AC5007 - Batch 8 - CHIO WENG IN

POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR CONSERVING INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN MACAO

by

Chio Weng In A0295865H

A Dissertation submitted to the National University of Singapore In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Architectural Conservation

ABSTRACT

The efforts of cultural heritage conservation in Macao have increased since 2005. However, other than colonial architecture and sites, industrial heritage seems to be ignored. The industrial heritage formed an important part of Macao’s modern history. Thus, it is essential to conserve the industrial heritage to protect and demonstrate the uniqueness of Macao’s industrialization. The research examined two industrial heritage sites, including the Iec Long Firecracker Factory and the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards. The paper first analyzed the impacts of current policies and practices on conserving the industrial heritage in Macao, then discovered whether the policies and practices are sufficient for conserving the authenticity and cultural significance, lastly future improvements were discussed to discover how Macao’s industrial heritage conservation could align with the industrial heritage conservation worldwide. Qualitative research approach was applied to gain background information and individuals’ perspectives on Macao’s industrial heritage conservation. The findings highlighted that current policies and practices enabled to increase in public awareness of Macao’s industrial heritage, but they were insufficient in conserving authenticity and cultural significance. To improve, the intangible value should be better presented and interpreted, also balancing the tourism market and the conservation of authenticity and cultural significance is crucial. Future research could focus on exploring the tension between tourism market and the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance of industrial heritage.

Keywords: Industrial heritage; Conservation; Policies; Practices; Macao.

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I want to express my deep gratitude to my family. Their support and encouragement have motivated me a lot, and their love and guidance have led me to become who I am today.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Johannes Widodo, for being my supervisor. I have learnt a lot from him during the research process. This opportunity allowed me to gain a deep understanding and new perspective on this field. I am truly fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from him.

I am deeply grateful to have discussed my research with Dr. Chin-Ee Ong. His professional experience and comments enabled me to obtain new understanding and knowledge in this field.

I also want to extend my appreciation to all the individuals who shared their time and opinions during the interviews. Their opinions have significant contributions to the research.

Lastly, I would like to thank to the people I met during my academic journey, Dr. Vicky Chen, my undergraduate and master’s classmates, thank you for being part of my life.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Issues/Problems ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Research Objectives and Scope ............................................................................................ 5 1.3. Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 6 1.5. Research Methods ................................................................................................................. 6 1.6. Significance of the Study ....................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................... 8

2.1. Policies and Practices of Industrial Heritage Conservation .................................................... 8 CHAPTER 3 – INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MACAO ............................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 4 – CASE STUDY 1 .................................................................................................................. 14

4.1. Iec Long Firecracker Factory ............................................................................................. 14 4.2. Conservation Policies and Practices Implemented .......................................................... 16 CHAPTER 5 – CASE STUDY 2 .................................................................................................................. 21

5.1. Lai Chi Vun Shipyards ......................................................................................................... 21

iii

5.2. Conservation Policies and Practices Implemented .......................................................... 23 CHAPTER 6 - METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................ 29

6.1. Qualitative Research Approach.......................................................................................... 29 6.2. Semi-Structured Interview ................................................................................................. 29 6.3. Document and Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 7 – DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................. 32

7.1. Demographic Profile ........................................................................................................... 32 7.2. Perspectives of Policies and Practices in Conserving Macao’s Industrial Heritage ...... 34 CHAPTER 8 - CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 45

8.1.

RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................. 45

8.2. Future Studies ..................................................................................................................... 46 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 47

Word Counts: 9,985

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Questions for Interview .................................................................................................. 30 Table 2: Demographic Profile ........................................................................................................ 32 Table 3: Identified Themes from Interviews. .......................................................................... 34

v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Former Iec Long Firecracker Factory Walkway .................................................. 19 Figure 2: The Echo of Firecrackers Exhibition ........................................................................ 19 Figure 3: Buffer Zone of Lai Chi Vun Shipyards ...................................................................... 25 Figure 4: Spaces for Holding Activities ...................................................................................... 26 Figure 5: Exhibition Hall of Lai Chi Vun Shipyards ............................................................... 27 Figure 6: Playground for Age of 6 to 14 ..................................................................................... 28 Figure 7: Playground for Age Below 6 ........................................................................................ 28

vi

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

Industrial heritage has become an important topic that received growing interest and attention in various aspects, including cultural heritage management, urban design, urban planning, urban regeneration, and sustainable development (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010; Lu et al., 2019; Arbab & Alborzi, 2022; Niu et al., 2018). It is believed that revitalization and reuse of industrial heritage help to enhance cultural heritage management through rejuvenating unused industrial buildings and sites and contribute to the more sustainable urban development (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010; Niu et al., 2018; Arbab & Alborzi, 2022). Therefore, this led to more unused and abandoned industrial buildings and sites undergoing revitalization and adopting contemporary functions nowadays. This suggests that conserving industrial heritage has appeared as an important concern worldwide due to its protection of urban history and culture and its contribution to sustainable development.

The increasing interest in industrial heritage is due to several reasons.

Firstly, revitalizing and reusing abandoned industrial buildings and sites could help to preserve not only the physical forms of the industrial sites, but also serve as a tool for documenting and presenting the urban history and culture as well as improving public understanding of industrialization (Sugden, 2018; Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010). Secondly, the implementation of adaptive reuse to industrial heritage could contribute to the regeneration and sustainable development of a place through an integrated and dynamic approach (Niu et al., 2018; Arbab & Alborzi, 2022). Moreover, in some cases, the conversion of industrial heritage into cultural and creative hubs has made industrial heritage become a tourist 1

attraction, such as the Beijing 798 Art Zone and the Shanghai M50, which helps to diversify and enhance the tourism activities of the places (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010; Niu et al., 2018). Additionally, such cultural and creative hubs provide more spaces for artists, and help to improve the development of the creative industry through the adaption of industrial buildings and sites (Chen et al., 2016). Therefore, industrial heritage is not only an asset that presents the industrialization of a place, but also serves as a key element for urban development and transformation.

The idea of conserving industrial heritage began with the concept of industrial archaeology (Hillinger et al., 2001). Industrial archaeology refers to studying the remains related to the Industrial Revolution Hudson (2014).

Moreover, Marilyn (2005) mentions that industrial archaeology is a multidisciplinary approach that helps to examine, interpret, and conserve the remains of the industrialization period1 associated with technological, economic, and social aspects. Thus, industrial archaeology investigates the technological, economic, and social relics of industrialization to interpret and present the relics as a way of preservation. The concept of industrial archaeology had grown in the second half of the 20th century in the West (Hillinger et al., 2001). This shows that industrial heritage conservation has a long history in Western context. In comparison, the concern of industrial heritage conservation started in the early 1990s in China (Lu et al., 2019; Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010). This reveals that the conservation of industrial heritage started quite late in China compared to the Western context.

Because of the growing interest in conservation and concerns about urban

1 The study of the remains of the industrialization since 1750.

2

development, the focus of industrial heritage conservation had been developed from industrial archaeology to industrial heritage management and the concept of reuse and tourism redevelopment of industrial heritage (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010; Hillinger et al., 2001; Lu et al., 2019). This suggests that the conservation of industrial heritage has moved to an increasing complexity and demands of this endeavor. Hence, charters, declarations, and policies for conserving and reusing industrial heritage were established (Lu et al., 2019; The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), 2003; Schilling, 2002; Cantell, 2005).

Moreover, adaptive reuse and revitalization are widely applied to convert industrial buildings and sites for tourism in various cities and countries (Ćopić et al., 2014; Tris, 2014; Cantell, 2015; Sugden, 2018). As restoring and reusing industrial heritage for tourism purposes could contribute to the revitalization of the cities, also enhance the development of the environment, economy, social, and cultural aspects (Ćopić & Tumarić, 2015; Ćopić et al., 2014). The conversion of industrial heritage into tourist attractions could help to present and interpret the modern history and culture of the places to the public and diversify the tourism products of the places. Thus, industrial heritage tourism could be a tool for contributing to the sustainable development.

1.1. ISSUES/PROBLEMS

Macao contains a variety of cultural heritage because of its unique history and culture. The Historic Centre of Macao was nominated and inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage in 2005 (Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.a). The successful nomination helped to eliminate the distance between cultural heritage and 3

Macao's residents and enhance public awareness of protecting Macao's cultural heritage. Thus, the attention and conservation efforts of Macao's cultural heritage have increased from both the local government and the citizens (Ong, 2009; Lao, 2022). Nonetheless, the conservation and management were mainly focused on World Heritage sites, Portuguese colonial buildings and sites, and Chinese architecture, including Chinese temples and mansions in Macao for decades (Ong, 2009). This reveals that Macao's heritage management tended to be selective.

Industrial heritage is also an important asset in Macao. Macao contains rich industrial history and culture, but it is being forgotten. Industrial production is a vital part of the modern history of Macao as it used to be an important industry that created job opportunities and generated high revenues in Macao, thus dominating Macao's economy in the past (Edmonds, 1986; Ong, 2009; Huang et al., 2024). Manifold types of manufacturing were established, including shipbuilding, firecrackers manufacturing, matchstick production, and incense making2 (Huang et al., 2024; Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014).

Nevertheless, due to the liberalization of gaming industry in Macao, more casino resorts were formed, which led to a rapid development of Macao's gaming industry (Ong, 2009). Also, urbanization and land pressure caused land use in Macao had changed (Edmonds & Kyle, 1998). Hence, this caused a decline in Macao's traditional industries, and led to the number of industrial buildings in Macao being decreased since many areas were converted into residential or commercial districts (Edmonds & Kyle, 1998). Thus, there are not many industrial buildings that still exist in Macao nowadays. It is significant to preserve Macao's

Shipbuilding, firecrackers manufacturing, matchstick production, and incense making were the four major traditional manufacturing industries in Macao.

2

4

industrial heritage to document and present the industrial past of Macao to the public and to memorize the social memory related to Macao's unique industrial culture.

1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

Macao has a significant industrial history and culture, so conserving its industrial heritage is necessary to protect its modern history. Moreover, by conserving the industrial heritage, which could help to encourage the sustainable development. Macao’s industrial heritage represents a more authentic history of Macao. Hence, it is essential to understand how Macao's industrial heritage is being conserved to form a more holistic heritage management in Macao. The purpose of this study is to explore how policies and practices in Macao contribute to industrial heritage conservation. Also, the impacts of the policies and practices for conserving Macao's industrial heritage will be discussed. To analyze whether Macao's current policies and practices are supportive enough for conserving Macao's industrial heritage, this paper focuses on examining two industrial heritage sites, which are the Iec Long Firecracker Factory and the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards. These two sites are selected because they are the few industrial heritage that still existed in Macao, also the sites represent two important manufacturing industries in Macao.

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How do the policies and practices of Macao heritage conservation contribute to the conservation of Macao’s industrial heritage?

2. Are existing policies and practices of Macao heritage conservation sufficient for conserving the authenticity and cultural significance of Macao’s industrial

5

heritage?

3. How could the conservation of Macao’s industrial heritage improve in the future?

1.4. LITERATURE REVIEW

In Chapter2, an in-depth literature review will be conducted to better understand the context and explore the policies and practices of industrial heritage. The definition of industrial heritage is going to be analyzed to understand how the concept of industrial heritage has evolved and the differences between the West and the East on industrial heritage. The policies and practices and their impact applied for conserving industrial heritage in different places would be investigated to gain a better understanding of how industrial heritage is being conserved.

1.5. RESEARCH METHODS

The research will use qualitative research approach to gain background information on Macao’s industrial heritage, relevant information on Macao’s heritage conservation policies and practices, and opinions on the conservation of Macao’s industrial heritage. Also, coding will be applied later to examine the collected opinions and categorized them into different themes, this part will be discussed and presented in Chapter 6.

1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Industrial heritage is an essential part of Macao's modern history and serves as an important element for promoting the sustainability of the city through

6

industrial heritage tourism. Thus, by analyzing the policies and practices of conserving industrial heritage in Macao, which allows the protectors of preserving Macao's heritage to understand the current situation of industrial heritage conservation in Macao, and gain a better understanding of elements that require improvement for conserving Macao's industrial heritage in the future. For instance, the Cultural Affairs Bureau could gain a deep understanding of the conservation efforts on Macao's industrial heritage. Hence, this helps the department to assess better any issues related to Macao's industrial heritage conservation and establish measures to improve such problems.

Furthermore, the heritage-related associations in Macao could understand the status of conserving Macao's industrial heritage, and better promote Macao's industrial heritage to the public. Also, the Macao Government Tourism Office, a government department in charge of Macao's tourism activities, could better manage industrial heritage for tourism activities, and promote industrial heritage tourism to tourists. Hence, this paper examines the policies and practices of Macao's industrial heritage conservation, which allows the government to better conserve and manage the industrial heritage and reuse it more appropriately to enhance the sustainability of the city.

Overall, this paper will provide a better understanding of how the policies and practices could contribute to the conservation of Macao's industrial heritage by analyzing the past and current policies and practices of Macao's heritage conservation. Therefore, individuals could gain an understanding of the current condition of industrial heritage conservation in Macao, and the effects of the implementation of the policies and practices for protecting the industrial heritage in Macao.

7

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW

The concept of industrial heritage varies in different contexts. This is because different countries have different industrialization processes, which have resulted in various types of industrial heritage being established (Yao, 2014). Thus, this influenced how industrial heritage is perceived in different countries. The definitions of industrial heritage mentioned earlier are more inclined towards the Western context. To better define industrial heritage in the Asian context, the Taipei Declaration for Asian Industrial Heritage highlights that "We recognize that industrial development in Asia is different from its counterparts in the West...The definition of industrial heritage in Asia should be broadened…" (TICCIH, 2012, III).

This states that the scope of Asia's industrial heritage is much wider because the industrial progression is different between Asia and the West. Therefore, the conservation of industrial heritage in Asian countries would be slightly different from that of Western countries.

2.1. POLICIES AND PRACTICES OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION The conservation of industrial heritage helps to enhance the environmental, social, and economic aspects of a city, which enables a better regeneration of the city and contributes to sustainable development (Arbab & Alborzi, 2022; Lu et al., 2019). This suggests that conserving industrial heritage is beneficial for sustainable development in various aspects. To preserve industrial heritage sustainably, policies that conserve it are crucial. TICCIH (2003) emphasizes that legal protection should consider the characteristics of industrial heritage because the nature of industrial heritage is somehow different from the general heritage.

8

Therefore, specific regulations and policies should be established for conserving industrial heritage.

Historic England developed the Industrial Heritage Strategy, which indicated the issues related to industrial heritage conservation in England, and measures were established to address the problems (Historic England, 2021). To ensure the industrial heritage is preserved in good condition through the planning process, public engagement is encouraged, and cooperation with local authorities, consultants, contractors, the development sector, owners, and others is highlighted (Historic England, 2021). Also, the importance of reusing industrial buildings and sites is mentioned and actions for reusing the industrial heritage sustainably are provided (Historic England, 2021). Additionally, it emphasizes the collaboration with public and private sectors (Historic England, 2021). This showcases that the conservation of industrial heritage involves a wide range of fields, which led to a variety of policies that could contribute to the conservation of industrial heritage.

Due to late development in industrial heritage conservation in China, the regulations and policies particularly for conserving China's industrial heritage are limited. Yao (2014) and Lu et al. (2019) state that the regulations of industrial heritage conservation in China is at the beginning stage and the industrial heritage is regulated based on the cultural heritage protection system of China. This means that there is no specific regulation or policy to rule and supervise the conservation of industrial heritage in China. Because industrial heritage shares similar characteristics to cultural relics, thereby the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics” is implemented to conserve China's industrial heritage with different levels of administrative regulation (Yao, 2014). The law allows the implementation of the aspects of classification, protection principles, 9

and legal liability directly to the industrial heritage listed in the legal protection units (Yao, 2014; Lu et al., 2019). Thus, this helps to better preserve the cultural significance of the industrial heritage and maintain it in good condition, including authenticity and integrity.

The practices also benefit the conservation of industrial heritage in numerous ways. Firstly, the practices of reusing industrial heritage enable to restore the heritage, which helps to improve the conditions of the buildings and sites and reused them effectively (Yao, 2014; Arbab & Alborzi, 2022). Secondly, reusing obsolete industrial buildings and sites enables them to survive from demolition or development (Sugden, 2018; Wong, 2024). Furthermore, the reuse practices also allow to record and demonstrate the industrial past and contribute to the cultural continuity (Liu et al., 2018; Arbab & Alborzi, 2022). Also, the reuse practices serve as a tool for urban regeneration since revitalizing industrial heritage could develop cultural and tourism activities, boost the economy, create a more prosperous community, and protect the urban fabric (Cantell, 2005; Arbab & Alborzi; 2022; Chen et al., 2016; Ćopić et al., 2014). Hence, this contributes to the achievement of sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental aspects.

Nonetheless, limitations still exist for the policies and practices implemented to conserve industrial heritage. For example, only heritage assets listed in the protection units are well preserved based on the cultural heritage protection system in China (Yao, 2014; Lu et al., 2019). However, heritage that could not be listed in the protection units also requires protection and management efforts (Yao, 2014). This means that there are still many industrial remains that could not receive good maintenance and conservation because they 10

have lower cultural significance than the heritage on the list. Furthermore, more industrial heritage has been converted to tourism purposes or spaces for the creative industry, this led to the establishment of tourist attractions, art communities, and commercial spaces in the industrial remains (Yao, 2014).

Nevertheless, tourism and commercial activities could somehow influence the cultural significance of the industrial remains (Xie, 2006). This is because reusing industrial heritage encountered changes, also the new uses could be controversial (Yao, 2014; Xie, 2006). Yao (2014) states that the history presented of the revitalized industrial heritage is sometimes selective as the presented history is nostalgic rather than authentic. Therefore, the ways of restoring and reusing the industrial heritage should be considered carefully to minimize any threats to the values and authenticity of the heritage.

11

CHAPTER 3 – INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MACAO

In Macao, the industrialization period began after the First Opium War (1842) because many refugees escaped to Macao (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014). This contributed to the industrial development of Macao because the investments in local industries had increased (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014).

Although there were numerous local industries appeared since the Portuguese settled in Macao, like cannon casting, printing, and weaving industries, the scale of local industries was limited at that time (Tam, n.d.; Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014). During Macao’s industrialization period, many manufacturing factories were constructed, including shipyards, textile factories, and firecracker factories (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014). Therefore, Macao's industrial heritage consists of remains related to Macao's industrialization and contain tangible and intangible values, including the shipyards, the factories, and the production skills and techniques associated with local industries. However, due to the significant shift in Macao's economy from the manufacturing industry to the gaming industry, a lot of industrial factories in Macao were closed and moved their operation to Mainland China (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014). Nowadays, not many industrial remains still exist in Macao. There are still two industrial sites that represent the glory of Macao's industrialization, which are the Iec Long Firecracker Factory and the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards.

There is an important regulation for conserving Macao's cultural heritage, which is the Macao Heritage Protection Law. This regulation was enacted in 2013 and was fully implemented in 2014. The law provides a framework for protecting tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Macao. This regulation was established 12

specifically to conserve Macao's cultural heritage, which also serves as a guide and regulator for the conservation of Macao's industrial heritage. Article 2 states that assets with significant cultural value in industrial or technical aspects could be considered heritage and should be protected (Printing Bureau, 2013). This reflects that the law plays an important role in conserving and managing industrial heritage in Macao.

Moreover, both industrial sites have a revitalization plan. To implement the plans on both sites, a programme called the "Winter Programme - One Cultural Base" was launched by the Cultural Affairs Bureau (Wong, 2024). The revitalization of the sites are two important projects within the programme (Wong, 2024; Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022b; Chan, 2023a). This programme aims to revitalize specific historical sites in Macao to enhance public awareness of Macao's distinctive heritage by introducing creative cultural tourism and leisure activities as well as innovative technologies through cooperation with the six integrated resorts of Macao (Wong, 2024). This means that the Cultural Affairs Bureau partnered with the six integrated resorts to rejuvenate the sites by repurposing them for tourism and leisure activities to attract tourists and enhance their understanding of Macao's cultural fabric.

13

CHAPTER 4 – CASE STUDY 1

4.1. IEC LONG FIRECRACKER FACTORY

The Iec Long Firecracker Factory is the only existing firecracker factory site in Macao nowadays. The firecracker manufacturing factory is one of the earliest traditional industries that appeared in Macao (Huang et al., 2024). The first firecracker factory was found in Macao as early as 1863, and most firecracker factories were in Macao Peninsula at that time (Lai, 2010; Lai, 2013; Chan, 2009, Macao Memory, 2019c). However, it was a dangerous industry because of the nature of firecrackers, so gunpowder explosion accidents occurred frequently in the factories (Lai, 2010; Lai, 2013; Chan, 2009, Macao Memory, 2019c). Since Macao Peninsula was an area where most of the local residents lived and worked there at that time, to minimize the impacts of the gunpowder explosion accidents and the large number of deaths caused by it, the Macao Portuguese Government forced all the firecracker factories to relocate in the Taipa Island, which was a rural area in the past (Lai, 2013; Chan, 2009, Macao Memory, 2019c; Ong, 2009). This led to the establishment of the Iec Long Firecracker Factory in Taipa in 1928 (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010).

The site is the best-preserved firecracker factory site in South China currently (Lai, 2013). Nowadays, the site retains some parts of the original buildings and facilities, which demonstrates the process of manufacturing and producing firecracker in the past in Macao (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2020). Also, the layout illustrates the design and technology of Macao's industrial production and safety in the 20th century (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2020). Therefore, the site is a significant asset that reflects the physical appearance of a firecracker factory 14

during 20th century, also presents the skills and technology of Macao's traditional industrial manufacturing industry. Moreover, because all the firecracker factories were relocated to Taipa, which made such an industry dominated the economy of Taipa, and many people involved in the process of manufacturing firecracker, including adults and children, male and female (Lai, 2010; Lai, 2013; Chan, 2009, Macao Memory, 2019c). As a result, the firecracker industry became the collective memory of residents, especially the former workers of the firecracker factories, which included different ages of people. Due to the high expenditure on manufacturing firecrackers and the fall in demand in the 1970s, the firecracker factories were gradually demolished in Macao, with only some parts of the Iec Long Firecracker Factory remaining (Lai, 2010; Lai, 2013; Chan, 2009, Macao Memory, 2019c). Hence, the site is an important industrial heritage in Macao as it records and presents the memory related to Macao’s firecracker industry and represents the industrial past and culture of Macao. Also, the site serves as a testimony of how Macao’s economy changed its focus from industrial production to gaming industry.

The factory stopped operating in 1984 due to a shift in economy and environment (AllAbout Macau Media, 2022a). Then, the ownership of the land of the site was transferred to the Nossa Senhora da Esperança Development Limited Company (Son Pou, 2016). The company applied to the government to construct commercial and residential buildings on the land or exchange the land with other land, but the agreement between the company and the Portuguese Macau Government could not be reached (Son Pou, 2016). Later in 2015, the Iec Long Firecracker Factory land exchange incident occurred and collusion between officials and businessmen was exposed (Son Pou, 2016; AllAboutMacau Media, 15

2015). Hence, investigation was conducted by Macao Commission Against Corruption to discover such case (AllAboutMacau, 2017). The decision was made by the Chief Executive of Macao to declare the land exchange procedure of the site extinguished and the land would belong to the government between 2016 and 2017(AllAboutMacau, 2017). The company appealed but was dismissed by the Court of Final Appeal in 2021 (GPTUI, 2021). Therefore, the land of the site now belongs to the Macao Government, and measures are taken by the government and a casino resort to conserve and revitalize the site.

4.2. CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED

The site was in poor condition after it was closed and stopped operating.

For example, the buildings and facilities of the site collapsed or were at risk because they were seriously damaged by termites and weather (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010). This was mainly because of insufficient maintenance and poor management (Zhu & Pinheiro, 2010). To conserve the site and improve its condition, the Cultural Affairs Bureau communicated with the stakeholders of the site to negotiate the protection approaches of the site (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2016). The site carried out structural repairs and environmental remediation between 2012 and 2013, but only the important buildings and severely damaged areas were repaired (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2016). Such protection efforts were conducted based on the Protection of Buildings, Landscapes and Cultural Properties Act, which was then repealed by the Macao Heritage Protection Law. (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2016; Printing Bureau, 1984).

After the Macao Heritage Protection Law was promulgated and implemented in 2014, the conservation efforts of the site have been strengthened.

16

According to Article 29, the Cultural Affairs Bureau could require the owners of the site to conduct mandatory maintenance works to maintain the site in good condition (Printing Bureau, 2013). Hence, the Cultural Affairs Bureau sent letters twice to request the stakeholders of the site to enhance the management of the site and prune trees and weeds regularly to improve the environment and sanitary conditions of the site (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2016). Additionally, the law also allows the Cultural Affairs Bureau to conduct regular inspections of the site to preserve and maintain the environment of the site (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2016).

Therefore, any issues with the site could be discovered and solved under the supervision of the Cultural Affairs Bureau, which helps to strengthen the authenticity and preserve the cultural significance of the site. This means that the law enables to protect and maintain the site in good condition through regular monitoring.

A revitalization plan was proposed by the Cultural Affairs Bureau to restore and rejuvenate the site. Before establishing the revitalization plan, an assessment was conducted by the Cultural Affairs Bureau to evaluate the possibility of revitalizing the site (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2019). The assessment included investigating the total area, land composition, and ownership of the site in detail, also the conditions of the internal buildings and environment as well as the natural environment of the site were examined and documented (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2019; Exmoo News, 2019; AllAboutMacau Media, 2022; Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022a). Such a deep investigation and research contributed to a detailed revitalization plan for the site.

The revitalization plan aims to revitalize the site into an urban park offering education about Macao's firecracker industry and leisure activities (Cultural 17

Affairs Bureau, 2022a). First, it mentions the initial actions that need to be conducted before revitalizing the site, including cleaning up the garbage, weeds, and sewage, also enhancing the structure of some buildings, and removing additional alterations (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022a). Second, it suggests that there is a need to study the natural ecological landscape of the site to better restore the landscape of the site (AllAboutMacau Media, 2023a). Since the landscape is one of the character-defining elements of the site (AllAboutMacau Media, 2022), the research would allow to explore appropriate measures for restoration to retain and enhance the cultural significance. Furthermore, it describes how the site should be revitalized in detail. It states that 20% of the entire area of the site would be revitalized in the first stage, also the buildings, landscape, layout, and ecology of the site would be restored and preserved (AllAboutMacau Media, 2022; Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022a). A walkway would be created on the site to provide a safe visiting trail for visitors to explore the site (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022a). In terms of activities, three buildings would be restored to provide suitable areas for exhibitions and workshops, a visitor information center, a cultural and creative gift shop, and a cafe (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022a).

The revitalization of the site was conducted by Sands China (Chan, 2023b).

Sands China aimed to rejuvenate the site by integrating various cultural, art, technology, and leisure elements to provide a special visitor experience and enhance visitors' understanding of the site (Sands China, 2025). Hence, the “Former Iec Long Firecracker Factory Walkway” (Figure 1) was constructed.

18

Figure 1. Former Iec Long Firecracker Factory Walkway.

Source: Author (2025).

The walkway is 400 meters long, which visitors could experience Macao's unique industrial past and culture and the natural environment of the site when walking on the walkway (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022b). Moreover, “The Echo of Firecrackers – Exhibition of the History of Macao Firecracker Industry” (Figure 2) is held. It is a permanent exhibition to interpret the history of the site and the firecracker industry, also multimedia guided tours were implemented (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022b; Wong, 2024). Additionally, a souvenir shop was set up to sell local cultural and creative products (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2022b).

Figure 2. The Echo of Firecrackers Exhibition.

Source: Author (2025).

19

Such a practice of revitalizing the site preserved and presented the historic and natural fabrics (Wong, 2024), which could enhance the conservation of the key attributes. This helps to protect the memories, historical structures, and the natural landscape of the site, and contributes to conserving the values of the site and maintaining its authenticity. Moreover, the walkway enhances visitors' experience by allowing them to discover the historic and natural features, also the exhibition enables visitors to gain a better understanding of Macao's industrial past and culture by offering multimedia elements and interactive experience. Thus, this helps to contribute to conserving Macao's industrial heritage because presentation and interpretation are important parts of conservation. Additionally, Wong (2024) discovered that multimedia elements have become an important feature that attracts many visitors to the site. This suggests that integrating innovative technologies into a historical site helps to rejuvenate the site to be more energetic, and present and interpret the history more creatively. Hence, this could attract more people to visit and learn more about the history of the site and would lead to an increase in public awareness of the significance of Macao's industrial heritage.

20

CHAPTER 5 – CASE STUDY 2

5.1. LAI CHI VUN SHIPYARDS

The shipbuilding industry is another important traditional industry in Macao. The first shipyard in Macao could be traced back to the Qing Dynasty (Ong, 2009). To support the development of Macao's fishing industry, more and more shipyards were built (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014; Macao Memory, 2019d).

The shipbuilding industry was still thriving in the mid-20th century in Macao, so the establishment of shipyards was expanded to Lai Chi Van in Coloane (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014; Macao Memory, 2019d). The Lai Chi Vun Shipyards used to be called Lai Chi Van3, and those shipyards were constructed in the 1950s (Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b). Macao's shipbuilding industry was growing rapidly between the 1930s and 1990s and caused this industry to become an important part of Macao's economy during that time (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014; Macao Memory, 2019d; Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b). However, because of the decline of the local fishing industry and the competition with Mainland China rivals, many shipyards were closed or demolished (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014; Macao Memory, 2019d; Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b). In 2006, the shipyards were closed and left abandoned (Ong, 2009; Kuan, 2018; Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018).

Moreover, the site experienced the historical and economic changes of Macao. This group of shipyards witnessed the past urban development of Macao (Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b). This is because the shipbuilding industry boosted

3

“Van” in Chinese means bay, so this means that the shipyards were built along the bay.

21

the development of related industries, like the timber industry (Huang & Cheng, 1994; Tang, 2014; Macao Memory, 2019d). For example, there were two wood mills factories located in the Lai Chi Vun Village in the past (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018). This reflects that the site is important evidence that represents the urban development and industrialization in Macao. Also, this industry used to dominate the economy of Macao (Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b), but due to the competitive market and economic shift, the site experienced significant economic changes. This suggests that the site plays a key role in the evolution of Macao’s modern history and economy.

Similarly to the firecracker industry, the shipbuilding industry also retains collective memory. As the shipbuilding industry affected people’s livelihood and lifestyle. For example, the site influenced the shipbuilders, workers and their families’ income and lifestyle in Lai Chi Vun Village (Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b).

This group of shipyards represents the glory of Macao's shipbuilding industry and reveals the unique history and culture of Macao's industrialization. Moreover, the site contains significant cultural value because it represents the shipbuilding technique in the middle and late 20 th century (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018). Also, it is an important character of the landscape of Lai Chi Vun Village as it serves as a connection between the manmade and the natural environment (Cultural Affairs Bureau, n.d.b). Although the shipyards are not functioning for shipbuilding nowadays, they still serve as important relics that document the physical forms and public memory of Macao's shipbuilding industry and present Macao's industrial culture.

The site includes eighteen factories, including fifteen shipyards, two wood mills factories and one lime factory (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018). In 2018, the 22

Lai Chi Vun Shipyards was inscribed on the list of Macao’s Classified Immovable Properties (Kuan, 2018). Nowadays, the government is responsible for the conservation of the site, also revitalization was conducted by cooperating with a casino resort.

5.2. CONSERVATION POLICIES AND PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED

The Lai Chi Vun Shipyards stopped operating in 2006 (Ong, 2009; Kuan, 2018; Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018). Since then, the site was in poor condition, particularly the structure of the shipyards was poorly threatened. According to AllAboutMacau Media (2016), there was a shipyard in Lai Chi Vun Village at risk because one of the beams supporting the roof was tilted, which resulted in the timber structure of the shipyard being severely bent. In addition, a site assessment was conducted to evaluate the condition of the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards in 2016, and was discovered that all the shipyards were in poor condition due to lack of maintenance (Kuan, 2018). Hence, this shows that the shipyards were in danger of collapse.

In 2017, the Macao Government decided to demolish the site because of its poor condition (Kuan, 2018). To conserve the site and secure it from demolition, several local associations in Coloane submitted a petition to request the Cultural Affairs Bureau to undergo the classification procedure of the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018). According to the Macao Heritage Protection Law, the classification procedure allows immovable properties with cultural significance to be classified as Macao's Classified Immovable Properties (Printing Bureau, 2013). This means that the immovable properties could be considered heritage and protected by the law.

23

As the site contains unique characteristics and the petition conformed with the law, the Cultural Affairs Bureau initiated the classification procedure to assess the cultural significance of the site (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018). The Cultural Affairs Bureau also invited the public to participate in the classification procedure by holding numerous public consultation sessions (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018).

The hosting of public consultation is also a requirement of the law, which indicates that the public consultation must be conducted for at least 30 days (Printing Bureau, 2013). This showcases that the law enables both government departments and the public to participate in conserving Macao's cultural heritage.

After conducting the classification procedure, the site was inscribed as Macao's Classified Immovable Properties in 2018 (Kuan, 2018). To better preserve and present the classified immovable properties, a buffer zone could be set up based on the law (Printing Bureau, 2013). Thus, a buffer zone (Figure 3) was established (Printing Bureau, 2018). It allows to conserve the surroundings of the site, maintaining its landscape, and preserving its unique atmosphere. This reflects that the law enables to protect the site and its surroundings. Hence, the tangible and intangible elements could be protected, and contribute to conserving the cultural significance of the site.

24

Figure 3. Buffer Zone of Lai Chi Vun Shipyards.

Source: Modified from Lai Chi Vun Shipyards Immovable Property Assessment Public Consultation (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018).

A revitalization plan was also established to conserve the site. The aims of the plan are to present the history of the site and traditional shipbuilding techniques, as well as create spaces for cultural and creative activities (AllAboutMacau, 2018a). Strict requirements for revitalization are mentioned, including height limit, use of materials, and consideration of architectural features, colours, structure, and layout of the site (AllAboutMacau, 2018a; AllAboutMacau, 2018b).

Furthermore, the plan states that the revitalization would be divided into two stages. It suggests restoring the shipyards located at lots X11 to X15 and X19 first, as the conditions of such shipyards are much better than the others (AllAboutMacau Media, 2020). Those shipyards would be transferred into spaces for the cultural and creative markets, leisure activities, multi-functional activities, and an exhibition hall (AllAboutMacau Media, 2020). Then, the shipyards located

25

at lots X5 to X6 or lots X7 to X8 will be converted into a synthetic ice rink, an innovative urban farm, and a creative art display and performance area in the second stage to introduce different cultural elements and elements that the residents are interested into the site (AllAboutMacau Media, 2023b). Additionally, a cultural bookshop and a cafe will be established as well (AllAboutMacau Media, 2023b). This shows that the site would be adopted for multiple purposes in the future, particularly focusing on cultural, creative, leisure, and tourism activities.

The revitalization is also undertaken by one of the six integrated resorts of Macao, which is the Galaxy Entertainment Group (GSASC, 2024). The company aims to revitalize the site for cultural and recreational purposes with a theme of Macao's shipbuilding industry (China Global Television Network, 2024). This suggests that the newly added features and facilities of the site are mainly served for cultural and leisure activities. Moreover, the revitalization practice created a comfortable atmosphere. For example, the site now contains an exhibition area, a playground for children, and spaces (Figure 4) for workshops, markets, performances, and leisure activities (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2024). This reflects that the site offers various recreational elements for visitors to enjoy and experience.

Figure 4. Spaces for Holding Activities.

Source: Author (2025).

26

The exhibition area (Figure 5) adapts various technological elements to illustrate and explain the history of Macao's shipbuilding industry and shipbuilding techniques, including video, VR, and AR technology (China Global Television Network, 2024). This reflects that the significance of the shipbuilding industry could be presented and interpreted in a more interesting way as the use of technology provides visitors with an interactive educational experience, which helps to increase their awareness of the industry.

Figure 5. Exhibition Hall of Lai Chi Vun Shipyards.

Source: Author (2025).

Apart from the exhibition area, there are spaces for entertainment and leisure activities. For example, a Christmas market was held, including booths for games, food, cultural and creative businesses, and arts and cultural performances (Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2024). Also, playgrounds (Figure 6 & Figure 7) for different ages of children were constructed. This reflects that the site is mainly used for recreational activities as most spaces were transferred for such activities.

27

Figure 6. Playground for Age of 6 to 14.

Source: Author (2025).

Figure 7. Playground for Age Below 6.

Source: Author (2025).

28

CHAPTER 6 - METHODOLOGY

6.1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH

The qualitative research approach is adopted in this study. As such research method allows researchers to gather subjective opinions, which contributes to the analysis of social phenomena and allows researchers to further delve into their research perspectives (Teherani et al., 2015; Pathak et al., 2013). Due to the objectives of this paper, the findings should be about individuals' perspectives or experiences, which could not be quantified. Qualitative research could answer the questions of 'how' and 'why' (Tuffour, 2017), so qualitative research is implemented in this paper rather than quantitative research.

6.2. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW

To collect subjective opinions and experiences, semi-structured interview is applied. This allows to ask open-ended questions (Adam, 2015), which helps researchers to collect a wide range of relevant content and investigate the topic in depth. By asking open-ended questions in this study, which enables to explore the implementation of policies and practices for conserving industrial heritage in Macao and achieve the research objectives.

To obtain a deep understanding of how policies and practices contributed to conserving industrial heritage in Macao, questions about people's perceptions of the policies and practices used to conserve industrial heritage, the impacts of applying the policies and practices for conserving industrial heritage, and challenges of conserving industrial heritage in terms of policies and practices are discovered. Table 1 illustrates the questions asked in the interviews.

29

Table 1. Questions for Interview.

Questions 1.

Do you know anything about Macao’s industrial heritage, yes or no? If yes, could you please elaborate?

2.

Could you give some examples of Macao’s industrial heritage?

3.

Do you know how Macao’s industrial heritage is conserved? If yes, could you please elaborate?

4.

In your opinion, how could such conservation methods impact Macao’s industrial heritage?

5.

In your opinion, how do Macao’s current policies benefit the conservation of industrial heritage in Macao?

6.

Do you think Macao’s current policies are enough to conserve Macao’s industrial heritage? Yes or no, why?

7.

Macao’s industrial heritage has been revitalized and reused in recent years.

In your opinion, how do such practices help to conserve industrial heritage in Macao?

8.

Do you think such practices are sufficient for conserving Macao’s industrial heritage? Yes or no, why?

9.

In your opinion, what challenges would be encountered when conserving Macao's industrial heritage in the future?

10. In your opinion, is there anything that could be improved for the conservation of Macao’s industrial heritage in terms of policies and practices? Yes or no, why?

Characteristics of interviewees

30

11. What is your occupation?

12. What is the highest qualification(s) have you completed? (Primary school or below, High school, College/University or above) 13. How old are you? (For example, 18-24; 25-35; 36-55; Over 55) 14. Gender: Female/Male?

Source: By Author 6.3. DOCUMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS

Document analysis and data analysis are applied to analyze and understand the collected data, including physical and electronic evidence and interview data.

Document analysis helps to explore the context of the research topics, which allows researchers to gain a better understanding of the settings and previous and current situations of their research (Bowen, 2009). Moreover, using data analysis allows to discover the relevant information for the research and facilitates the elaboration of the information through coding (Deterding & Waters, 2021).

Therefore, by implementing document and data analysis, which enables to gain an understanding of the background of the study and explains the observed phenomena and relevant information in detail.

31

CHAPTER 7 – DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

7.1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

In this study, there were fifteen interviewees in total. There are two respondents aged over 55, six are between 36-55, four are between 25-35, and three are between 18-24. This reflects that different age groups' perspectives on Macao's industrial heritage conservation were collected in this study. All respondents have a degree from college/university graduate school or above. Most have basic understanding of Macao's industrial heritage and mentioned the two selected case studies, but a few of them did not know much about what Macao's industrial heritage is and its conservation.

Table 2. Demographic Profile.

Gender 1

2

Female

Female

Age 36-55

25-35

Occupation Social worker

Social worker

3

Female

36-55

Event coordinator

4

Female

25-35

Social worker

5

Female

25-35

Social worker

32

Education Background College/University graduate school or above College/University graduate school or above College/University graduate school or above College/University graduate school or above College/University graduate school or above

6

Female

36-55

Event coordinator

College/University graduate school or above

7

Female

36-55

Event coordinator

College/University graduate school or above

8

Female

36-55

Psychological

College/University graduate

counselor

school or above College/University graduate

9

Female

18-24

Event coordinator

school or above College/University graduate

10

Female

18-24

Flight attendant

school or above College/University graduate

11

Male

Over 55

Retirees

12

Female

Over 55

Civil servant

13

Female

18-24

14

15

Male

Male

25-35

36-55

school or above College/University graduate school or above

Self-employed

College/University graduate

person

school or above

Student

College/University graduate school or above

University

College/University graduate

Professor

school or above

Source: By Author

33

7.2. PERSPECTIVES OF POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN CONSERVING MACAO’S INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

Table 3 illustrates three identified themes with interviewees’ quotations.

The identified themes were coded according to the information obtained from interviews. The three identified themes reflected interviewees’ perspectives on the policies and practices for conserving Macao’s industrial heritage. Overall, the theme “Increase public awareness of Macao’s industrial history and culture” showcases how the policies and practices contributed to the conservation of industrial heritage in Macao, and the themes “Lack of authenticity”, and “Insufficient demonstration on the cultural significance” reflect whether current policies and practices are sufficient to conserve the authenticity and cultural significance of Macao’s industrial heritage. The following section will discuss the three identified themes in detail.

Table 3. Identified Themes from Interviews.

Identified themes

Interviewees’ Quotations

Increase public

1. (The sites) Help our future generations know such

awareness of

history of Macao through the industrial heritage.

Macao’s industrial history and culture

2. (The sites) Allow Macao’s citizens to understand (Macao’s industrial history).

3. I can bring children (to visit the sites) and know about such history of Macao.

4. (The sites) Allow citizens and tourists to enhance their understanding (of Macao’s industrial history and culture).

5. The revitalization (of the sites) attracts many people to visit, which allows them to know about Macao’s (traditional) industries…

34

6. The conservation helps to retain the buildings and presents the (industrial) history…

Lack of authenticity

1. For example, the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards, the revitalization made the site very different (from its original).

2. (The site) Became very modern and relaxed now, but too beautiful…it’s like losing its original meaning.

3. It seems that the revitalization of the firecracker

(factory) has no connection with the firecracker (industry).

4. It’s more like a tourist attraction (other than a heritage asset).

5. (I think) The revitalization somehow affected the original appearance (of the sites), and damaged the authenticity.

6. The revitalization helps to attract tourists, also commercial activities are conducted, but this also threatens the heritage due to tourism and commercialization…

Insufficient demonstration on

1. We don’t know much about what industrial heritage is, (I think) it needs more promotion in this aspect.

the cultural

2. (I think it) Added too many new elements (to revitalize

significance

the site), which made it unlike its original (appearance) and its significance is also hidden.

3. The physical forms (of the sites) are well protected, but the core value didn’t present (to the public), like the techniques for shipbuilding or firecracker manufacturing…this cannot help people to understand the intangible aspects of the sites.

4. The museum of the shipyards could not give me deep understanding of the shipbuilding industry as I have no connection with the exhibits…I think more technological

35

elements could be provided to enhance visitors’ awareness through interactive experience.

5. The conservation (of industrial heritage) is mainly for tourism purposes.

6. (I think) The information is not rich…it needs more related information of the industries should be provided (on sites).

7. (I think) Current revitalization (practices) could not showcase the uniqueness of the sites.

8. (The revitalization) Is not attractive as it can’t show the uniqueness (of the sites), so more information or special elements should be added.

9. The content of the (firecracker) museum is not interpretative enough.

Source: By Author 7.2.1. Impacts of Macao’s Policies and Practices of Industrial Heritage Conservation The implementation of the Macao Heritage Protection Law and the revitalization practices helps to conserve both sites to some extent. According to the obtained data, there is a significant contribution to the conservation of Macao’s industrial heritage through implementing such policies and practices, which is increasing public awareness of Macao’s industrial history and culture.

7.2.1.1. Increase public awareness of Macao’s industrial history and culture There were ten respondents highlighted that the policies and practices help to enhance their awareness of Macao’s traditional industries. For example, one respondent stated, “The conservation helps to retain the buildings and presents the (industrial) history…” (10). Moreover, seven interviewees mentioned that such policies and practices for conserving the sites allow their children and future

36

generations to understand Macao’s industrial past and culture. For instance, two respondents said, “I can bring children (to visit the sites) and know about such history of Macao” (6) & (7). Also, one interviewee mentioned, “(The sites) Help our future generations know such history of Macao through the industrial heritage” (3). Additionally, an interviewee mentioned, “(The sites) Allow citizens and tourists to enhance their understanding (of Macao’s industrial history and culture)” (5) and one said, “The revitalization (of the sites) attracts many people to visit, which allows them to know about Macao’s (traditional) industries…” (9). This suggests that the policies and practices implemented to conserve Macao’s industrial heritage allow both the locals and tourists to gain an understanding of Macao’s industrialization.

The data reflected that the key impact of implementing the policies and practices of conserving Macao’s industrial heritage is enhancing public awareness of Macao’s industrial history and culture. The policies and practices allow to present and promote Macao’s industrial history and culture. The law helped to protect the physical forms of the sites, so the public could visit and experience the sites physically. Also, the revitalization practices enabled to repurpose and transfer the industrial sites for multiple purposes, such as offering multimedia and technological elements and playgrounds. This reflects that Macao’s industrial heritage could be reached to a wide range of audiences. The public could obtain relevant information on Macao’s industrial history and culture by visiting the sites.

Therefore, this enables to increase public awareness of Macao’s industrialization, including adults, children, locals, and tourists.

7.2.2. Little Contribution to Conserving Authenticity and Cultural Significance of Macao's Industrial Heritage 37

Although the policies and practices help to enhance public awareness of Macao’s industrial past and culture, it seems that they are still insufficient for conserving the authenticity and cultural significance of the industrial heritage in Macao. The interviews discovered that the law and the revitalization practices had somehow threatened the authenticity and cultural significance of Macao’s industrial heritage. Thus, this caused the industrial heritage to be less authentic and the cultural significance was not well-conserved.

7.2.2.1. Lack of authenticity The research investigated that the policies and practices are not supportive enough to conserve the authenticity of the sites. There are six respondents emphasized that both sites had lost their authenticity due to the revitalization practices. One interviewee stated, “(The site) Became very modern and relaxed now, but too beautiful…it’s like losing its original meaning” (8), also another interviewee said, “It seems that the revitalization of the firecracker (factory) has no connection with the firecracker (industry)” (6). This suggests that the revitalization practices had somehow damaged the authenticity of the two sites since the sites have become so modern that visitors could hardly experience the authentic atmosphere of the sites. Moreover, it is highlighted that the newly adopted functions of the sites have also affected the authenticity. For instance, two interviewees mentioned that repurposing the industrial heritage for tourism purposes has affected the authenticity of the sites. One respondent highlighted, “It’s more like a tourist attraction (other than a heritage asset)” (4). Also, one interviewee explained, “The revitalization helps to attract tourists, also commercial activities are conducted, but this also threatens the heritage due to tourism and commercialization…” (14). This showcases that the tourism and commercial 38

activities that occurred on the two sites have also led to a loss of authenticity of the sites.

This paper emphasizes that current policies and practices are not sufficient for conserving the authenticity of Macao’s industrial heritage. Because the law enables to conserve the physical forms of the sites and helps preserve the industrial heritage from demolition or development, but it is not effective enough in conserving the authenticity of the sites. Moreover, the industrial heritage sites have become too new and modern after revitalization. This happened because the Cultural Affairs Bureau and the casino resorts aimed to convert the sites for tourism and leisure purposes. Therefore, many irrelevant elements and facilities were added because such entertainment and leisure facilities could attract more visitors. Hence, this has damaged the authenticity of the sites.

The research reflected that only the exhibition areas showcase the authentic history of the sites and their traditional industries, and the exhibition areas occupied only a small proportion of the sites. Most areas are for leisure activities, including café, playgrounds, a souvenir shop, performance spaces, and spaces for holding markets and exhibiting artworks. This means that the revitalization focused more on providing recreational experiences. Thus, it seems that the revitalization has nothing to do with conserving authenticity. This reflects that the authenticity of the sites is somehow hidden or even demolished.

Furthermore, both sites are promoted as tourist attractions by the government. This is because the government is trying to diversify its tourism resources to attract more tourists to visit Macao for Macao’s history and culture other than gaming and casinos. This reflects that the sites have become a tourism resource, and tourism activities have increased on both sites. Nonetheless, it is 39

discovered that the increasing tourism activities have threatened the authenticity of the sites. Because the tourists view the sites as tourist attractions and ignore the fact that they are significant industrial heritage of Macao. Also, transferring the industrial heritage for tourism uses has led to an increase in commercial activities.

Thus, this caused the authenticity of the sites to be hidden as the authentic parts are covered by tourism and commercial activities. This reflects that the revitalization put more efforts on repurposing the sites for tourism, leisure, and commercial purposes, whereas lost its focus on conserving the authenticity.

Therefore, the authenticity of Macao’s industrial heritage is not well-conserved as the policies and practices are in support of tourism development rather than for conserving the authenticity of the heritage assets.

7.2.2.2. Insufficient demonstration on the cultural significance The research suggests that the conservation of cultural significance of Macao’s industrial heritage is weak. There are nine interviewees mentioned that the policies and practices could not help them understand the cultural significance of the two sites as it was not well presented to the public. For example, one respondent explained, “(I think it) Added too many new elements (to revitalize the site), which made it unlike its original (appearance) and its significance is also hidden” (3), also another respondent said, “The physical forms (of the sites) are well protected, but the core value didn’t present (to the public), like the techniques for shipbuilding or firecracker manufacturing…this cannot help people to understand the intangible aspects of the sites” (10). This reflects that the policies and practices only provide a good physical environment for visitors to experience but are insufficient for visitors to explore the intangible aspects of the sites indepth. Moreover, five interviewees highlighted that the information offered on the 40

two sites could not help them to understand the uniqueness of the sites. This is because the experience provided is not informative and interpretive enough for visitors to gain a deep understanding of the sites. For instance, one respondent said, “The museum of the shipyards could not give me a deep understanding of the shipbuilding industry as I have no connection with the exhibits” (11). Hence, this affected visitors’ perceptions of the significance of Macao’s industrial heritage.

By analyzing the policies and practices for conserving the two sites and the data collected from the interviews, which discovered that the policies enabled to protect the sites physically, such as the appearance and the setting, and the practices allowed to revitalize the sites by adding new facilities and elements.

Nevertheless, in terms of cultural significance, current policies and practices are insufficient to conserve the cultural significance of the industrial heritage. The main reason for insufficient conservation of the cultural significance is because cultural significance consists of both tangible and intangible values. However, the intangible parts of the sites are not well presented and interpreted.

Although multimedia and technological elements are utilized on both sites for presentation and enhancing visitors’ experience, such a way is not supportive enough for visitors to understand the cultural significance of Macao’s industrial heritage. As the demonstration and interpretation are focusing on showcasing the history of the industries rather than the cultural significance of the sites. Also, the intangible aspects of the sites are missing in the interpretation, such as the workers’ lives. Therefore, this reflects that the demonstration of the cultural significance of Macao’s industrial heritage is insufficient. This affected the public understanding of why such industrial heritage sites are significant in Macao's culture as people could not explore the uniqueness of the sites due to insufficient 41

demonstration of the intangible values of the heritage. As a result, this has impacted the conservation of the cultural significance of the industrial heritage.

Since the insufficient demonstration of the cultural significance means that people will keep forgetting the cultural significance of the sites and perceive the sites as places for leisure and tourism only, then the cultural significance of the sites will disappear one day in the future if no action is taken to enhance the demonstration of the intangible values.

7.2.3. Future Improvements of Macao’s Industrial Heritage Conservation Currently, the law and the revitalization help to increase public awareness of Macao’s industrial heritage. This shows that some efforts are put to conserve Macao’s industrial heritage but are not enough. Moreover, this paper discovered that the policies and practices have a low contribution to Macao’s industrial heritage conservation. It seems that current policies and practices only contributed to the physical protection of the sites and transferred the sites into tourist attractions in a way of supports Macao’s tourism development. They are insufficient in conserving authenticity and cultural significance. To better conserve the authenticity and cultural significance of the industrial heritage, further improvements are needed.

One of the factors that caused insufficient conservation of authenticity and cultural significance is lack of interpretative information on the sites. Multimedia and technological elements were used to illustrate and explain the history and key attributes. However, such demonstrations and interpretations are not informative and interpretative for the public to understand the uniqueness of the sites.

Moreover, only the tangible elements are shown and interpreted, the intangible aspects are still hidden and not being demonstrated.

42

To tackle such an issue, multimedia and technological elements should be applied to present and interpret the intangible aspects of the sites to provide a more informative interpretative experience for the public. In recent years, digital technology has been widely applied to promote industrial heritage and enhance visitor experience because it presents the cultural value of industrial heritage effectively. Because such tools allow to educate people about the cultural significance by offering interactive and informative learning experiences (Hain et al., 2016). This suggests that using VR and AR helps to provide a better learning experience for visitors, thereby enhancing their understanding of the cultural significance of the industrial heritage. Therefore, digital technology enables the public to better understand the industrial heritage effectively through providing a more interactive and immersive experience.

Another factor that influenced the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance is tourism. The government aimed to repurpose the sites for tourism to diversify Macao’s tourism products and boost the economy. Also, the casino resorts that are responsible for the revitalization of the two sites tried to convert the sites for tourism activities to attract tourists to visit and generate revenues. Nonetheless, this led to irrelevant elements being adopted and the increase in commercial activities on the sites. Such irrelevant elements include playgrounds, café, souvenir shops, and art performances, which have no connection with either the firecracker or the shipbuilding industry. Such elements and facilities have threatened the authenticity and cultural value of the sites.

However, having tourism activities is crucial for the sites as tourism serves to attract people’s attention so that people can know the existence of Macao’s industrial heritage. Therefore, it is essential to balance the relationship between 43

tourism activities and the conservation of industrial heritage in Macao.

There are several industrial heritage sites were transferred to tourist attractions worldwide. Macao could use such examples as references to establish a more inclusive method to achieve the balance. Emscher Park in Germany is a representative example that showcases how tourism activities could be conducted while demonstrating the authenticity and cultural significance (Ćopić et al., 2014).

Moreover, it seems that the Macao Government tried to create a creative cluster by reusing the industrial heritage sites. Many industrial heritage sites in China were converted into a creative cluster for art and culture, which attracted many visitors and made the sites become tourist attractions as well (Lu et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2016; Yao, 2014). The Beijing 798 Art Zone used to be an electronic industry in the early 1950s, now has become a major tourist attraction which is famous for its unique combination of art, history, and culture (Yao, 2014). The site attracts tourists to experience the industrial architecture while taking in the artistic and cultural vibrancy of the site. This enables tourists to experience the uniqueness of the industrial heritage and understand its significance. Macao could refer to such cases to discover a better way to balance tourism and the demonstration of industrial heritage’s authenticity and cultural significance through art and cultural elements.

44

CHAPTER 8 - CONCLUSION

The study aims to discover the impacts of current policies and practices on conserving Macao’s industrial heritage, investigate whether the policies and practices are sufficient in conserving the authenticity and cultural significance of the industrial heritage, and how the conservation of industrial heritage could be improved in Macao. Current policies and practices give the public a basic understanding and enhance their awareness of Macao’s industrial heritage.

However, they have a low contribution to conserving the authenticity and cultural significance of the sites. To improve the conservation of Macao’s industrial heritage, digital technology should be utilized appropriately to demonstrate the intangible aspects of the sites. Also, balancing between tourism activities and conservation is essential to enhance the demonstration of authenticity and cultural value.

8.1.

RECOMMENDATION

Since the conservation of industrial heritage in Macao has just begun, more efforts and improvements are needed to ensure a more comprehensive conservation of the industrial heritage, especially conserving authenticity and cultural significance. Balancing the relationship between tourism activities and the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance of industrial heritage sites is necessary. Tourism is an important industry in Macao that causes influential impacts in various fields, like social and economic aspects. Therefore, having tourism activities on Macao’s industrial heritage sites is inevitable due to market demand. Both sites were converted and promoted as tourist attractions,

45

which could face the challenge of over-tourism in the future. Hence, it is important to balance the need for tourism activities and the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance of the industrial heritage in Macao to mitigate the pressure of tourism and enhance the demonstration of the authenticity and cultural significance of Macao’s industrial heritage.

8.2. FUTURE STUDIES

This research paper concentrates on how current policies and practices contributed to the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance of industrial heritage in Macao. To better understand how tourism affected the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance of the industrial heritage, future studies could focus on exploring and analyzing the relationship between tourism and the conservation of the authenticity and cultural significance of industrial heritage. This will enable to examine the tension between the tourism market and the conservation of industrial heritage in Macao. Thus, this will help to investigate better measures, including policies and practices, to address the pressure of tourism of Macao’s industrial heritage. Also, this paper only focuses on examining the Iec Long Firecracker Factory and the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards. Future research could study other industries in Macao, like the incense production industry, to find out whether the status of conserving such an industry is similar to the findings of this paper.

46

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, W. C. (2015). Conducting Semi-structured Interviews. Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation, 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch19 AllAboutMacau Media. (2023a). Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Ni Zeng AR Shi Jing Tiyan Dazao Long Huan Pu Yun Wei `Hun Pai Shengdi' Ao Ieong U: Wang Tisheng Ben Ao Luyou Chengzai Li [Iec Long Firecracker Factory Plans to Add AR Reality Experience to Build Taipa Houses–Museum into A "Wedding Photography Destination" Ao Ieong U: Hope to Enhance the Tourism Carrying Capacity of Macao]. https://aamacau.com/2023/09/30/%e7%9b%8a%e9%9a%86%e7%82%a e%e7%ab%b9%e5%bb%a0%e6%93%ac%e5%a2%9ear%e5%af%a6%e5 %a2%83%e9%ab%94%e9%a9%97%e6%89%93%e9%80%a0%e9%be%8d%e7%92%b0%e8%91%a1%e9%9 f%bb%e7%82%ba%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e6%8b%8d/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2023b). Lizhi Wan Jian Liubing Chang Yongyi Buming, Chuanchang Yizhi `Chai De Jiu Chai'? Leong Wai Man: Zhuru Butong Wenhua Yuansu [The Purpose of Building An Ice Rink in Lai Chi Vun Is Unclear, and the Shipyard Site Can Be Demolished If Necessary? Leong Wai Man: Injecting Different Cultural Elements]. https://aamacau.com/2023/09/29/%e8%8d%94%e6%9e%9d%e7%a2%9 7%e5%bb%ba%e6%ba%9c%e5%86%b0%e5%a0%b4%e7%94%a8%e6% 84%8f%e4%b8%8d%e6%98%8e%e3%80%81%e8%88%b9%e5%bb%a0

47

%e9%81%ba%e5%9d%80%e3%80%8c%e6%8b%86%e5%be%97%e5%b 0%b1%e6%8b%86%e3%80%8d/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2022a). Qinghuai Iec Ling Pao Zhu Chang [Feelings Iec Long Firecracker Factory]. https://aamacau.com/2022/03/05/%E6%83%85%E6%87%B7%E7%9B% 8A%E9%9A%86%E7%82%AE%E7%AB%B9%E5%BB%A0/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2022b). Yilong Jiang Zhengqu Niandi Wancheng Shou Jieduan Huohua Choi Kin Long: Yi Huifu yuanmao Wei Zhu [Iec Long wWill Strive to Complete the First Stage of Revitalization by the End of the Year Choi Kin Long: Mainly Focus on Restoring the Original Appearance]. https://aamacau.com/2022/02/28/%e7%9b%8a%e9%9a%86%e5%b0%8 7%e7%88%ad%e5%8f%96%e5%b9%b4%e5%ba%95%e5%ae%8c%e6%8 8%90%e9%a6%96%e9%9a%8e%e6%ae%b5%e6%b4%bb%e5%8c%96%e8%94%a1%e5%81%a5%e9%be%8d%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%a5%e6%81 %a2%e5%be%a9%e5%8e%9f/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2020). Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Jiuzhi Ji Lizhi Wan Jiang Huohua Wenhua Ju︰Ji Jubu Kaifang Yu Gongzhong Canguan [The Former Iec Long Firecracker Factory and Lai Chi Vun Will Be Revitalized. The Cultural Affairs Bureau Hopes to Open Part of the Sites to the Public for Visits]. https://aamacau.com/2020/09/10/%e7%9b%8a%e9%9a%86%e7%82%a e%e7%ab%b9%e5%bb%a0%e8%88%8a%e5%9d%80%e5%8f%8a%e8% 8d%94%e6%9e%9d%e7%a2%97%e5%b0%87%e6%b4%bb%e5%8c%96%e6%96%87%e5%8c%96%e5%b1%80%ef%b8%b0%e5%86%80%e5%b 1%80%e9%83%a8%e9%96%8b/

48

AllAboutMacau Media. (2018a). Wen Yi Hui Zhuan Dai Zai Zhuan Dai Jin Ci Rentong Fenqu Baoyu Lizhi Wan Wenhua Ju: Chao Pingding Fangxiang Zuo Houxu Gongzuo [The Cultural Heritage Committee Has Changed Its Mind Again and Again. This Time It Agrees to Conserve the Lai Chi Vun in Different Areas.

The Cultural Affairs Bureau: We Will Carry Out Follow-up Work Towards the Evaluation Direction]. https://aamacau.com/2018/07/31/%e6%96%87%e9%81%ba%e6%9c%8 3%e8%bd%89%e8%bb%9a%e5%86%8d%e8%bd%89%e8%bb%9a%e3% 80%80%e4%bb%8a%e6%ac%a1%e8%aa%8d%e5%90%8c%e5%88%86 %e5%8d%80%e4%bf%9d%e8%82%b2%e8%8d%94%e6%9e%9d%e7%a 2%97%e3%80%80%e6%96%87/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2018b). Lizhi Wan Chuanchang Pianqu Wancheng Pingding Tam Chon Ip: Yixie Gongzuo Bi Yiqian Gengjia poqie [Lai Chi Vun Shipyards Area Assessment Completed Tam Chon Ip: Some Work Are More Urgent Than Before]. https://aamacau.com/2018/12/05/%e8%8d%94%e6%9e%9d%e7%a2%9 7%e8%88%b9%e5%bb%a0%e7%89%87%e5%8d%80%e5%ae%8c%e6% 88%90%e8%a9%95%e5%ae%9a%e3%80%80%e8%ab%87%e9%a7%bf%e6%a5%ad%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%ba %9b%e5%b7%a5%e4%bd%9c%e6%af%94%e4%bb%a5/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2017). Zhong Yuan Bohui Shengmu Wan Gongsi Shangsu Weichi Mingling Qingkong Iec Long Pao Zhu Chang Tudi Xiaoli [The Intermediate Court Dismissed the Appeal of Nossa Senhora da Esperança Company and Upheld the Validity of the Order to Clear the Land of Iec Long Firecracker Factory].

49

https://aamacau.com/2017/12/11/%e4%b8%ad%e9%99%a2%e9%a7%8 1%e5%9b%9e%e8%81%96%e6%af%8d%e7%81%a3%e5%85%ac%e5%8 f%b8%e4%b8%8a%e8%a8%b4%e7%b6%ad%e6%8c%81%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e6%b8%85%e7%a 9%ba%e7%9b%8a%e9%9a%86%e7%82%ae%e7%ab%b9%e5%bb%a0/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2016). Lu Huan Chuanchang Chuxian Qingxie Jiegou Shou Sun Lam Fat Iam: Zhengfu Ying jiakuai huohua Lizhi Wan Cun [Coloane Shipyard Tilts and Structural Damage Lam Fat Iam: The Government Should Speed Up the Revitalization of Lai Chi Vun Vliiage]. https://aamacau.com/2016/04/09/%e8%b7%af%e7%92%b0%e8%88%b 9%e5%bb%a0%e5%87%ba%e7%8f%be%e5%82%be%e6%96%9c%e7%b5%90%e6%a7%8b%e5%8f%97%e6%90%8d%e6%9e%97%e7%99%bc%e6%ac%bd%ef%bc%9a%e6%94%bf%e5%ba %9c%e6%87%89%e5%8a%a0%e5%bf%ab%e6%b4%bb/ AllAboutMacau Media. (2015). [Dujia] Pao Zhu Chang De Zhai De Qianshi Jinsheng [Exclusive] The Past and Present of the Firecracker Factory Land Debt]. https://aamacau.com/2015/08/05/%e3%80%90%e7%8d%a8%e5%ae%b 6%e3%80%91%e7%82%ae%e7%ab%b9%e5%bb%a0%e5%9c%b0%e5% 82%b5%e7%9a%84%e5%89%8d%e4%b8%96%e4%bb%8a%e7%94%9f/ Arbab, P., & Alborzi, G. (2022). Toward Developing A Sustainable Regeneration Framework for Urban Industrial Heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 12(3), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-04-2020-0059

50

Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis As A Qualitative Research Method.

Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027 Cantell, S. F. (2005). The Adaptive Reuse of Historic Industrial Buildings: Regulation barriers, Best Practices and Case studies. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. https://sig.urbanismosevilla.org/Sevilla.art/SevLab/r001US2_files/r001_US _1.pdf Chan, P. (2023a). Galaxy to Revitalize Lai Chi Vun Shipyard with Historic Gallery and Ice Skating Rink. Inside Asian Gaming. https://asgam.com/2023/09/28/galaxy-to-revitalize-lai-chi-vun-shipyardwith-historic-gallery-and-ice-skating-rink/ Chan, P. (2023b). Sands China to Revitalize Iec Long Firecracker Factory, Pátio da Eterna Felicidade and Rua Das Estalagens Areas. Inside Asian Gaming. https://asgam.com/2023/10/01/sands-china-to-revitalize-iec-longfirecracker-factory-patio-da-eterna-felicidade-and-rua-das-estalagensareas/ Chan, W. H. (2009). Cong Yilong Pao Zhu Chang De Xingshuai Kan Dangzi Pao Zhu Ye De Biandong [The Rise and Fall of Iec Long Firecracker Factory: A Look At the Changes in Taipa's Firecracker Industry]. Municipal Affairs Bureau.

Chen, J., Judd, B., & Hawken, S. (2016). Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage for Cultural Purposes in Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing. Structural Survey, 34(4/5), 331-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/SS-11-2015-0052 China Global Television Network. (2024). 25th Anniversary of Macao's Return: Revitalization Project Sends Abandoned Shipyard on A New Journey.

51

https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-1218/VHJhbnNjcmlwdDgyNDEz/index.html Cho, M., & Shin, S. (2014). Conservation or Economization? Industrial Heritage Conservation in Incheon, Korea. Habitat International, 41, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.06.011 Ćopić, S., ĐorđevićA, J., Lukić, T., Stojanović, V., Đukičin, S., Besermenji, S., Stamenković, I., & Tumarić, A. (2014). Transformation of industrial heritage: An example of tourism industry development in the Ruhr area (Germany).

Geographica Pannonica, 18(2), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan1402043C Ćopić, S., & Tumarić, A. (2015). Possibilities of Industrial Heritage Reuse as Tourist Attractions–A Case Study of City of Zrenjanin (Vojvodina, Serbia). Geographica Pannonica, 19(2), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan1502044C Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2024). Lizhi Wan Chuanchang Pianqu Ben Zhou liu Chongxin Duiwai kaifang [The Lai Chi Vun Shipyards Area Will Reopen to the Public This Saturday].

Government

Information

Bureau

of

the

Macao

SAR.

https://www.gcs.gov.mo/news/detail/zh-hant/N24LF1xRJL Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2022a). Wenhua Ju Zuzhi Chuanmei Canguan Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Ji Jieshao Huohua Jihua [The Cultural Affairs Bureau Organizes Media Visits to the Iec Long Firecracker Factory and Introduces the Revitalization Plan].

Cultural

Heritage

of

Macao.

https://www.culturalheritage.mo/detail/102603 Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2022b). Former Iec Long Firecracker Factory Walkway Opens

to

Public.

Cultural

52

Heritage

of

Macao.

https://www.culturalheritage.mo/en/detail/102648 Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2020). Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Jiuzhi Jubu Kaifang Jihua [Partial Opening Plan of the Former Iec Long Firecracker Factory]. https://edocs.icm.gov.mo/events/20200910_4C.pdf Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2019). Wenhua Ju Jiji Peihe Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Tudi Houxu Gen Jin Gongzuo [The Cultural Affairs Bureau Actively Cooperates with the Iec Long Firecracker Factory in the Follow-up Work on the Land].

Government

Information

Bureau

of

the

Macao

SAR.

https://www.gcs.gov.mo/news/detail/zh-hant/N19AWjmOD7 Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2018). Lizhi Wan Chuanchang Pianqu Budongchan Pingding Gongkai Zixun [Lai Chi Vun Shipyards Immovable Property Assessment Public Consultation]. https://edocs.icm.gov.mo/Survey/laichivun/bookC.pdf Cultural Affairs Bureau. (2016). Wenhua Ju Rentong Lian Shu Dui Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Baohu Gongzuo De Jianyi [The Cultural Affairs Bureau Agrees with the CCAC’s Recommendations on the Protection of the Iec Long Firecracker Factory].

Cultural

Heritage

of

Macao.

https://www.culturalheritage.mo/detail/101813 Cultural Affairs Bureau. (n.d.a). Historic buildings. Macau World Heritage. https://www.wh.mo/en/content/site/ Cultural Affairs Bureau. (n.d.b). SC003-Lai Chi Vun Shipyards. Cultural Heritage of Macao. https://www.culturalheritage.mo/en/detail/102136?AspxAutoDetectCookie Support=1

53

Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C. (2021). Flexible Coding of In-depth Interviews: A Twenty-first-Century Approach. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(2), 708739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377 Edmonds, R. L. (1986). Land Use in Macau: Changes Between 1972 and 1983. Land Use Policy, 3(1), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(86)90008-6 Edmonds, R. L., & Kyle, W. J. (1998). Land Use in Macau: Changes Between 1972 and 1994. Land Use Policy, 15(4), 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S02648377(98)00021-0 Exmoo News. (2019). Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Budongchan Pingding Wenhua Ju Jiji Gen Jin Houxu Gongzuo [Iec Long Firecracker Factory Real Estate Appraisal, the Cultural Affairs Bureau Actively Follows Up on Follow-up Work]. https://www.exmoo.com/article/93925.html Fakharany, N. (2024). From Factories to Workspaces: The Evolution of Industrial Buildings into Modern Offices. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/1018859/from-factories-to-workspaces-theevolution-of-industrial-buildings-into-modern-offices GSASC. (2024). Tequ Zhengfu Xiang Lifa Hui Jieshao Lishi Pianqu Huohua Xiangmu [The (Macao) SAR Government Introduced the Historical District Revitalization Projects to the Legislative Assembly]. Cultural Heritage of Macao. https://www.culturalheritage.mo/en/detail/102807 GPTUI. (2021). Zhong Yuan Weichi Xingzheng Zhangguan Xuangao Yilong Pao Zhu Chang Tudi jiaohuan Chengxu Xiaomie De Jueding [The Court of Final Appeal Upheld the Chief Executive's Decision to Declare the Land Exchange Procedure for Iec Long Firecracker Factory Extinguished]. Government

54

Portal of Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. https://www.gov.mo/zh-hant/news/369547/ Hain, V., Löffler, R., & Zajíček, V. (2016). Interdisciplinary Cooperation in the Virtual Presentation of Industrial Heritage Development. Procedia Engineering, 161, 2030-2035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.798 Halewood, C., & Hannam, K. (2001). Viking Heritage Tourism: Authenticity and Commodification. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 565-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00076-1 Hillinger, N., Olaru, M., & Turnock, D. (2001). The Role of Industrial Archaeology in Conservation: the Reşiţa Area of the Romanian Carpathians. GeoJournal, 55, 607-630. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021705414938 Historic England. (2021). Historic England’s Industrial Heritage Strategy – Draft. https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/guidance/he-industrialheritage-strategy-consultation-draft/ Huang, L., Huang, Y., Chen, Y., Lou, S., Chen, Y., & Jia, M. (2024). Application and Development of Firefighting Technologies in Industrial Heritage: Experiences and Insights from Macau. Buildings, 14(9), 2699. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092699 Huang, Q., & Cheng, W. M. (1994). Aomen Jingji Sibai Nian [Macao's Economy over the Past Four Hundred Years]. Macao Foundation.

Hudson, K. (2014). Industrial Archaeology: An Introduction. Routledge.

Jahić, E., Dragin, A., & Romelić, J. (2014). Industrial Heritage in Tuzla Canton Tourist Offer. Turizam, 18(2), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.5937/Turizam1402044J

55

Kuan, C. H. (2018). Gongmin Cengmian De Wenhua Zijue: Yi Aomen Lìzhi Wan Wenhua Baoyu Wei Li [Cultural Self-consciousness at Citizen Level: Taking the Cultural Conservation of Lai Chi Vun in Macao as an Example]. Revista de Administração Pública de Macau. https://www.safp.gov.mo/static/2023/09/16/WCM_069908.pdf Lai, H. K. (2013). Dangzai Pao Zhu Ye [The Firecracker Industry in Taipa]. Cultural Affairs Bureau.

Lai, H. K. (2010). Dangzai Qinghuai [Reminiscence of Taipa]. Cultural Affairs Bureau.

Lao, T. Y. (2022). A Paradox of Reusing Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of the Historic Centre of Macau. Restauro Archeologico 2(2022), 302-307. https://philarchive.org/archive/LAOAPO Liu, B., & Li, K. (2011). Zhongguo Gongye Fazhan San Ge Zhongyao Lishi Shiqi Huigu [A Review of Three Important Periods of Industrial Development in China]. Beijing Planning Review, 136(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-627X.2011.01.001 Liu, F., Zhao, Q., & Yang, Y. (2018). An Approach to Assess the Value of Industrial Heritage Based on Dempster–Shafer Theory. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 32, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.01.011 Loures, L. (2008). Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City. Wseas Transactions on Environment and Development, 4(8), 687-696. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis-Loures2/publication/239823904_Industrial_Heritage_The_past_in_the_future_of_th e_city/links/552ce4b10cf21acb0921010e/Industrial-Heritage-The-past-inthe-future-of-the-city.pdf 56

Lu, N., Liu, M., & Wang, R. (2019). Reproducing the Discourse on Industrial Heritage in China: Reflections on the Evolution of Values, Policies and Practices. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(5), 498–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1666293 Macao Daily Times. (2023). Sands China to Revitalize Iec Long Firecracker Factory and Surrounding Old Streets. https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/sands-chinato-revitalize-iec-long-firecracker-factory-and-surrounding-old-streets.html Macao Memory. (2019a). Zhizao Ye [Manufacturing Industry]. https://www.macaumemory.mo/category_57527dc4835546b86e302802 Macao Memory. (2019b). Gongye [Industry]. https://www.macaumemory.mo/category_55c320e8ed86f568b3751d45 Macao Memory. (2019c). Pao Zhu Ye [Firecracker Factory]. https://www.macaumemory.mo/category_55c33069ed86f568b3751df9 Macao Memory. (2019d). Zaochuan Ye [Shipbuilding Industry]. https://www.macaumemory.mo/category_55c32791ed86f568b3751d8c Marilyn, P. (2005). Industrial Archaeology. Encyclopedia of Archaeology, 2(2008), 1511-1521. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22831-4_3 Niu, S., Lau, S. S. Y., Shen, Z., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2018). Sustainability Issues in the Industrial Heritage Adaptive Reuse: Rethinking Culture-led Urban Regeneration Through Chinese Case Studies. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 33, 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-018-9614-5 Oevermann, H., Degenkolb, J., Dießler, A., Karge, S., & Peltz, U. (2016). Participation in the Reuse of Industrial Heritage Sites: The Case of Oberschöneweide, Berlin. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2015.1083460 57

Ong, C. E. (2009, January). Erasing an Industrial Past in Post-colonial Presents: Industrial Heritage in Macau SAR, China. In International Conference on Heritage in Asia: Converging Forces and Conflicting Values, Singapore. https://scholars.utm.edu.mo/handle/3FA01NR9/12345 Pardo Abad, C. J. (2019). Application of Digital Techniques in Industrial Heritage Areas and Building Efficient Management Models: Some Case Studies in Spain. Applied Sciences, 9(20), 4420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204420 Pathak, V., Jena, B., & Kalra, S. (2013). Qualitative Research. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 4(3), 192. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.115389 Printing Bureau. (2018). Pingding Lizhi Wan Chuanchang Pianqu Wei Changsuo Bing Sheding Qi Huanchong Qu [Assess the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards Area as A Site and Set Ip Its Buffer Zone]. https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2018/50/regadm33_cn.asp Printing Bureau. (2013). Wenhua Yichan Baohu Fa [Macao Heritage Protection Law]. https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2013/36/lei11_cn.asp Printing Bureau. (1984). Jianzhu, Jingse Ji Wenhua Caichan De Baohu [Protection of Buildings, Landscapes and Cultural Properties Act]. https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/84/27/declei56_cn.asp Que, W. (2007). On International Protection and Research of Industrial Property.

Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 43(4), 523-534. https://doi.org/10.13209/j.0479-8023.2007.085 Rautenberg, M. (2012). Industrial Heritage, Regeneration of Cities and Public Policies in the 1990s: Elements of A French/British Comparison.

International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18(5), 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2011.637945 58

Sands China. (2025). Sands China's Community Revitalization Programme. Sands China Ltd. https://www.sandschina.com/the-company/scl-communityrevitalization-programme.html Schilling, J. M. (2002). The Revitalization of Vacant Properties: Where Broken Windows Meet Smart Growth. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b93b19 662596ca8fed80e43c2c11c69974e3d752 Son Pou. (2016). Pizhe `Aiguo Ai Ao'Waiyi Ganzhe `Qieguo Qie Ao'Goudang [Under the Guise of "Loving the Country and Macao", They Are Actually "Stealing the Country and Macao"]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/sonpou/posts/1723033984629502/?locale=es_ LA Sugden, E. (2018). The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage Buildings: A Multiplecase Studies Approach [Master's thesis, University of Waterloo]. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/12823 Tam, K. M. (n.d.). Aomen Zhengfu De Gongye Zhengce [Macao Government's Industrial Policy]. Virtual Library of Macau. https://www.macaudata.mo/macaubook/book150/html/15101.htm Tang, K. (2014). Bei Yiwang De “Gongye Qifei” - Aomen Gongye Fazhan Shi Gao 15571941 [The Forgotten “Industrial Takeoff” - A History of Macao’s Industrial Development 1557-1941]. Cultural Affairs Bureau.

Teherani, A., Martimianakis, T., Stenfors-Hayes, T., Wadhwa, A., & Varpio, L. (2015).

Choosing A Qualitative Research Approach. Journal of graduate medical education, 7(4), 669-670. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-15-00414.1 59

The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage [TICCIH]. (2011). The Dublin Principles. https://ticcih.org/about/aboutticcih/dublin-principles/ The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage [TICCIH]. (2003). The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage. https://ticcih.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/NTagilCharter.pdf Tris, K. E. E. (2014). Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings for Affordable Housing in Hong Kong. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 14(1). http://hdl.handle.net/10722/200391 Tuffour, I. (2017). A Critical Overview of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: A Contemporary Qualitative Research Approach. Journal of Healthcare Communications, 2(4), 52. https://doi.org/10.4172/24721654.100093 Wong, K. (2024). The Role of Local Community Participation for Cultural Preservation and Sustainable Tourism: The case study of the Winter programme" One Cultural Base" in Macao (Doctoral dissertation). http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/95878 Wong, L. (2024). Adaptive Reuse: Extending the Lives of Buildings. Birkhäuser.

Wu, Z. (2012). Shilun Gongye Yichan Sang'an De Jianli Yu Zhengli [On the Establishment and Organization of Industrial Heritage Archives]. Beijing Archives, 4, 20-21. http://106.37.81.211:8082/images/sjsimages/pdf/qk/bjda/bjda2012/1204 pdf/120408.pdf

60

Xie, P. F. (2006). Developing Industrial Heritage Tourism: A Case Study of the Proposed Jeep Museum in Toledo, Ohio. Tourism Management, 27(6), 13211330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.010 Yao, Y. (2014). Towards the Methodology for the Reuse of Industrial Heritage in China [Doctoral dissertation, Politecnico di Torino]. https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2538091 Yu, K., & Fang, W. (2006). Zhongguo Gongye Yichan Chutan [An Introduction of the Chinese Industrial Heritage]. Architectural Journal, 8, 12-15. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0529-1399.2006.08.003 Zhang, J., Sun, H., Xu, S., & Aoki, N. (2022). Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Reuse of Urban Industrial Heritage: The Case of Tianjin, China. Land, 11(12), 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122273 Zhu, R., & Pinheiro, F. V. (2010, November). Preservation and Sustainability of Industrial Heritage in the Urban Renewal: A Case Study of Iec Long Firecracker Factory in Taipa, Macao. In 2010 International Conference on EProduct E-Service and E-Entertainment (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEE.2010.5660950

61