STUDY ON HOUSING UNIT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA SINCE 1957 UNTIL NOW BASED ON NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY 2018-2025
STUDY ON HOUSING UNIT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA SINCE 1957 UNTIL NOW BASED ON NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY 2018-2025
NURUL NAJWA BINTI MOHD NASRI
2019883978
ThisreporthasbeensubmittedtotheProgramofArchitecture,DepartmentofBuilt EnvironmentandTechnologies,FacultyofArchitecture,PlanningandSurveying, UniversitiTeknologiMARAPerakBranch,tofulfilltherequirementofAAR635
TOPICALSTUDYcourse.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons.) ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA PERAK BRANCH
Prepared by:
Name : NURULNAJWABINTIMOHDNASRI
UiTMNo. : 2019883978
Program : BachelorofScience(Hons.)Architecture
Semester/Year : 06/2021
Session : October2021 – February2022
Faculty : FacultyofArchitecture,PlanningandSurveying
OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2022
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful.
Iherebydeclarethatthisresearchpaperandtheresearchtowhichitrefersarethe productofmyownworkandthatanyideasorquotationsfromtheworkofotherpeople, publishedorotherwisearefullyacknowledgedinaccordancewiththestandard academicpractices.
Name : NURULNAJWABINTIMOHDNASRI
UiTMNo. : 2019883978
Thisresearchhadbeencheckedby:
Supervisor :EN.ZIKRIBINZAKI
CourseCoordinator :DR.AZHANABDULAZIZ
SignatureofSupervisor Date
SignatureofCourseCoordinator Date
AllthepraisesandthanksbetoAllahtheAlmightyforhisblessing and kindness towards me by blessing me with the appropriate time to finish this dissertation of AAR635 and lending me His strength and wisdomtoeasetheprocessdespitethechallengestocompletingthegiven task.
Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketosincerelyexpressmygratitudeto my supervisor, Encik Zikri bin Zaki for his patience, understanding, motivations,therelentlesssupportwithhisimmenseknowledgeforthis researchstudythroughoutthesemesterinensuringthatIcouldcomplete thetaskimmaculately.
TheonethatIwillneverforgetthatIwillalwayscherishtotheendof time,mybelovedparentsfortheendlessloveandsupportregardlessthe condition.Bybeingthereformeinallthetimeespeciallythehardtime reallymovesmetostriveharderandkeepmovingon.
Finally,thankyousomuchtoallmyfriendsforthesuggestion,moral support, prayers, and ideas in making this research a success. I really appreciatetheircompassion.
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
LIST OFTABLES
The study was research on housing development in Malaysia since 1957untiltoday.WiththehelpofDPN(2018-2025)asthemainreference. TheobjectiveistoanalyzethegrowthofhousingindustriesinMalaysia fromthephaseafterMerdeka.Thegrowthoftheindustriescanbeseen fromtheobjectiveofeachphasethatwillcorrespondonthedevelopment. Withputtingpeoplefirstasthemaintargettokeepmovingforwardrelated with the need and request during that time. Countless of program and agencieswasfoundtosatisfiedwiththehousingdemand.Interferefrom privatesectoralsobeingthefactorofhousingtrendinMalaysia.Thus,the studywillanalyzethehousingdevelopmentfrom1957untilnowinorder tofurtherunderstandonhousingindustryinthiscountry.Hence,bythe discoveryofthetopiccanbeusedasguidelinestoaddressandhelpfor betterhousingdevelopmentcanbeseeninthefuturesuitablewithvision 2030 “To Bringing Malaysia as A Sustain Develop Country”
Keyword:DPN(2018-2025),HousingDevelopment,Government
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Virus Corona 2019 (Covid-19) has impacted all social and economic value across the globe including Malaysia. Due of lockdown that tighten all economy sector, many households in Malaysia effected. T20, M40 and B40 became hot sensation topic to Malaysia households as Government tried their best to provide the essential. The classification of households in Malaysia been classified by their income to top 20% (T20), middle 40%(M40), and bottom 40% (B40).
According to Chief Statistician Datuk Seri Dr Mohd Uzir Mahidin “the household income and basic amenities survey report in 2019 showed that B40 group comprised 2.91 million households, while the M40 group consisted of2.91 million households and the T20 group 1.46 million households.”
Not only household income used for qualification of aids from government during Covid-19 but also used to measure in ownership housing.
1.2 Research Problem
Based on National Housing Policy (2018-2025), there are gap between housing for B40 and M40 due to many developer from private and government department tend in focusing on housing for B40 since 1970-an therefore M40 tend to have issue in finding a house which lead them to kept staying in the house that supposed to be for B40.
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia
Figure 1.1: Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey Report 2019
Furthermore, post Covid-19 from pandemic to endemic might change household life style. As employees still work from home (WFH) and students still practicing open distance learning (ODL) as said comfortable, private spaces for study and work have become important for parents and children. Thermal comfort and energy efficiency have also become more important because people spending more time at home (Hipwood, 2020).
The figure shown how households classify which is measure by adding up the income of every member of the household. It calculates either from one person or many in one household and provide food and other living essential. This includes income from paid employment, self-employment, property & investment as well as current transfer received.
Moreover, Malaysian in percentage tend to have four or more people within in a household with 54.6% in 2019 according to HIS & BA 2019. Which shown how important housing layout especially room for post Covid-19 as people spending more time at their house.
Thus, the research will be carried out through case study on National Housing Policy (DPN) since 1957 until Now. This study will explore how Malaysia housing typologies have been develop since independence with five phases in DPN.
1.5 Research Expectation
The collected data in this study are expected to have all floor plan of five phases and analyzed the development housing layout since 1957 until now corelated with each phase objective.
The collected data from the study are expected to come out with housing layout timeframe since 1957 to now. With floor plan of each of the phases in DPN that will be analyzed how housing layout in Malaysia have been develop since the announcement of ‘Merdeka’
1.3 Objective
The primary objectives of this research are as follows:
1. To identify the development housing layout since the independence of Malaysia until now.
2. To determine the objective of each five phases of DPN correspond with housing layout.
Next, the study also aims on determining the objective of five phases mention in DPN in which they were the main factor development of the housing layout in Malaysia since 1957.
1.4 Research Scope
The scope of the study will be throughout by analysis housing layout in Malaysia since 1957 until now. This study will be carried along with Semester 6. The house layout of the housing will be analyzed and redrawn on butter paper to identify the development of housing layout in Malaysia with the help of five phases in DPN. The study also determines the objective of each phase of DPN that being the concept of the housing layout.
This study will be conducted within the timeframe, tools, and selected type of housing for each phase from DPN.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will discuss on previous research from other researchers through materials such as journal, books, and other reliable sources. This chapter will also discuss in detail regarding household in Malaysia, National Housing Policy 2018-2025 (DPN) and affordable housing.
does not mean this household are rich or government automatically thinks they are rich. They just happen to be cut-off point for the top 20% household in Malaysia when based to the income level of the 7.28 million Malaysia households in 2019 (Yeap, 2020).
source: Department of Statistic Malaysia (DOSM), 2019
T20 is Top 20% household incomes which households income of at least RM10.960 a month.(DOSM,2019) This household threshold for those categories in T20 group but this
T20 are divided to two group which T1 and T2 which income share by percentage were 16.1 and 30.7 respectively. Interesting enough even though T20 group have the smallest number but they whop 46.8 % of national income (DOSM,2019).
M40 is group of Middle 40% of income earners. This group are further divided to tiers based on group of 10% of household such as M1, M2, M3 and M4. This closure is made to ensure development of strategies, survey, and program can close the gap between three group B40, M40 and T20 (DOSM, 2019). M40 range income between RM2,500 to RM7,500 per month (KPKT, n.d).
From Table 2.2 above, M40 shown 37.2%, which consist of M1 that contribute with 6.8% while M4 power up to 12.3%. However, with this survey detail on classes of household and income distribution still need to observe therefore the equality will obtain.
B40 is group of Below 40% of household income. The household monthly median income below RM4,850. Since Covid-19 has affected all household many households from M40 slipped into B40 as pandemic cause lost job and high living cost.
The B40 was classified by four group likes B1, B4, B3 and B4 which each group have different range monthly income. According to Table 2.2 each of B40 income share were 2.4%, 3.5%, 4.5% and 5.6%.
2.3 National Housing Policy, DPN (2018- 2025)
Malaysia housing policy was established since independence of Malaysia. Since that government focus to five phase which are Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970), Housing for The Poor (1971-1985), Housing Market Reform (1986-1997), Slum Clearance (1998-2011), Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now). Each of the phase’s link with current situation likes politics, economy and social. This part will explain each of the phases.
strategies that will form a equality to demand and offer, housing technology at most. This means by providing easy accessibility and good housing environment. Therefore, in DPN discuss on five phases with sixteen strategies to bring reality the objectives. The mission was to solve the issue and obstacle in which related to construction, quality, offer worth and housing demand. Thus, the ability to own or rent a house using systematic system.
Head Secretary of Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Dato’ Sri Haji
Mohammad bin Mentek thought the vision of DPN is to point housing industry within federal, state and local stage as focal point in planning, development and system of housing where it will be more efficient, quality and exclusive that able be own by Malaysian. The mission also to answer all issues that happen based on politic, economy and social in this nation. He also mentions that the success of DPN will give such significant to national economy.
2.3.1 Vision and Mission of DPN
2.4 Five Phases in DPN
By Tun Dr. Mahathir binMohamad, The Fourth and Seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia said that vision of DPN is the aid of government to help those whose are not fortunate for ownerships comfortable house. Government wants to provide a house that safe, healthy, and comfortable to all Malaysian. The mission is to handle all obstacle that will be thorn the national housing industry. Both objectives can be realized by both two parties from government and private sector need to help each other as private sector have been given the trust to bring forward the national housing industry within the help of government to lubricant the process and increasing service that related with housing sector.
2.4.1 Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970)
After Malaysia received it own freedom, the focus of government was to establish infrastructure and develop of countryside especially area which high potential in agriculture as it will generate economic source yet it still no need for heavy scale of housing development in this phase. Housing for Malaysian that time handled by Housing Trust Federation of Malaya which been found by British before the independence through document of ‘Kertas Putih No 70 1949’.
Next, YB Puan Hajah Zuraida Kamaruddin, Minister of Housing and Local Government (KPKT) said vision of DPN is to provide enough housing with quality and able to favor the demand of citizen that been increasing. The vision can be accomplished with
Since then, Housing Federation focusing on providing low-cost housing which concentered towards city that will be the focal point government initiative to help citizen. However, lack of money, man work and workmanship causing the project only in small scale. Throughout 1956 to 1965 only 7,431 units able to build and only 826 units per year.
The quantity of housing was too small with the scale of need of housing in city during that period. Therefore, a specific organization was found which is Ministry of Housing and Local Government (KPKT) in 1964. As a result, much inventiveness was created such as state government need to sell land with nominal price to KPKT for development of low-cost housing and establishing “a Committee of Standards” which mean the minimum standard requirement for low-cos housing along side with reduction in construction cost. High difference can be seen as in 1967 to 1969, the total low-cost housing achieve by KPKT was 14,175 units or in average 4,725 units per year was built throughout a programmed called “Housing Crash Program”.
2.4.2 Housing for The Poor (1971-1985)
After New Economic Policy (DEB) was introduced in 1970, the housing strategies in this country concentrated on two main objective of DEB which are dismiss poverty with increase citizen income and increase job opportunities without limitation on races. Limitation on races was demolished by economic function. Government noticed that by providing housing to citizen can solve issues likes housing shortage, decrease poverty level, and restructure population in city. Since 1970-an, DEB active in organization for housing to achieve the two main objective in DEB.
The program was introduced by government in the year of 1967 (MLGH 1968) which the vision of it was to provide low-cost housing within short period. Industrial building system (IBS) also been introduced and was used in construction of new housing skim such as ‘Flat Pekeliling” at Kuala Lumpur and Rifle Range at Penang in 1969.
The responsibility in providing housing especially for low-income group was divided to Federal Government and State Government. Government again introduced new program in 1976, Low-cost Public Housing (PAKR). By this new program, the responsibility to providing house goes to state government with the financial help from federal government. Within years of 1976 to 1990, a batch of 121,855 units PAKR able to build by government throughout country.
Next, state economy development agencies such as Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS) and Perbadanan Kemajuan Ekonomi Negeri Perak (PKENP) also been introduced for fewer housing for citizen particularly low and medium incomer lived in city. Urban planning idea for all group was commit with hope more house ownership by ‘bumiputera’.
source: Pinterest (Evenly Tai)
Figure 2.4.1: Flat Pekeliling at Kuala Lumpur
Government policy need in construction of low-cost housing by each private sector was 30% in 1981. While the maximum cost for private sector to built low-cost housing was RM 25,000. From the interfere of private sector the ray of increasing low-cost housing can be seen and decrease dependency towards government in providing housing to citizen. The
result was directly proportional with DEB’s objectives.
2.4.4 Slum Clearance (1998-2011)
Globalization since 1990-an took turn when economic downturn happens across Asia in 1997. In effort stabilize economic issues, government established National Economic Action Council (MTEN) for giving suggestion to handle national economic crisis. Few opinions been thrown from MTEN to stabilize economy such as providing housing with increasing the ceiling cost for low-cost housing from RM25,000 per unit to RM42,000.
source: Alchetron.com
MTEN thought by development of low-cost housing not only increase economic level but also can solve slum issues. There are about 571,261 slum household in the year of 1999 that need immediate action from government.
Table 2.4.4: Structure of Housing Prices and Target Group,2006
2.4.3 Housing Market Reform (1986-1997)
Since mid-year of 1980-an, government rethink in interfere of sale market correspond with global trend however with this interference of government lead to economic downturn in 1986 to 1987. Housing policy during that time was follow by ideas of international agency likes World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) which promote open sale market without any interfere from government.
Parallel with government interfere in providing housing, government financial for providing housing decrease since early 1990an. Therefore, lots of housing was built under private sector which led till now. Amount 3.7 million housing units since 1971 to 2017 successful built under private sector without any fund from government. Apart from it, 1.2 million low-cost housing unit built. Private sector playing main role in providing housing which match with government mission to provide housing for all group.
source: KPKT, 2006
Low CostRM 25,000 & BelowRM750 & Below
Medium Low CostRM 25,001 - RM60,000RM751 - RM1,500
Medium CostRM 60,001 -RM100,000RM1,501-RM2,500
High CostAbove RM100,000Above RM2,500
Low Cost RM42,000 & Below (depend on land price & location)RM1,500 & Below
Medium Low CostRM42,001 - RM60,000RM1,501-RM2,500
Medium CostRM60,001 - RM150,000RM2,501 - RM3,000
High CostAbove RM150,000Above RM3,000
Low CostRM42,000 & Below (depend on land price & location)RM1,500 & Below
Medium Low CostRM48,000 - RM70,000RM1,501-RM2,600
Medium CostRM70,001 - RM150,000RM2,601 - RM3,000
High CostAbove RM150,000Above RM3,000
Therefore, MTEN suggested amount 52,496 units of public housing across the country by founded ‘Program Perumahan Rakyat’ (PPR) MTEN in 1998. The success of PPR made federal government to disperse PAKR. Since 2002, New Policy PPR took place PAKR in total. The main elements of PPR were selectable buyers in Open Computer Registration System (SPT) which allow rent minimum RM124 or sale price RM35,000 and preferred slum to buy or rent PPR houses.
Within 1998 to 2016 amount 102,630 units of PPR houses for sold or rent able finished by KPKT with aid of state government. PPR also successfully providing 35,566 slum household across country a house. Furthermore, this initiative able decreasing slum household from 1999 with 571,261 households to only 52,503 households in June 2018 or in average 91%. This massive success from PPR and interfere of private sector will be history in national housing strategies. Which all the effort brings up the nation economy within the economic downturn eras.
Although government known that construction cost and other factors that led to increasing housing price but since 1970an government focused on supplying low-cost housing led to gap in sale for medium cost housing that parallel with gap between household income of B40 and M40. Therefore, federal and state government team up to closeup the gap between these two group by introduced several agencies and program that will help M40 group able to ownership houses. Affordable housing for M40 with income of RM2,500 to RM7,500 per month able to ownerships housing with price range within RM100,000 to RM300,000 per unit.
2.5 Focus, Strategies and Action of DPN
2.4.5 Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now)
Along with government energy for citizen able to ownership house, lots of strategies and steps have been done by federal and state government. Main steps of government strategies were providing affordable housing to adapt with high living cost. These steps have been discussed in National Housing Policy (2013-2017) with objective of providing enough and reach standard quality of housing that offer good facilities, thermal comfort and increasing access. This was for citizen to buy or rent houses that will be result for housing sector in the future.
In order to reach the objective of DPN, five main focus were established with sixteen strategies and fifty-seven action. Action is for structure up the strategies match with mission and vision DPN. Action will be in form of program and projects within timeframe of long, mid and short period. The action will be the structure to help Malaysia Five Year Planning (RMK). This action contributing many sectors from government and private which have the total responsibility in housing industries. The period of the action is based on short term (2018-2020), mid-term (2021-2023) and long term (2024-2025).
2.5.1 Focus One (1)
Focus one is to make sure housing quality for all and the strategies is determining the need and desire in providing housing and target of program government housing. The action is divided to five which Action 1.5.1 is to refocus on housing provided by state government and government agencies like PR1MA to social housing sector. The action is for mid-term and targeting to B40 and M40 groups.
Meanwhile Action 1.5.2 is structuring the work program for the need of housing in which restricted the qualification for public housing for local or state government. This action was implemented for short term period with target in providing work program for applicants’ qualification for public housing within 2020.
Next, Action 1.5.3 is integration of system for application of public housing which can be verified the need and eligibility of applicants’ likes portal E-Kasih. This action also for short term timeframe which target for upgrade system for validation applicants for public housing in 2020.
With the same strategies of 2.1, action 2.1.2 is to increase construction technology usage and life cycle cost support the process of the construction choice. This action also a short-term period and the target is new project to be introduced with modern construction technology within 2025. Furthermore, action 2.1.3 is to create a specific system for housing innovation. In which the action taken in short period with a target of upgrading system for housing innovation for upcoming housing project in 2020. Next, action 2.1.4 is to make sure system of housing delivering converted from “Sold then Built” to “Built then Sold”. This action is within short and mid period.
Action 1.5.4 is promoting and response to public housing advertisement in local stage in order to monitor the delivering the public housing. This action in take for mid-term period furthermore the target is to promote the public housing to people in order to distribute public housing.
In strategy 2.2 state that determination of size capabilities of housing based on the area to upgraded structure work program of observe and examinate state and local authorities. Action 2.2.1 is to establish guidance to ownership and rent a house that will look to income interest, urban area and quality housing policy (PPB) with the action taken in short period and targeted to introduce housing guidance for owning or renting in 2020. Action
Lastly, Action 1.5.5 is to draft and prepare National Affordable Housing Policy to be the point of housing program of public and affordable housing. This action will be taken in short period as the target was for National Affordable Housing Policy.
2.2.2 is to publish a report on level of ability to own and rent housing (rent and house price) based on area within 2 years. The action will be mid-term action and indication to provide report on action starting 2021.
2.5.2 Focus Two (2)
Focus two is to improvement in accessibility and increase the ability to own a house which in this focus have four strategies and thirteen action to be done. Strategies 2.1 is to make used of technology and ecosystem for increasing the productivity of housing with the action 2.1 is QLASSIC certified is a must to all new project either government or private which will be in short term action. The target is to enforce QLASSIC certified for housing project start 2020.
Action 2.2.3 is to make sure acceptation of housing construction already count on ability in owning a house in local area. The timeframe is mid-term and indicator are the number of approvals of new housing project parallel with ability to own local housing in 2025. Next, action 2.2.4 is to indicate the owning housing ability within the local area as the criteria in application of Developer and Advertisement License (APDL) by housing developer that that action for mid-term timeframe as the indicator on the number of license approval link with need of owning local housing ability in 2025.
Meanwhile, strategy 2.3 is to measure housing capability depending on the area to improve work program of monitoring and evaluation (P&P) state and local authorities.
Action 2.3.1 is to establish a law under the act of house rent which protect both parties of owner and renter that will be acted in short term. Action 2.3.2 will introduce a scheme on private housing rental within the affordable rate for low-income group with subsidy from government to owner or renter that acted on mid-term. Besides, action 2.3.3 is to evaluate eligibility public housing rents for encourage different rent from public to private or owning the house this is within short term.
the existing list and neighborhood environment quality, facilities and services score that used “Malaysia Valuation Standards” (MVS) to associate with PLANMalaysia. Next, action 3.1.5 is to found National Housing Management Corporation (3P) that maintaining selected housing and action 3.1.6 is to empower the job scope in Joint Management Body (JMB) and Management Council (MC) to make sure the management and maintenance of selected building. All of the action is mid-term period.
Next, strategy 2.4 is to improve existing housing payment scheme for solving inclusive and sustain the low and medium incomer in owning houses. The action is to set financial aid to B40 and M40 group within mid-term action and number of acceptances for each category. For action 2.4.2 is to provide a guidance for “Rent to Own” and other scheme of payment that were offer from government or private sector.
Strategy 3.2 point to authorize the people role that will improve the excellence of the neighborhood. The action 3.2.1 is to build a community as initiative to maintaining the neighborhood quality by establish Nation Community Policies with short period.
“Community Funding Mechanism” is found in action 3.2.2 to improve community organizations that will held for long term period. Besides, encourage community to join neighborhood program which will increase the spirit to treasure neighborhood accessibility together.
2.5.3 Focus Three (3)
2.5.4 Focus Four (4)
Focus three is to make sure the quality and cohesive neighborhood with strategy 3.1 is to provide and maintain facility and access quality within the neighborhood for people lifestyle support. Action 3.1.1 is to analyze the gap of existing guideline process for quality neighborhood and existing facility that have been found by PLANMalaysia at state and local consultants’ stage. This action will be on 2021-2023 period. Action 3.1.2 is to re-examinate the existing standards and guideline correspond with focus three. The action also taken by mid-term.
In focus four they tend to improve housing construction and transportation conditions for better lifestyle. Strategy 4.1 is to rearrange all housing development and sectors of town, structure, local planning, and reserve area. This are for collective and consistency of vision feat involvement of community. The action 4.1.1 is to make sure the transportation initiative and housing planning accordance to national and sub national stage. While action 4.1.2 is to stabilize on involvement of people in all stage of housing planning for getting responses, guide and feedback as part of the process.
The action for 3.1.3 is to provide the list of neighborhood quality that have all element that have been insert in existing and new guidelines while action 3.1.4 is to upgrade
In addition, strategy 4.2 is to reinforce the ability of local and state authorities in guiding and housing and transportation integration by analysis, planning and implement.
Action 4.2.1 is also reinforced in partnership of housing agencies and state transportation agencies in working on evaluate basic amenities of household for response and implement uniform planning within state and local stage. Action 4.2.2 is to bring financial budget for rapid and periodically on research and housing construction in state phase. Both action in 4.2 in mid-term time.
Action 5.3.2 is to enroll practical class to officer in order to achieve objectives of DPN while action 5.3.3 to make sure the financial is enough and the financial management in a good state in order to smooth the process of DPN. Last but not least, action 5.3.4 is to review and improve legislation that involve surging the enforcement and implementation of actions.
2.5.5 Focus Five (5)
Focus five is to enforce the institution capabilities to perform DPN. Strategy 5.1 will be on arranged the data and closing data gap for further research of national housing with action 5.1.1 to found National Housing System as complete data of national housing. While action 5.1.2 is to indorse National Housing System usage as the main data to all national housing agencies and action 5.1.3 is to do a questionnaire for national housing to full fill the data. Next, action 5.1.4 to digitalize all hard copy of housing data intended for open data for the system.
2.6 Sustainability Design for Affordable House
The case study was according from Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) which analyzed from existing affordable housing in Malaysia.
2.6.1 Building Orientation
Besides, strategy 5.2 is to form a research capacity on behalf of to evaluate housing policies and action 5.2.1 is to encourage housing research program in cycle of federal and state housing stage which will be held on short term. Moreover, action 5.2.2 is to optimize the expert in order to promote the housing education for housing study program. Action 5.2.3 is to do period evaluation of housing policies and action whereas the action 5.2.4 to form a housing policy based on the studies.
source: CIDB
Figure 2.6.1: Building Orientation
Additional, strategy 5.3 is to increase the resource and authorize the law and technical capacities for upsurge the effectiveness and enforcement. Action 5.3.1 is to make sure all professionals have the qualification and surge the effectiveness workers in administration the policies.
Most common building orientated with two adjacent entrance face the north-south direction that causing the majority of the blocks face the north-south direction in which received optimal daylight. Meanwhile, the remaining blocks face the east-west direction will receive direct sunlight penetration as shown in Figure 2.6.1 thus resulting on energy consummation higher that block that facing north-south.
2.6.2 Natural Ventilation
2.6.3 Building Landscaping (Green Space)
“The affordable housing typology hasn’t really changed since the 1970s. Affordable housing and the issue of densification is a very big issue that no matter how much green building you do, it’s not enough” said Hijjas at the 12th International Conference on World Class Sustainable Cities (WCSC 2021). Which expressing that there are still lacking in green space surrounding affording housing which mostly are urban and cosmopolitan area. The people who live with little access of green spaces more likely to face health complication, crime issue and hardly build a community in a neighborhood (Larroque,2019).
2.7 Low-Cost Housing in Malaysia
source: CIDB
Figure 2.6.2: Analysis of Layout plan for Natural Ventilation From Different Type of Housing Unit
There are three categories of low-cost housing in Malaysia which are single story terrace house, semi-detached house, and flat share by Wan Nur Rukiah (2015). Besides, all of building in Malaysia must follow guideline from CIDB that was found in 1998 and been renewed in 2002.
Natural ventilation is for passive cooling which is most straightforward and least expensive for low-cost housing. From Figure 2.6.2 above basically spaces like living room and kitchen having very affiance of cross-ventilation which resulting in good thermal comfort makes users comfortable in these spaces. Unfortunately, bedrooms do not have such a good cross-ventilation more issues happen as good lighting and fresh air will boost focus when concentrating on work while pandemic (Minarovicova,2020). Affordable housing in Malaysia constantly uses high-rise housing in order to provide houses in large quantity however in analyzed shown that air in bedroom cannot be pulled into void properly as to sheer height of high-rise housing.
Furthermore, the minimum size of low-cost housing would be 678sq with three bedroom, a dining room, kitchen, and bathroom in order to satisfy the standard restriction by CIDB.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHADOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The method and analysis of obtain data will be explain in this chapter. Methods presented will be used to obtain result for following chapter.
3.2 Research Approach
source: KPKT 2002 in Wan Nur Rukiah (2005)
This study was carried out using a method of qualitative. Data are gathered over two major methods which are case study and literature review which involves in textual or visual analysis from publications. The variables were analyzed to deliver clear picture of the data in form of drawings, image, and table.
3.3 Research Design Strategies
3.3.1 Illustrative Case Study
The research focus on five phases mention in DPN which are Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970), Housing for The Poor (1971-1985), Housing Market Reform (1986-1997), Slum Clearance (1998-2011), Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now). Data will be collected from observation and literature review of housing layout. The observation will be concreting on the two main objective of the study which are to identify the development housing layout since the independence of Malaysia until now and determining the objective of each five phases of DPN correspond with housing layout.
3.4 Data Collection Methods
Data collection for this topical study will gone through two method which are case studies and literature review. Sketching on butter paper also will be present to further understand the collective data.
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OFLOW-COSTHOUSING
UNDERSTANDINGONAFFECTOF COVID-19TOHUMANBEHAVIOR
3.5 Sample of Study
Sample of study will be from housing layout from each five phases likes in the phase of Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970) will be using Razak Mansion, Housing for The Poor (1971-1985) will be using Pekeliling Flat, Housing Market Reform (1986-1997) used housing layout of Tanjung Bungah apartment, Slum Clearance (1998-2011) used PPR housing layout and Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now) will be using PR1MA housing layout. All housing layout selected only for high-rise housing layout.
source: Author
3.7 Measurement Instruments
3.6 Procedure
Data collection method of the case study will be form of observation regarding the house layout of the sample of study. The research incorporates in floor plan as will be studied and analyzed. The same procedure used for different phases for case study. This is for analyzed the development of housing from each
1. Case study will conduct based on DPN five phases, each of the phases have one example of housing layout according to the phase which are:
i. Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970) Razak Mansion
ii. Housing for The Poor (1971-1985), Taman Dato Harun, PKNS Flat
iii. Housing Market Reform (1986-1997), Flat Putra Harmoni, Putrajaya
iv. Slum Clearance (1998-2011), PPR Beringin
v. Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now), PR1MA Alam Damai
2. The study required of this topical research paper will focus on housing layout from the five phases mention in DPN which considering all aspect in
politics, economy, and social current time in order to achieve the objective of each phase. Each of housing layout will be hold the objective of the phase and will be analyzed through:
i. Housing layout (floor plan)
ii. Green space (facilities, amenities and etc)
iv. Size each space
v. Housing program
vi. Strategies of the phases
vii. Space provided
3. From data obtain, floor plan will be trace out to butter paper to have clear vision of the data.
3.8 Data Analysis
The data obtained from case study and literature review shall be compiled and analyzed in Chapter 4. Moreover, the result will be concluded with guidance of previous study from other researchers.
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
Under this chapter, data has gathered through precedent studies from other researchers and housing developer with support from initial studies of literature reviews, drawing and pictures. From the case studies, the data obtained were analyzed and divided to each phase based on DPN. Each phase has been discussed on housing layout, green space (if available), size of each space (if available), housing program, strategies of phase, and space provided. Redrawn on floor plan will be applied to all housing layout to have clear picture of the floor plan.
4.2 Criterion
3.9 Limitation
The case studies will have limitation as some building already demolished and not dated well. Therefore, some data are not available due to limitation. Some buildings are too old and there is no data available in internet or pervious research such as proper floor plan even though the building is still standing therefore some floor plan will be sketch in not to scale drawing.
A criterion has been set which is a housing that have been provide either by government or private from each phase from 1957 to now. All of the housing were taken from medium-rise and high-rise housing to make it equivalent on result and findings. Medium-rise building meant a building that have between 5 to 12 floors while high-rise buildings defined as the floor of buildings consists of 13 and above floor (Sarac,2019). Each housing layout will be analyzed like 3.7: measurement instruments.
4.3 Case Studies
4.3.1 Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970)
The first phases house selected for the case study was Razak Mansion, it was built in 1962 and officially launched by the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Razak as the low-cost housing was bearing his name. The “mansion” itself was the second realized of a series of the early housing projects by government in Kuala Lumpur. The first housing was Suleiman Court which is now being the location of Sogo Shopping Complex. (Abdul Hakim Abdullah,2015)
source: https://normalarchitecture.tumblr.com/post/117240716999/framing-the-common-the-case-ofrazak-mansions
Figure 4.3.1: Front View of Razak Mansion, Kuala Lumpur
Table
4.3.1: About Razak Mansion in Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence
(1957-1970)
4.3.1.1 Housing Layout
source: Author
source: Sketches NTS by Author
Figure 4.3.1.1: Housing Layout of Razak Mansion, Kuala Lumpur.
4.3.2 Housing for The Poor (1971-1985)
The famous housing built in this phase was Flat Pekeliling however since it was completely demolished in 2015. Therefore, the house that selected from this phase was Taman Dato Harun, PKNS Flat. The flat is still standing proud until now with good condition. Where all tenants sit under Rukun Tetangga in which built up the community that prove the achievement on focus (3) in DPN. The PKNS flats was built in 1981 and initially have five blocks of flats in which each floor has 12 housing units. (Hafazah & Siti Mareenah, 2009).
source: https://rumahlot.com/properties/flat-pkns-seksyen-7/
Figure 4.3.2: Perspective View of Taman Dato Harun, PKNS Flat
4.3.2.1 Housing Layout
source: Author
source: Sketches NTS by Author
Figure 4.3.2.1: Housing Layout of Taman Dato Harun, PKNS Flat, Kuala Lumpur
4.3.3 Housing Market Reform (1986-1997)
The housing layout was Flat Putra Harmoni, Putrajaya. The flat was a initiative from private developer with Modern Housing Scheme in Putrajaya. In this phase the example that been shown in DPN about the private sector took responsibility for providing housing to people were in Tanjung Bungah, Penang and Putrajaya. About 3.7 million units have been built since 1971 to 2017. Proving that private sector did playing their role in supplying housing to Malaysian.
Table 4.3.3: About Flat Putra Harmoni, Putrajaya in Housing Market Reform (1986-1997)
Figure 4.3.3: View from parking lot of Flat Putra Harmoni, Putrajaya
SIZE SQFt (apx) (Each space & total)
BEDROOM 3: 123.8
4.3.3.1 Housing Layout
PRIVATE SECTOR
3 BEDROOMS, 1 BATHROOM, 1 TOILET, KITCHEN, LIVING ROOM,DINING AND TERRACE
- PRIVATE SECTOR PROVIDING HOUSING WITHOUT THE AID OF FINANCIAL FROM GOVERNMENT YEAR BUILT PROGRAM OBJECTIVE PHASE STRATEGIES SPACE PROVIDED
source: Author
BATHROOM: 21.5
TOILET: 21.5
LIVING/ DINING: 231.4
FACILITIES SUCH AS CAR PARK, PLAYGROUND AND SURAU START RM239,000 -MAKING SURE ALL HOUSEHOLD GROUP CAN OWN A HOUSE PRICE GREEN SPACE N/A INTERFERE OF
KITCHEN: 86.2
TERRACE: 37.7
TOTAL SPACE: 700
AMENITIES SUCH AS SCHOOL, MALL, SWIMMING POOL AND PETROL STATION
source: Sketches NTS by Author
Figure 4.3.3.1 Housing Layout of Flat Putra Harmoni, Putrajaya
34
4.3.4 Slum Clearance (1998-2011)
“Program Perumahan Rakyat’ (PPR) establish in 1998 therefore the PAKR program was total repealed from phase four. The selected PPR used is PPR Beringin which is the first generation of PPR housing layout. Located at Jinjang Utara, Kuala Lumpur was built with six blocks of 15 and 18 floors which total 1896 units to be occupied. (Longo & Mohd Firrdhaus,2019)
source: http://tamanberingin.pimaxis.my/kemudahan_awam.html
Figure 4.3.4: PPR Beringin Environment
4.3.4.1 Housing Layout
Table 4.3.4: About PPR Beringin, Kuala Lumpur in Slum Clearance (1998-2011)
- PROVIDE A HOUSE TO SLUM HOUSEHOLD
- INCREASE NATIONAL INCOME
- INCREASE THE CEILING COSTFOR LOW-COST
3 BEDROOMS, 1 BATHROOM, 1 TOILET,KITCHEN, LIVING ROOM,DINING, AND TERANCE
source: Author
Source: Sketches NTS by Author
Figure 4.3.4.1 Housing Layout of PPR Beringin, Kuala Lumpur
4.3.5 Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now)
Lastly, lot of plans from government to reach the objectives of DPN. From founded agencies in federal stage such as PR1MA and ‘Rumah Wilayah Persekutuan’ (RUMAWIP) to founded agencies in state stage likes PR1MA Pahang (Pahang) and ‘Rumah Mampu Milik Johor’ (Johor) in order grab the objectives of DPN. For this phase the selected housing was PR1MA Alam Damai housing layout type A1. The residential offer four types of housing layout that suitable for people with need of comfortable housing in urban areas balance with landscape surrounding. (PR1MA Cooperation Group,2020)
source: https://www.pr1ma.my/pr1ma-properties/images/Residensi%20Alam%20Damai-ResidensiALAM-DAMAI-BROCHURE-2020_web_FA.pdf
Figure 4.3.5: 3D Images of PR1MA Alam Damai, Cheras
4.3.5.1 Housing Layout
source: Author
LEGEND:
B : BATHROOM T :
Tr :
Source: Sketches NTS by Author
Figure 4.3.5.1 Housing Layout of PR1MA Alam Damai, Cheras
4.4.1 Low-Cost Housing Development After Independence (1957-1970)
To summarize the data gathered, in 1957 to 1970 phase, government main objective is to provide housing in rural and urban areas which only provide necessities with minimum rooms of two, shared bathroom, shared living and dining space and small kitchen. In which by using Metric Handbook as a references minimum size room for housing is 11 m2 for shared room. While minimum size for living room dwelling with dining area is 11 m2 depending on number household in which add 1 m2 per resident. For bathroom minimum sizes is 4.6 m2 complete with shower, WC, and wash basin. Since the housing development still in early phases therefore the government financial also became the factor of housing layout quality and desperation to build housing that time was high due of migration from rural people to city.
For Razak mansion tenant used to shared yard for drying clothes. This also create privacy issue for drying clothes like undies with shared yard where your neighbor can see your private clothes. Where kitchen size for this phase was 75.3 sqft in which still small which to obtain efficient kitchen measure with the kitchen triangle theory which three main work area form triangle such as refrigerator, sink and stove that each side of triangle is no less than four feet and no than nine feet (Doherty, 2021).
The price for the house from phase 1 was starting with RM25,000 per unit. Since the objective of the phase was to provide housing to people and the migration of rural people to city. Therefore, the price is still low then standard house current time with the total space of 560 sqft. Plus, the construction material during that time is still bin bare minimum.
4.4.2 Housing for The Poor (1971-1985)
Mass housing was modelled after the British houses and its standard and By-Laws, remnant of colonial days ( Nor Haniza et al, 2016) which make all implement of traditional house that push on privacy, environment and living value. However, in the phase only provide two unit of small bedroom. One for parent to occupied and one for children. With minimum of room sibling with different gender have to sleep together in one room. This will create social issue as in Islam prescribe those boys and girl need to be separated when they reached 10 years old. (Noor Aimran & Syed Zainol, 2016).
Due to high demand of low-cost housing especially in urban area, housing developers only concern on deliver the demand without paying attention on quality of the houses (Nor Haniza et al, 2016). From the previous phase of housing, government received lot of critics as the house provided does not satisfactory to the family’s housing need.
The size of bathroom also be an issue as the small size need to accommodate with four or more people per household as Malaysian according to HIS & BA 2019 have average four and more children. What a small bathroom cum with toilet fit the function for many people.
Thus, in 1981 , KPKT has introduced and implement new concept of low-cost housing which considering following characteristic which are the selling price will not exceeding RM25,000 per unit, target household with income not more than RM750 per month, low-cost houses extending from flats, single-storey terrace to detached houses and lastly the minimum design standard for low-cost housing is within 550-600 sqft built up area that consist of two bedrooms,a living room,a kitchen and a bathroom shared toilet.
Unfortunately, even after standard low-cost house design was implemented there were still problem with the design. The same issue still arises like two small bedrooms to fit need for big family. Privacy between family member still not solved by housing developer. Because of the minimum of room provided other space like living room will occupied and turn into another space to sleep. The situation will effect on cleanliness and comfort of living within family member will decreases.
4.4.3 Housing Market Reform (1986-1997)
Small room also cause children to study outside the room provided. Since the room was fill with furniture like wardrobe and bed the space for study will absent. Therefore, children will study at other space like living and dining area. This will change on the function of the spaces where if the dining table was used for study when food was served children will be disturbed and have to move all thing to other area to give space for the food. With the situation above study at home are not efficient and change the quality of living of the children.
Realizing that the need for housing standards would arise, the Construction Industry Development (CIDB), a statutory body established under the Parliamentry Act 520 (Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia Act 1994) together with the Ministry of Housing and Local Government had set up a technical committee to come out with National Housing Standards series (Nor Haniza et al, 2016). The standard divided to two series which are standard for single and double storey housing of low-cost housing and low-cost apartment in which was establish in 1998.
In 2002, the low-cost housing has adapted from provision of two bedroom to three bedroom with addition of dining room, a separate bathroom and toilet also a drying area. The revision of the low-cost housing emphasizes on social and cultural references. Hence, it become a necessary to have at least three-bedroom unit for low-cost housing schemes. In this phase, the bedroom provided was three bedrooms and separated bathroom and toilet.
Kitchen in this phase was slightly bigger than early phase with approximately addition to 5 sqft but terrace for wet house core was not provided. Therefore, the inclusion of the kitchen will be the place for drying clothes which still not satisfied the function of kitchen. The phase also provided shared living and dining where will be same situation with early phase.
New housing technology was introduced in Housing for The Poor (1971-1985) which is Industrial Building System (IBS) in which new experiment to housing development in Malaysia. The housing price in this phase starting with RM25,000 and nowadays Taman Dato Harun, PKNS Flat price increase almost 5x from the original price in 1981 with pricing start RM130,000 per unit in 2021.
In this phase, the living and dining already separated and the terrace was also provided which follow the standard of low-cost housing scheme. The kitchen been enlarged to almost 10 feet per unit which were 86.2 sqft and the terrace been add with 37.7 sqft. While for bedroom comes with three different sizes which are the smallest bedroom was 97 sqft, 118.4 sqft and 123.8 sqft respectively which total up space was 700 sqft. Facilities and amenities were also built to bring comfortable environment to tenants
Despite aid from private sector, there are still complaint and arguments that the required allocation of at least 30% became unacceptable as the housing project ceiling price of RM25,000 per unit irrespective of their location and typology which not profitable for housing developers therefore the price of the house sold with RM239,000 as the argument on
review.
The objectives of the phase is to provide adequate housing and ensure houses built are accessible and affordable for all citizens, especially low income group. Private sector during that time able to complete 214,889 units, 98.9% of the target (Jian Liu & Ying Ong,2021).
Since of economy depression, the government start to incline the house price from RM25,000 to RM45,000 per unit. Nevertheless, the PPR Beringin was sold with range RM35,000 to RM45,000 per unit during that time based on table below provided by National Housing Council.
Table 4.4.4: Low-cost Housing Price enforced on 10 June 1998
4.4.4 Slum Clearance (1998-2011)
The house layout in this phase used existing layout which 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 toilet, separated dining and living and also terrace. The scenario happened in the phase was Asian financial depression that cause economy downturn to this country. The increasing number of squatters and inefficient housing allocation system made the housing layout in this phase change on size to fit the demand of families.
The case study layout consists of three bedroom with 70.1 sqft , 71.8 sqft and 116.5 sqft for each bedroom. The standard taken from Uniform Building by Law 1984 (UBBL1984) where the floor area needs minimum 3 bedroom. The first bedroom is not less than 126 sqft, second bedroom not less than 106.6 sqft and the third room was not less than 77.5 sqft. The kitchen is a little bit smaller than the previous phase with 48.7 sqft but still not filled the UBBL-1984 with minimum requirement are not less than 58.1 sqft.
In the house layout also shown that the toilet and bathroom was separated which follow the UBBL-1984 standard with dimension of 19.4 sqft respectively with width of the space not less than 13 sqft. However, the toilet was 18.4 sqft which a bit smaller than the minimum size with less of 1 sqft. Since phase 3, the developer started to provide adequate storage area and circulation space together with a covered space (terrace) for drying clothes for the comfort of tenants.
FLAT ( FIVE FLOOR AND ABOVE WITH LIFT
FLAT ( FIVE FLOOR AND ABOVE WITHOUT LIFT
1200-1500
1000-1350
850-1200
750-1000
source: National Housing Council ,2002 from (Hezzrin, 2017)
The objective of the phase was to provide house to slum household and increase national income. The objective can be seen as achieved as the number of squatters decline almost 91 % from 1999 to June 2018. Also, the green space was provided with maintenance as PPR Beringin was located at Kuala Lumpur, the authority taken care of facilities and amenities is Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) with RM 26 million allocate for maintenance for PPR units. This initiative brings conducive living to users.
4.4.5 Affordable Housing Development (2012-Now)
Several years has past yet even the newest housing program still have critic from developers and users. The housing layout for PR1MA Alam Damai consist of three bedrooms, two bathrooms, living area, dining area, terrace, and additional space like balcony.
All of the spaces accommodate with UBBL-1984 standard with by hook or crook already have the minimum standard of comfortable housing. The additional space like balcony that served as to enlarged living space and boost the life quality for residents. With the addition of the space residents with smoking habit can smoke outside of the house. Since smoke from cigarette can cause most cases of lung cancer said Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) thus the space will be the smoke area for residents.
There are several state governments allocated land for PR1MA where they have planned to urbanize but these areas most probably far away from amenities and transportation links since area that closer to the local amenities such as school, retailing outlets and public transportation station can only be considered as a good location said PR1MA chief executive officer Datuk Abdul Mutalib Alias. Therefore, as can be seen in Table 4.3.5 many facilities and amenities have been added to housing development of middle-class low-cost housing which bring a beneficial to residents thus improve lifestyle.
For PR1MA housing the bathroom built were two and one of it was place in master bedroom. With the new location of bathroom parent can have separate bathroom from public and children used. The dining area and living area also separated with total spaced of 301.4 sqft. Some of PR1MA kitchen layout already consist of built-in cabinet storage that improve the functionality of the kitchen with new design.
Suitable with the objective of the phase which are closing the gap between to household group M40 and B40 by continue providing affordable housing for these two groups. The housing range price is between RM220,000 and RM300,000 for first-time homebuyers with a family unit pay of under RM6,000 per month.
All PR1MA housing project must follow the standard of PR1MA Project Brief 2015: Section 1, Planning and Built Form Requirement – High-Rise. According to the standard each of residential unit size divided to six types of apartments which are followed with preferred unit types which are 2+1 Bedroom: 78.9m2 ± 5%, 3 Bedroom: 92.9m2 ± 5%, and
3+1 Bedroom: 111.48m2 ± 5% and situational unit types which are studio: 51.09m2 ± 5%,
1+1 Bedroom: 60.4m2 ± 5% and 2 Bedroom: 69.68m2 ± 5%. The spatial hierarchy within all PR1MA housing units must admitted characteristic likes bedrooms preferred to have windows that facing outwards and terrace/yard must connect with kitchen into a semi-private corridor and a bathroom. From the case studies type of followed is 2+1 Bedroom: 78.9m2 ± 5%.
PR1MA housing highlight on location of land where before the construction start the authorities find a land not far from city as a consideration for user in term of transportation.
4.5 Comparison by Phase
Table 4.5: Table of Comparison by Phase According to Years
- Improve basic infrastructure and rural development
- Housing Crash Program
- Low-cost housing built by state governments with subsidised Federal loans
- 30% of private housing projects for low-cost housing at maximum RM25,000 per unit
- Promote open market policy
- Reduction in public housing development budget
- Establishment of Recovery Fund for Abandoned Housing Project in 1990
- In 1998, low-cost housing price inclined to MYR 42,000 per unit
- Implementation of Low-cost Housing Revolving Fund to encourage private involvement
- Provision of adequate, affordable, and quality houses, with greater emphasis on appropriate locations and conducive living environment
- Implementation of the Build-Then-Sell concept
- Enforcement of government to include 20% low-cost and 20% medium-cost housing units in housing projects
- Launch of maintenance programme to maintain the condition of affordable housing Development of the National Housing Data Banking system
- Introduction of the Rent-to-Own financing scheme
source: Author Table 4.5 shown are stage of comparison from each phase from DPN (2018-2025). The development of the phases followed the objectives for the years with the influenced of economy, politic and social. From each total space by year 1957 to current total space shown increase of floor area. This was due to additional basic space from two bedrooms, one-bathroom, shared dining and living, small kitchen and no yard in Razak mansion into three bedrooms with different sizes, two bathroom which one was placed in master bedroom, dining and living area with balcony and jointed terrace with kitchen. The spaces before just design on basic need as the main objectives in the early phases (1957-1985) were to provide low-cost housing to people that migrate from rural area to city which caused overcrowded and declined the poverty issues.
However, as people and professional start to complaint the design of low-cost housing. The development of low-cost housing start to change and be more creative as a response from the complaint. Start from year 1986 to current time, the bedroom minimum is three. The standard of housing was established such as UBBL-1984, Construction Industry Standards 2: 1998 (CIS2) and PR1MA Project Brief 2015. This standard is to ensure all housing project followed the requirement to bring a comfortable living within tenants.
From strategies to strategies of government planned been used to archived each of the phase objectives alongside the DPN objectives. The successful of join venture of private and government sector being the pivot point of the positive result of housing development in Malaysia.
In years of 1957 to 1980, the responsibility to build low-cost housing was fully under government hand however with the new strategy, government start to involve private sector about 30% of the development in 1981 with selling price of each unit not more than RM25,000. Then, new strategy was found in 1986 where open market been indorsed. Furthermore, the private sector become the most valuable player in the development of low-cost housing where most of the project built by them without financial help from government.
The increasing price of los-cost house per unit can be seen the Table 4.5 above as in early phase the price start with RM25,000 per unit. Unfortunately, start from 1986 until now the price one unit house keep rising as the increasing of material and living cost. According to Thesundaily “Between 1990 to 2019, average house price been high by 5.6X or a 460% capital appreciation. In contrast, real GDP per capita income has grown by only 2.8X or 1805.”
