ConservationforColonialArchitecturalHeritage UnderNationalNarratives:
ACaseStudyofShamianIsland,Guangzhou
WANGZIHAN A0295725R
DissertationsubmittedtoDepartmentofArchitecturein
PartialfulfilmentoftherequirementfortheDegreeof
MASTEROFARTSINARCHITECTURALCONSERVATION
atthe
DEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTURE
NATIONALUNIVERSITYOFSINGAPORE
Supervisor:Dr.HoPuayPeng
April2025
Abstract Theconservationandadaptivereuseofcolonialarchitecturalheritagehasbecome akeyissueinurbandevelopmentandculturalgovernance,especiallywithinthe frameworkofnationalnarrativesThisstudyexploreshownationalnarratives influencearchitecturalheritageconservationstrategies,usingShamianIsland, GuangzhouasanexampleByanalysingpolicyevolution,spatialtransformation andreusepatterns,theimpactofnationalnarrativesonthereuseofcolonial architectureinthepost-colonialeraisassessed.
Thefindingssuggestthatnationalnarrativeshaveadualrole-ontheonehand, theyfacilitategovernment-ledconservationeffortsandstrengthencultural identity,butontheotherhand,itmayleadtoselectiveinterpretationsofhistorical heritageandmaskcertaincolonialinfluencesAlso,ShamianIslandalsoexhibits bottom-upforces,whichtoacertainextentchallengethesinglenationalnarrative andoffernewpathsandpossibilitiesforspatialactivation
Furthermore,throughthecomparisonswithdomesticandinternationalcasessuch astheBundinShanghaiandPadangCivicEnsembleinSingapore,thisstudy furtherrevealsthecomplextensionsofnationalnarrativesinheritage conservationpractices,highlightsthedynamicnegotiationbetweentop-down governanceandbottom-uppractices,andanalysesalternativepossibilitiesfor reusestrategiesforsandsurfaces
1.4.ResearchMethodology..........................................................................................................8
2.1.Theoreticaloverviewofnationalnarratives............................................................10
2.2.ConservationandRe-useofColonialArchitecturalHeritage..........................12
3.3.OriginalFunctionsandContemporaryAdaptations........................................19
5.1.1.Over-Commercialism.............................................................................................38
Listoffigures Figure1:TriumphalArchinFrance
Figure2:TheTiananmenGateTowerinChina
Figure3:ShamianIslandlayout
Figure4:TheoutlineofShamianIslandlayoutbeforeandafter1859
Figure5:1932aerialphotographofShamianisland
Figure6:TragedyofShajiin1925
Figure7:TheScenicRouteofShamianIsland
Figure8:NightviewoftheBund
Figure9:PartofPadangCivicEnsemble
Chapter1:Introduction 1.1.ResearchBackground
Underthedualtrendsofglobalisationandculturalheritagepreservation,thereuse ofcolonialbuildingshasbecomeanimportantissueinurbanrenewalinmany countriesandregions.Thesebuildingsarenotonlypartofthecity'shistory,but alsoacarrierfortheconstructionofnationalidentity.Nationalnarrative,asaway ofshapingthehistoricalmemoryandculturalidentityofacountry,hasprofoundly influencedtheconservationandreusestrategiesofcolonialbuildings
InChina,ShamianIslandisoneofthemostrepresentativecolonialcomplexes.It hasatypicalspatialandhistoricalcomplexity.Oncethesiteofthe19thcentury BritishandFrenchConcessions,theexistingbuildingsareablendofWestern classicalstyleandlocaladaptation.Inrecentyears,government-ledconservation andrevitalisationpolicieshaveshownaparalleltrendof‘decolonisation’and ‘culturalrejuvenation’-ontheonehand,thehistoricalandornamentalvalueofthe buildingsispreserved,andontheotherhand,theircolonialattributesare weakenedthroughlandscaperenovationandnarratives,respondingthe contemporaryconstructionofnationalidentityHowever,drivenbythe commercialisationoftourism,thistop-downinterventionmechanismhas,toa certainextent,underminedthehistoricalauthenticityandspatialopennessofthe architecturalheritage
1.2.ResearchScopeandQuestions Thisstudyfocusesontheadaptivereuseofcolonialbuildingheritagewithinthe frameworkofnationalnarratives,withaparticularemphasisonhowstate-led heritagepoliciesandculturalstrategieshaveshapedhistoricalrepresentationsand urbanspacesinpost-colonialcontextsUsingShamianIslandinGuangzhouasa maincasestudy,thisstudyexamineshownationalnarrativesinfluencedecisions aboutwhattoconserve,reuse,orselectiveexpressionofhistory,andhowthese choicesreflectbroadergoalsofculturalidentityandnationconstruction.Whilst thisresearchfocusesprimarilyontop-downmechanisms,italsorecognisesthe limitedbutsignificantroleofbottom-upforces.
Furthermore,inordertosituatethesandsurfacewithinawiderregionaldiscourse, thisstudyalsoanalysestheBundinShanghaiandthePadangCivicEnsemblein Singaporetosummarisehowcoloniallegaciesareselectivelyappropriatedor reconfiguredthroughofficialnarrativesinthesecases,andtheextenttowhich thesestrategieshavebeensuccessfulorencounteredcontroversy.Thisstudywill usetheconclusionsdrawnthroughcomparingthecasestoprovide recommendationsforheritageconservationstrategiesforthefuturereuseof ShamianIsland.
1.3.ResearchPurposeandMeaning
1.3.1.TheoreticalSignificance
ThereislittleresearchanalyzingthenationalnarrativeofShamianandeven colonialarchitecturewithinChina.Combiningthetheoriesofnationalnarrative andculturalheritagepreservation,thestudyenrichestheacademicresearchon therelationshipbetweennationalidentityandarchitecturalheritage.Throughthe casestudy,itfillsthecurrentresearchgaponhownationalnarrativesshapethe reuseofcolonialarchitecturalheritage,andprovidestheoreticalsupportfor subsequentacademicresearch.
1.3.2.PracticalSignificance
ByanalysingthereusemodeofShamianIsland,itprovidesareferenceforthe conservationandreuseofothercolonialbuildingsinChinaInaddition,through internationalcasecomparisons,itprovidesadecision-makingbasisforthe governmenttoformulateculturalheritagepoliciesandpromoteurbanrenewal andsustainableculturaldevelopmentItprovidesacademicreferencesforurban planning,tourismmanagementandculturalindustrydevelopment,andexplores howtomaximiseeconomicandculturalvalueswhilepreservinghistorical heritage.
1.4.ResearchMethodology
1.4.1.LiteratureAnalysisMethod
Byreviewingrelevantliteratureonnationalnarrative,culturalheritageprotection, postcolonialtheory,andarchitecturalreuse,atheoreticalframeworkisestablished;
Chapter2:LiteratureReview 2.1.Theoreticaloverviewofnationalnarratives
211DefinitionofNationalNarrative
NationalNarrativereferstothenarrativesystemaboutnationalidentity,historical developmentanditslegitimacyconstructedbythestatethroughofficialdiscourse, policy,historywritingandculturalproduction(Anderson,1983).Itisacentraltool intheprocessofnation-stateformation,withtheroleofshapingnationalidentity, maintainingsocialorder,andstrengtheningpoliticallegitimacy(Hobsbawm& Ranger,1983)
BenedictAnderson,afamoushistorian,pointedoutinhisbookImagined Communities(1983)thatnationalnarrativesconstructnationalidentitiesthrough language,education,andhistorywriting,andthatthisidentityis‘imagined’rather thannaturallyformed.
ScholarBillig(1995)putforwardtheconceptof‘BanalNationalism’,arguingthat nationalnarrativesarenotonlyembodiedinofficialtexts,butalsowidely permeatethesymbolicsystemsofdailylifesuchasnationalflags,historical monuments,culturalheritageandsoon.Thishiddennarrativestrategyreinforces nationalidentitythroughtheshapingofmaterialandculturalcarrierssuchas publicspacesandmonumentalbuildings.
InChina,theconstructionofnationalnarrativesiscloselyrelatedtothepoliciesof ‘GreatRenaissanceoftheChineseNation’and‘TheBeltandRoadInitiative’ culturaldissemination,andthepreservationandreuseofculturalheritagehas graduallybecomeanimportantmediumofnationalnarratives.
2.2.ConservationandRe-useofColonialArchitecturalHeritage Theattitudesofdifferentcountriestowardscolonialarchitecturalheritageare ofteninfluencedbymultiplefactorssuchashistoricalmemory,nationalidentity, culturalpoliciesandeconomicdevelopmentneedsAsaresult,theydiffergreatly intheirconservationstrategies
Somecountriesadvocatekeepingtheoriginalappearanceofthebuildingsasmuch aspossible,believingthatcolonialbuildingsareaninseparablepartofhistory, witharchitecturalartisticvalueaswellascarryingthememoryofurban developmentinaspecificperiod,suchasthePortuguesecolonialarchitectural complexinMacao(UNESCOWorldHeritageCentre).
Therearealsomanycolonialbuildingsthathavebeengivennewfunctionsthrough renovationtomakethemmoreusefulinmodernsociety.Singapore'sNational Gallery,originallyacolonial-eraSupremeCourtbuilding,wasrenovatedinsucha waythatthebuilding'sexternalstructureandsomeofitsinteriorswerepreserved, butitsinternalfunctionswerereimaginedtobecomeanimportantartexhibition centreinSoutheastAsia(Chang&Huang,2015).Thismodeofreusepreservesthe
buildingproperwhileincorporatingcontemporaryneedssothatitcontinuesto servesocio-culturaldevelopment.
Atthesametime,whilepreservingcolonialbuildings,somecountrieshavealso attemptedtoreinterpretcolonialhistorythroughcurationandmemorialsinorder tohighlighttheimpactofformercolonialruleonlocalsocietiesForexample,the ApartheidMuseuminSouthAfrica,originallylocatedinacolonial-eragovernment building,hasnotonlypreservedthebasicframeworkoftheoriginalbuilding duringtherenovationprocess,butalsomadeitaneducationalbaseforreflecting onthecolonialhistoryandapartheidpoliciesthroughthecurationofexhibition content(Shepherd,2019).Thismodelemphasisesthefunctionofculturalheritage asa ‘re-narrative’,givingcolonialbuildingsnewsocialmeaningsthroughnew waysofdisplayingandinterpretingframeworks,andmakingthemamediumfor historicalreflectionandsocialreconciliation.
Chapter3:TheHistoricalDevelopmentofShamianIslandand CurrentSituationofArchitecturalHeritage ShamianIslandislocatedinthesouth-westernpartofdowntownGuangzhou, GuangdongProvince,borderedbytheWhiteGoosePoolofthePearlRiverinthe southandseparatedbyShajiChunginthenorth,withaneast-westlengthofabout 862metresandanorth-southwidthofabout287metres,andcoveringanareaof 0.3squarekilometres.Itsstreetnetwork,plazaspaceandbuildingdistributionall reflectcolonialplanningconcepts,whicharedifferentfromtraditionalurban streetsinLingnanTheplanningofShamianIslandadoptsalayoutthatcombinesa gridpatternwithaxiallinesThemainroadsarewideandneat,paralleltotheriver bank,withanumberofsquaresandgreenspacestoformopenpublicspaces
ShajiRoad(623Road)
Figure3:ShamianIslandlayout（Source：DISCURSIVECONSTRUCTIONSINTHEGEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATIONOFSHAMEEN,GUANGZHOU:APERSPECTIVEBASEDONMODERNNEWSPAPERTEXTS）
3.1.HistoryofColonialPeriod
Before1859,ShamianIslandwasstillconnectedtotheadjacent623RoadAtthat time,fishermendinghiesgatheredhere,andtheresidentswerescatteredwith
TheBritishandFrenchthenauctionedoffthelandandwarreparationsbasedon theShamianConcessionAgreementsignedin1861,inwhichitwasstatedthatthe QingGovernmentdidnothavealltherightstoexerciseoverthelandduringthe periodoftheConcession,andthatvoucherswouldbeissuedinthenameofthe QueenofEnglandforthelandauctionedoff,withalifespanof99years,andthat noChinesewouldbepermittedtoauctionofftheland.Onthisbasis,theBritish andFrenchandtheownersoftheauctionedlandbegantomakegreateffortsto rebuildtheland,andtheBritishcarriedoutlarge-scalereconstructionin accordancewiththewesternwayoflifeAndthenin1889Francebegantobuild theFrenchConcession,withtheUnitedStates,Germany,Italy,Holland,Portugal andothercountriesconsulates,publicfacilitiesattheendofthe19thcenturyis basicallycompleted,andariverapartfromGuangzhoucitystyleisdifferent, eclectic,arcadecorridor,neoclassicalandotherstylesofarchitecturefilledthe entireConcession
(Source:TheCenturylongChangesofGuangzhouShamianfromPictures)
Figure5:1932aerialphotographofShamianisland
tourisminGuangzhou.Alandmarkareaforforeign-relatedtourism.Atthistime, thecommercialisationoftheareawasstillfocusedonservingtheneedsofforeign affairs,withstate-runfriendshipshopsandspecialhandicraftsshopsappearing oneafteranotherinthevicinity.However,theoverallcommercialatmospherewas weak,andthehistoricalbuildingsweremostlyusedasgovernmentinstitutionsor residences,andthetourismdevelopmenthadnotyetbeensystematised.
In1996,theShamianIslandcomplexwaslistedasanationalkeyculturalheritage unit,promotingthecombinationofconservationandtourismdevelopment.With thePearlRiverNightTourprojectwhichislaunchedin1997andtheprosperityof theShangxiajiuPedestrianStreet,ShamianIslandwasincludedintheGuangzhou XiguanTouristRouteasanintermediatenode,andthenumberoftourists increasedsignificantly.Commercialisationatthisstagewaspolarised.High-end restaurantsclusteredonthenorthernsideofLinjiangRoad,whilealargenumber ofcheapsouvenirshopsfortouristsappearedonthesouthernstreet.Inearly 2000s,thefirstartgalleriesandcafesmovein,buttheywerehighlyhomogenised andlackedculturaldepth.
AftertheAsianGameswhichisin2010,Guangzhouaccelerateditsurban regeneration,andShamianIslandlaunchedanenvironmentalimprovement projecttodemolishillegalbuildingsandrestoretheappearanceofthehistoric neighbourhood.Withtheriseofyoungconsumers,cafessuchasStarbucks, culturalandcreativespacessuchasLighthouseCulturegraduallyreplaced
low-endshops,andtheInstagrammableEconomyfurtherpromotedShamian Islandasaphotographicdestinationafter2015.
However,over-commercialisationhasledtocontradictionssoaringrentshave forcedthewithdrawaloflong-establishedshops,andsomehistoricbuildingshave beenconvertedintoweddingphotographybases,weakeningthefunctionof culturaldisplayThegovernmenthastriedtointegratecultureandtourism throughthe‘ShamianArtSeason’from2018,buttheresultshavebeenlimited.
Inrecentyears,protectionpolicieshavebeentightenedThe2019Shamian ProtectionRegulationrestrictscommercialrenovationandforcestheindustryto upgradeQuality-orientedbusinessessuchashigh-endrestaurantsanddesign hotelshaveincreased,butrevitalisationofhistoricbuildingsstillfaceschallengesaninternationalbrandwithdrewin2023becausetherenovationplandidnotmeet therequirementsforculturalpreservationDigitaltourismandthenight-time economyhavebecomenewgrowthpoints,andTheShamianRevitalisationPlan 2024proposesthecreationofamodelareaforculturalexchangebetweenthe WestandtheEast,signallingashiftindevelopmentfocustowardsculturaldepth andsustainability.
3.3.OriginalFunctionsandContemporaryAdaptations
ThebuildingsinShamianIslandweremainlyadministrative,commercial,religious, residentialandpublicfacilitiesduringtheperiodoftheConcession,andtheir
functionalpatternswereconstantlyadjustedwiththeevolutionofhistory.The existingbuildingscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingcategoriesaccordingtotheir originalfunctions:
(1)AdministrativeandConsulateBuildings
AsthecentreoftheBritishandFrenchConcessioninthe19thcentury,Shamian Islandoncehousedtheconsulatesofmanycountries,suchastheUnitedKingdom, France,GermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thesebuildingshavetypicalfeaturesof governmentoffices,suchassymmetricallayout,largecourtyardsandthickstone wallsNowadays,someoftheconsulatebuildingshavebeenconvertedinto governmentofficesorculturalexhibitionhalls,forexample,theformersiteofthe FrenchConsulatehasnowbecomeaculturalheritageexhibitionspace
(2)CommercialandFinancialBuildings
AsShamianIslandusedtobethecentreofGuangzhou'sforeigntrade,alarge numberofbuildingsofbanks,chambersofcommerceandinsurancecompanies havebeengatheredhere,suchastheformerHSBCandtheFrenchOriental ExchangeBank,etc.Mostoftheirbuildingsareofneo-classicalstyle.Mostoftheir architecturalstylesareneo-classical,emphasisingstabilityandauthority.
Nowadays,someofthesebuildingsaretransformedintocafes,museumsor boutiquehotels,continuingthecommercialatmosphereofShamian.
(3)ReligiousandCulturalBuildings
DuetothelargenumberofforeignexpatriatesgatheredintheConcession, ShamianboastsanumberofWestern-stylechurchesandculturalfacilitiesFor example,buildingssuchastheSacredHeartChurchandtheChristianChapelin ShamianIslandarestillinusetodayandhavebecomeimportantplacesfor religiousandculturalexchangesInaddition,culturalfacilitiessuchastheformer BritishExpatriates'Clubhavebeenconvertedintoartexhibitionhallsorlibraries, providingspaceforculturalactivitiesforcitizensandtourists.
(4)ResidentialBuildings
Duringthecolonialperiod,manyforeignmerchantsandexpatriatesbuiltluxurious residencesinShamian,formingauniqueresidentialareaoftheConcession.Most oftheseresidentialbuildingswerebuiltinaneclecticorbaroquestylewith spaciousbalconies,gardensandinternalcourtyards.Someoftheresidencesare stillusedforresidentialpurposes,butsomehavebeenconvertedintobedand breakfastsormuseums,whichareopentothepublictoshowcasetheirhistorical value
(5)PublicFacilitiesandRecreationalBuildings
Duringthecolonialperiod,thereweremanypublicservicefacilitiesinShamian, suchaspolicestations,hospitals,schoolsandclubs,tocaterforthelivingneedsof foreignnationalsForexample,theShamianSwimmingPoolandtheShamian
SportsClubusedtobethemainrecreationalvenuesforforeignresidentsatthat time.Nowadays,mostofthesebuildingshavebeenrenovated,withsome maintainingtheiroriginalfunctionswhileothershavebeentransformedinto touristattractionsorculturalexhibitionspaces.
3.4.Theimpactofreuse
Asahistoricurbanspace,ShamianIslandhasundergonesignificantfunctional shiftsthatreshapeitslivedexperience.Fromtheviewpointofitsusers--long-term residents,dailytourists,theisland’stransformationreflectsbroadertensions betweenheritagecommodificationandsocialsustainability
3.4.1.WeakeningofLivingFunction
ShamianIslandhasalwayspossessedthefunctionofalivingspace,butsincethe developmentoftourism,theembodimentofthelivingfunctionintheplacehas beencontinuouslyweakenedAsacolonialheritagetourismsite,ittakesthe architecturallandscapeleftoverfromthecolonialperiodasthecoreattraction,but atthesametime,thesearchitecturallandscapesarealsothelivingspaceofthe localresidentsandarestillperformingthelivingfunctionofresidence.
Asaresult,thereisaconflictbetweentheheritageconservationvalueofthe buildingsandthelivingfunctionsofthelocalresidents,andthelivingspaceofthe residents,duetothespecialnatureofarchitecturalconservation,cannotbe remodelledaccordinglytoformalivableenvironment,butcanonlybepreserved
initsoriginalform.Evensincethedevelopmentoftourism,thequalityoflifeisnot guaranteedbecausetheresidents'livingplaceiscompletelyintegratedwiththe touristarea.
Theweakeningofthelivingfunctionisfirstlyreflectedintheobsolescenceofthe buildingsFortheprotectionofheritagebuildings,theinternallayoutofthe residencesisstillmaintainedasitwasduringthecolonialperiod,butwiththe developmentofthetimes,theselayoutshavelongbeenoutoflinewiththe standardsofthetimes.
Withthedevelopmentofthetimes,theselayoutsarenolongeruptothestandards ofthetimes,andasaresult,theinternallivingspaceoftheresidentshasbeen compressed,andtheuninhabitablelivingenvironmenthasmadethelocal residentswanttopursuemodernlivingspace,andmanyofthemhavechosento moveoutoftheareaandbuyahouseintheurbanareaFurthermore,the developmentoftourismhasalsocompressedresidents'activityspaceInthepast, residentscouldwalkdownstairstochatandgatherwiththeirneighboursinthe centralgarden,buttherapiddevelopmentoftourismhasledtoanincreaseinthe numberoftourists,whocomeandgoonthestreetsandexplorethearea,limiting theactivityareaoftheresidents.
342TourismandCommercializationDevelopmentthatAvoidsNegative Emotions
Inordertopromotethedevelopmentofthetourismarea,relyingonthehistorical background,thegovernmentdecidedthatwiththepreservationoftheintactarea oftheconcessionlandscape,theconstructionofShamianIslandtohighlightthe Europeanstyleasasellingpoint,tocreateacontinentalstylebusinessdistrict. Basedontheconstructionofservicetourism,thegovernmenthasselectively displayedthecolonialelements,whichontheonehandensuresthatthewholeof ShamianIslandpresentsauniformstyleandrestoresthecontinentalstyletothe maximumextent.Ontheotherhand,selectivedisplaycanmakethecolonial cultureintheprocessoftourismdevelopmentcanberetainedinthearchitectural art,tourismvalue,reducethenegativehistoricaleventsaffecttheoccurrenceof positivetourismbehaviour
Unlikeblacktourism,whichconstantlyemphasisesnegativeeventsasitscore,the formofcolonialheritagetourisminShamianIslandisaformofpositivetourism behaviour(Huang,2021),wherethegovernmentdoesnotcarryoutguided transformationofthecolonialculture,butrathertakesmoredeclarativeorevasive action.Also,becausemosttouristsdonotfullyunderstandthehistoryofthe destination,thetouristexperienceissatisfiedwithavisittoabeautifullandscape, andthustosomeextent,itisalsoconsistentwiththegovernment'sselective displaybehaviourHowever,thisbehaviourdoesenabletouriststomaintaina senseofrelaxationduringtheirvisit
withinGuangzhouthatmergedwiththelocalenvironment,anditsdiscoursewas centredontherepresentationofmodernWesterncivilisationasrepresentedby ShamianIsland.
412EmphasizetheConflictsBetweenChinaandForeignCountries
Between1924and1945,Sino-foreignconflictswereintensified.Theacceleration ofimperialistaggressionagainstChinaaftertheFirstWorldWarcontributedto thefrequentoccurrenceofSino-foreignconflictsinChinesesociety.Atthesame time,theMayFourthMovementandtheNorthernExpeditionoftheNationalist GovernmentinGuangzhoucontributedtotheoverallrevolutionaryatmosphere andtheawakeningofnationalconsciousnessinthesocietyUnderthissocial background,theChineseworkers'strikeinShamianIslandin1924exposedthe increasinglyintenseSino-foreignconflictstoallsectorsofthesocietyAndthe tragedyofShajiin1925intensifiedtheconflictscompletelyAsaresult,allsubjects consciouslyintervenedinrepresentingtheimageofShamianonthebasisoftheir ownconcerns,andthespatialimageofitasacolonialspacewasestablished formally.IncontrasttotheneglectoftheSino-foreignconflictbefore1924,the officialdiscourseofthisperiodpittedthe‘patriotic’peopleparticipatinginthe Shamianparadeagainstthe‘violent’and‘despicable’BritishandFrench imperialists(‘TheCentralCommitteeoftheShanghaiExecutiveDepartmentofthe ChineseKuomintangsendsatelegramontheShamianmassacreincident’,1July
1925),whichcharacterisedtheimageofShamianIslandasaplacewhereChinese andforeignconflictswereinintenseconflict.
Figure6:TragedyofShajiin1925 (Source:TheCenturylongChangesofGuangzhouShamianfromPictures)
4.1.3.TheDemandforCulturalDevelopmentandClassConflict
After1945,alongwiththevictoryinthewaragainstJapan,theconcessionarea wasreturnedtotheadministrationofthenationalgovernmentBasedonthe interestsoflocalrealities,GuangzhoucityadministratorsconstructedShamian IslandasascenicspotrepresentingGuangzhou,inordertoenhanceGuangzhou's competitivenessinthecountry,asreportedinthe10thissueofOverseasChinese Voice(Guangzhou)in1947,asfollows:
‘Therearemanyreasonswhytheculturalconstructionandculturalthinkingof GuangzhoulaggedbehindthatoftheprovincesintheportsofcommerceThelack ofincentivesforculturalprotectionandthelackofagoodculturalenvironment arethemainreasonsShamianIslandbackacrossthecity,facingtheriver,with elegantscenery,istheidealculturalareainthecity......NowthemayorofOuyang hasdecidedtodesignateitastheculturaldistrictofGuangzhou......’
AnothertopicofcoverageofShamianduringtheperiodwasthefocusonclass conflict,characterisingitasanunequalspaceofdisparitybetweentherichandthe poorandfullofclassconflict.Contrarytotheofficialdiscourse'sstrategyof characterisingitasanopenparkandculturalspace,theBritishandFrench consularauthoritiesandthemilitaryorgansoftheNationalGovernmentstill occupiedmostofthepropertiesinShamianIslandanddidnotopenthemtothe public.
Atthesametime,therapidexpansionofbureaucraticcapitalduringthisperiod contributedtothewideningofthegapbetweentherichandthepoorinChinese societyasawhole,andintensifiedclassconflictsinsociety;asatiricalcartoon titled‘TheScenicViewofShamian’publishedinthethirdissueofFlaremagazine in1946illustratesthedisparitybetweentherichandthepoorinShamianIsland, andthesocialinjustices,morevisuallyandimaginatively.Thedisparitybetween therichandthepoorandthesocialinjusticewerepresentedtothereadersinthe formofacartoon.
Figure7:TheScenicRouteofShamianIsland (Source:IlluminationBullet,Issue3,1946)
Thestreetsareseparated,withonesidebeingthepeoplewhocannotaffordtoeat andtheothersidebeingthewealthygatheringandentertaining
Tosumup,thespatialimageofShamianIslandintheearlymodernperiodisnota singlecolonialspatialimageunderthecontroloftheWesternhegemonicdiscourse; onthecontrary,theconstructionofthespatialimageofitismainlyinfluencedby theChinesedomesticdiscourse,anditisaprocessofotherisethatisbeing constantlynegotiated.Thisdynamicprocessofcontinuousreconstructionisa responsetotheincreasinglyintenseconflicts,classcontradictionsandother changesinsocialrelationsinmodernChina,andalsolaysthegroundworkforthe subsequentpreservationofthestatusquo.
4.2.Theembodimentofmodernnationalnarrative
421TheSpatialReinforcementofSovereigntyDiscourse
Asmentionedabove,in1941themanagementofShamianIslandwastransferred tothethenWangJingweiPuppetRegime,which,inordertoshowitspro-Japanese favouritism,namedtheunnamedroadsintheConcessionaroundthethemeof ‘pro-Japanese’(asshowninthetable).Andthenamescontinuedtobeuseduntil theearlyyearsaftertheliberationofthecountry.In1957,theGuangzhou governmentoutlawedthecolonialcoloursandrenamedtheroads,usingthe simplestructureof‘Shamian+numericalnumber’asthebasicstructure,whichhas beenretainedtothisday
Existingroadnameson
ShamianIsland
NamesofRoadsduringWang
JingweiPuppetRegime
Meanings
ShamianNorthStreet 肇和路（ZhaoheRoad） Disharmony
ShamianSouthStreet 珠江路（ZhujiangRoad） ZhujiangRiver
ShamianStreet 复兴路（FuxingRoad） Renaissance
Shamian1stStreet 同仁路（TongrenRoad） Peace
Shamian2ndStreet 敦睦路（DunmuRoad） Socialharmony
Shamian3rdStreet 中兴路（ZhongxingRoad） RiseinChina
Shamian4thStreet 协力路（XieliRoad） Uniteincommon effort
Shamian5thStreet 博爱路（Bo’aiRoad） Fraternity
ComparisonofthestreetnamesofShamianinthepresentandthepast (Source:CompiledfromthecontentsofthethirdseriesofLiwanLiteraryHistory)
Inaddition,aftertheofficialresumptionofShamianIslandinGuangzhou,the governmentmadeeffortstomaintainandbuildpublicfacilitiessuchasroads, housingbuildings,greeneryandgymnasiumsonShamianIsland,andconverted thepropertyrightsofthebuildingsduringtheperiodoftenancyintopublic propertyrightsandchurchpropertyrightsafterrectification,whichweretaken overbytheunitsaspublicrentalhousingforthepurposeofoffice,dormitoryand businessoperationoftheunits,thusleadingtotherapidgrowthofthepopulation onShamianIsland,withmorethan5,000peoplesettlingontheislandin1951.In
throughsignagesystemsandguidedinterpretation,andachievingthepurposeof reconstructingcolonialsymbols.Forexample,areliefwallentitled‘Historical DevelopmentofShamian’willbeinstalledattheentranceoftheislandin2021, highlightingthenarrativeof‘ResumptionoftheConcessionundertheleadership oftheCommunistPartyofChina’.Inaddition,theformerBritishConsulatewillbe labelledasthe‘ModernForeignAffairsHistoryExhibitionHall’,highlightingthe contrastingdiplomaticachievementsofNewChina.
Unofficialsubjectssuchaslocalresidents,scholars,andmerchantsparticipatein confrontationalorcomplementaryinterpretationsthroughdailypractice, academicresearch,andcommercialrenovation,formingamulti-voicedhistorical dialogue.Thegeographicalimaginationofthetenementespeciallyhighlightsthe complexityofthispowergame.Forexample,culturalandtourismcapitalsstriveto createaromanticconsumersceneof‘EuropeintheEast’andselectivelyamplify theaestheticvalueofcolonialarchitecture,whilefolkmemorypreservers,through oralhistoriesandotherprojects,revealthehistoryoflabourers'livesand resistancemovementsthathavebeenobscuredbythedominantnarratives.Such differentimaginationsandreproductionsofthesamespaceessentiallyreflectthe continuouscompetitionamongthestate,themarketandsocialforcesfortheright tointerpreturbanspace,aswellasthedeep-seatedmotivesofeachpartyto legitimisetheirownideologiesthroughtheshapingofspatialmeanings
andCulturalDistrict,whichintroducedsystematicprotectionrequirementsfor Shamian—includingrestrictionsonbuildingheightandfaçadealterations— thoughthelegalframeworkremainedrelativelyrudimentaryatthisstage.
4322000s-2010s
The2004GuangzhouHistoricandCulturalCityConservationPlanestablishedthe city'sfirstbatchofHistoricandCulturalConservationZones(includingShamian Island,Shangxiajiu,andHuaqiaoNewVillage),whileimplementingagraded architecturalprotectionsystemconsistingofCoreConservationAreasand ConstructionControlAreas
In2004,theMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentdesignated ShamianasoneofChina'sinauguralbatchofHistoricandCulturalDistricts, mandatingthatitsconservationplanningcomplywiththenationalRegulationson theProtectionofHistoricCities,TownsandVillages.
4.3.3.2020toPresent
Subsequently,the2021RevisedGuangzhouRegulationsontheProtectionof HistoricandCulturalCitiesincorporatedthenewconceptof‘historiccharacter areas’tosafeguardholisticstreetnetworkpatternsItenhancedlegal accountabilitybyimposingstricterpenaltiesforunauthorizeddemolitionof historicbuildingsThatsameyear,ShamianIslandwasselectedfortheNational DevelopmentandReformCommission'sflagship14thFive-YearPlanCultural
HeritageConservationandUtilizationProject,securingspecialfundingfor architecturaldamp-proofingandstructuralreinforcement,withexplicit requirementstofulfillitsroleinpromotingChinesecultureglobally.
In2022,ShamianIslandwasintegratedintotheGreaterBayAreaCultural HeritageTrailsystem,positioningitasastrategicculturalnodeinnational regionalplanningThe2023GuangzhouTraditionalCharacterBuildingsProtection Regulationcreatedanewcategoryfortraditionalcharacterbuildings(structures notmeetinghistoricbuildingcriteriayetpossessingdistinctivefeatures), addressingpreviousconservationgaps.Italsoadvanceddigitalconservation throughtheestablishmentofa3Darchivaldatabaseforhistoricstructures.
434BriefSummary
TheevolutionofGuangzhou'smodernandcontemporaryarchitecturalheritage conservationpolicyisaprofoundreflectionoftheinteractionbetweenthelogicof nationalgovernanceandlocalpractice.Thisevolutionarytrajectoryclearly demonstrateshowthestatehastransformedarchitecturalheritageintoatoolfor culturalgovernancethroughthelegislativesystem-focusingonthepreservation ofthematerialforminordertoconstructhistoricalcontinuityintheearlystages, andthenservingthecoordinateddevelopmentoftheregionandtheconstruction ofculturalself-confidencethroughtherevitalisationoftheuseoftheheritagein thelaterstagesHowever,whilethestate-led‘top-down’preservationmechanism hasensuredthematerialsurvivaloftheheritage,thehomogenisationofthe
Chapter5:Casestudy:Reusestrategiesforcolonial architecturalheritage 5.1.TheBundinShanghai,China AlthoughtheBundandShamianarelocatedindifferentcities,theyareboth importantheritagespacesofChina'smoderncolonialhistoryTheybothoriginated inthemid-19thcenturyunderthesystemofunequaltreaties,andcarrythe historicalmemoryofChina'sinteractionwithWesternpowersinthemodernera.
Architecturally,theybothreflectstrongEuropeanarchitecturalfeatures.Thereare alsosignificantdifferencesintheirspatialnatureandhistoricalfunctions-the Bundhasrapidlyevolvedsincethelate19thcenturyintothefinancialandtrade centreofShanghaiandtheFarEast,andisalandmarksymbolofthecountry's modernisation.Incontrast,Shamianhashadamorelived-inanddiplomatic function,anditsclosednaturehasmadeittheembodimentofthecolonisers'daily orderandculturalsegregation.However,atthelevelofnationalnarratives,both haveundergoneadiscursiveshiftfrom‘colonialhumiliation’to‘culturalasset’ and‘touristresource’Nowadays,theBundinShanghaihasbecomeamust-see Netflixdestinationfortourists,showingahighdegreeofcommercialisationIn addition,itspreservationisdominatedbythenationalnarrative,andpublic participationisatadisadvantage
(Source:https://bjbceboscom/bjh-pixel/171166681507761724792ainotenewjpg)
ThebustlingandbeautifulnightviewoftheBundisoneofthemustvisit attractionsforShanghaitourists.
5.1.1.Over-Commercialism
Duetoinsufficientsupervisionofsomeneighbourhoodsandhistoricalbuildingsin theLandscapeDistrict,partofthelandscapeenvironmentandhistoricalbuildings havebeendestroyedTheextravaganceofsomepartsofthelandscapeareahasnot onlymadetheBundaplaceforafewhigh-incomepeopletoconsume,butalso madethehistoricalbuildingsvisualsymbolstobeconsumed,andthefunctions andnarrativestendtobeincreasinglylandscapedandperformative.TheLujiazui CBD,acrosstheriverfromtheBund,withitshigh-risebuildingsandconvergence ofglobalcapital,mirrorstheBund'snarrativeof‘thestartingpointofinternational finance’,andtogethertheyconstructanurbanshowcasewiththemodernisation andglobalisationofthecountryasitscorediscourse.Thisspatiallayoutreinforces thenationalnarrativeorientedtowardstheimageofacosmopolitancity,and
Figure8:NightviewoftheBund
furtheredgesoutthepresenceoflocalresidents,historicalcomplexity,and pluralisticmemories,makingtheBundahighlyvisualised,tourist-oriented,and elitistlandscapespace.
512WeakPublicParticipationMechanisms AlthoughtheinstitutionaldesignofheritageconservationontheBundhascertain publicdisclosureprocedures,theoverallgovernancestructureisstillclearly top-down,withgovernmentauthorities,largestate-ownedenterprises,and developersdominatingtheplanningandimplementationoftheprojectThepublic, localresidentsandcivilculturegroupswerealmostabsentintheearlystagesof theproject,andtherewasalackofsubstantiveconsultationplatformsand participationchannelsEvenwhenformalconsultationtookplace,theresultswere oftenseenasproceduralcompliancewithlimitedactualinfluenceThislimited participationhasweakenedthepublicattributesofhistoricspacesandthe pluralisticexpressionofsocialmemory,makingheritageconservationa redefinitionofthecity'shistoricalnarrativeandspatialusebyafewdominant forces,ratherthanaconsultativeprocessthataccommodatesdifferentvoicesand socialinterests.
ThoughArticle10oftheMeasuresfortheProtectionandManagementofExcellent ModernBuildingsinShanghaistipulatesthat‘theownersandusersofthebuildings, aswellasotherunitsandindividuals,canrecommendhistoricalandcultural landscapeareasorexcellenthistoricalbuildingstothemunicipalplanning
andeclecticinnature.Secondly,intermsofitsoriginalfunctions,Padang,asa largeopensquare,isitselfaceremonialspaceusedformilitaryparades,sports activitiesandpublicgatherings,withstrongsymbolicandpoliticalattributes; whereasitisclosertoalivingcommunity,embodyingthecolonialclass'sneedfor dailyorderandculturalsegregation.Incontemporaryreuse,thesedifferencesalso influencetheirdevelopmentpaths.ForSingapore,itspursuitofmultiplenarratives alsohopestoevokeapopularidentity.
(Source:TheStar)
5.2.1.TheReshapingofHistoricalMemorythroughPower
ThepracticeofconservationandutilisationofPadangCivicEnsembleinSingapore demonstratestheintertwiningofspaceandpower,historyandaestheticsAsthe coreofthecolonialmunicipalaxis,theneoclassicalbuildingssurroundingPadang suchastheformerTownHall,VictoriaTheatreandsoon,exemplifycolonial attemptstoconstructauthoritativeorderandaestheticlegitimacythroughthe languageofarchitecturethroughtheirsymmetricallayouts,colonnadesand
Figure9:PartofPadangCivicEnsemble
monumentalscales(Quek,2017).However,inthepost-independencenational narrative,Padanghasbeenre-symbolisedasasymbolicsiteofnation-building, unity,andmulticulturalism,andthepowerattributesofthespacehavebeensubtly reinvented(Bishopetal.,2003).
522CivilianUsageandIdentityFormation Padangisnotjustasiteforthenationalmasternarrative;itmaintainsitsopenness andeverydayness,hostingdiversecivicactivitiessuchascricket,marathons,and festivalsThisgrassrootslevelofrecognitionandcontinuedusemakesitnotonlya symbolicplaceofremembrance,butalsoalivingpublicspace(Henderson,2019) Therefore,Padang'sconservationstrategydemonstratesamodeofheritage governancewhere‘ritualisedpower’and‘everydaypracticesofidentity’coexistIn recentyears,Padangitselfhasnotbeensignificantlycommercialised,although someofthesurroundingbuildingshavebeenrevitalisedforusessuchasfine diningandartcentresThegovernmenthasrefrainedfromturningtheopenspace intoatouristattraction,buthasmaintaineditspublicnaturebypositioningitasa ‘nationalsite’.
ThisisastrategythatshouldbelearntfromthecaseofShamianIsland-aspace richincolonialmemoriesandgeographicimagery,butinpracticeoftenpackaged asatouristattraction,wherehistoricalnarrativestendtobesuperficialandthe useofthespacetendstobeconsumerisedAndit'sexperiencerevealsthattruly effectiveheritageconservationshouldstrikeabalancebetweenrespectfor
historicaldepthandcivicvitality,avoidingover-commercialisationandtheneedto protectthesite.ThePadangexperiencerevealsthattrulyeffectiveheritage conservationshouldstrikeabalancebetweenrespectingthedepthofhistoryand thevitalityofthepeople,andavoidover-commercialisationthatemptiesthe historicalessence.
5.3.ComparisonandpotentialreusestrategiesforShamianIsland
5.3.1Table
TheBund, Shanghai
PadangCivic Ensemble, Singapore
Shamianisland, Guangzhou
Nationalnarrative (TopDown)
•Symbolofmodernization &nationalrejuvenation
•Globalcityvisionunder "Shanghai2035"plan
•Emphasizescolonial architectureas"historical witness"
•Nationalunity& post-colonialidentity
•Civicceremonialcenter
•Selectivecolonial memoryunder"Singapore Story"narrative
•"Culturalconfidence" exemplar
•ShowcaseofSino-foreign exchange
•Downplayscolonial conflictintourism materials
BottomUp Summery
•Weakparticipation
•Nationalmonument vsvanishinglocallife
•Instagrammable urbanismreplacing livedspace
•Moderate participation (communityfootball, festivals)
•Limitedpolicy influence
•Emergingresident councils
•Businesstenant dominance(63% commercial)
•Academic-led activismgrowing
5.3.2.EmbraceNarrativeDiversityinHistoricalInterpretation
•Stateceremonies vsinformalcivicuse
•Controlled multicultural representation
•Heritagetourism vs.residentialneeds
•Selectivecolonial nostalgia
Theconservationandmanagementofhistoricalandculturallandscapeareasnot onlyreliesontheGovernmenttocarryouttherelevantwork,butalsorequiresthe participationofthecitizenslivinginthecity.ThehistoricalnarrativeofShamian
Islandishighlycomplexinitself,witnessingthehistoryofWesterncolonisationas wellasthehistoryoflocalChineseliving,doingbusinessandinteractingculturally inthearea.Therefore,itsheritagenarrativeisnotonlyasymbolofcolonisation, butalsoincludestheprocessofresistance,adaptationandintegrationofthelocal community.
IncontrasttotheexperienceoftheBundinShanghai,thenarrativefocusesmainly onthesymboloftheBundasthestartingpointofnationalmodernisation,andless onthesocialtracesleftbyordinarycitizens,diasporas,ormarginalisedgroupsin theBundspace(Wang,2023).Thispointrevealsthelimitationsofeliteperspective narrativesandhighlightstheneedforpluralisticmechanismsofrecollection.
ThetreatmentofPadanginSingaporeismoreinformativeAsanational ceremonialsquare,itcarriesanimportantsymbolicsignificanceofthecolonial regimeontheonehand,andontheotherhand,theSingaporeangovernmenthas reinterpretedPadangasaspacethatembracesthecommonhistoricalmemoriesof thethreeethnicgroupsofChinese,MalaysianandIndiansandothersthroughthe narrativeofmulticulturalism,andconstructedathree-dimensionalapproachby combiningculturalfacilitiessuchastheNationalMuseumandtheNationalArt Gallery,multi-layeredinterpretation(Quek,2018;Bishopetal.,2003).Thismodel
establishagoodcommunicationplatformwithordinarycitizensintheareaof landscapeprotection,andcanmakegooduseofthenetworkandmicroblogging andmicrobloggingandothernewmediaplatforms,toencouragethecommon citizenstoparticipateinthemanagementoftheprotectionofhistoricaland culturallandscapes.
533AvoidExcessiveCommercializationinEstablishmentofSystem
Heritagedevelopmentisgearedtowardsbothglobaltouristsandlocalpeople.The effectsofcommodificationdonotalwayshaveanegativeimpactonlocal communitiesHeritageisnotastaticobject,butachangingproduct,influencedby acombinationoflocaleconomicdevelopment,tourismandsocio-culturalforcesof integrationInthecontemporaryreuseofShamianIsland,thelogicofoperationis stillcentredontourismconsumption,andtraditionalbuildingshavebeen frequentlytransformedintocafes,bedandbreakfasts,artgalleriesorcommercial exhibitionvenues,whichhasenhancedspatialvitalityandeconomicbenefits,but hasalsoweakeneditsnarrativefunctionasaspaceforhistoryandculturetoa certainextent.
Incontrast,theexperienceoftheBundinShanghaishowsthatthestate-led redevelopmentoftheculturalspace,whileeffectivelymaintainingtheexternal architecturallandscape,hasledtothehomogenisationandelitismofthespatial functionswhileemphasisingonimageprojectsandcapitalinvestment,limitingthe abilityofthegeneralpublictoparticipateintheculturalparticipationand
historicalre-cognition.ThetransformationoftheBundfromafinancialand historicallandmarktoaconsumptionandexhibitionspacefortouristsand corporationshascreatedatensionbetweenmaterialpreservationandspiritual reproduction(Wang,2023).Therefore,inthefuturepolicydesignoftheisland,itis necessarytoguardagainstrepeatingthepathof‘excessivebeautificationand dehistoricisation’,andtoavoidreducinghistoricalheritagetovisuallandscapeor realestateresources. ThecaseofPadanginSingaporeprovidesarelativelybalancedstrategicdirection.
Whilethesitehasbeenincorporatedintothenationalmemorialisationsystem,it hasretaineditsopennessasaplaceforpublicevents,andthesystematic conservationsystemimplementedbytheNationalHeritageBoard(NHB)has ensuredthatthehistoricalnarrativeisreconciledwitheverydayuse.Thespaceis notfullycommercialised,butratherreinforcesthepublicperceptionofhistorical powerstructuresthroughritualised,educationalandcommunityuses(National HeritageBoard,2022).Shamiancandrawinspirationfromthisbyintroducinga publicparticipationmechanismintoitsinstitutionaldesign,establishingazoning systemforhistoricalnarrative-orienteduses,andclarifyingwhichspacesaretobe usedforculturaldisplaysandwhicharetobereservedforpublicrecreation,soas toavoidatotalconsumerisationofthewholearea
Therefore,theinstitutionaldesignneedstofindabalancebetweeneconomic revitalisationandhistoricalpreservation,throughsettinguptheregulatorybasis
of‘culturalpriority’and‘functionalzoning’,combiningwiththelocalcommunity's habitsofuseandexpressionofmemories,guidingthelayoutofreasonable businessforms,andavoidinglossofitsdeep-rootedcharacterduetothedrivefor short-termgains.Thiswillnotonlyhelptoperpetuatethepluralisticcolonial memory,butwillalsohelptopromotethedevelopmentofthelocalcommunity.
Thiswillnotonlyhelptoperpetuatethepluralisticcolonialmemory,butalso provideasustainablepathofheritagegovernanceforpost-colonialcitiesinthe Chinesecontext.
developmentoftourisminShamianIslandpresentsade-politicisedmechanismof translatingcolonialnarratives.Incontrasttothenegativereuseofhistoricalspace, whichisdominatedby‘blacktourism’orcriticalperspectives,the government-lednarrativestrategyofaestheticisationandentertainmentis adoptedinordertoavoidcolonialtraumaandcreateapleasurabletourist experience.Thisphenomenonprovidesanewdimensionofanalysisforcurrent researchonthereuseofcolonialheritage,thatis,howcolonialsymbolscanbe reconstructedthroughaesthetics,commerce,andnationalimageshapingin non-criticalcontexts
6.2.PracticalContributions
Thecomparativeanalysisyieldstwoactionablestrategiesforfuture
Firstly,atthelevelofhistoricalnarrativeandpublicparticipation,theheritage valueofShamianisland,asaspacewheremultiplehistoriesconverge,isnotonlya symbolofcolonialrule,butalsoencompassesmultidimensionalsocialpractices suchasthememoriesofthelocalresidents'lives,commercialactivitiesand culturalinteractionsTherefore,itisdifficultforasinglenationalnarrativetofully interpretitsculturalthicknessComparedtotheBundinShanghai,which emphasisesgrandnarrativesandsymbolsofmodernisation,Shamianshouldlearn fromtheexperienceofPadanginSingaporeinintegratingmultiplememories, combiningthevoicesofcommunityresidents,shopoperatorsandothergroupsto
6.3.LimitationsandFutureResearch Althoughthisstudyhasinitiallyexploredhownationalnarrativesplayaroleinthe preservationandreuseofcolonialarchitecturalheritagethroughthecorecases,it stillhasanumberoflimitations
Firstly,thisstudyreliesmainlyondocumentaryanalyses,policydocumentsand secondarycasestudies,butlackssystematicfieldworkandin-depthinterviews.
Althoughthetextualandinstitutionalanalysesrevealpolicyorientationsand narrativestrategies,theunderstandingofthepublic'sactualperceptionsofthese spatialnarratives,theirusebehavioursandparticipationmechanismsisstill relativelylimitedTherefore,theresearchonthe‘bottom-up’dimensionisstill preliminary
Secondly,intermsoftheselectionofinternationalcases,thestudyfocusesontwo representativecitiesinAsia:SingaporeandShanghai.Thisregionallimitation makesthefindingsofthestudypotentiallylessadaptablewhengeneralisedtoa widerglobalcolonialheritagegovernancescenario.
Infuture,researchcouldbeexpandedinthefollowingdirections:
(1)Throughquestionnairesurveys,semi-structuredinterviewsorparticipatory observation,in-depthexplorationoftheunderstandingofhistoricalnarratives, spatialuseandculturalidentitybydifferentsubjectssuchaslocalresidents,
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