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“During his travels through the Arctic, [Birdseye] saw Eskimos use ice, wind and temperature to freeze just-caught fish almost instantly to retain its freshness. He envisioned a way to apply this flash freezing process to vegetables—a simple biological concept that would revolutionize the frozen food industry... By 1944, Birdseye’s company was leasing refrigerated boxcars to transport frozen foods, making national distribution a reality and Birdseye a legend.” - History of Birds Eye, birdseye.com
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Frozen Foods Logistics of Preservation
Frozen Foods Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man by Mark Kurlasky (Anchor Books 2013)
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Frozen Foods Birdseye’s Multiple Freezing Machine (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)
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‘ Birsdseye [had] to pioneer most everything else in his process.... everything from the boxes he packed the fish in to the machine that froze them and everything in between — from waterproof inks and glues to scaling and filleting machines. ... This invention, along with the process which went with it, became the basis of the new frozen food industry, and remained the basic commercial freezing system for decades.”
- Mark Kurlasky
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Frozen Foods Birdseye’s Fish Boxes (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)
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15° BANANAS MEATS
PRODUCE/FRUIT
10°
5°
DAIRY
FISH
FISH
PHARMACEUTICALS
ICE TRADE FLOWERS
0°
-5°
-10°
-15°
MUTTON BEEF PORK
FISH BEEF
-20°
-25°
FISH
-30°
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2000
1900
1800
celsius
The Constructed Climate Populating the Cold Chain
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Frozen Foods Whole Fish Freezing Workflow (UN Food and Agriculture Organization)
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Frozen Foods Whole Fish Freezing Factory Layout (UN Food and Agriculture Organization)
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Enclosure and Interiorization Salmon Box by Alp Synergy Co.
Enclosure and Interiorization Reefer Box (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)
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Enclosure and Interiorization Reefer Box (CSafe Global)
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Enclosure and Interiorization Refrigerated processing
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Enclosure and Interiorization Cold Storage Warehouse by Thornton Construction
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Logistics Lan Cargo Puerto Montt
Logistics Lan Cargo Miami
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E EE E E E EEE
E
E E
EE
E E E EEE
E
EEE
E E E
E E
E
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The Third Climate Miami Airport and Nearby Cold Storage
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The Third Climate Movements and Transfer Points on the Cold Chain
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The Third Climate Movements and Transfer Points on the Cold Chain
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The Third Climate Movements and Transfer Points on the Cold Chain
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The Third Climate Movements and Transfer Points on the Cold Chain
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The Third Climate Projected Geographies of the Cold Chain
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Dickason, David G. “The Nineteenth-Century Indo-American Ice Trade: An Hyperborean Epic.” Modern Asian Studies 25.01 (1991): 53. Web. Fishman, Charles. The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World’s Most Powerful Company Really Works-and How It’s Transforming the American Economy. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print. Greenberg, Paul. Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food. New York: Penguin, 2010. Print. Ibarra, Alonso Aguilar, Chris Reid, and Andy Thorpe. “The Political Economy of Marine Fisheries Development in Peru, Chile and Mexico.” Journal of Latin American Studies 32.2 (2000): 503-27. Print. Kurlansky, Mark. Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man. New York: Doubleday, 2012. Print. Mumm, Pennie, and Linda G. Johnson. “Something Fishy?” Science News 164.13 (2003): p. 207. Print. Phyne, John, and Jorge Mansilla. “Forging Linkages in the Commodity Chain: The Case of the Chilean Salmon Farming Industry, 1987-2001.” Sociologia Ruralis 43.2 (2003): 108-27. Web. Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, Claude Comtois, and Brian Slack. The Geography of Transport Systems. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Other Sources: FAO Fisheries Information http://www.fao.org/fishery/en The Global Cold Chain Alliance, http://www.gcca.org/ Lan Cargo, http://www.lancargo.com/ NOAA, http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/temperature.html US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.uspto.gov/
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