Abstract
IncreasinginterestinapplyingBuildingInformationModelling(BIM)technology inChinesepagodasheritageconservationhasemergedduetoitssystematicandflexible characteristicsinimprovingworkingefficiencyHowever,limitedattentionwas receivedinassessingtheimplementationconditionsofHeritageBuildingInformation Modelling(HBIM)technologycritically.Asanarchitecturalformwithanelevatedriskof structuraltiltingandsubstantialculturalsignificance,Chinesepagodasexpectan effectiveconservationoutcomebroughtbyHBIMtechnology.Thisresearchaimsto establishasetofevaluationcriteriaforanalyzingtheperformanceofHBIMtechnology inChinesepagodaconservationprogramstoidentifythepromotablestrengthsand enhanceableweaknesses.Methodologically,acasestudyapproachisemployedby selectingYingxianWoodenPagoda
andGreatWildGoosePagoda
塔）asevaluationtargets.TheeffectivenessofHBIMtechnologyinthetwoprecedents isassessedbythecriteriadevelopedbasedoninternationalheritageconservation principlesandadvancementsinBIMtechnologies.
Keywords:ArchitecturalConservation,ChinesePagodas,BIM,HBIM,YingxianWooden Pagoda,GreatWildGoosePagoda
Acknowledgments
Initially,IsincerelyconveymydeepestappreciationtomySupervisor,Professor HoPuayPeng,forhisenthusiasminheritageconservationthatinspiresmyexploration ofthisacademicfieldIamalsogratefulforhismeticulousguidanceandforgenerously allowingmetoaccesshisvaluablepersonalliteraturecollection,whichgreatly contributedtotheprogressofmyresearch.
ManythankstoLukYingXianforherwillingnesstospendprecioustimeon providingmewithdetailedfeedbackonmyresearchmanytimes.Iamfortunatetohave hersupporttoimprovemyacademicliteracy
SincerethankstoProfessorLinXiaohuandWangDaoruforparticipatinginmy interviewsession.IdeeplyappreciatetheirtechnologicaleffortsinChinesepagodas conservationresearch.
Profoundlythankfultomyparentsandgrandparentsforsupportingmystudy inarchitecturalconservationinSingaporeIamparticularlygratefultomygrandmother, MiaoAihua,forhercontinuousencouragement.
Abigthankyoutoallmyfriendsforalwaysbeingthere
Finally,specialthankstoAmericanartistStefaniJoanneAngelinaGermanotta (LadyGaga),whosesongshaveencouragedmecountlesstimestoovercomedifficulties
ListofFigures
Fig.1DelaminationoftheYuantongPagoda’s(圆通寺塔)envelopeAdaptedfrom YinMianwen,“AnInvestigativeStudyonBuddhistPagodasintheHexiRegion” (Master’sThesis,2021):83........................................................................................................13
Fig.2PartlyEavesDeteriorationDiagramofGuangshengSiPagoda.Adaptedfrom HuShi,“ConservationoftheGuangShengSiPagodaoftheLiaoDynastyin LiaoningProvince,China”FrontiersofArchitecturalResearch1,no.1(2012): 98 14
Fig.3SouthElevationofYingxianWoodenPagoda.FromHouWeidongetal.,A StudyontheConservationoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe, 2016),19..............................................................................................................................................29
Fig.4UAVFlightRouteDiagramAdaptedfromMingGuoetal,“High-Precision DeformationAnalysisofYingxianWoodenPagodaBasedonUAVImageand TerrestrialLiDARPointCloud”HeritageScience11,no.1(2023):10..................30
Fig.5SteelReinforcementFrameDesignAdaptedfromXiaoJiaqi,“TheConflict BetweenAuthenticityandRestorationinHistoricArchitecture:ACaseStudyof theYingxianWoodenPagoda”ArchitectureandCulture,no10(2021):10932
Fig.6PhotographsSearchInterface.FromHouWeidongetal.,AStudyonthe ConservationoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016),406.34
Fig.7ArchitecturalComponentsSearchPage.FromHouWeidongetal.,AStudyon theConservationoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016), 408 35
1.Introduction
1.1ResearchBackground
Withtechnologicalprogressandgrowingneedforflexibilityinhistoricheritage conservation,theBuildingInformationModeling(BIM)methodisincreasinglybeing appliedtomaintenanceandreconstructionefforts.Whenthismodelingtheoryisused forheritageconservation,HeritageBuildingInformationModeling(HBIM)becomesthe specifictermtodescribethisactionThismakesthecurrentconservationprogramof ChineseAncientPagodas,anarchitecturalformwithahigherriskofinstability,demand moresophisticatedsurveyequipmentandsoftwareConsequently,theneedfor interdisciplinarycollaborationisrising,whichpresentsnewchallengesforpractitioners.
1.2LiteratureReview
ThisLiteratureReviewpresentsasummaryofthecurrentstatusofHBIMin pagodaconservation,examiningitsbreadthofapplication,rolewithintheconservation workflow,andthetechnologiesandsoftwareinvolved.Furthermore,itanalyzeshow HBIMenhancesconservationprogramsbyofferinggreaterpossibilitiesandimproving efficiency.Inaddition,thecurrentlimitationsofthistechnologywillbeidentified,and itsconstraintswillbecriticallyassessedtoestablishcriteriaforevaluatingHBIM performanceinthisresearchwhilealsoprovidingafoundationforfuturedevelopment.
Theliteratureisselectedbasedontwoprimarydirections:HBIMtechnologyand pagodaconservationUsingHBIMasakeywordtypicallyprovidesfoundationalsources thatserveasconceptualguidelinesandreferencematerialsforthisresearch. Additionally,pagodaconservationcasestudiesareextensivelyreviewed,focusingon
thoseincorporatingHBIMtechnologies,whicharethenfilteredandcategorizedby functions
1.2.1IntroductionofHBIM
HeritageBuildingInformationModellingbyArayiciisafoundationalbookof HBIMtechnology.Itintroducesintegrateddigitaltoolsforaccuratedocumentation, analysis,andrestorationthatapplytoheritagestructures,suchaspreserving authenticityandmanagingcomplexgeometries.Similartoitscognateacademicjournal byMurphy,suchabasicstudyofHBIMwouldbecomeareferenceforpractitionersin architecturalconservation.
ThecasestudyforTibetanPagodasconservationclaimsthatoneofthegreatest advantagesofHBIMtechnologyisthecapabilitytocontinuouslyrecordandupdate data,1whichsignificantlycontributestothesustainabilityinconservationprocessas repetitivemodelingstepsarereduced
Turningtotheperspectiveofthespecificmaterial,HBIMmayencounter limitationsineffectivelymodelingandmanagingthismaterial,possiblyduetothe complexityofjointstructuresinwoodenarchitecture,suchasDougong(斗拱), 2 althoughmostBIMsoftwarecoulddealwithwoodenstructureswithinventedplug-ins
1.2.2KeyApplicationsofHBIM
Asaninitialstageinsurveyinghistoricbuildings,acquiring3Dpointclouddata isessentialasitaccuratelycapturestheshapeandsizeofarchitecturalcomponents3D
1ChaoranXu,YiZhao,andCongWu,“‘Sustainable’RecordingandPreservationofZangniangStupaandSangzhou LamaseryinQinghai,ChinawithHeritageBuildingInformationModel,”Sustainability14,no.8(2022):2, https://doiorg/103390/su14084549
2DannyLobosCalquinetal.,“ImplementationofBuildingInformationModelingTechnologiesinWoodConstruction: AReviewoftheStateoftheArtfromaMultidisciplinaryApproach,”Buildings14,no3(March2024):2, https://doiorg/103390/buildings14030584
laserscanningisconsideredtobethemostcommonmethodforgeneratingthisdata recordedonthesurfaceoftargetarchitecture3FortheconservationofPagodasinthe TangDynasty,researchersapplied3Dlaserscanningasasignificantroleinestablishing acharacterizationdatabase,assessmentofdeformation,predictionofdamagetrends, andvisualizationofvirtualrestoration4IntheconservationofGreatWildGoosePagoda
（大雁塔）,laserscanningtechnologyhasevolvedintoterrestriallaserscanning(TLS) basedonEarthObservation(EO)technologyformorepreciseandrefinedmodels5This programalsoincorporated3D-Max,aflexibleyetnon-traditionalbuildingmodeling software,alongsideAutoCADtocreatemoredetailedandaccuratebuildingmodels.6 Moreover,the3Dclouddatacouldalsocooperatewithunmannedaerialvehicles(UAV) forareaswhereconventionaldatacollectionmethodsarechallenging.7
AnotheressentialsectionofHBIMtechnologyistheestablishmentofan architecturalcomponentsdatabaseforheritageclassificationandmodelingefficiency. Parametricdesigniscrucialinthisprocessbecauseofitsflexibility.YingxianWooden
Pagoda（应县木塔）isasignificantpagodaheritageinChina,whichhascontinuously sufferedfromtheworseningoffsetissue.In2024,aparametricdesigndevelopment methodwasraisedforitsconservationThegeometryofstructuralelementsallows instantupdatingasinputchanges,offeringcrucialadaptabilityforpreservationand
3PhasuSairuamyatetal,“Applicationof3DLaserScanningTechnologyforPreservationandMonitoringofThai Pagoda:ACaseStudyofWatKracheeAyutthaya,”vol.463(IOPConferenceSeries.EarthandEnvironmentalScience, IOPPublishing,2020),5https://doiorg/101088/1755-1315/463/1/012082
4MaZongfang马宗方andSongYang宋阳, “应用三维激光扫描技术的关中唐塔保护探析[AnExplorationofthe ProtectionofTangPagodasinGuanzhongthroughtheApplicationof3DLaserScanningTechnology],”Huazhong Jianzhu华中建筑34,no.4(January1,2016):33–37.
5XiaohuLin,BeiXue,andXiqiWang,“Digital3DReconstructionofAncientChineseGreatWildGoosePagodabyTLS PointCloudHierarchicalRegistration,”JComputCultHerit17,no2(March26,2024):2-3 https://doiorg/101145/3639932
6ZhangKunwei张昆巍etal,“基于海量点云数据的大雁塔三维重建[3DReconstructionoftheGiantWildGoose PagodaBasedonMassivePointCloudData],”WenwubaohuYuKaogukexue文物保护与考古科学29,no3(January1, 2017):69-70
7WantaoHuang,XiangGao,andJiaguoLu,“DigitalConstructionPreservationTechniquesofEndangeredHeritage Architecture:ADetailedReconstructionProcessoftheDongEthnicityDrumTower(China),”Drones8,no9(2024):3 https://doiorg/103390/drones8090502
supportingcontinuousdataretention.8Asparametricdesignhasemergedasan intelligentmodelingmethodforarchitecturalcomponents,ittechnicallyemphasizesthe commonalitiesandfeaturesoftypicalcomponents.9Identifyingcomponenttypesand determininginvisibledimensionscontributestocreatingadatabasethatcanbeapplied toabroaderrangeofpagodaconservationprogramsandtorealizeaunifiedmodeling systemacrosssoftwareplatforms.10
Topreventthepagodafromcollapsingordeformingunrecognizeddueto foundationissues,stabilityassessmentisakeyaspectofHBIMtechnologythatrequires support.IntheconservationofHuqiuPagoda（虎丘塔）,adynamicbehaviormodel wasestablishedtoobserveandpredictthestateandtrendoftheinclinationofthe pagoda.Themainstructuralparameterswereupdatedbasedonitsdynamic characteristicstoensurethevalidity11
1.2.3ResearchGapStatement
Theliteratureresourcesprovidedtheresearchwithasolidbaseandasummary ofthecurrentstatusofHBIMtechnologyinpracticalprogramsFirstly,theresources offeracomprehensiveunderstandingoftheHBIMthatwouldworkasanenhanced frameworkwhilebuildingtheresearchstructure.Secondly,thepracticalcasestudies mentionedoranalyzedinthoseresourcesdirectlyindicatetheperformanceofthese technologiesthatcontributetotheevaluationofHBIM.Althoughsomeoftheprograms
8DaoruWangetal,“ParametricModelingandColumnGridAnalysisoftheSakyamuniPagodaatFogongTemple: InsightsintotheYingxianWoodenPagoda,”Buildings14,no8(2024):30 https://doiorg/103390/buildings14082464
9YonghuiJiangetal.,“DevelopmentandApplicationofanIntelligentModelingMethodforAncientWooden Architecture,”ISPRSInternationalJournalofGeo-Information9,no3(March2020):3-4, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030167.
10AYMainicheva,VVTalapov,andGuanyingZhang,“PrinciplesoftheInformationModelingofCulturalHeritage Objects:TheCaseofWoodenBuddhistTemples,”Archaeology,Ethnology&AnthropologyofEurasia45,no.2(June21, 2017):143
11DinaD’Ayala,“IntegratedModelingMethodforDynamicBehaviorofAncientPagodas,”inStructuralAnalysisof HistoricConstruction:PreservingSafetyandSignificance,TwoVolumeSet(CRCPress,2008),399-400, https://doiorg/101201/9781439828229-52
areoperatedoutsideChinaintheresearchscope,thenewtechniquesandequipment couldbeextendedasareplaceablemethodtocriticizethecurrentmethodologyinthe selectedcases.ThesepreliminarystudiesindicatethegreatpotentialofHBIM technologyasitsplatformsprovideconservationpractitionerswithaneditableblank areafordevelopingsuitableprogramsforefficientmodelingandarchitectural documentation.
However,theliteraturealsosuggeststhelimitationsintheresearchofHBIMin Pagodas.Itsimplementationlacksafullyintegratedapproachthatmaximizesits potentialformanagement.ThecurrentapplicationofHBIMappearstobefragmentalin thatithasbeenusedeitherasamodelingtooloramanagementframeworkwithoutan integratedutilizationacrossalltheprocesses.Theadvantagesandtheenhancement potentialofapplyingtheHBIMtechnologywerenotclearlydistinguishedincurrent researchpapers,therefore,thedifficultiesinevaluatingthewholeconservationprocess becameanobstacletofurtherdevelopingHBIMinChinafromamacromanagement perspective.
1.3ResearchQuestion
1.3.1ResearchAimandHypothesisStatement
Inresponsetothecurrentresearchgap,thisresearchinvestigatesthe effectivenessoftheHBIMtechnologyinimprovingtheefficiencyofconservationefforts forChinesepagodas.Thesignificanceofthisresearchliesindeterminingwhether advancingHBIMtechnologyisavaluableinitiativeforpagodaconservationprograms BasedontheadvancedcapabilitiesofHBIMtechnologyinprecisedigitalmodelingand datamanagement,anditsrapiddevelopment,itishypothesizedthatapplyingHBIM technologytoPagodaConservationProgramsinChinawillhaveapositiveimpact
1.3.2ResearchScope
ThisresearchmainlyexaminestheChinesepagodas.Structurally,thePagodais anarchitecturalformwithagreaterheightthanwidth,resultinginahighercenterof gravityandanincreasedriskofinstability.Therefore,cautiousmaintenanceisessential duringtheconservationprocess.Fromatechnicalperspective,theBIMprocessin PagodaConservationisexpectedtobeefficientduetothestructuralregularityof pagodas,manifestedbytherepetitionofcomponentsandpatternsacrosslevels. Moreover,Chinesepagodasholdsignificanthistoricalandsocialvalueassociatedwith Buddhistheritage.Consideringthemonumentalimportanceofpagodaswithintheir culturalandgeographicalcontexts,stakeholdersaremorelikelytorecognizeand appreciatetangibleimprovementsachievedthrougheffectivemaintenance.
Intermsofintegrityandauthenticity,theprecedentsanalyzedinthisresearch areallofficiallyrecognizedashistoricheritagebyregionalauthorities,withthemajority oftheoriginalstructureswell-preservedratherthanreconstructedfollowing demolition
TheotherresearchsubjectistheHBIMtechnologyappliedinconservation.HBIM couldbedefinedasaparametricprototypelibrarybuiltonhistoricalbuildingdataanda cross-platformsystemthatintegratesparametricobjectswithpointclouddata.12By creatingadatabaseofarchitecturalelements,thecomparativecharacteristicsinthe constructiondetailsofpagodasacrossdifferentregionscanbeidentifiedand systematicallyorganized,enablingmorein-depthanalysisandstudy.
AccordingtothestagesintheconservationprocessofPagodas,thetechnologies involvedintheresearchtobediscussedare3Dpointclouddataindicatingthesizeand
YusufArayicietal,
Accordingtothecriteria,theselectedprecedentsofChinesepagodaconservation programswithHBIMtechnologyappliedwillbeevaluatedandanalyzedbythe followingpotentialquestionstocheckwhethertheysuccessfullyaddressedthe commonissuesthatfrequentlyappearinthecurrentconditionofChinesepagodas.For theprocessofconservation,whatwasthespecificdesignandimplementationworkflow inthisprogramregardingtheuseofHBIMtechnology?Whichsoftwarewasusedat whichsteps?Turningtotheactualeffectivenessoftheprogram,werethestructural deficienciesofthebuildingaddressedusingHBIMtechnology?Hastheimplementation ofHBIMresultedinastrongerandmorestablestructure?Additionally,hasthebuilding undergoneanyaestheticenhancementsasaresultoftheconservationefforts?Fromthe perspectiveoflong-terminfluence,doestheprogramincludecontinuousmonitoringof thestabilityoftheprotectedstructure?Inthemanagementaspectofthisprogram involvingthegeneralcoordinationoftheactualexpenditureontime,budget,and humanresourcesfortheHBIMtechnology,doesthegovernmentandrelevant organizationssupporttheapplicationofHBIMtechnology?
Sincethisstudyfocusesonevaluation,thispaperprimarilyemploysqualitative researchtoanalyzeresources.AmultitudeofChinesePagodaconservationprogram precedentswillbeviewedthroughtextualanalysisandcriticallyselectedcasestudies applyingHBIMtechnologyforevaluation.Forthefeasibilityconsiderationofthis research,textualanalysisthroughavailabledocumentsiseffectiveforevaluatingthe conservationcasesduetothelimitedaccessibilityformostBIMmodelsor3Dcloud datageneratingplatforms.Moreover,thistext-basedresearchmethodissuitablefor comparingdifferenttechniquesappliedtoconservationandthemethodsforauthorsto narratetheprocess.Theprimaryresourceswillbeobtainedthroughinterviewswith
participantsoftheprogramformanagementandlong-termmonitoringinformation, including10-15participantscoveringthecoretechnicalteam,projectmanagers,and on-sitepersonnel.However,ofthe10participantscontacted,only2corresponding authorsofthe2selectedcasestudiesrepliedandacceptedtheinterview,whoisLin XiaohuforGreatWildGoosePagoda,andWangDaroruforYingxianWoodenPagoda TheinterviewswereconductedonlinebyZoomMeetingonApril3rdand5th, respectivelyThesecondaryresourcesincludeacademicjournalsclearlyexplainingthe newtechnologyapplication,booksprovidinggeneralguidanceondevelopingHBIM,and authorizeddocumentationrecordingtheconservationprocessindetailTheseliterature resourceswillbeusedtoexaminetheprimarychallengesfacedbythepagodaand proposesolutionstrategiesthroughtheimplementationofHBIMandthespecific workflowoftheprogram,detailingthesoftwareusedateachcaseandstage
2.TheCurrentStatusoftheChineseWoodenPagoda ConservationPrograms
2.1Conventionalconservationmethodsandprocedures
Intermsofoverallandadministrativemeasures,heritagesitesareoften designatedasprotectedculturalrelics,whichleadstorestrictionsonaccesstocertain floorsorunauthorizedclimbingPublicpromotioneffortsmayinvolvelandmark brandingandconnectionstoBuddhistculture,facilitatingreligiousactivitiessimilarto thoseheldatnationallysignificantpagodasinXi’anAdditionally,somesiteswere transferredintomuseums,servinganeducationalpurpose.13Forexample,nationally significantpagodassuchasGreatWildGoosePagodaaremanagedbydedicated institutions,suchas‘AdministrationOffice’,whichoverseesdailymaintenance, management,andemergencyresponses.14
Regardingspecificconservationmeasures,thefirststepinvolvesdiagnosingthe typeofdeteriorationanddistinguishingbetweensurface-levelaestheticdamageand structuralissuesStructuralproblems,suchasprogressivetiltingorseverestructural instability,oftennecessitateurgentreinforcementprograms.CasesliketheHuqiu PagodaandYunyanTemplePagoda（云岩寺塔）demonstratecity-levelrestoration efforts,withmultiplecomprehensiveassessmentsconductedbetween1981and198615 Meanwhile,surfacedamageandminorstructuralconcernsaretypicallyaddressed gradually,withanemphasisonmonitoringandcontrolForinstance,theconservation
13ZhouTongtong
[AStudyontheCurrentStatusof ConservationandUtilizationofNationallyProtectedBuddhistPagodaCulturalResourcesinXi’an]”(Master’sThesis, NorthwestUniversity西北大学,2021):31, https://knscnkinet/KCMS/detail/detailaspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD202201&filename=1021733124nh 14“大雁塔保管所简介-保护机构[IntroductiontotheGiantWildGoosePagodaCustodianshipOffice–Conservation Authority],”InternetArchive,accessedFebruary20,2025, https://webarchiveorg/web/20160304071319/http://wwwxiandayantacn/newsasp?id=440 15“虎丘塔的三次全面‘体检’[ThreeComprehensive‘PhysicalExaminations’oftheTigerHillPagoda],”Newspaperof ChineseCulture,2010,https://cultureifengcom/gundong/detail201012/10/34420510shtml
approachfortheHuqiuPagodaprioritizeslong-termobservation,withreinforcements appliedonlywhennecessary
Overall,thegovernmentholdsprimaryauthorityandresponsibilityin conservationefforts.Theclassificationofpagodasintodifferentprotectionlevelsplays acrucialroleindeterminingtheirpriorityforconservationordevelopmentThe overarchingconservationstrategyfollowsahierarchicalapproach,withtheprimary focusonensuringthesafetyofboththestructureanditssurroundingenvironment
2.2CurrentIssuesStatement
TheprimaryissuesfacingancientChinesepagodascanbecategorizedasfollows:
2.2.1Structuraldeteriorationposesathreattostability.
Chinesepagodasexhibitseveralstructuralandmaterialdeteriorationissuesthat posesignificantthreatstotheirstabilityandpreservation.Onecommonproblemis brickchalking,whichresultsfrommaterialdefectsandexposuretocoldweather,as observedintheShaolinTemplePagodaForest（少林寺塔林）inHenan.16
Brickfracturesareanotherprevalentissue,particularlyinLiaoningGuangsheng TemplePagoda（广胜寺塔）, 17oftencausedbythermalexpansionandcontraction
Similarly,cracksfrequentlyappearbetweenthemainpagodabodyanddetached columnsduetotemperaturefluctuations.Mortarerosion,drivenbythermal contraction,winderosion,andweathering,leadstothegradualdeteriorationofthe
16GuanghuaLi,ShuanglinZhou,andWeiWu,“ConservationMaterialsforthePagodaForestintheShaolinTemple, Henan,China,”StudiesinConservation59,no.sup1(September1,2014):246–247, https://doiorg/101179/204705814X13975704320350
17ShiHu,XiaominJin,andMiaoZhou,“ConservationoftheGuangShengSiPagodaoftheLiaoDynastyinLiaoning Province,China,”FrontiersofArchitecturalResearch1,no1(March1,2012):93-95, https://doiorg/101016/jfoar201202011
structuralbindingmaterials.Voidformationandcracksatthebaseofcolumnsareoften attributedtofoundationsettlementandstressconcentration,furthercompromising structuralstability.
IncasesoftheTiltingissue,asseenintheWu’anZhouWhitePagoda（武安州白 塔）andYingxianWoodenPagoda,shallowfoundationsareaprimaryfactor,ashas beenmentionedintheLaboratoryTestofChinesePagodasin2018.18
Environmentalfactorssignificantlycontributetothedeteriorationofpagodas. Pagodasarealsosusceptibletoseismicdamage,particularlyinXi'an,whereBuddhist pagodasliketheWu’anZhouWhitePagodaandYingxianWoodenPagodahavesuffered fromearthquakes,accordingtoresearchonthecurrentsituationofWu’anZhouWhite Pagodaconservation.19Severeweatherconditions,suchasrainfallandhumidity,also threatenthephysicalconditionofthepagodas,particularlyinregionswestofthe YellowRiver20
Theacceleratedmaterialdegradation,asseenintheYingxianWoodenPagoda, alsobecomesarepresentativeissueintheconservationofpagodasThedeformationof Dugongbracketsisanotherissuecausedbynaturalaging,prolongedsunlightexposure, andhumidity.Thisphenomenonhasbeenextensivelydocumentedinstudiesonthe YingxianWoodenPagoda21
18YongJingTangandYongZhao,“LeaningPagodasinChina:LaboratoryTestandAnalysisofSubsidenceunder FrequentEarthquakes,”BulletinofEngineeringGeologyandtheEnvironment77,no.2(May1,2018):823, https://doiorg/101007/s10064-016-0993-0
19XuZhiyuan徐志远, “武安州白塔的保护及开发利用研究[AStudyontheConservationandDevelopmentoftheBai PagodainWu’an],”ChifengxueyuanXuebao赤峰学院学报（汉文哲学社会科学版）44,no.6(2023):1–2.
20YinMianwen尹绵文, “河西地区佛塔调查研究[AnInvestigativeStudyonBuddhistPagodasintheHexiRegion]” (Master’sThesis,西北师范大学,2021):12, https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD202201&filename=1021662159.nh.
21KeyingLongetal,“DeteriorationofMicrostructuresandPropertiesinAncientArchitecturalWoodfromYingxian WoodenPagoda(1056AD)duringNaturalAging,”Forests14,no2(2023):393,https://doiorg/103390/f14020393
2.2.2Minorsurfaceaestheticdeterioration
Damageinhistoricpagodasisoftenobservedinthelowerbricksections,asseen intheGuangshengTemple,Liaoning.23Additionally,eaves,curtainbricks,rafters,and overhangsarevulnerabletodeteriorationduetoprolongedexposure.Biological colonization,causedbyhighhumidityandmoisture,furtheracceleratesdecay
Fig2PartlyEavesDeteriorationDiagramofGuangshengSiPagodaAdaptedfromHuShi,“Conservation oftheGuangShengSiPagodaoftheLiaoDynastyinLiaoningProvince,China”FrontiersofArchitectural Research1,no1(2012):98
InregionswestoftheYellowRiver,surfacelayerdetachmenthasbeen documented,highlightingtheongoingchallengeofmaterialdegradation.24
Issuesaffectingarchitecturalcomponentsareprimarilycausedbystructural instabilityWhileenvironmentalfactorsremainsignificant,theyaremostlyrelatedto climaticconditions,suchastemperaturefluctuationsbetweendayandnightand humiditylevelsCurrently,thereisnodocumentedrecordofmajorrestoration programs,butregularmaintenancehasbeenconducted.
23Hu,Jin,andZhou,“ConservationoftheGuangShengSiPagodaoftheLiaoDynastyinLiaoningProvince,China”,1 24YinMianwen尹绵文, “河西地区佛塔调查研究[AnInvestigativeStudyonBuddhistPagodasintheHexiRegion]”,2
2.2.3Humanmanagementerrorsanddeficiencies
Themanagementofpagodaconservationhasfacedmultiplechallenges, includinginadequateinitialrestorationquality,asobservedintheGuangshengTemple PagodainLiaoning.25Incorrectreinforcementmethodshavealsocontributedto structuralcracks,particularlyinregionssuchastheregionstothewestoftheYellow River.26Additionally,alackofmaintenanceandoversighthasresultedinunaddressed damages,especiallyforstructuresthathavenotbeenofficiallydesignatedasprotected culturalheritagesites.
Excessivecommercialization,asexemplifiedbyBuddhistpagodasinXi’an,27has alsonegativelyimpactedconservationeffortsFurthermore,theabsenceofclearlegal andadministrativeframeworksandashortageofprofessionalconservationpersonnel havehinderedeffectivepreservationInsomecases,tomb-raidingactivitieshavealso ledtosignificantdamage.
Historicalfactors,suchasthemassacrestargetingBuddhists,havefurther complicatedconservationstrategies,asnotedinresearchontheBuddhistpagodasof Chang'an.28Lastly,financialconstraintsremainamajorissue,withlimitedfunding affectingtheconservationofstructuresliketheWu’anZhouWhitePagoda29
Theissuesreflectalackofeffectiveheritageconservationmanagement.Despite Chineseabundanthumanandfinancialresources,inadequateallocationhasledtothese
25Hu,Jin,andZhou,“ConservationoftheGuangShengSiPagodaoftheLiaoDynastyinLiaoningProvince,China”,3
26YinMianwen尹绵文, “河西地区佛塔调查研究[AnInvestigativeStudyonBuddhistPagodasintheHexiRegion]”,2
27ZhouTongtong周同童, “西安市国保级佛塔文化资源保护利用现状研究[AStudyontheCurrentStatusof ConservationandUtilizationofNationallyProtectedBuddhistPagodaCulturalResourcesinXi’an]”,31
28WangXuanxuan王宣宣, “唐代长安城内佛塔研究[AStudyonBuddhistPagodaswithintheTangDynastyCapitalof Chang’an]”(Master’sThesis,NorthwestUniversity西北大学,2014,28-29, https://knscnkinet/KCMS/detail/detailaspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD201402&filename=1014242957nh
29XuZhiyuan徐志远, “武安州白塔的保护及开发利用研究[AStudyontheConservationandDevelopmentoftheBai PagodainWu’an]”,3
constructionphase.Forinstance,addressingissuessuchasmoisture-inducedmaterial deteriorationorfadedinteriordecorationsremainsachallengeAcriticalquestionis howHBIMcanbettersupportcraftsmenandenhanceworkefficiencyinsuchhands-on conservationtasks.
2.3.3CurrentApplicationScenarios
Theanalysisofexistingpagodasprimarilyinvolvesdocumentationandthe constructionofadatabase,whichislargelyderivedfrom3Dpointclouddataobtained throughscanning.However,thismethodhasbeenreportedtohaveissueswith accuracyandresolutionduetodifficultiesincapturingfinedetails.
Parametricdesigntechnologyisalsoemployedtoachievearchitectural components,contributingtothedevelopmentofastructureddatabasethathelps categorizedifferentpagodaconstructionstylesHowever,whilethesedatabasesare valuableforreconstructionefforts,therearenodocumentedcaseswheretheyhave beendirectlyappliedtoreinforcementworkinactualrestorationprograms.
HBIMalsoservesamonitoringfunctionbyintegratingpluginsthatanalyze environmentalconditionsandstructuralstability,providingpredictiveinsightsinto futuredeformationsHowever,thisapproachisnotsuitableforpagodasthatalready exhibitsignificanttilting,suchastheYingxianWoodenPagoda,andisprimarilyusedfor structuresthathaveundergonesuccessfulreinforcement.
3.EvaluationCriteria
TheEvaluationBasisofthestudyisintegratingthecommonissuesobservedin ChinesepagodaconservationprogramswiththecurrentapplicationsofHBIM technology,Thisstudyaimstoestablishasetofcriteriaforassessingtheeffectiveness ofHBIMinpagodapreservation.Thesecriteriawillbeformulatedconcerning internationallyrecognizedchartersandprinciplesinheritageconservation,ensuringan objectiveandcomprehensiveevaluationTheassessmentwillhelpidentifylimitations inHBIMapplicationsandprovideinsightsforresponsibleauthoritiestorefinetheir heritageconservationmanagementproposals,ultimatelycontributingtotheimproved protectionofpagodas.
3.1ReferencetoPrinciples
3.1.1VeniceCharterin1964
ThisCharterprovidesacomprehensiveevaluationframeworkemphasizing authenticity,integrity,andreversibilitythatcanencompassmostHBIMapplicationsin pagodaconservation.
Itsbroaderrecognitioncouldenhanceinternationalcredibility,potentially securingsupportfromorganizationslikeICOMOSandUNESCO.Furthermore,relevant heritagechartersacknowledgeandencouragetechnologicaladvancementsin conservation,makingthemasuitablereferenceforassessingtheeffectivenessofHBIM technology.Citingtheseprinciplesensuresamoreobjectiveevaluation,addressing limitationsandimprovingconservationmanagementproposals.
3.1.2Xi'anDeclarationin2005
ThisDeclarationemphasizestherelationshipbetweenheritageandits surroundings,presentingnewpossibilitiesforHBIMThisraisesthequestionof whetherHBIMcanminimizedisruptionstolocalcommunitiesduringconservation efforts.DespitetheVeniceChartermentionedabovebeingcomprehensive,itislimited ingeographicalandculturalrepresentation30.Therefore,theXi’anDeclarationwould playacorrectiveroleinestablishingconservationcriteriaasalocaldocument.
Italsodiscusseslong-termheritagemonitoring,aligningwiththeroleofHBIMin trackingpagodastability.Thisconnectionprovidesavaluableframeworkforevaluating itseffectivenessinstructuralmonitoringanditsintegrationintosustainable conservationstrategies.
3.1.3TheBurraCharter
Thischartermainlyhighlightsavalue-basedassessmentframeworkforcultural heritages,therefore,itcouldbereferredtoasanadditionalpartensuringthecultural significanceinPagodaConservationSpecifically,turningtothearchitecturalvalue,this documentcouldserveasareferenceforevaluatingwhetherthegeneratedcomponents inparametricdesigncorrectlypreservetheinherentsignificanceofthepagoda.
Additionally,theemphasisonculturalsignificanceasanidealoutcomeofheritage conservation,whilemoreconceptualthantechnological,remainsrelevant.Itprovidesa basistoassesswhetherHBIMcontributesbeyondtechnicalapplications,enhancingthe culturalsignificanceandhistoricvalueofconservationefforts.
30CevatErder,“TheVeniceCarterUnderReview”(ICOMOSOpenArchieve,1977), https://openarchiveicomosorg/id/eprint/2985/1/ICOMOSScJv4VeniceCharter03Erderp24-39pdf
3.1.4TheHeritageBuildingInformationModel,publishedbyRoutledge
Althoughtheauthorizeddocumentsmentionedabovecouldbecomereliable referencesforthecriteria,theystilllackspecificguidanceinthefieldofHBIMrather thanheritageconservation.Thisbookcomprehensivelyintroducestheconceptand applicationofHBIMthroughcleardefinitionsandsignificantfindingsexploredincases. Theeditorsconsideredthisbookanessentialreferenceforresearchers,students,and conservationpractitionersinvolvedinHBIMandthebroaderfieldofheritage conservation31IntheChapterWhatarethegoalsofHBIMbyJohnCounsellandTim Taylor,themainfocusandtheframeworkforHBIMwerestated,whichwillbereferred tointhecriteriaasessentialtargetstobeachievedinheritageconservation
3.2EvaluationFramework
ThisEvaluationFrameworkwillestablishspecificcriteriaforassessingHBIMbasedpagodaconservationprogramsfromfourkeyaspects.
Phase1.EvaluatingtheActualEffectivenessofHBIMTechnologyinthe conservationprocessandresults
11WhetherHBIMtechnologyitselfeffectivelyaidedindeteriorationidentification, structuralreinforcement,andornamentalmaintenance.
InArticle2,theVeniceCharteremphasizestheroleofsciencesandtechniquesin safeguardingheritageconservation,highlightingtheirnecessityinthefieldSimilarly, Article4.2intheBurraCharteralsoacknowledgesmoderntechnologiesandmaterials, statingthatthosewithpositiveeffectscanbeappliedinconservationefforts
1.2WhetherthearchitecturalcomponentsexistingintheHBIMplatformcontain semanticinformation,suchasthematerial,usage,history,anddeteriorationcondition.
31Arayicietal,HeritageBuildingInformationModelling,10-11
Comparedwithtraditionalmodelingsoftware,theBIMcouldrecordthe semanticinformationofthearchitecturalcomponents,includingtheirpropertiesand usages.ThisembeddeddatainputintotheBIMplatformcouldgreatlyenhance informationrichnessandfacilitateinformationsharingamongcollaboratorsfrom differentfieldsintheconservationprocessIntheresearchforapplyingScan-to-BIMon heritagesitesinTuscanterritory,thesemanticsegmentationgreatlycontributedtothe identificationandclassificationofarchitecturalcomponentsinphotographs32
1.3WhethertheappliedHBIMtechnologyassistedindetectingtheinaccessible zonesoftheobjectbyconventionalmethods
1.4WhethertheconservationprocessappliedRoboticsandArtificialIntelligence (AI)forinternalaccessibility.
Theappliednewtechnologyshouldimprovethedataaccuracyandexecution speedduringtheconservationprocess.OneofthedefinitionsofvaluableHBIMissued byCounsellandTayloristheincreasedaccessibilityofthearchitecturalheritage33 Fromthisperspective,thecurrentLiDARsensorandRobotscouldaccessandexplore theseinternalpartsinresponsetothevaluableHBIM34
1.5WhethertheappliedHBIMtechnologyhasbeenscientificallyvalidatedoris sufficientlymature.
16WhethertheapplicationofHBIMtechnologyposedanyirreversibledamageto thebuilding.
Theseprinciples15and16arederivedfromtheVeniceCharterArticle10, whichprovidesamoredetailedexplanationofmodernscientifictechniquesin
32ValeriaCroceetal.,“H-BIMandArtificialIntelligence:ClassificationofArchitecturalHeritageforSemi-Automatic Scan-to-BIMReconstruction,”Sensors23,no5(January2023):4-5,https://doiorg/103390/s23052497
33JohnCounsellandTimTaylor,“WhatAretheGoalsofHBIM,”inHeritageBuildingInformationModelling(Routledge, 2017),16
34VincentGanetal.,“AutomatedIndoor3DSceneReconstructionwithDecoupledMappingUsingQuadrupedRobot andLiDARSensor,”Computer-AidedCivilandInfrastructureEngineering,March4,2025,2-3, https://doiorg/101111/mice13450
conservation.ItsuggeststhatnewHBIMtechnologiesmustbesufficientlymatureto preventexperimentalinterventionsfromcausingharmtoheritagestructures, emphasizingminimalintrusion.Likewise,theBurraCharterArticle3.1stressescaution inconservationefforts,highlightingtheneedforHBIMtechnologies,especially detection-basedmethods,tobalancenecessitywithminimalintervention
1.7WhethertherestoredsectionsusingHBIMtechnologyclearlydistinguished themselvesfromtheoriginalbuilding Articles12,13,and15oftheVeniceCharteraddresstheadditionofnewrepair orreplacementcomponentsinconservationworkItemphasizesthattopreserve authenticity,newmaterialsmustbedistinguishablefromtheoriginaltopreventthe manipulationofartisticorhistoricalevidence.Thisprincipleisparticularlyrelevantto HBIMapplicationsinmaterialrestoration,ensuringthatdigitalreconstructionsand physicalinterventionsrespecthistoricalintegrity.
18WhethertherestorationmethodsusingHBIMtechnologyrespectedthebuilding anditssurroundingproportions,style,andcolorrelationships.
TheVeniceCharterArticle6emphasizesavoidingdemolitionoradditionsthat maydisrupttheaestheticvisualbalanceofthestructureanditscontext.Article13 furtherstatesthatreplacedelementsshouldachieveharmoniousintegrationwiththe wholeSimilarly,Xi’anDeclarationArticle8highlightstheimportanceofrespectingthe surroundingenvironmenttoreinforcethevalueanduniquenessoftheheritagesiteto ensureoverallcoherence
1.9HasHBIMtechnologybeenproperlyappliedtotheconservationofartworks (sculptures,paintings,anddecorativedetails)inthebuilding?
VeniceCharterArticle8acknowledgesthatinteriordecorationsareintegralto thebuildingitself,whileBurraCharterArticle4.2classifiessuchelementsas
architecturalcomponentsormaterialsofculturalsignificance.Thisimpliesthat sculpturesandmuralsinsidepagodasshouldalsobeproperlymanagedThus,an assessmentofHBIMapplicationsshouldexaminewhetherthetechnologyeffectively supportsthedocumentation,conservation,andmanagementoftheseelements.
Phase2.Long-TermInfluenceofHBIMTechnologyonHeritageConservation Programs
2.1WhetherHBIMtechnologysupportsthelong-termcontinuousmonitoringofthe heritagesite
2.2WhetherHBIMTechnologyAidedinPreventingPotentialFutureDeterioration.
Thecriteria21and22couldbediscussedtogetherVeniceCharterArticle4 statesthatheritageconservationextendsbeyondrestorationtoincludelong-term maintenance,aligningwiththemonitoringfunctionsinvolvedinHBIMtechnologyThis technologyaidsinpreservingthephysicalstabilityofarchitecturalheritageby addressingbothnaturalthreats(e.g.,climatechange,earthquakes)andhuman-induced risks(e.g.,tourism,urbanexpansion).Similarly,BurraCharterArticle16defines maintenanceasapreventiveconservationmeasure,emphasizingtheneedfor continuousandmeticulouscareofheritagestructures
2.3WhetherHBIMtechnologyhadclearquantitativeandqualitativeindicatorsfor monitoring,suchasthefactorsorcoefficients
Xi’anDeclarationArticle11emphasizestheneedforclearandmeasurable indicatorsinheritagemonitoring,ensuringwell-definedobjectivesandquantifiable criteriaThisprinciplealignswiththedata-drivenapproach,whichreliesonstructured digitalplatformsforarchitecturalheritageassessment.Byintegratingtheseprecise metrics,HBIMcouldenhancetheaccuracy,logic,andeffectivenessofheritage
monitoringandmaintenance,improvingdecision-makingprocessesinconservation programs
2.4WhetherHBIMtechnologyaidedinthecontinuousmonitoringand managementofthesurroundingenvironmenttominimizeitsimpact.
Xi’anDeclarationArticle8statesthatthesurroundingenvironmentisanintegral partofheritageconservation,requiringlong-termmonitoringandmanagement. Additionally,Article11specifiesfactorssuchasvisualintegrity,skylineimpact, encroachmentonpublicspaces,airpollution,andnoiselevelsaskeyconsiderations. TheseprincipleshighlighttheneedforHBIMtoextendbeyondstructuralmonitoring, incorporatingenvironmentaldatatoensureasystematicandsustainableapproachto pagodaconservation.
Phase3.EffectiveManagementofHBIMTechnologyinProgramImplementation
3.1WhethertheHBIMworkflowhasintegratedtheinformationinvarious dimensionsandfactorsoftheobject.
3.2WhetherthesemanticinformationrecordedintheHBIMsoftware/platform includestherenovationhistoryoftheobject.
TheframeworkofHBIMstatesthatheritagemanagementshouldrecordmultidimensionalinformation,35includingthehistoryofthesiteandthedynamicvariablesof itslocatedcontextSuchintegratedsemanticinformationinHBIMsoftwarecouldbe accessiblereferencesforconservationpractitionersinvolvedandbeneficialforthe comprehensivenessoftheprogram.
33WhetherHBIMtechnologyreceivedsufficientsupportintermsofresources, funding,andtechnicalsystems.
35JohnCounsellandTimTaylor,“WhatAretheGoalsofHBIM”,16
VeniceCharterArticle4emphasizesthatmaintenancerequireslong-term financialinvestmentAsanevolvingtechnology,HBIMdemandscontinuousupdates anddevelopment,requiringgovernmentbodiestoallocatesufficientfundingand demonstrateaproactiveapproachtoensureitssustainableapplicationinpagoda conservation
3.4WhetherthesoftwareorplatformofHBIMincludesasimplifiedintegrating buildingsysteminformationformanagement
AspecificHBIMsysteminventedforconservationwouldfurtherpromote informationsharingamongpractitionersTheShimizuCorporationestablishedtheDigiTori360,whichisaBuildingUserGuide(BUG)accessibleforallstakeholders.36In2024, itwasusedtocreatethedigitaltwinofEiheijiTemple(永平寺)inJapanwitha multimediatourestablishedtoviewthisdocumentedarchitecture37
3.5WhetherHBIMtechnologyaccuratelydocumentsandarchivestheissuesand currentconditionofthebuilding
BurraCharterArticle3.1emphasizestheneedtodocumentnewevidence, aligningwiththecapabilityofHBIMtobuildacomprehensivedatabase.Thisdatabase supportslong-termconservationeffortsandservesasacrucialresourcefor reconstructionincaseofunforeseendisasters.
Accuracyandhonestyinillustratingthecurrentconditionofarchitectural componentsareimportantinheritagedocumentation.SitesTraditionaldocumentation
36“ShimizuIntroducesDigi-Tori360|ShimizuCorporation,”ShimizuCorporation:NewsRelease,2022, https://wwwshimzcojp/en/company/about/news-release/2022/2022021html
37“UsingDigitalTechnologytoDissecttheImportantCulturalPropertiesofDaihonzanEiheijiTemple!|Shimizu Corporation,”ShimizuCorporation:NewsRelease,2024,https://wwwshimzcojp/en/company/about/newsrelease/2024/2024004html
oftenignoressubtlemorphologicalvariationsincomponents,whileHBIMcaptures dynamicconnectionsforamoreaccuraterepresentation38
3.6WhetherinterdisciplinarycollaborationisinvolvedintheapplicationofHBIM technology.
VeniceCharterArticle2highlightstheinterdisciplinarynatureofarchitectural conservation,emphasizingtheeffectivenessofcollaborationacrossfields.SinceHBIM integratesarchitectureandcomputing,itsimplementationshouldalsobeassessed regardingcross-disciplinarycooperationandeffectiveness.
37WhetherthesoftwareorplatformforHBIMhasexperiencedasecondary developmentbypractitionersforefficiencyimprovementinthisprogram.
AsacommonsoftwareforHBIM,Revitallowsflexiblesecondarydevelopmentin theRevitAPIforadvanceddataprocessingTolowerthebarriertoapplying computationalthinking,therearealsootherembedded,Built-invisualprogramming toolssupportingautomaticmodeling,suchasthe‘Dynamo’39
3.8Whethertheautomaticmodellingtechnologyisdevelopedduringtheprocessof HBIMtoimprovethedocumentationefficiency
Sincethearchitecturalstyleofpagodascontainsrepetitivearchitectural components,applyingautomaticmodelingbyparametricdesigninHBIM documentationisfeasibleaccordingtothesemanticinformationprovidedinthe previousstage.
38Hyun-ChulYoun,Jun-SeopYoon,andSeong-LyongRyoo,“HBIMfortheCharacteristicsofKoreanTraditional WoodenArchitecture:BracketSetModellingBasedon3DScanning,”Buildings11,no.11(November2021):5-7, https://doiorg/103390/buildings11110506
39YonghuiJiangetal.,“DevelopmentandApplicationofanIntelligentModelingMethodforAncientWooden Architecture,”ISPRSInternationalJournalofGeo-Information9,no3(March2020):8, https://doiorg/103390/ijgi9030167
Phase4.HBIMTechnologyandItsRoleinPreservingCulturalSignificance
4.1WhethertherestorationapproachusingHBIMtechnologyrespectsthe significantvaluesoftheheritagesiteinallaspects
BoththeXi’anDeclarationandtheBurraCharteremphasizeenhancingand preservingthevalueanduniquenessofheritagesites.Inanarchitecturalsense,the culturalsignificanceofastructureshouldbeacknowledged,ensuringthatrestoration effortsdonotcompromiseitsdistinctidentity.Insocialandcontextualvalue perspectives,itisindicatedbyrecognitionfromcommunitiesandharmonywith surroundingsites.
42Whethertherelatedcommunityoftheheritagesitewasinvolvedintheprocess ofHBIMbycontributinginformation.
EncouragingcommunityparticipationinHBIMallowsfordiverse,“bottom-up” interpretationsofheritage40.Bycontributinglocalknowledge,thecommunityhelps addressuncertaintiesinhistoricaldata,fillinggapsandimprovingtheaccuracyand richnessofthedigitalmodel
40JohnCounsellandTimTaylor,“WhatAretheGoalsofHBIM”,16
4.EvaluatingHBIMinCaseStudies
Toassessascomprehensivelyandobjectivelyaspossible,theselectedcases shouldincludetheapplicationofHBIMindifferentstagesintheworkflow.Moreover, thecasesshouldbeselectedfromdifferentgeographicallocationsandconstruction materialsinChinatoensurethegeneralapplicabilityofthecriteriaissuedabove.Since thecurrentHBIMinChinaisfragmentedthroughouttheprocess,theselectedcases focusondifferentaspectsofconservationwithdifferenttypesoftechnologyapplied, whichcouldprovidethisresearchwithbreadthanddepthofChineseHBIMMoreover,a strongliteraturefoundationisessentialsincethisresearchreliesontextualanalysis. Therefore,theselectedcasesarewell-knownChineseheritagesites,whichensures ampleexistingresearchforreference.
4.1YingxianWoodenPagoda
4.1.1BriefIntroduction
ThisPagodaisinShuozhoucity,ShanxiProvince.Thegeographicallocationisin NorthernChinaItstandsasthehighestandmostagedexistingwoodenstructure pagodainChina.41Itwasofficiallyestablishedin1056andwasregularlymaintained from1195to1471.42TheapplicationofHBIMtechnologytothispagodafocuseson documentationandmonitoring,enablingamoreefficientandaccuratepreservation process.
41ZhiyongChenetal.,“StructuralPerformanceofDou-GongBracketsofYingxianWoodPagodaunderVerticalLoad–AnExperimentalStudy,”EngineeringStructures80(December1,2014):274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.013.
42NancyShatzmanSteinhardt,“Liao:AnArchitecturalTraditionintheMaking,”ArtibusAsiae54,no1/2(1994):5, https://doiorg/102307/3250078
Fig.3SouthElevationofYingxianWoodenPagoda.FromHouWeidongetal.,AStudyontheConservation oftheYingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016),19.
4.1.2TheCriteria-BasedEvaluation
Phase1
Regardingcriterion11,thepreliminaryresearchandconservationworkby 2000werebasedonmanualmeasurementsandhanddrawings.In2010,theChinese AcademyofCulturalHeritagebegantoapplyLiDARintheconditionreport,43focusing ondeteriorationclassificationandproposingareinforcementplan.Theornamental aspectwasconsideredtobeminorcomparedwiththeserioustiltingissue.
ThesemanticinformationwithinHBIM,classifiedundertheChineseAcademyof CulturalHeritageframeworkforarchitecturalcomponents,includesdetailssuchas usage,dimensions,andlocation;however,itdoesnotencompassmoredetailed
43WangLinan王林安,HouWeidong侯卫东,andYongXinqun永昕群,“Asummaryontheresearchandanalysisof testingandmonitoringtheYingxianCountyTimberPagodastructure,”ChineseCulturalRelicsScienceResearch中国 文物科学研究,no3(2012):63
researchpapersfrom2023to2024,thecombinationofAIandBIMprimarilyremained atthestageofservingarchitecturaldesign
Incomparison,theBIMconcepthasbeendevelopedsincethe1970sandwas widelyusedinthe21stcentury,andhasbeendevelopedfor2decades.47HBIMhad beenmentionedinBritishStandardBS7913earlyin201348Therefore,thisevidence couldaccommodatetherequirementfor‘maturetech’incriterion1.5.
Forcriterion16,theLiDARscanningemitsalaserontotheobjectwithonly contact-basedoperationinthisstage.TheHBIMdocumentationprocessismainly finishedonthedevicewithouttherequirementforanon-sitevisitConsequently,no irreversibledamagetothesite.However,ifthelaseremittedisstrongenoughto penetratethearchitecturalcomponents,theuseofthistechnologyrequiresmore criticalconsideration
Althoughthecurrentsupportingproposaladdssteelreinforcementbrackets ontothevulnerablewoodenstructurethatconformstohe‘cleardistinction’mentioned incriterion1.7,thisrestoredsectionisnottheproductafterHBIMandwouldnotbe discussedfromthisperspective49
47CharlesEastman,“AnOutlineoftheBuildingDescriptionSystemResearchReportNo50,”September1974,50, InstituteofEducationSciences,https://web.archive.org/web/20131213214253/http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED113833.
48Arayicietal,HeritageBuildingInformationModelling,19-20
49XiaoJiaqi肖佳琦, “
木塔为例[TheConflictBetweenAuthenticityand RestorationinHistoricArchitecture:ACaseStudyoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda],”ArchitectureandCulture建筑与 文化,no10(2021):109
Fig.5SteelReinforcementFrameDesignAdaptedfromXiaoJiaqi,“TheConflictBetweenAuthenticity andRestorationinHistoricArchitecture:ACaseStudyoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda”Architectureand Culture,no.10(2021):109.
Turningtocriterion1.8,thisheritagesiteissituatedinacountrysideareaof Yingxianandhasalreadybecomeanareaformixed-useresidential-commercial buildingsinthepreviousurbandevelopment,accordingtothesatellitemap.Theonly adjacentheritagesiteistheJingtuTemple(净土寺)tothesoutheastofthepagoda
TheartworksinsidetheYingxianWoodenPagodaaremainlyscripturesanda Buddhatoothrelicdiscoveredin1974.50Theirdisposalandpreservationhavenot involvedHBIMtechnology,soitdoesnotcomplywithcriterion19
Phase2
TheLiDARtechnologywasappliedformonitoringdataacquisitionbyGuoMing andhisresearchteamin2019.Itsworkingprincipleistoestablishacoordinate framework,alignthepointclouddatacapturedviascanningwiththisframework,and 50MaLiang,TheMysteriousPagoda(CulturalEducationPress,2010)
Phase3
Inthiscase,31,32,33,and34couldbediscussedtogetherRelevant conservationdepartmentspublishedacomprehensivereportin2016,recordingthe existingconservationwork.Itcollectedthehistoryrepairproposal,measurement drawings,andphotographstoestablishaCurrentConditionInformationCollection System.Thedatabasealsoclassifiedandnumberedthearchitecturalcomponentsand relatedthemtothecorrespondingdrawingsandphotos54Itaddressed32and33for thevarietyofinformationofpastandpresentincludedinthesystem,butthe informationwasnotattachedtospecific3Dmodelsthatenhancethesemanticmeaning intheBIMplatform.Forcriterion3.4,sincetheYingxianWoodenPagodaisahistoric buildingwithoutamodernHVACsystemandothercontrollingfacilities,thiscriterion wouldnotbediscussedinthiscaseIngeneral,theaccumulatedconservationworkand theefforttoestablishtheHBIMsystemsuggesttheemphasisplacedontheYingxian WoodenPagodabyrelevantinstitutions,andconsequentlyproved31
Fig.6PhotographsSearchInterfaceFromHouWeidongetal,AStudyontheConservationoftheYingxian WoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016),406
54HouWeidong侯卫东etal,应县木塔保护研究[AStudyontheConservationoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda],405409
Fig.7ArchitecturalComponentsSearchPageFromHouWeidongetal,AStudyontheConservationofthe YingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016),408 Houwithhisresearchteamestablisheda3DmodelforLoadAnalysisof DougongthroughaFiniteElementAnalysis(FEA)softwarecalledAbaqus. 55Thestress contourmapvisualizestheforcedistributiononeachcomponentanddistinguishes intensityusingdifferentcolorsAccordingtocriterion35,itcouldbeclaimedthatthe stressanalysisofthosebracketsreflectsthecurrentcondition,butsomesubtlefactors, suchaserosion,hollowing,andweathering,werenotincludedintheinfoplatform Moreover,thisFEAonlyillustratesthemodelinamicroview,whilenothavinga generalanalysisormapforthewholepagodainamacroview.
Fig8DougongLoadAnalysisDiagraminAbaqusFromHouWeidongetal,AStudyontheConservationof theYingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016),339
55HouWeidong侯卫东etal,331-345
indicatedtheapplicationofautomaticmodelinginimprovingthemodelingefficiency withflexibilityinadjustmentbysimplychangingtheinputdataintheGrasshopper batterypack.However,Wangalsoclarifiedthatthegeneratedmodelprimarilyservesto assistinvideoproductionandgamedevelopment,58andnotreflectingtherealissue appearedonthepagodaWangstatedthatevenifthe3Dpointclouddatareflectinga realconditionofeachcomponentcouldbeobtained,theprocessingwouldresultin substantialandunmanageableworkloadforhisteam59
Fig.10DougongGeneratingIteration.AdaptedFromWangDaoruetal.,“ParametricModelingand ColumnGridAnalysisoftheSakyamuniPagodaatFogongTemple”Buildings14,no8(2024):18
Phase4
Turningtocriterion4.1onthesignificanceofthisheritage,duetothecrucial instabilityissueoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda,thecurrentreinforcementsteelframe onlymeetsthebasicsupportrequirements.Fromtheperspectiveofprotectingits
58Wangetal,30
59WangDaoru,InterviewedbyYangQianrui,Online,April5,2025
authenticity,thisexternalstructuredoesindeedweakenthematerialpropertiesofthe itsoriginalwoodenstructure,60butitremainsanunfortunatenecessity
Ashasbeenmentionedintheevaluationofsurroundingbuildings,thephysical contextoftheYingxianWoodenPagodadoesnotinvolvetheembeddedresidential communitiesinhistoryOnthecontrary,preciselybecausetheYingxianWooden Pagodahasbecomeanationalheritagesite,nearbysmallretailvendorshavebenefited. However,comparedtoothersimilarlysignificantarchitecturalheritagesites,suchas GreatWildGoosePagoda,impactonitssurroundingtourismindustryisnotparticularly remarkable
Fig11ReinforcementBracketsOn-SiteFromHouWeidongetal,AStudyontheConservationofthe YingxianWoodenPagoda(WenwuChubanshe,2016),420 60
为例[TheConflictBetweenAuthenticityand RestorationinHistoricArchitecture:ACaseStudyoftheYingxianWoodenPagoda]”,109
4.2GreatWildGoosePagoda
4.2.1BriefIntroduction
SituatedinXi’anProvince,GreatWildGoosePagodaisbuiltinabrickstructure withahistoryofrestorationandmaintenance.Itwasofficiallyestablishedin652, expandedto10storiesbetween701and704,andreducedto7storiesin930Following severedamagefromanearthquakein1555,itwasrestoredin1604.Theroofwas maintainedinthe1960s,withregularupkeepthereafter,anditwasreinforcedin2012 afterthe2008Wenchuanearthquake61Duetoitshistoricalsignificance,thepagoda faceslessriskofcollapsethantheYingxianWoodenPagoda.InHBIM,thefocusison applyingLiDAR-generatedpointclouddatatoenhancetourismandculturalmedia
Fig12PerspectiveViewofGreatWildGoosePagoda“Pavilion-StyleBrickPagoda:GreatWildGoose Pagoda”ScienceChinese,no13(2018):69
61XieQihua解麒华, “西安大雁塔底层墙体劣化风险评估与预测研究[AStudyonRiskAssessmentandPredictionof WallDeteriorationattheGroundLeveloftheGiantWildGoosePagodainXi’an]”(Master’sThesis,Southeast University东南大学,2021),37 https://knscnkinet/KCMS/detail/detailaspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD202202&filename=1022467494nh
ThislasercanningappliedEarthObservation(EO)Technologyfor comprehensivedetectiononthepagoda,63suggestingitsaccommodationtocriterion 1.3inaholisticperspective.Comparedwiththescanningandmeasurementofthe YingxianWoodenPagoda,itdidnotconcentrateondetailedcomponents.Turningto criterion14,AItechnologyandroboticswerenotappliedaswellinthebrowsed research.
AsdemonstratedintheassessmentofYingxianWoodenPagoda,HBIM technologyitselfismature.EvenTLStechnologyforacquiring3Dpointclouddata, mentionedbyLinin2024,wascommonandwell-developedintheconservationfieldas well.Therefore,forcriteria1.5and1.6,theappliedtechnologyisvalidandsafeforthe heritage.ItissimplythattheconservationprogramsforGreatWildGoosePagodahave notemployedthemoreadvancedandcomplextechniquesusedforYingxianWooden Pagoda.
Thenoticeableadd-inpartforthispagodarecordedinhistoryistheLightning protectionfacilitiesatthetop,installedin1962.64Thisactionwasnecessaryforsafety, butwasnotaresultoftheBIMtechnologyapplicationAsaresult,itwillnotbe discussedincriteria1.7and1.8.Asthegovernmenthaslonghadplansforthehistorical sitesinXi'an,HBIMtechnologyhasnothadasignificantimpactonthesurrounding buildingsinthiscase,andwillnotbediscussed
Fortheinternalartworkprotectionaddressedincriterion1.9,twostonetablets insidethepagodawereexaminedusingground-penetratingradar(GPR)fornondestructivetesting,fortunatelyconfirmingthattheirsurfacesshownosignificant
63Lin,Xue,andWang,2
64XieQihua解麒华, “西安大雁塔底层墙体劣化风险评估与预测研究[AStudyonRiskAssessmentandPredictionof WallDeteriorationattheGroundLeveloftheGiantWildGoosePagodainXi’an]”,37
wouldberevealedintheinclinationconditionofthepagodabody.66However,theInSAR technologyonanurbanscalewasnotattachedtotheexistingBIMmodelTherefore,the monitoringoutcomemaynotbetheresultofthecontributionofHBIMtechnology.
Phase3
BasedontheabovediscussionregardingtheuseoftheHBIMmethodinthe GreatWildGoosePagoda,itcouldbeclaimedthattherelevantauthoritiesplace sufficientemphasisontheconservationoftheGreatWildGoosePagodaHowever,this doesnotextendtoexploringthepotentialofHBIMtechnologyforthisprogram.Many measurement,analysis,andperiodicrestorationtasksarecarriedoutusingtraditional methods.Forexample,Linstatesthattheaccuracyverificationofthedoorwidthinthe reconstructed3Dmodelwasconductedbyon-sitetapemeasurementandpointcloud datacomparison67TheapplicationofLiDARscanningtechnologyandthecollectionof 3Dpointclouddataaremostlynotfurtherenrichedwitharchitecturalsemantic informationwithinaBIMmodelAsaresult,thisexamplecannotbeevaluatedagainst thefirst4criteriaofthisphase.
AlthoughtheapplicationbreadthoftheHBIMtechnologyoftheGreatWild GoosePagodaisnarrowerthanYingxianWoodenPagoda,its3Dmodeldocumentation processwasnotignoredinthiscase.Inthementionedresearch,usingTLSforpoint clouddatainGreatWildGoosePagodamodellingwasstatedforpreservingcomplete andauthenticdataofhistoricalrelicstoenablerapidrestorationincaseofunexpected damageinthefuture68However,forcriterion35,thisdocumentationhasneitherbeen refinedinthemodeltotheextentthatarchitecturalcomponentscanbeflexiblyselected
66ZhangZhonghui张忠辉etal,“基于多源监测数据的大雁塔近40年变形特征分析[AnalysisoftheDeformation CharacteristicsoftheGiantWildGoosePagodaOverthePast40YearsBasedonMulti-SourceMonitoringData],” CehuiKexue测绘科学49,no.6(2024):32-33.
67LinXiaohu,InterviewedbyYangQianrui,Online,April3,2025
68LiMin李敏, “三维激光点云数据的去噪算法研究[ResearchonDenoisingAlgorithmsfor3DLaserPointCloud Data],”XinxijishuyuXinxihua信息技术与信息化,no9(2022):47–50
andexamined,nordemonstratestheactualdeteriorationconditionsonit.Moreover,the workflowofdocumentationincludesCyclonefordataprocessingandmodeling, AutoCADforlineworkextraction,andfinally,3DMaxforrendering,69whicharenot professionalsoftwarefordevelopingBIMspecifically.
Inthedocumentationprocess,thepreliminaryresearchillustratesaneffortin improvingthemodelingefficiency,aseventhe3Dpointclouddataishighlybeneficial. Thedigitalreconstructionsrequiredalargequantityofpointclouddata,therefore,the maintheoryistofocusontheshapefeaturesofarchitecturalcomponents,suchasdoor, window,andmirror,toimprovethespeedforformation70However,thismethodhas notimprovedmodelingspeedfromtheperspectiveofsecondarydevelopmentanddoes notconformtocriteria3.6to3.8.
Fig.153DModelbuiltinCycloneAdaptedfromZhangetal,“3DReconstructionoftheGiantWildGoose PagodaBasedonMassivePointCloudData,”WenwubaohuYuKaogukexue29,no3(2017):70
69ZhangKunwei张昆巍etal,“基于海量点云数据的大雁塔三维重建[3DReconstructionoftheGiantWildGoose PagodaBasedonMassivePointCloudData].”,70.
70Lin,Xue,andWang,“Digital3DReconstructionofAncientChineseGreatWildGoosePagodabyTLSPointCloud HierarchicalRegistration”,7
Phase4
Topromotetheculturalsignificanceofthispagoda,thedigitalmodelgenerated usingHBIMtechnologyhasbeenutilizedinthetourismindustry.TianFangminandhis researchteamturnedtheirdigitalmodelintoaholograminAR,allowingvisitorsto virtuallyexplorethepagodaonmobiledevicesandenhancingtheinteractivityofthe heritage.71Furtherstudieshavedigitallyreconstructedthefourappearancesfrom differentdynastiesin3DMax,72combiningarchitecturalhistorywithVRtechnology Althoughcriterion4.1ismetinextremecomprehensiveness,therelatedcommunity mentionedin42wasnotfullyinvolvedinthisconversationintheresearchsofar
4.3Issue-ResponsiveDiscussion
4.3.1Structuraldeteriorationposesathreattostability.
Theselected2pagodasaredifferentinbuildingmaterial,whicharewoodenand brickstructuresrespectively.Therefore,theirconservationstrategiesillustrate differentreactionstoaddressthestructuraldeteriorationbyusingtheHBIMtechnology. Ingeneral,thepurposeofHBIMofYingxianWoodenPagodaprimarilyfocuseson assistingwithstabilityenhancementHeritage,documentation,andparametricdesign forautomaticmodelingarealldevelopedtoimprovethecurrentreinforcementstrategy. Althoughthe3Dmodelmaynotaccuratelyreflecttherealcondition,Wangclaimsthatit isstillsignificanttobuildanIDsystemofthepagodainBIMplatformtocontributeto theidentificationandclassificationforquantitiesofarchitecturalcomponentsin
71TianFangmingetal.,“StudyofSmartTourismBasedonHolographicOpticsandARTechnologyinthe5GEra TakingtheBigWildGoosePagodaasanExample,”in2024Asia-PacificConferenceonSoftwareEngineering,Social NetworkAnalysisandIntelligentComputing(SSAIC),2024,606-607, https://doiorg/101109/SSAIC61213202400122
72FeiYangetal.,“SimulationoftheGiantWildGoosePagodainImmersiveVirtualRealityEnvironment,”inICGG2018 -Proceedingsofthe18thInternationalConferenceonGeometryandGraphics(InternationalConferenceonGeometry andGraphics,Springer,Cham,2019),2142-2143,https://doiorg/101007/978-3-319-95588-9191
morethan6000USdollars.75Regardingthehumanresources,however,heritage documentationisfacingsignificantchallengesinthegreatworkloadformodelingand proficiencyinBIMsoftware.Therefore,itisessentialtodevelopautomaticmodelling andasimplifiedmodellingprocesstoimproveworkefficiency.
75“LeicaScanStationC103DLaserScanner,”XpertSurveyEquipmentStore,accessedApril17,2025, https://wwwxpertsurveyequipmentcom/leica-scanstation-c10-laserscannerhtml?srsltid=AfmBOordqejTzd89lKPwYHXQTOQvQtKhyRccRt-tA5KsbJ1fcBsHmg6o
5.Conclusion
5.1ResearchConclusion
Inconclusion,thisresearchidentifiesthepracticalgapbetweenasolidtechnical baseandtheunsystematicimplementationofHBIMtechnologyinChinesepagodas.It evaluatestheeffectivenessofHBIMtechnologyinthisfieldthroughasetofcriteriato corroborateitsvalidityandrecognizeissuesforimprovementinthecurrentapplication. YingxianWoodenPagodaandGreatWildGoosePagodaareselectedtobeassessedfrom theperspectiveofactualperformance,enduringinfluence,heritagemanagement, maintaininglegacy,andissueresponsecapability.ThisresearchdiscoversthatHBIM technologyperformseffectivelyinprocessingheritagedocumentation,assisting renovationandreinforcement.Italsodemonstratesadevelopmentpotentialin technologyforheritagemonitoring,whilelackingresourcesenablinglong-term execution.Forthecurrentweaknesses,thegiantworkloadisanissuefrequently complainedaboutbypractitionersinthemodellingprocessinBIMsoftwareMoreover, thereflectionoftheactualdamageonmodelled3Darchitecturalcomponentsalso requiresanenormousworkload.
5.2ResearchLimitation
Thisresearchprimarilyfocusedontechnicalandmanagement-relatedaspectsof HBIMtechnologyapplicationinconservationprograms,socertainfactorsthatare relativelyunaffectedbytechnologicalupgradeswouldbedeliberatelyomitted,suchas thesocialvalue.Inaddition,althoughtheselectedcasesaredifferentinmaterials,their formsarepavilion-style(楼阁式),andthuscouldnotrepresentallChinesepagodas, whichalsoincludeotherformssuchasmulti-eavepagodas(密檐塔)andvajra-based
pagodas(金刚宝座式塔).Intermsofmethodology,thecollectedprimaryresourcesfrom theinterviewsessionsmaybebiasedbecausethenumberofintervieweesistoofewto offercomprehensiveinformation.
5.3FutureDirection
Firstofall,thesignificantissuesrevealedintheassessmentresultsshouldbe addressedinfutureconservationprogramsThelong-termmonitoringofpagodas shouldbegivensufficientattentiontoeitherupgradetheequipmentorimprovedata transmissionefficiencyItisalsoessentialtoconsiderthebufferzonesurroundingthe pagodaheritagebecausethehumanactivitiesinadjacentareasmayalsoinfluencethe acquisitionof3DpointclouddataintheinvestigationstageCrucially,developingthe automaticmodellingtechnologyisthemostimportanttargetforfutureheritage documentationtoreducetheworkloadandimproveefficiency.Finally,theresearch directionmayextendtootherformsofpagodasmentionedintheresearchlimitation abovetoincreasethegeneralapplicabilityoftheestablishedcriteria.
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Appendix-EvaluationCriteria
Phase1.EvaluatingtheActualEffectivenessofHBIMTechnologyinthe conservationprocessandresults
11WhetherHBIMtechnologyitselfeffectivelyaidedindeteriorationidentification, structuralreinforcement,andornamentalmaintenance
12WhetherthearchitecturalcomponentsexistingintheHBIMplatformcontain semanticinformation,suchasthematerial,usage,history,anddeteriorationcondition.
13WhethertheappliedHBIMtechnologyassistedindetectingtheinaccessible zonesoftheobjectbyconventionalmethods.
14WhethertheconservationprocessappliedRoboticsandArtificialIntelligence (AI)forinternalaccessibility.
15WhethertheappliedHBIMtechnologyhasbeenscientificallyvalidatedoris sufficientlymature.
1.6WhethertheapplicationofHBIMtechnologyposedanyirreversibledamageto thebuilding.
1.7WhethertherestoredsectionsusingHBIMtechnologyclearlydistinguished themselvesfromtheoriginalbuilding
1.8WhethertherestorationmethodsusingHBIMtechnologyrespectedthebuilding anditssurroundingproportions,style,andcolorrelationships
1.9HasHBIMtechnologybeenproperlyappliedtotheconservationofartworks (sculptures,paintings,anddecorativedetails)inthebuilding?
Phase2.Long-TermInfluenceofHBIMTechnologyonHeritageConservation Programs
2.1WhetherHBIMtechnologysupportthelong-termcontinuousmonitoringofthe heritagesite
2.2WhetherHBIMTechnologyAidedinPreventingPotentialFutureDeterioration.
2.3WhetherHBIMtechnologyhadclearquantitativeandqualitativeindicatorsfor monitoring,suchasthefactorsorcoefficients.
2.4WhetherHBIMtechnologyaidedinthecontinuousmonitoringand managementofthesurroundingenvironmenttominimizeitsimpact
Phase3.EffectiveManagementofHBIMTechnologyinProgramImplementation
3.1WhethertheHBIMworkflowhasintegratedtheinformationinvarious dimensionsandfactorsoftheobject
3.2WhetherthesemanticinformationrecordedintheHBIMsoftware/platform includestherenovationhistoryoftheobject
33WhetherHBIMtechnologyreceivedsufficientsupportintermsofresources, funding,andtechnicalsystems.
34WhetherthesoftwareorplatformofHBIMincludesasimplifiedintegrating buildingsysteminformationformanagement.
35WhetherHBIMtechnologyaccuratelydocumentsandarchivestheissuesand currentconditionofthebuilding.
