RESILIENT COMMUNITY PLANNING: MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

RESILIENT COMMUNITY PLANNING: MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

Project Report Submitted by ARCHANA C ARUNIMA K. T. NIMIL MEHMAR HUSSAIN TANIA VIJU

M200177AR M200355AR M200260AR M200560AR

In partial fulfillment of the award of the Degree of MASTER OF PLANNING IN URBAN PLANNING

Under the guidance of Dr. Bimal P Er. Riya Robi

Department of Architecture and Planning NATIONAL INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

NIT CAMPUS P.O., CALICUT KERALA, INDIA 673 601 January 2021

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this report entitled Resilient Community Planning: Meenangadi Panchayath is a bonafide work done by

ARCHANA C ARUNIMA K. T. NIMIL MEHMAR HUSSAIN TANIA VIJU

M200177AR M200355AR M200260AR M200560AR

under my/our supervision and guidance. This report is submitted to the National Institute of Technology Calicut in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the degree of Master of Planning in Urban Planning during the year 2020-21.

Dr. Bimal P Assistant Professor Department of Architecture and Planning NIT Calicut

Er. Riya Robi Department of Architecture and Planning NIT Calicut

Professor & Head Department of Architecture and Planning NIT Calicut

Office Seal

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DECLARATION We, hereby declare that the Major Project titled “Resilient Community Planning: Meenangadi Panchayath” submitted herein has been carried out by us in the Department of Architecture & Planning of National Institute of Technology, Calicut.

The work is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

Names: ARCHANA C ARUNIMA K. T. NIMIL MEHMAR HUSSAIN TANIA VIJU

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Major Project is a culmination of the help, guidance, and above all love of many people with whom we have been associated over this period.

First and foremost, We would like to thank Dr. Bimal. P and Er. Riya Robi for their guidance throughout this project. Knowing them and working under their guidance has been an enriching experience. His patience, constructive criticism, and an excellent eye for details have provided a strong base for this study We would like to thank Beena Vijayan, Panchayath President,

Meenangadi

panchayath, Aganwadi Staffs, department of disaster management, Wayanad district, and the residents of the Panchayath for their cooperative attitude and valuable inputs amidst COVID situations.

We take this opportunity to convey our heartiest thanks to our family and friends. They have provided immense mental support and strength throughout this project.

Last but not the least, We thank all those who have helped us directly and indire ctly in the completion of this project successfully.

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ABSTRACT Resilience is the ability to withstand, recover and emerge even stronger following an unexpected threat. Resilient community planning include providing safe houses with services, monitoring waste management and air quality, promoting community participation and preparing the community to adapt to climate change. Meenangadi is the area of interest. We proceeded with relevant case studies followed by spatial and non spatial data analysis. We also conducted surveys to understand the aspirations of people and risks faced by the area. According to the data analysis and surveys conducted, we formulated our vision and goals for Meenangadi panchayat. Two sites of area around 12 ha were selected and site planning was carried out according to the vision and goals formulated. Business plan for community level was proposed.

Keywords— Meenangadi, Resilience, Build form, Public spaces, Aspiration Survey, Risk Analysis survey.

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CONTENTS CERTIFICATE...............................................................................................................i DECLARATION...........................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMNT..............................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................iv 1

2

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 1 1.1

GENERAL ............................................................................................... 1

1.2

AIM ......................................................................................................... 1

1.3

OBJECTIVES........................................................................................... 1

1.4

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................... 1

1.5

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 2

1.6

SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 3

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 4 2.1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 4

2.2

CASE STUDIES....................................................................................... 4

2.2.1

Fire Resilience ................................................................................... 4

2.2.2

Flood Resilience ................................................................................ 6

2.2.3

Surat Resilience Strategy.................................................................. 14

2.3

TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................... 26

2.3.1

Array of Things – AoT..................................................................... 26

2.3.2

Waternet – An Internet of Pipes........................................................ 27

2.3.3

Mobility on Demand & Future.......................................................... 28

2.3.4

Smart Grids ..................................................................................... 30

2.4

LAND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 32

2.4.1

Land Readjustment/ Pooling/ TPS .................................................... 32

2.4.2

Transferable Development Rights ..................................................... 33

2.4.3

Accommodation Reservation ............................................................ 34

2.4.4

Guided Land Development............................................................... 35

2.5

BUILT FORM AND PUBLIC SPACES .................................................. 36

2.5.1

Built Form - Framework................................................................... 36

2.5.2

Built Form – Elements ..................................................................... 37 vi

2.5.3 2.6 3

Public spaces ................................................................................... 44

SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 52

STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 53 3.1

GENERAL PROFILE: MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH ....................... 53

3.2

LOCATION ........................................................................................... 54

3.3

CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY .................................................................. 54

3.3.1

Change in land use of Meenangadi creates following issues:.............. 55

3.4

ADMINISTRATION AND FUNDING ................................................... 55

3.5

ANNUAL BUDGET AND PROJECTS................................................... 56

3.6

CARBON NEUTRAL MEENANGADI GRAMA PANCHAYATH......... 57

3.6.1

Aim ................................................................................................. 57

3.6.2

Objectives........................................................................................ 57

3.6.3

Project Outline ................................................................................. 58

3.6.4

Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality ......................................... 60

3.7

DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 61

3.8

SPATIAL DATA MAPPING .................................................................. 63

3.8.1

Ward Boundary Map ........................................................................ 63

3.8.2

Contour Map.................................................................................... 64

3.8.3

Connectivity Map ............................................................................ 64

3.8.4

Land Use Map ................................................................................. 65

3.8.5

Infrastructure Map ........................................................................... 66

3.9

WASTE MANAGEMENT...................................................................... 70

3.10

POWER DISTRIBUTION ................................................................... 72

3.11

MEDICAL SERVICES ....................................................................... 72

3.11.1 Telehealth ........................................................................................ 72 3.12 4

SUMMARY........................................................................................ 74

SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 76 4.1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 76

4.2

ASPIRATION SURVEY ........................................................................ 76

4.2.1 4.3

RISK ASSESSMENT SURVEY ............................................................. 79

4.3.1 4.4

Aspirations and Suggestions ............................................................. 77 Risk/Disaster Mapping – Meenangadi Panchayath ............................ 80

SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 83 vii

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6

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SWOT ANALYSIS OF MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH............................ 84 5.1

STRENGTH ........................................................................................... 84

5.2

WEAKNESS .......................................................................................... 84

5.3

OPPURTUNITIES.................................................................................. 84

5.4

THREATS.............................................................................................. 85

VISION AND GOALS.................................................................................. 86 6.1

VISION .................................................................................................. 86

6.2

GOALS .................................................................................................. 86

6.2.1

Ecological and Sustainable Meenangadi............................................ 86

6.2.2

Enhanced mobility and connectivity ................................................. 87

6.3

Health and wellbeing............................................................................... 87

6.4

Public life and social interaction .............................................................. 88

SITE 1 .......................................................................................................... 89 7.1

7.1.1

Zoning............................................................................................. 92

7.1.2

Site Plan .......................................................................................... 93

7.1.3

Coffee Tourism ................................................................................ 95

7.1.4

SITE 1: 3D VIEW............................................................................ 96

7.2

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IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS .................................................... 89

BUSINESS PLAN .................................................................................. 96

7.2.1

Committee Members........................................................................ 96

7.2.2

Revenue Generation ......................................................................... 97

7.2.3

Phase 1 .......................................................................................... 100

7.2.4

Phase 2 .......................................................................................... 101

7.2.5

Land Pooling Profit........................................................................ 102

SITE 2 ........................................................................................................ 103 8.1

IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS .................................................. 103

8.1.1

Site specification:........................................................................... 103

8.1.2

SITE 2: ZONING........................................................................... 106

8.1.3

SITE 2: CONCEPTUAL PLAN ..................................................... 108

8.1.4

SITE 2: SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITY PLANS.... 110

8.1.5

SITE 2: 3D VIEW.......................................................................... 112

8.2

BUSINESS PROPOSAL ....................................................................... 112

8.2.1

Committee..................................................................................... 112 viii

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8.2.2

Revenue Generation ....................................................................... 113

8.2.3

NPV (Net Present Value) ............................................................... 116

CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................... 118

10 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 119

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Areas that drive resilience...................................................................... 4 Figure 2.2: Broadleaved trees planted in the cleared fire break to improve wildfire resilience ................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 2.3: Principles followed by the UK Forestry Commission to promote wildfire resilience into forest design ..................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.4 Future floodplain .................................................................................... 6 Figure 2.5 Resilient strategies.................................................................................. 7 Figure 2.6 Wet floodproofing .................................................................................. 8 Figure 2.7 Dry floodproofing .................................................................................. 8 Figure 2.8 The Dryline ............................................................................................ 9 Figure 2.9 Settlement pattern and coastal settlements ............................................. 10 Figure 2.10 Basins and torrents network ................................................................ 10 Figure 2.11 Resource Area.................................................................................... 13 Figure 2.12 History of Surat .................................................................................. 15 Figure 2.13 Work flow diagram............................................................................. 16 Figure 2.14 Lenses and initiatives.......................................................................... 18 Figure 2.15 Pillars................................................................................................. 18 Figure 2.16 Congestion levels ............................................................................... 19 Figure 2.17 Slum location ..................................................................................... 20 Figure 2.18 Surat- Industrial area .......................................................................... 22 Figure 2.19 Climate resilience strategy, TARI........................................................ 25 Figure 2.20 AoT: Node components ...................................................................... 26 Figure 2.21 AoT applications ................................................................................ 27 Figure 2.22 Pressure Sensor .................................................................................. 28 Figure 2.23 Mobility on Demand........................................................................... 29 Figure 2.24 Characteristics of a traditional system (left) versus the smart grid (right) ............................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 2.25 Smart Grid Concept............................................................................ 31 Figure 2.26 Land Pooling Technique ..................................................................... 32 Figure 2.27 TDR concept ...................................................................................... 33 Figure 2.28 Guided Land Development Technique................................................. 35 Figure 2.29 Built Form- Framework ...................................................................... 37 Figure 2.30 Built Form- Elements ......................................................................... 37 Figure 2.31 Walkability- Aranya ........................................................................... 39 ix

Figure 2.32 Superblocks of Japantown, California ................................................. 39 Figure 2.33 Built Height- Japantown, Califorrnia ................................................... 40 Figure 2.34 Built height to street width ratio .......................................................... 40 Figure 2.35Building frontage................................................................................. 41 Figure 2.36 Landmarks ......................................................................................... 42 Figure 2.37: Views to Lake Ontario add value, provide a sense of orientation and preserve Port Credit’s identity as a waterfront community ...................................... 42 Figure 2.38 Large parcel design............................................................................. 43 Figure 2.39 Modular design- Aranya, Madhya Pradesh .......................................... 43 Figure 2.40 Place in Mumbai................................................................................. 44 Figure 2.41 Benefits of Great Places ...................................................................... 45 Figure 2.42 Mummer’s parade in Philadelphia ....................................................... 46 Figure 2.43 Las Condes Plaza ............................................................................... 46 Figure 2.44 Warwick Junction Market in Durban, South Africa .............................. 47 Figure 2.45 Benefits of Public Markets .................................................................. 47 Figure 2.46 Council house 2, Melbourne ............................................................... 48 Figure 2.47 Opening celebration of the improved river area in kibera, Nairobi ........ 49 Figure 2.48 Power of 10+...................................................................................... 49 Figure 2.49 Ciclovia in Bogota takes over the streets once a week .......................... 50 Figure 2.50 Activities to make public space more active......................................... 51 Figure 3.1 Tourism map of Wayanad ..................................................................... 53 Figure 3.2 Shredding unit Meenangadi .................................................................. 70 Figure 3.3 Annual electricity consumption of Meenangadi ..................................... 72 Figure 3.4 SeTHU - Mobile Telemedicine unit for Wayanad .................................. 74 Figure 7.1: Infrastructures near the site 1 ............................................................... 91 Figure 7.2 Built structures inside the site 1............................................................. 91 Figure 7.3 Zoning ................................................................................................. 92 Figure 7.4 Site Plan............................................................................................... 93 Figure 7.5 Coffee Tourism .................................................................................... 95 Figure 7.6 3D view of site 1 .................................................................................. 96 Figure 7.7 Phase 1 of construction ....................................................................... 100 Figure 7.8 Phase 2 .............................................................................................. 101 Figure 7.9 Plot division of existing owners .......................................................... 102 Figure 7.10 Profit distribution according to area contributed................................. 102 Figure 8.1 Site 2: Analysis .................................................................................. 105 Figure 8.2 Site section......................................................................................... 110

LIST OF CHARTS Chart 2.1 Population projection in 2010-2041 with water needed Chart 2.2 Sectoral distribution of employment x

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Chart 3.1 Temperature and rainfall graph of Meenangadi Chart 3.2 Crops produced in Meenangadi panchayat Chart 3.3 Population of each ward Chart 3.4 Sex ratio of Meenangadi Panchayath Chart 3.5 Population split of Meenangadi Panchayath and Wayanad District Chart 3.6 Literacy rate comparison Chart 3.7 Composition of major and marginal occupation Chart 3.8: Area served by each primary school (Source: Author, 2020) Chart 3.9 Area served by each health center/hospital (Source: Author, 2020) Chart 3.10 Waste collected from Meenangadi( provisional data) Chart 3.11 Road side waste collected local body wise, Wayanad Chart 4.1 Risk Comparison Chart 7.1 Landuse Chart 8.1 Existing housing and occupational details Chart 8.2 Existing educational details Chart 8.3 Existing landuse and green cover details Chart 8.4 Propsed land use

54 55 61 61 62 62 62 67 68 71 71 83 92 104 104 105 108

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Water Demand 2026, 2041..................................................................... 21 Table 3-1: No. of projects implemented and budget allocated of the same in lakhs .. 56 Table 3-2: Projects taken up by Meenangadi panchayath during last 3 years ........... 57 Table 3-3: Scope of CO2 Eq. Emission Reduction Targets in Meenangadi Grama Panchayat ............................................................................................................. 60 Table 4-1 Risk identification hazard profile of Meenangadi panchayat.................... 79 Table 4-2 Past notable disasters in Meenangadi panchayat ..................................... 80 Table 4-3: Risk assessment matrix......................................................................... 82 Table 4-4: Risk assessment table ........................................................................... 82 Table 7.1 Plot area ................................................................................................ 94 Table 7-2: Total expenses from coffee industry ...................................................... 99 Table 7-3: Profit analysis from coffee industry....................................................... 99 Table 7-4: NPV calculations for phase 1 .............................................................. 100 Table 7-5: NPV calculations for phase 2 .............................................................. 101 Table 8-1: Construction cost of LIG, MIG, HIG houses ....................................... 113 Table 8-2: Expenditure and income calculations of coffee plantations................... 114 Table 8-3: Expenditure and income generation calculations of Broom making unit 114 Table 8-4: Expenditure and income generation calculations of Rice mill............... 115 Table 8-5: Expenditure and income generation calculations of Cow farm.............. 115 Table 8-6 NPV calculations................................................................................. 117

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LIST OF MAPS Map 2-1 Surat- Flood Map 2006 Map 3.1 Ward boundary map of Meenangadi Map 3.2 Contour map of Meenangadi Map 3.3 Connectivity map of Meenangadi Map 3.4 Land use map of Meenangadi Map 3.5 Infrastructure map of Meenangadi Map 3.6: Primary Schools (Source: Author, 2020) Map 3.7 Healthcare facilities (Source: Author, 2020) Map 3.8 Services (Source: Author, 2020) Map 3.9 Public Distribution system (Source: Author, 2020) Map 4.1 Lightning Susceptibility Map Map 4.2: Drought Susceptibility Map Map 4.3: Flood Susceptibility Map Map 4.4: Landslide Susceptibility Map Map 7-1 Site 1- Location Map Map 8.1: Location of Site 2 Map 8.2: Site 2: Identification Map 8.3 Site 2: Zoning Map 8.4: Site 2: Conceptual plan Map 8.5 Site 2: Road hierarchy Map 8.6 Site 2: Utility network Map 8.7 Site 2: Drinking water network Map 8.8 3D view of site 2

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23 63 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 69 80 80 81 81 89 103 104 107 109 110 111 111 112

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Community resilience, the ability to withstand the impacts of natural, technological, or human-caused hazards and recover community functions quickly, is a local and a national issue. Preventing hazards events from becoming disasters depends upon the resilience of buildings and infrastructure systems. To transform the way buildings and infrastructure are designed, built, operated, and maintained, we need to develop guidance, tools, and metrics that measure resilience at the community scale and support decision-making on alternative actions to improve community resilience, taking into account the connections and dependencies between the built environment and social and economic systems present in the community.

1.2 AIM To design a resilient community model in Meenangadi Panchayath ,by understanding the ecosystem, built environment of the place and communities aspirations

1.3 OBJECTIVES 1. To draw insights, Aspirations and planning strategies from local people, and their practices in relation to the terrain 2. To map risks and provide mitigation measures 3. To design a business plan model considering the context of Meenangadi Grama panchayath and prepare a layout plan in the panchayath

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study is intended to understand the concept of resilience and its importance in the future. Mapping of the locality and analysis of spatial and non -spatial data is carried out. Aspiration survey and risk assessment survey is conducted to understand the needs and problems faced by people. Two model sites are selected within the panchayath and resilient community planning is executed This major project could be used as a model community planning for resilience.

Due to the present Covid-19 scenario, difficulties were faced to conduct surveys. Hence the non-random sampling method is followed. Hence it's impossible to know how well

you are representing the population. Plus, you can't calculate confidence intervals and margins of error.

1.5 METHODOLOGY

The project methodology was formulated after referring to similar projects and understanding the needs and scope of the project. This brainstorming process included identification of steps , arranging them in progressive manner and finally connecting them to the expected outcome.

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The project started with the literature study from secondary sources, where qualitative data was collected and analysed about resilience, alternative technologies, land management techniques, and elements of urban design. We also did case studies on planned resilient city and community which gave us a clear idea about this major project.

We selected Meenangadi Grama Panchayath of Wayanad District, Kerala as our area of interest and proper site study was carried out. Site study included quantitative data collection of demographics and socio-economic features, mapping of spatial and non-spatial data and analysis of data to make inferences about Meenangadi Panchayath.

This was followed by aspiration survey and risk assessment survey to get an indepth idea of people’s aspirations, their needs and suggestions. Risk assessment survey was conducted on locals as well as expert and disaster prone areas were mapped with the help of GIS. All the data collected were processed and analysed before formulating vision statement for Meenangadi panchayath. The vision was divided into pillar and goals.

Each goal was again developed into strategies and action plan to be completed within a time frame.

Two model sites were identified within the panchayath and resilient community planning was carried out according to the goals and strategies. It was followed by preparation of different community level business plans, identification of stakeholder and calculation of profit generation.

1.6 SUMMARY In this chapter, a general introduction of the project is given. The need for the study is established, followed by aim, objectives, scope and limitations of the study. A detailed methodology is discussed which helps in finally reaching the aim of the study.

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Resilience is the ability to withstand, recover and emerge even stronger following an unexpected threat It embraces the concept of awareness, detection, communication, reaction (and if possible avoidance) and recovery. Resilient cities promote sustainable development, well-being and inclusive growth.

A city /community can only be resilient if it has access to quality, safe housing with services, good waste

Figure 2.1: Areas that drive resilience

management systems, good transportation network, it must engage everyone in planning and promote sustainable growth. The city/community must be resilient to disasters and adaptable to climate changes.

Various case studies were carried out to understand how a city/community is planned to be resilient. This chapter will deal with those case studies and inferences drawn from it.

2.2 CASE STUDIES 2.2.1 Fire Resilience i.

Yosemite National Park (US) Yosemite national park had a high risk of fire. These fires that frequented the area left a diverse mixture of the fire regimes across steep elevations of the park. Other risks were extensive urban interface and relatively proximal urban population within affected water and air sheds. Resilient measures taken were promoting policies at the forefront of national policy but counter to public opinion.

ii.

Forests of United Kingdom In UK, destructive wildfires are emerging as a threat because of changes in land-use patterns combined with more and severe droughts caused by climate change.

Uncontrolled fires in forests, grasslands, arable crops, and upland peats.

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Wildfire causes substantial socioeconomic disruptions, damage culturally significant landscape and structures, cause harm to biodiversity, and degrade ecosystem services.

Resilient measure taken whereas follows: •

Collaboratively produce geographically detailed contingency plans developed by landowners, NGOs, multiple government sectors (emergency, fire and rescue, forestry, countryside and cultural heritage).

•

This includes risk assessment, the formulation of prevention measures, and incident-response preparation.

•

Interventions include a) Landscape design principles and adaptive management changing the fuel continuity and vulnerability of economically, culturally, and biologically important assets using cultural management, planned burning, and grazing; b) The reduction of accidental ignitions through the control of access and education programs; and c) The establishment of firefighting infrastructure.

Figure 2.2: Broadleaved trees planted in the cleared fire break to improve wildfire resilience

Figure 2.3: Principles followed by the UK Forestry Commission to promote wildfire resilience into forest design

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Southern Australia Southern Australia has a high fire-prone environment because of extensive flammable eucalypt forests, Its magnified by the dominance of inter-annual droughts cycles due to the El Niño climate mode, and the disruption of an ancient tradition of Aboriginal fire management. The major risk is Urban sprawl into flammable environments and climate change compound the situation. For making the area resilient to fire ,they focused on Maintaining

Appropriate Fire Regimes in Australia's Forests and Rangelands along

with Balanced Environmental Impacts of Fire. They Promoted

Indigenous

Australians’ Use of Fire. Increased Public Awareness and Education, Integrated and Coordinated Decision Making and Management were given priority. They also focused on Bushfire Risk Mitigation.

2.2.2 Flood Resilience i.

New York City New York City is vulnerable to coastal flooding. Following Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the City adopted temporary emergency zoning rules that made it easier for New Yorkers to rebuild. Zoning for Coastal Flood resiliency would update those rules with lessons learned and make them permanent.

Figure 2.4 Future floodplain (Source: Planning A Resilient New York City - YouTube)

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Resilient New York City

Figure 2.5 Resilient strategies New York City has multiple lines of protection: o Coastal protection: The city can reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities by enhancing coastlines through flood protection structures such as floodwalls, levees or berms as well as through natural f eatures like dunes and wetlands. o Infrastructure hardening: Protecting critical systems from flooding helps prevent disruption to power, communications and transportation networks when storms occur o Community preparedness: The city plans and prepares for evacuations in advance of severe coastal storms. It also coordinates response and recovery, and collects and disseminates emergency information. o Resilient buildings: Resilient buildings through wet and dry flood proofing.

Flood Resilient Construction Flood resilient construction reduces potential damages from flooding and can lower flood insurance Premiums. New buildings in the flood plain are required to meet flood resilient standards. Existing building can reduce their risk by retrofitting or rebuilding to meet these standards, or can take partial, short - term measures to address safety concerns.

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There is a wide range of accepted flood resilient construction practices for buildings to better withstand floods and reoccupy more quickly following a storm.

These include: •

Elevation

Elevating the lowest floor and mechanical equipment such as electrical, heating and pumping equipment •

Wet Flood Proofing

Wet floodproofing is done by utilizing water-resistant building materials and limiting uses below the Design Flood Elevation (DFE) to parking, building access and minor storage as shown in Figure 4.2. This method allows the passage of water in and out of uninhabited lower portions of the building with minimal damage.

Figure 2.6 Wet floodproofing •

Dry Flood Proofing

Dry floodproofing is a method designed to seal the building’s exterior to floodwaters.

Removable barriers at all entrances below the expected level of flooding deployed before a storm as shown in Figure 4.3. This option is only for non-residential ground floors such as commercial and manufacturing spaces.

Figure 2.7 Dry floodproofing 8

The Dryline: Leisure Oriented Storm Barrier The Dryline addresses New York City’s vulnerability to coastal flooding with a protective ribbon in Southern Manhattan - a 12 km-long high-water barrier incorporating public space with parks, seating, bicycle shelters, sports facilities, and skateboard ramps.

Embankments add green areas and spaces beneath elevated roadways are built out with pavilions for public use. In an emergency, the shutters close forming a floodwater barrier. Elevated embankments, pop-up sea walls deployed during storms, and salt-resistant vegetation will all be used to make the area more resilient to future flood events.

Figure 2.8 The Dryline

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ii.

Avola City, Sicily, Italy a. Settlement System

Figure 2.9 Settlement pattern and coastal settlements The city of Avola (31.576 inhabitants in 2016) is located along the south-eastern coast of Sicily. Until the end of 19th century, the urban growth around the original urban core was influenced by the hexagonal shape of the settlement.

Between 1970 and 1990, two new processes moulded the shape of the settlement.

The first was the expansion of extensive subdivisions, often illegal, built with detached single-family houses along the coastline, a phenomenon that overwhelmed the fragile coastal ecosystem. The second one was the low-density urbanization of peri-urban and rural areas where a considerable number of small and medium size houses have been built by the land owners.

Figure 2.10 Basins and torrents network As a consequence, this settlement is the result of an uncontrolled urbanization developed in agriculture areas characterized by a dense hydrographic network, as well as by relevant hydrogeological and hydraulic risks. Between Cassibile and Asinaro, the 10

rivers that mark the northern and southern municipal boundaries, a network of creeks flowing in the agricultural plane is producing a condition of high hydraulic risk, today worsened by climate change effects, particularly by recurrent heavy rainfalls.

Hence the need for a new city master plan became very essential to set up adaptive strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, risks reduction, environmental and landscape protection. b. City Masterplan The preliminary strategic document of the planning process was approved by the City Council in 2014. It was the essential step to identify and frame social, economic, spatial and environmental challenges and to define general development scenarios for improving adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change.

Consequently, the development of the city masterplan, was focused on the implementation of a set of rules to address the theme of urban resilience. This was achieved according to two different strategies.

The first is related to urban form and land use prevision while the second is concerned with the implementation of planning rules that include specific principles of urban regulation, useful to deal with climate change effects, and to control storm water run-off. Compensation and incentive policies, included in the zoning ordinance text will contribute to enhance the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation policies and make urban resilience more real and effective.

Land use regulations are oriented to enhance the ecological dimension of the entire city plan., the regulatory framework defined by a master plan must provide measures for ecological compensation and mechanisms to stimulate greening measures.

Moreover, development incentives are geared towards private property owners of the same areas to creatively encourage green infrastructure implementation The proposed plan also provides new ecological standards, related to the quality of green areas, non-motorized mobility networks, urban agriculture and leisure areas. c. Land management According to the contents of preliminary strategic document related to urban resilience and mitigation and adaptation to climate change effects, the master plan introduces 11

specific planning rules for the coastal areas burdened by a massive urbanization. The rules are referred to areas characterized by high levels of hydraulic and geomorphological risk. These coastal settlements very close to the shoreline are mostly made up of illegally built houses.

In order to provide effective solutions for these areas, the masterplan identifies densely urbanized priority areas and proposes an action strategy based on the transfer of development rights (TDR) principle. In these areas the only development option allowed is the demolition of the exiting building and its relocation in identified hazardfree areas. The cost for the building owner will be compensated by a floor. area incentive to be applied to the new development in the identified relocation areas.

Delocalization can be carried out only after the demolition of the existing building and the plot property will be transferred to the municipal administration. Furthermore, in order to limit soil consumption and to give more effectiveness to this planning provision, part of the new floor area may be relocated in other residential areas identified by the Master Plan. The aim of this rule is not only to reduce current risk conditions, but also to improve the landscape quality severely damaged by the existing developments close to the coast and the rivers.

d. Resource Area Another relevant provision for implementing the strategic principles of the city masterplan, is represented by the simplified detailed plans (Schede Norma) for the development of infill and regeneration areas, called Aree Risorsa (Resource Areas) These areas are located within or along the edge of the densely urbanized city.

They are intended as a way for easing the acquisition of public land for green spaces and services both at the neighborhood and city scale as well as for improving the quality of the built-up layout and increasing the diversity of urban functions.

The Resource Areas detailed plans are designed for addressing the redevelopment and infill of existing urban fabric, creating cycling and pedestrian facilities and improving urban ecosystems, through the creation of a set of interconnected green spaces, intertwined with the existing urban fabric. In this perspective, the urban design plays a key role in the construction of the green infrastructure.

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Figure 2.11 Resource Area Here in the map we can see, the black dot represents perimeter area of equalisation and the white spce within are the exclusive areas from the area of equlisation. The yellow coloured area are the green spaces, with the green arrow denote the access to the green spaces, green arc represents minimal amplitude of green space, grey are the buildings, P denotes parking lots, red dashed line indicates cycling routes and the blue region is the common interest area.

At the city and neighborhood scale, Resource Areas provide new green spaces within the urban fabric as a set of ecological connections, between the dense city, the coastal areas and the agricultural and natural areas around the city center.

In this way, it will be possible to avoid as much as possible greenfield developments, protecting farmland and other natural areas around the existing settle ment.

Resource Area are exchanged with the ownership of land zoned for public parks.

The considerable amount of public land acquired by this implementation approach will become an essential component of the Green Infrastructure of the city.

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e. Resilience to Urban Pluvial Flooding Risk Among urban risky events, pluvial flooding is increasing as a consequence of growing impervious surfaces trends combined with extreme events. The increase of hydraulic is nowadays one of the most relevant climate change effects.

Being aware of the huge risk that extreme events, combined with soil sealing, pose to urban settlements, planning strategies and actions have been adjusted addressing a more sustainable runoff drainage management and the maintenance of soil permeability. In particular, sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) aim at red ucing runoff by integrating stormwater control techniques throughout the site. SuDS are used to drain surface water by mimicking the natural drainage of a site prior to development.

These systems capture the rainfall as close as possible to where it falls, reducing the volume, frequency and flow rate of surface water runoff.

SuDS can deliver additional benefits to flood risk management such as improvements to aesthetics, health, biodiversity, thermal comfort, carbon reduction and sequestration, water availability, pollution control, wastewater treatment reduction and educational opportunities. SuDS contribute to the resilience of urban areas, being components of the green infrastructure. f. River Protection Areas Among the land use provision for non-urbanized areas, and in particular for farmland, river protection areas, are located close to the main riverbeds, in order to stop urbanization processes and to minimize soil sealing and hydraulic risk conditions, preserving, the environmental characteristics of the areas at the same time. These areas feature environmental, agricultural and landscape values that are the backbone of the ecological network.

The proposed land use regulation does not allow new buildings within the river buffer zones defined by the Landscape Protection Plan recently approved (October, 2017).

2.2.3 Surat Resilience Strategy Surat, located in the western part of India in the state of Gujarat, on the banks of the river Tapi, is an important historical trade center and serves as a trade link between India and the Gulf countries. Even during the Mughal period, Surat was a gateway to the Deccan plateau and an important port and trading center. Today, the city 14

has one of the highest proposed investments and almost zero percent unemployment. It is one of the fastest growing cities in India.

Surat was chosen to be one among the 100 Resilient City program, a combined initiative of Arup and The Rockefeller Foundation. i.

History of Surat Before 1961, Surat comprised an area of 8.12 sq. km.; by 2009 it had expanded to 326.5 sq. km.

Figure 2.12 History of Surat (Source: Surat Resilience Strategy) ii.

The issues faced by Surat The issues faced by Surat include: • The daily problems of traffic jams and choked roads in Surat • A huge demand for affordable housing in the city to cater to the migrant population • The quality of the main source of water for the entire city, river Tapi, is deteriorating

15

• Surat primarily depended on textile manufacturing and diamond cutting industries, should invite different alternative industries.

• Industrial growth, as well as high population growth and density, put pressure on this ecosystem.

• Social cohesion and social networks are weak in Surat.

• Surat is infamous for vector- and waterborne diseases. iii.

The work flow The strategy development process was started by identifying and engaging with relevant stakeholders and city champions under the aegis of the city administration.

Seven discovery groups were formed, comprising decision makers, planners, municipal engineers,

academicians,

researchers,

entrepreneurs/businessmen,

builders’

associations, water resource managers, public health practitioners, and energy/ gas suppliers.

Figure 2.13 Work flow diagram Innovative methods and tools were used in the strategy development process.

Some of the key highlights of the process are: • Consultations with policy makers and decision makers at the city/municipal administration.

16

• Shared learning dialogues (SLDs) with enforcement authorities, such as city/district police administration and Surat range police administration.

• Key informant interviews (KIIs) with state-level government departments and institutions.

• Meetings with elected members of city-, state-, and national-level political systems.

• Focus group discussions (FGDs) with city steering committee members and discovery group members.

• Consultations with subject matter specialists.

• Conduct of time-bound research studies to understand different aspects of the current situation and obtain information from secondary literature and primary surveys.

• Engagement with a new generation of planners/engineers/ researchers via the Urban Transport and Infrastructure Design (UTID) Studio (with transport planning students).

• Participation in community engagement events to capture the perceptions of citizens.

iv.

The vision and the goals The Surat resilience strategy has been developed around seven strategic pillars, 20

goals, and 63 initiatives/actions. This section includes the initiatives that Surat will further develop and implement between 2016 and 2025. Each pillar is defined by a number of goals and associated initiatives.

VISION: A resilient surat which fosters robust and thriving communities that are healthy, just, economically viable and environmentally sound.

Initiatives within this resilience strategy are oriented around one of four categories•

Research

•

Awareness

•

Enforcement

•

Implementation

17

Figure 2.14 Lenses and initiatives v.

The seven pillars and the initiatives

Figure 2.15 Pillars

•

Pillar 1- Connectivity and mobility

Eleven initiatives were identified around Connectivity and Mobility. These initiatives were more targeted towards shared mobility, public transport, nonmotorized transport (NMT) solutions for traffic hotspots, traffic awareness and education. During expert group discussions, these initiatives were prioritized by committee members and subject experts. Later, these initiatives were investigated with other pillars to check the interdependencies between resilience issues, using various impact scenarios.

18

Figure 2.16 Congestion levels (Source: Surat, Trans- Vision 3020) Challenges •

Illegal Parking

•

Less public transport

•

High Number of Rickshaws & Private Vehicles

•

Footpath Encroachment

Initiatives •

Spatial assessment of accessibility to public transport

•

Spatial and statistical analysis of road accidents

•

Traffic awareness

•

Enforcement of traffic rules

•

Pillar 2- Affordable housing

Seven initiatives were identified around Affordable Housing. These were focused on housing demand and supply assessment, availability of financial aids for affordable housing, identification of affordable localities in the city and neighborhoods, and green infrastructure.

19

Figure 2.17 Slum location (Source: Surat Resilience Strategy) Challenges •

Unprecedented population growth

•

Rise in migration

•

Increase in number of slums

•

Lack of affordable housing

•

Unregulated and speculative land and real estate market

•

Less availability of land

Initiatives •

Housing demand assessment

•

Affordable housing finance schemes

•

Online rental housing system

•

Pillar 3- Water availability and quality

Thirteen initiatives were identified to address Water Availability and Quality.

These were focused towards innovative infrastructure for better management of water supply, aiming for zero water waste, and conservation of rainwater and groundwater resources.

20

Chart 2.1 Population projection in 2010-2041 with water needed The identified initiatives of the water sector have higher levels of interdependency with initiatives in the area of Ecosystem and Environment and Employment and Economic Dependency pillars.

Table 2.1 Water Demand 2026, 2041 (Source: Environment Study of surat, Enviro Control Association)

Challenges •

High dependency Tapi river

•

No alternative source of water

•

Coastal environment and salinity issues

•

Climate variability and climate change

Initiatives •

Groundwater status assessment and mapping

•

Real-time river health monitoring of Tapi

•

Monitor the water supply 21

•

Implementation of the water reuse guidelines

•

Urban design & landscape intervention

•

Pillar 4- Employment and economic dependency

Five initiatives were identified under Employment and Economic Dependency.

These are targeted towards developing alternative employment opportunities in new and emerging sectors such as information technology, shipping and technical skill development programs in addition to financial aid to encourage entrepreneurship.

Chart 2.2 Sectoral distribution of employment

Figure 2.18 Surat- Industrial area

Challenges •

Economy is dependent mainly on two business sectors

•

Both the sectors are highly dependent on migrant workers

•

Imbalance in diamond business

•

High dependency on global economy & market

Initiatives •

Promote and support innovative business opportunities

•

Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise

•

Promote women entrepreneurs

•

Enhancement of business skills

•

Pillar 5- Environment and ecosystem Fourteen initiatives were identified around Environment and Ecosystem. These

initiatives are more focused on environmental regulations and policies, new infrastructure interventions for natural resource conservation, energy efficiency, and community-level awareness for environmental conservation. These initiatives will have positive impacts on Water Availability and Quality, Economy, Public Health, and Affordable Housing.

22

Map 2-1 Surat- Flood Map 2006 Challenges •

Air and Water Pollution

•

Solid waste management

•

Coastal environment and salinity issues

Initiatives •

Multi hazard risk assessment and mapping

•

Review of environmental policies

•

Development of a pollution zoning atlas

•

Awareness about the ecosystem

•

Enhancement of business skills

•

Innovative urban design and landscaping

•

Installation of solar rooftop systems

•

Decentralization of solid waste management

•

Pillar 6- Social cohesion Ten initiatives were identified around Social Cohesion. These are inclined

towards encouraging public participation at the community level and cooperation with the government by developing community-level activities. Such programs and community spaces will help create a better, livable environment and encourage cultural conservation which will, in turn, enhance the local identity of the city.

23

Challenges •

Air and Water Pollution

•

Solid waste management

•

Coastal environment and salinity issues

Initiatives •

Multi hazard risk assessment and mapping

•

Review of environmental policies

•

Development of a pollution zoning atlas

•

Awareness about the ecosystem

•

Enhancement of business skills

•

Innovative urban design and landscaping

•

Installation of solar rooftop systems

•

Decentralization of solid waste management

•

Pillar 7- Public health Three initiatives were identified under Public Health. These are focused

towards skill development, which will increase the availability of general health care facilities and make it affordable. The initiatives under this pillar are also inclined towards urban climate–health challenges to create a healthy, livable urban ecosystem in Surat.

Challenges •

Access to general health care

•

High-cost medical services

•

Lack of Affordable health care

•

Health care facilities in emergency

Initiatives •

Center of excellence for urban

•

Health & climate resilience

•

Urban health & climate resilience skill laboratory and promotion center

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vi.

Climate Resilience Strategy

Figure 2.19 Climate resilience strategy, TARI This illustration is based on the City Resilience Strategy (CRS) prepared for Surat. This was prepared with the aim of providing a framework for dev elopment of climate resilience for the city of Surat. It is informed by climate science/climate risk information, urban development framework, vulnerability and anticipated risks, resource constraints, industry/economic development scenarios and most importantly, critical uncertainties. A matrix was informed by extensive studies information exchange and Risk to Resilience (R2R) work-shops.

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2.3 TECHNOLOGY 2.3.1 Array of Things – AoT The Array of Things (AoT) is an urban measurement system that provide real-time, location-based data about urban environment, infrastructure and activity to researchers and public. It is known as “fitness tracker” for cities. Data collected is open, free, and available to the public.

Figure 2.20 AoT: Node components (Source: Array of Things) i.

Goals 1. Potential to allow researchers, policymakers, developers and residents to work together and take specific actions that will make cities healthier, more efficient and more livable.

2. The data will help cities operate more efficiently and realize cost savings by anticipating and proactively addressing challenges such as urban flooding and traffic safety.

3. Development of innovative applications, such as a mobile application that allows a resident to track their exposure to certain air contaminants, or to navigate through the city based on avoiding urban heat islands, poor air quality, or excessive noise and congestion.

26

ii.

Applications 1. Sensors monitoring air quality, sound and vibration (to detect heavy vehicle traffic), and temperature can be used to suggest the healthiest and unhealthiest walking times and routes through the city, or to study the relationship between diseases and the urban environment.

Figure 2.21 AoT applications (Source: Array of Things) 2. Real-time detection of urban flooding can improve city services and infrastructure to prevent property damage and illness.

3. Measurements of micro-climate in different areas of the city, so that residents can get up-to-date, high-resolution "block-by-block" weather and climate information.

4. Observe which areas of the city are heavily populated by pedestrians at different times of day to suggest safe and efficient routes for walking late at night 5. Timing traffic lights during peak traffic hours to improve pedestrian safety and reduce congestion-related pollution.

2.3.2 Waternet – An Internet of Pipes Smart water management models use sensors in network pipes to monitor flow and manage the entire water cycle, providing sustainable water for human and ecological needs

27

Figure 2.22 Pressure Sensor Helps in the identification of weak points, leaks or blockages in the network before major damage occurs. A small pressure sensor is placed in different sections of the piping, where a fiber-optic thread or network cable transfers information from one unit to the following.

In the future, the use of sensors with new technologies can be used as a prevention tool in public health - allow scientists to analyze bacteria and viruses and more quickly detect the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases . Such early warnings could help to prevent pandemics, saving lives and significantly reducing medical costs.

2.3.3 Mobility on Demand & Future Automation paired with MOD has the potential to enhance access and mobility options (e.g., fares, routes, modes), improve safety, increase travel speed and reliability, provide critical first-and-last-mile connectivity, and expand coverage to historically underserved users or communities.

Drones, robotic delivery, and automated vehicles will offer opportunities for unmanned on-demand delivery options.

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Figure 2.23 Mobility on Demand (Source: Mobility on Demand: Three Key Components | by Move Forward | Move Forward Blog | Medium)

Shared automated vehicles (SAVs) have the potential to reduce vehicle ownership and provide innovative opportunities for lower cost and flexible public transportation systems.

29

2.3.4 Smart Grids A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.

Figure 2.24 Characteristics of a traditional system (left) versus the smart grid (right)

30

Figure 2.25 Smart Grid Concept A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and safety. A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies in order to: •

Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies.

•

Allow consumers to play a part in optimising the operation of the system.

•

Provide consumers with greater information and options for how they use their supply.

•

Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system.

•

Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply.

•

Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently.

31

2.4 LAND MANAGEMENT 2.4.1 Land Readjustment/ Pooling/ TPS Land Readjustment is the process by which a public authority assembles numerous small parcels of land and then designs and subdivides them into a layout of streets, open spaces and serviced building plots, with the sale of some of the plots for co st recovery and the distribution of the remaining plots back to the landowners.

Figure 2.26 Land Pooling Technique It is popularly known as Town Planning Schemes. The Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning (MRTP) Act,1966, The Gujarat Town Planning and Urban 32

Development Act (GTPUDA), 1976 and now Kerala Town nad Country Planning Ordinance, 2013, have included provisions for Town Planning Scheme. i.

Merits: 1. Infrastructure development and social amenities are provided.

2. Landowner shares the project cost and benefits by increased property prices.

3. The original owner is not displaced in the process of land development and continues to enjoy access to the land resource.

ii.

Demerits: 1. Time consuming – complicated process.

2. There are issues related to cost recovery.

2.4.2 Transferable Development Rights TDR is a technique of land development which separates the development potential of a particular parcel of land from it and allows its use elsewhere. TDR can be taken away from the zone and it is tradable. TDR is generally used for redevelopment of inner-city zones.

Figure 2.27 TDR concept As per URDPFI, definition of TDR is as follows “Development Right to transfer the potential of a plot designated for a public purpose in a plan, expressed in terms of total permissible built space calculated on the basis of FSI or FAR allowable for that plot, for utilization by the owner himself or by way of transfer by him to someone else from the present location to a specified area in the plan, as additional 33

built up space over and above the permissible limit in lieu of compensation for the surrender of the concerned plot free from all encumbrances to the Planning and Development Authority.” i.

Salient features of TDR •

Purpose of TDR o Easy to acquire land for infrastructure- widening of roads, development of parks, schools, etc. o Preservation of heritage structure, farm & forest land etc.

•

Landowner gets better compensation in terms of TDR

•

TDR is tradable in open market

•

TDR promotes the development of sub urban areas, removes pressure on high density areas.

•

Restrictions and Limitations o Zonal restrictions – Population density (low density to high density TDR is not possible), CRZ, hazardous areas o Zonal property rates of government, for e.g., in areas where price is more TDR will be less and vice versa. o Time limit

2.4.3 Accommodation Reservation It is a tool for the development of public reservations without land acquisition. Land owners can develop the sites reserved for an amenity in the development plan using full permissible FSI on the plot. It is handed over to the Local Authority free of cost and then utilize the development right equivalent to full permissible FSI. But unlike TDR, it is not tradable. i.

Usage: •

Reservations such as retail markets, dispensaries, etc. can be implemented in this way.

34

•

In case of reservations like shopping centres etc., the owner can be allowed to develop these on agreeing to give at least upto 25% of the shops to the local authority.

•

For road widening/ new construction of roads, local authority can grant additional FSI on 100% of the area required for the purpose.

•

Applicable to areas where land prices are higher than construction cost.

2.4.4 Guided Land Development It is a technique for guiding the conversion of privately owned land parcels in the urban boundary from rural to urban uses through the infrastructure systems.

Figure 2.28 Guided Land Development Technique (Source: Source: Karim R., 1987) i.

Usage: •

For the improvement of spontaneous unplanned urban settlement areas by provision of public facilities such as road, parks, sewerage, shopping center, educational institutes, open spaces, etc. and individual sites are made easier to use.

•

Mainly for new urban development rather than for the redevelopment of established urban areas.

ii.

Advantages: 1. Government need not decide on the amount of land to be returned to the landowners at the end of the project 35

2. Comprehensive improvement of the urban area is ensured.

3. Owners can enjoy the development benefits equitably 4. Most of the owners in the area have participation in the implementation of the project 5. Development cost is low. iii.

Difficulties: 1. Difficult to

be applied in

areas with

fragmented landownership,

lack of owners’ will and consensus.

2. Collection of betterment levies, may not be feasible by small landholders.

2.5 BUILT FORM AND PUBLIC SPACES 2.5.1 Built Form - Framework Built form refers to the function, shape and configuration of buildings as well as their relationship to streets and open spaces. The purpose of the Built Form Framework is to guide the scale and intensity of uses and built form to the appropriate areas to reinforce the desired future The Built Form Framework will inform and be supported by subsequent land use policies, design guidelines, development standards and incentive programs 1. Urban Core- The Urban Core is the historic retail, service and office core 2. Urban Centre- The commercial areas adjacent to the Urban Core 3. Urban Corridor- The area that bookend the Urban Core and Urban Centre 4. Civic Character- The concentration of institutional and office spaces 5. District Centre- The potential commercial and/or civic focus areas for the Districts 6. District Corridor- The strips along major streets and that generally abuts neighborhoods 7. District Neighborhood- The areas with a residential focus and character 8. Required Retail Frontages- Streets where continuous pedestrian-oriented retail uses exist or are desired 36

Figure 2.29 Built Form- Framework

2.5.2 Built Form – Elements The elements of the built form can be broadly classified as massing, layout, landmark, frontage and landmark.

Figure 2.30 Built Form- Elements 37

i.

Layout Topography of the site was important determinant in planning roads, and other service networks to maximize use of gravity flow and minimize the cut and fill of land. To foster community feel and mutual interdependence various income groups can be combined and arranged to be linked to a common open area.

•

Community facilities

•

Grid pattern layout with hierarchy of roads Grid iron pattern of roads leads to easy flow of traffic. While staggered streets helps in orienting the streets towards a pedestrient f riendly nature.

This is clearly notable in the case of the street layout of Aranya housing.

•

Walkability

The essential aminities should be placed such that it is in a walkable distance.

The case of Aranya housing is depicted in figure 27.

38

Figure 2.31 Walkability- Aranya

•

Neighborhood Scale

The traditional San Francisco street grid was altered during the urban renewal era to form large super blocks

Figure 2.32 Superblocks of Japantown, California

. The formation of superblocks had outcomes such as: •

Severing the city grid

•

Eliminating alleyways

•

Consolidating parcels impacted view corridors

•

Reduced pedestrian connectivity

•

Increase in the size and mass of development 39

ii.

Built Height Built height is one among the major built form elements. Below given is the case of Japan town, California, where they proposed changes in built height to suit the context of the wide Geary Boulevard.

Figure 2.33 Built Height- Japantown, Califorrnia

In the case of Japan town, California the more significant changes to height limits are recommended on the large parcels between Post Street and Geary Boulevard. These parcels that front on the very wide Geary Boulevard (approximately 170 feet wide on the stretch through Japan town), are appropriate for taller buildings, and are the primary place where the neighborhood can successfully accommodate new and denser development in order to meet the city and region’s housing needs, increase community/commercial activity and improve connections between the neighborhoods.

Figure 2.34 Built height to street width ratio On wider street, taller buildings may be required to provide appropriate street enclosure, but not too tall to cut of sunlight and increase feeling of insecurity.

40

Tall buildings will help: •

minimize adverse microclimatic impacts on the public realm and private amenity areas

iii.

•

address pedestrian scale through building articulation, massing and materials

•

Be sited to preserve, reinforce and define view corridors

•

be sited and designed to enhance an area’s skyline

Frontages Choices of form through flexibility of design - at Aranya variations in street facing-elements, within the standardized layout, help each house gain a unique character, these enrich street façade and help users express their identity.

•

New development required to respect and be compatible with the surrounding area

•

Building frontages framing the streets and providing a contiguous built form

Figure 2.35Building frontage iv.

Landmarks Gateways, routes and landmarks are important building blocks of the city and

contribute to city pattern and urban experience. Public views of important natural or 41

man-made features along streets and scenic routes need to be protected since they add value to the built form and contribute to neighborhood identity.

Figure 2.36 Landmarks Such development will preserve, promote and enhance public views to significant landmarks and natural features.

Figure 2.37: Views to Lake Ontario add value, provide a sense of orientation and preserve Port Credit’s identity as a waterfront community v.

Massing • Large Parcel Design

Relate the height and bulk of base buildings to the width of the street To define a consistent street wall 42

Ensure adequate sun and sky access to streets and alleys

Figure 2.38 Large parcel design • Modular Design Choices of form through flexibility of design - at Aranya variations in street facing-elements, within the standardized layout, help each house gain a unique character, these enrich street façade and help users express their identity.

User decides how much to build

Uniqueness

User decides how to build

User decides the elements

Figure 2.39 Modular design- Aranya, Madhya Pradesh 43

2.5.3 Public spaces “ Dull, inert cities, it is true, do contain the seeds of their own destruction and little else, lively, diverse, intense cities contain the seeds of their own regeneration, with energy enough to carry over for problems and needs outside themselves.” -Jane Jacobs Issues of sustainability, resilience, and place are especially urgent in the fast developing and rapidly urbanizing world. In these highly social environments, adopting a place-led development agenda can be an effective way to generate the kind of investments

and

outcomes

that

are

necessary

for

building

healthy, equitable and resilient communities.

It is only by focusing on our capacity to sustain and create places that we will find real and integrative solutions to the most pressing concerns of the 21st century. A focus on Placemaking offers a practical, proactive, and integrated approach for addressing global change and resilience at every scale.

Outlining the role and value of public space has long been a subject of academic, political, and professional debate.

At the most basic level public space can be defined as publicly owned land that, in theory, is open and accessible to all members of a given community—regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age, or socio-economic level.

A place has its own history—a unique cultural and social identity that is defined by the way it is used and the people who use it. It is not necessarily through public space, then, but through the creation of places ,the physical, social, environmental, and economic health of urban and rural communities can be nurtured.

Figure 2.40 Place in Mumbai

44

"Public spaces are key elements of individual and social well-being, the places of a community’s collective life, expressions of the diversity of their common natural and cultural richness and a foundation of their identity.“ Placemaking—the process by which a physical environment is made meaningful, or by which a public space becomes a place

Figure 2.41 Benefits of Great Places Various strategies can be implemented to transform cities & public spaces through placemaking. Some of them are as follows: i.

Improve streets as places: Streets are our most fundamental shared public spaces, but they are also one of the most contested and overlooked. Need to design our streets as comfortable and safe places for everyone — for pedestrians and bicyclists as well as drivers. When streets function well on the level of everyday experience, they provide opportunities for people to connect in a way that no other public space can. Lack of transportation options for many communities has caused uneven access to jobs, social services, healthy food options, and community interaction. Ex: Metrocable in the Colombian city of Medellín

45

is a good example of transportation that enhances street life and contributes to social cohesion.

Figure 2.42 Mummer’s parade in Philadelphia

ii.

Create squares and parks as multi-use destinations: A great urban park is a safety valve for the city, in which people living in dense urban areas can find breathing room.While a poorly planned or maintained park can a place of fear and danger, thus repelling people, business, and investment. A great square, on the other hand, can be a source of civic pride, and it can help citizens f eel better connected to their cultural and political institutions. Eg.: Las Condes plazas and commercial galleries in Santiago, Chile

Figure 2.43 Las Condes Plaza

46

iii.

Build local economies through markets: The Traditional Medicine and Herb Market in the Warwick Junction neighbourhood of Durban, South Africa, was once a dilapidated and dangerous place.After redesign, they repurposed empty space in the market’s neighborhood to create enclosed stalls for vendors and locked storage spaces. Pedestrian routes have been widened, allowing easier movement for shoppers. The result of all these improvements, informed by the very people who were to use them, has been an economic blossoming, a safer marker, and a dramatic increase in opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship.

Figure 2.44 Warwick Junction Market in Durban, South Africa

Figure 2.45 Benefits of Public Markets

47

iv.

Design buildings to support places:

Traditional neighbourhoods are being replaced by towering skyscrape rs and civic institutions like schools and libraries often end up looking like fortresses. This trend has spread around the globe and it is damaging the fabric of cities everywhere. Eg.: Council house 2, Melbourne. The area around the building is enhanced by shade structures and other amenities, making this a comfortable place and an integral part of the community. It shows that “iconic” architecture need not be divorced from the urban fabric, but can exist in constant dialogue with the people and places around it.

Figure 2.46 Council house 2, Melbourne v.

Link a public health agenda to a public space agenda:

Public health agenda can greatly strengthen a public space agenda, and vice versa.

Health care facilities themselves can serve as community centers.Cultural institutions such as libraries can provide health education and services. Well-run public markets are a source of fresh, affordable, and nutritious food. Transportation systems can encourage walking and reduce car traffic and air pollution. Public parks where all people feel safe to play and relax can relieve stress, especially when people live in crowded informal settlements.If civic institutions are housed in approachable buildings, people feel encouraged to take part in public health programs. vi.

Reinvent community planning:

Local people have the best understanding of the assets and challenges of a p articular place. The important starting point in developing a concept for any public space agenda should be to identify the talents and resources within the community Good public spaces are always flexible, responding to the evolution of the urban environm ent.

Remaining open to the need for change and having the community maintain control over enacting that change is what builds not just great public spaces, but great cities 48

and towns. Eg.: Nairobi, Kenya. The site lies along a river running through the settlement that is used for waste disposal throughout the year and floods during the rainy season, when poor drainage along the access roads hinders the access of nearby residents to their hillside homes. The river is a play area for children, a laundry area for families, and a gathering area for residents. The resulting project design includes: a poultry farm, an improved drainage channel, flood control, a community center to house a school and health clinic, kiosks, and a playground constructed from locally sourced lumber and recycled metal.

Figure 2.47 Opening celebration of the improved river area in kibera, Nairobi vii.

Utilize the power of 10+ : The Power of 10+ shows how paying attention to the human experience when building a city's destinations and districts can have immediate and widespread impacts. The idea behind this concept is that places thrive when users have a range of reasons (10+) to be there.

Figure 2.48 Power of 10+

49

viii.

Create a comprehensive public space agenda: A comprehensive approach to developing, enhancing, and managing public space requires both “top-down” and “bottom-up” strategies. Leadership at the highest level of city is essential if transformation of public spaces is to occur on a large scale. A “bottom-up” grassroots organizing strategy is also integral to the strategy. Ex: Bogotá, Colombia – use of public space and transportation systems to bridge the social divide and create opportunity for all of Bogotá’s citizens.Each Sunday and on holidays, for several hours, most streets of the city are closed to cars so that people can enjoy biking, walking, and various recreational activities in the streets. These events have helped to raise awareness of the negative impact that car traffic has on people’s lives, and have been a key part of the city’s ongoing effort to regain street space for pedestrians and bicycles. Effort taken to increase green space and playing fields in neighborhoods around Bogotá has decreased crimes and gang activities.

Figure 2.49 Ciclovia in Bogota takes over the streets once a week

ix.

Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper: A Low-Cost, High-Impact Approach:

“Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper” (LQC)- This approach is based on taking incremental steps, using low-cost experiments, and tapping into local talents (e.g. citizens, entrepreneurs, developers, and city staff). These smaller-scale projects are being implemented in a variety of environments, including on streets, squares, waterfronts, and even parking lots.

50

Figure 2.50 Activities to make public space more active

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2.6 SUMMARY Literature study included various case studies of planned resilient cities, alternative technologies for better urban design, Land management techniques in India and urban design elements like built form and public spaces.

Case studies gave us a brief idea of how a resilient cities are planned, various steps involved in it, and how a vision is formulated with different go als and action plans. It also helped us understand how communities improve their resilience by setting priorities and allocating resources to manage risks for their prevailing hazards. Similar methods where implemented while planning the site . Detailed methodology for this project was prepared by referring the process followed in these case studies Alternative technologies and solutions improve resilience and engaging community resilience stakeholders for input and feedback to products, such as guidance for planning and implementing resilience measures. Various technologies where studies to understand how it helps cities to be resilient ,few of these technologies were also implemented while planning the sites.

Different land management techniques are also detailed out in this chapter.

Land management techniques where studied and compared with each other. Pros and cons of each technique was examined and suitable land management techniq ues were selected for site planning.

Last part of this chapter deals with urban design elements- Built form and Public spaces. Built form of different communities where studies to understand how it influences the people and urban planning of the community . Public spaces play a key role in community development; this chapter explains different strategies for creating better public spaces with case studies.

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3 STUDY AREA 3.1 GENERAL PROFILE: MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH Meenangadi is a village panchayat located nearly at the centre of Wayanad district between the North latitude 11° 9' and 11° 13' and East longitude 76° 38' and 76° 48’. This northern district in Kerala lies on the edge of the Deccan plateau and is a part of the Western Ghats - a biodiversity hotspot and World Heritage site. The panchayat covers 53.52 sq. km with rocky hilly area, valley and plains. The whole area is drained by four small rivers and 23 rivulets/streams. Total farming in the area is about 4919 ha. Pepper, coffee, coconut, arecanut, rubber, cocoa, paddy, banana, ginger, turmeric, cassava, yam, colocasia etc. are the major crops grown in the panchayat. Total population is 34601 (17356 men and 17245 women), with tribal communities forming nearly a quarter of it. Population density is 646 and 76% of total population is dependent on agriculture sector for livelihood.

Figure 3.1 Tourism map of Wayanad (Source: SOUTH INDIA TOURISM (southexplore.in))

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3.2 LOCATION Meenangadi is a Village in Sulthan Bathery Block in Wayanad District of Kerala State, India. It belongs to North Kerala Division. It is located 12 KM towards East from District head quarters Kalpetta. 6 KM from Sulthanbathery. 424 KM from State capital Thiruvananthapuram Muttil (8 km), Poothadi (10 km), Sulthanbathery (10 km), Kainatty (11 km), Puliyarmala (11 km) are the nearby Villages to Meenangadi. Meenangadi is surrounded

by Kalpetta Block towards west, Gudalur Block towards East, Mananthavady Block towards west, Koduvally Block towards South.

Kalpetta, Gudalur, Mavoor, Quilandy are nearby Cities to Meenangadi. There is no railway station or airport near to Meenangadi in less than 10 km.

3.3 CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY Meenangadi has a tropical climate. Rainfall is significant most months of the year. The average annual temperature in Meenangadi is 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). Precipitation here is about 2944 mm (115.9 inch) per year. The warmest month of the year is April, with an average temperature of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). December is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 21.7 °C (71.1 °F). The driest month is January, with 4 mm (0.2 inch) of rainfall. Most of the precipitation here falls in July, averaging 1011 mm (39.8 inch).

Chart 3.1 Temperature and rainfall graph of Meenangadi (Source: climate-data.org) 54

Wayanad is one of four climate change hotspot districts in Kerala, according to a report published by the State Action Plan on Climate Change. This report warns that the minimum surface temperature in the Western Ghats region may rise by 2 degrees Celsius to 4.5 degrees Celsius by 2050, which would retard paddy pro duction and Wayanad’s staple thermo-sensitive crops such as cardamom, coffee, tea and black pepper.

Chart 3.2 Crops produced in Meenangadi panchayat (Source: e: Agro –ecology https://fb.watch/28E4m0cZNT/)

Meenangadi

Panchayath

,

Wayanad

:

3.3.1 Change in land use of Meenangadi creates following issues: •

When paddy fields of Meenangadi panchayath gave way to banana groves, the water sources in the fields began drying up.

•

In addition, when farmers, motivated by financial gains, made a shift from the traditional farming systems to crops like rubber, coco, vanilla and areca nut, the area lost its traditional water harvesting structures.

•

This led to the decrease in the water levels which resulted eventually in water scarcity. The immense use of pesticides in the agricultural fields had also contributed to the drought situation in many parts of the district.

3.4 ADMINISTRATION AND FUNDING With the implementation of 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution of India, decentralization of power at third tier level has brought about a great change in the

55

administration of the region.District plan helps in integrating local level government efficiently in the development process of the district.

Wayanad District is the most suitable administrative unit for decentralizing power and planning under the state level as it possesses the required heterogeneity and is small enough to include people in planning, strategizing and implementing.

Panchayat receive funds in the following ways: ▪

Grants from the Union Government based on the recommendations of the Central Finance Commission as per Article 280 of the Constitution

▪

Devolution from the State Government based on the recommendations of the State Finance Commission as per Article 243 I

▪

Loans/grants from the State Government

▪

Programme-specific allocation under Centrally Sponsored Schemes and additional Central Assistance

▪

Internal Resource Generation (tax and non-tax)

3.5 ANNUAL BUDGET AND PROJECTS The annual process of planning and budgeting using the three-tiered panchayat system of decentralization governance began in 1996. Decentralization has now become a global trend with local self-government institutions being given the responsibility of provisioning, implementation and delivery of majority of essential public services in many countries. Panchayati Raj Institutions have historically played an important role in guiding the social, political and economic life of people in rural India.

Table 3-1: No. of projects implemented and budget allocated of the same in lakhs

(Source: lsgkerala.gov.in)

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Table 3-2: Projects taken up by Meenangadi panchayath during last 3 years (Source: lsgkerala.gov.in)

3.6 CARBON NEUTRAL MEENANGADI GRAMA PANCHAYATH 3.6.1 Aim To become the world's first Carbon Neutral Grama Panchayat

3.6.2 Objectives 1. To conserve and expand forests and biodiversity 2. To reduce carbon emissions drastically from household, transportation and industrial sectors 3. To conserve soil and water 4. To practice organic agriculture 5. To reduce and recycle waste

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6. Prepare to tackle climate change with best practices for sustainable development

3.6.3 Project Outline i.

TASK A: Mitigation Industries and technology o Innovating small industries based on carbon neutral principles o Transfer of eco-friendly technologies o Creation of more ‘green’ jobs Energy and transport o Expansion of solar electricity consumption and minimizing fossil fuel usage o Energy audits for both renewables and non-renewables o Strategies for operating community centric and ‘green’ transport systems Integrated resource and waste management o Sustainable resource consumption and production o Decentralized solid waste management and waste reduction o Gender equitable livelihoods and empowering informal sectors Soil and water o Water conservation by improving watershed management, water usage efficiency, rain water harvesting and other initiatives o Soil health enrichment and conservation through permaculture principles o Restoration and revival of farmlands/wastelands through boosting soil carbon

ii.

TASK B: Adaptation Agriculture and food

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o Promotion of agroecological farming, strengthening animal husbandry, self-sufficiency in food, and reducing food miles through promoting 'local eating’ o Strategies to bring in increased income generation from the agriculture sector, revival of traditional farming systems; food processing and value addition. o Expansion of organic farming o Branding, certification and marketing of organic products Responsible tourism o Design strategies for conceptualizing and implementing responsible tourism plan o Enabling local communities as stewards of their ecosystems Forests and biodiversity o ‘Tree is Wealth’ project; incentivizing tree planting by giving year/term end rewards in an effort to promote returns in short term for a long term capital gain and growing of trees that will sequester carbon o Medicinal ‘streams’ project by planting native medicinal plant varieties along the riverine banks and stream areas o Landscape ecological innovations with thrust on restoring watersheds o Biodiversity and forest conservation through inventory, appreciation campaigns and research o Bird friendly forest coffee certification and branding to augment income of coffee sector including setting up of “Coffee Park” as production centre for coffee powder. iii.

TASK C: Disaster Risk Reduction o Develop a framework for the local context in accordance with the studies undertaken globally and by the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction o Stake holder awareness creation, capacity building, and mitigation strategy to deal with impacts and eff ects of climate extreme events; orientation at particularly vulnerable sectors and communities.

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iv.

TASK D: Loss and Damages o Developing a monitoring framework to assess L&D by climate change focusing various sectors in the region especially taking into consideration gender-based disparities, children’s welfare and socioeconomic status o Creating community compensation fund for vulnerable groups like farmers, forest dwellers, tribal communities, etc.

3.6.4 Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality Table 3-3: Scope of CO2 Eq. Emission Reduction Targets in Meenangadi Grama Panchayat (Source: Carbon Neutral Meenangadi – Assessment and Recommendations, Thanal, March 2018)

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3.7 DEMOGRAPHY According to the 2011 census, panchayath has a population of 33450 with a density of 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi).

Meenangadi

Grama

panchayath has

an

area

of

53.52 km2 (13,225.08 acres).

Chart 3.3 Population of each ward Here shows the chart of the total population, male and female population in various wards of panchayath. ward 4 is having a more male and female population.

Hence, the total population is also more. Ward 15 has less total population because the number of the male and female population is less.

Chart 3.4 Sex ratio of Meenangadi Panchayath For Meenangadi panchayath sex ratio is 1012 that is 1012 females for every 1000 males. But in Wayanad it is 1035 females for every 1000 males and in Kerala, it is 1084.

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Chart 3.5 Population split of Meenangadi Panchayath and Wayanad District The tribal population accounts for about 23% of the total population of panchayath and it is higher than that of the Wayanad ST population prop ortion.

Whereas SC population contribution in both panchayath and district are same that is few. Tribal communities are highly vulnerable to climate change since their livelihood

Literacy rate

depends more on climate-sensitive crops and resources from the forest.

Chart 3.6 Literacy rate comparison Comparing literacy of Meenangadi panchayath (Literacy rate -81.05) with Wayanad district Literacy rate -89) and Kerala state (Literacy rate-94) it is found that total literacy, female literacy. In panchayath male literacy is more compared to total and female literacy.

Chart 3.7 Composition of major and marginal occupation (Source: : Disrict Census handbook) 2011)

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In the main occupation, the composition of workers other than agricultural labours, cultivators, and household industry workers are more but in the case of marginal workers, agricultural labours are more. Non-agricultural occupation supports about 63% of workers for their main livelihood. It shows that people prefer agriculture labour in coffee plantations or paddy cultivation since the income is definite in terms of wages of marginal occupation.

3.8 SPATIAL DATA MAPPING 3.8.1 Ward Boundary Map Meenangadi is one of the 25 Grama Panchayats (Local self-government) in the Wayanad district. It is part of the Sulthan Bathery Block Panchayat and is divided into 19 wards as shown in the map. It consists of two revenue villages, Krishnagiri and Purakkadi.

Map 3.1 Ward boundary map of Meenangadi (Source: Panchayath) 63

3.8.2 Contour Map Meenagadi Panchayat has got an elevation of 773m. It has got relatively flatter topography in comparison with the surrounding area.

Hill-valley patterns with plantation crops on the high slopes and paddy cultivation on the valleys are present. Paddy fields are getting converted into banana and other cash crops which is adversely impacting the ground water levels.

In Meenangadi grama panchayath, more than 70% of the total area is tableland and 20% is fertile plains.

Map 3.2 Contour map of Meenangadi (Source: Google Earrth, 2020)

3.8.3 Connectivity Map National highway-766 which connects Calicut to Mysore passes through Meenangadi and major commercial establishments are situated along this highway.

It has got a road density of 4.07/km which is way more than 1.53/km of Wayanad district but less than 5.28 / km of Kerala state.

The road network forms major infrastructure for the Panchayat. There is about 218 km road available, of which 12 km maintained by National and State Highway authorities and 42 km road belong to State (PWD). Sulthan Bathery Block Panchayat 64

is maintaining 24 km of roads and the rest of 140 km village roads are maintained by the Meenangadi Grama Panchayat

Map 3.3 Connectivity map of Meenangadi (Source: Open Street Map, 2020) o Nearest airport- Calicut International Airport (101 km from Meenangadi) o Nearest Railway station- Calicut Railway station (87 km from Meenangadi)

3.8.4 Land Use Map Nearly 2.7 % (145 ha) of the total area is covered by forest as shown in cyan blue colour. 94% of the land available except forest is being utilized for agriculture purposes and a meager less than 1 % land is fallow and about 6% is non-agriculture land. About 4674 ha. is utilized for the cultivation of perennial crops. Coffee in homesteads and other mixed crops constitute 60%. Large coffee plantations occupy 6% of perennial crops (dark green colour), hence there is a scope for coffee manufacturing industry. About 1005 ha. is under seasonal crops, mainly paddy and banana. Both are sensitive to climate. Ginger is another major climate-sensitive crop that occupies about 5% of land use. There is a trend in change in land use. Cultivation of perennial crops is slowly and steadily expanding from homesteads to the paddy and wetlands for economic as well as climate reasons. The built-up area can be seen to be very less.

65

Map 3.4 Land use map of Meenangadi (Source: Thanal, 2018)

3.8.5 Infrastructure Map

Map 3.5 Infrastructure map of Meenangadi (Source: Google map, 2020) 66

The various infrastructures of Meenangadi grama panchayath is depicted in the Map 3.5 . The various infrastructures include health care institutions, educational institutions, religious institutions, post offices and public distribution systems (ration shops). A total of five post offices serve the Meenangadi grama panchayat. The average area served by a singe post office 10.5 sq km area.

-Primary schools

Map 3.6: Primary Schools (Source: Author, 2020) The population served per school is 4181 people. (Which is well below the standard of 5000 people per school as per URDPFI guidelines). The buffer created around the schools (map 3.6) denote the walkable distance (300 m to 800 m walkable distance corresponding to 5‐15 minutes, URDPFI)

Area Sq. km

Area Served -Primary School 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Primary School

7

8

Chart 3.8: Area served by each primary school (Source: Author, 2020) 67

-Healthcare facilitis

Map 3.7 Healthcare facilities (Source: Author, 2020) There are a total of 36 bed in Meenangadi Panchayath catering a total of 33450 people. 80 bed Hospitals serve 1 lakh population, according to the URDPFI guidelines.

Area Served - Health center/ Hospital Area Sq. km

15 10 5

0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Health center/ Hospital Chart 3.9 Area served by each health center/hospital (Source: Author, 2020) The Police Station and Post Offices are marked in the map 3. 8. The thiessen polygon shows the area served by each of the post office inside the ward. According to URDPFI guidelines, a police station can serve upto 90,000 people (Total population of the panchayath is 33450 people).

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-Services

Map 3.8 Services (Source: Author, 2020) The ration shops in Meenangadi Grama Panchayath is marked in the map 3.9.

An imbalance in the area served per ration shop is visible.

-PDS

Map 3.9 Public Distribution system (Source: Author, 2020)

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3.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT For managing the non biodegradable waste generating in the panchayath, a material collection facility centre and plastic shredding machine were installed. By using haritha karma sena the cleaned and seggregated non biodegradable wastes are collected and transported from houses, commercial establishments and institutions to the material collection facility centre. The seggregated and cleaned plastic waste which was collected by haritha karma sena were then shredded using shredding machine and used for 250 metre tarring of Kolagappara road by LSGI. Also for reducing use of plastic , panchayath started making paper bags instead of plastic carry bags with the help of Kudumbashree unit.

Figure 3.2 Shredding unit Meenangadi For biodegradable waste Meenangadi grama panchayath collects about one tonne of waste per day from its commercial area and markets. A 2 unit (4 bins) of aerobic composting method (Thumboormuzhi model) is installed in the centre of the town, near krishi bhavan for managing the biodegradable waste generating in the town and commercial establishments.

Government and people have been taking active efforts to cut down on plastics and live a more sustainable way.

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Haritha Karma Sena – A technical professional team may be formed in line with Haritha Keralam Mission directives. Young professionals may be identified to form Haritha Karma Sena. This will help to ensure technical services like organic farming, energy audit and management, waste management etc in the Panchayat. The Haritha Karma Sena need to be trained and oriented to take up green jobs in the Panchayat which

will

catalyze

the

Carbon

Neutral

Project.

Chart 3.10 Waste collected from Meenangadi( provisional data)

Chart 3.11 Road side waste collected local body wise, Wayanad (Source: Suchitra mission) Waste collected from Meenangadi panchayath is less than the average waste collected in Wayanad district.

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3.10 POWER DISTRIBUTION Power is distributed through Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB).

Figure 3.3 Annual electricity consumption of Meenangadi (Source: carbon neutral Meenangadi assessment, Thanal) Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL. About 25% of the energy requirement is being met from hydel plants owned and operated by KSEBL. The only Hydroelectric power project in Wayanad is the floating Solar Power Plant in the Banasura Sagar dam, it is the first of its kind in India. The project is designed for Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). The project set at the picturesque dam premises will add to the tourism potential of the area as well. The power generated will be transmitted to the nearby Padinjarathara substation. It is a 10kW capacity floating solar plant and also a 500 kW floating solar plant is under construction at the reservoir.

3.11 MEDICAL SERVICES 3.11.1Telehealth Telehealth, a modern form of health care delivery where it uses digital information and communication technologies, such as computers and mobile devices, to access health care services remotely and manage health care.

It allows long-distance patient and clinician contact, care, advice, reminders, education, intervention, monitoring, and remote admissions.

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v.

Main domains: o Clinical services to patients without an in-person visit - videophone interpretation during a consult. o Home monitoring through continuous sending of patient health data o Doctors discussing a case over video conference o Robotic surgery occurring through remote access o Physical therapy done via digital monitoring instruments o Live feed and application combinations o Tests being forwarded between facilities for interpretation by a higher specialist

vi.

India: Interest in telehealth has increased because of COVID-19, yet there is evidence that

the demand for telehealth services might not be met by the current telehealth capacity.

Given shortages of health care providers in rural areas, telehealth capabilities have been an important bridge for health equity. vii.

EHR - Electronic Health Record: An electronic version of a patients medical history, that is maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant to that persons care under a particular provider, including demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports. The EHR automates access to information and has the potential to streamline the clinician's workflow.

viii.

Challenges: o Patients’ Lack of Technical Skills o Expensive Technology o Privacy Concerns o Service Awareness o Lack of Integration o Reimbursement o Lack of Sufficient Data for Care Continuity

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ix.

Wayanad Sree Chitra Tele Health Unit- SeTHU is a Mobile Telemedicine unit for Wayanad,

to provide specialized healthcare to all with a special focus on the tribal communities.

It is a collaborative effort of Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum Department of Science and Technology, GoI Directorate of Health Services and Kerala Centre f or Development of Advanced Computing, Thiruvananthapuram. SeTHU consists of a team of Investigators, Doctors, Nurses, Engineers and Social Workers.

Figure 3.4 SeTHU - Mobile Telemedicine unit for Wayanad

3.12 SUMMARY Meenangadi Grama Panchayath is situated in the centre part of the district in between major urban centers Kalpetta and Sulthan Bathery. The National Highway 766 which connects Calicut to Mysore passes through the major commercial establishments of Meenangadi, and the Grama Panchayath office is also situated along this highway.

Meenangadi Grama Panchayath is on the way to achieve the status of Carbon Neutrality in the district and also a pilot Panchayath in this regard. The concept of Carbon Neutral Community puts forth the notions of zero-carbon development and food-energy selfsufficiency at the local government level. Zero waste and zero-emission are one of the important pillars of Carbon neutral Meenangadi project. The greenhouse gas emission from the mixed biodegradable waste generated in the public and commercial areas in the panchayath were about 20% and from households were 80%.

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This chapter explains demography, socio-economic features, budget and allocation, annual plans, waste management system, and power distribution system of Meenangadi panchayath Mapping of spatial and non-spatial data is done to understand the physical and social infrastructure facilities of the panchayath. Various analysis and data processing were carried out with the help of GIS and inferences were drawn.

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4 SURVEY 4.1 INTRODUCTION Surveys are used to increase knowledge in fields such as social research and demography. Survey research is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings.

A good sample selection is key as it allows one to generalize the findings from the sample to the population, which is the whole purpose of survey research.

For this major project we conduct two surveys, An Aspiration survey to understand the dreams ,opinion and suggestion of people of Meenangadi panchayath.Its important to understand problems faced by people, their aspiration and dreams for better planning of any community. Second a risk assessment survey to understand major risks and disaster frequenting the panchayath.An expert surv ey was also conducted with officials for disaster management cell, Wayanad district to map the disaster prone areas of the panchayath.

4.2 ASPIRATION SURVEY 11 participants of different socioeconomic status were surveyed to understand the aspirations of people in Meenangadi.

Key aspects people are proud about Meenagadi: i. ii.

Carbon-neutral project Excellent academic record of GHSS Meenangadi– digital classrooms, wellequipped laboratories

iii.

International cricket stadium at Krishnagiri

iv.

Low crime rate

v.

Religious pluralism

vi.

Good climate and greenery

vii.

Developing town

viii.

Plastic shredding unit – an income generator for Meenangadi – End product used in road taring, also helps in reduction of air pollution caused by burning of plastics

ix.

Thumboormuzhi aerobic compost unit – Bio waste – End product used as fertilizer 76

Major issues faced: i.

Poor connectivity

ii.

Congestion on roads

iii.

Very less funding for development activities

iv.

Less medical facilities available

v.

Poor maintenance of public spaces

vi.

No parking facilities

4.2.1 Aspirations and Suggestions i.

Carbon-Neutral Project – the main aspiration of majority. a. Suggestions: • Use of LED bulbs in street lights and in various other complexes • Organic farming should be promoted as artificial fertilizer increases carbon emission • Installation of solar panels. Initiatives like KSEB's solar mission should reach more people • Transportation sector is a major pollution contributor, hence more awareness to use public transportation should be carried out • Suggestions to make electric autorickshaws by giving subsidy from Panchayat are being discussed.

ii.

Health & Wellbeing o Medical Infrastructure CHC – Community Health Centre - gynecology specialist hospital a. Aspiration: Better medical facilities with proper research facilities and testing labs. b. Suggestions: Wayanad in general has good scope for pharmaceutics as many medicinal plants are available.

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o Technology a. Aspiration: Better internet connectivity, PNG connection b. Suggestions: Subsidies to be provided from government to encourage sustainable methods o Education a. Aspiration: To have more skill development opportunities. b. Suggestions: Educational institutions to be separated from market area. iii.

Administrative & Social Realm o Administration Meenangadi is one among the 150 grama panchayats out of 941 with proper online services. Access provided to the public by doing one-time registration using Aadhar card. a. Suggestions: More awareness about this online service needed to be provided. b. Aspiration: To have a proper Panchayat office with better facilities, with all the departments to be in one complex or nearby buildings. o Social spaces Bio Park – 1.5 acres of land in the town area is made into a bio park, with fountains and gardens – great place to take an evening walk.

Ongoing works: Amphitheatre, coffee park. a. Aspiration: • To have more similar parks for morning and evening walks and social interaction • Children's park • Open areas and public spaces should maintain more hygiene b. Suggestions to improve social space: •

More awareness programs from panchayat, awareness boards

•

Employ more workers in sanitary department

•

Strict law and Order (fine for spitting on road)

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iv.

Infrastructure & Ecosystems o Infrastructure a. Aspiration: • Properly maintained sidewalks and roads • Good parking facilities in the commercial hub • Proper bus waiting sheds • Good quality and better hygienic public transportation facilities • More movie theaters and entertainment facilities • Shopping malls and other commercial buildings. b. Suggestions: • Carpooling and car sharing as good alternatives to reduce pollution • Open Drainages along footpath should be covered • Separate major market and minor markets (wholesale and retail) • Street light for remote areas.

• Proper maintenance of public well • Plantation of trees along road side

4.3 RISK ASSESSMENT SURVEY To understand the various risks Meenangadi face, an expert survey was carried out. 5 people were surveyed, out of that 3 were experts (Circle Inspector, Disaster Management Cell and Panchayat Head) and 2 residents.

Table 4-1 Risk identification hazard profile of Meenangadi panchayat

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Table 4-2 Past notable disasters in Meenangadi panchayat

(Source: Disaster Management Cell, 2020)

4.3.1 Risk/Disaster Mapping – Meenangadi Panchayath LIGHTNIN G

Not Susceptible Susceptible

Map 4.1 Lightning Susceptibility Map (Source: Wayanad District Disaster Management Plan, 2019) We can see that almost half of the Meenangadi, west side is prone to lightning

Map 4.2: Drought Susceptibility Map We can infer that majority of the area is prone to moderate drought conditions.

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Map 4.3: Flood Susceptibility Map Comparatively lower areas are seen to be more flood prone.

Map 4.4: Landslide Susceptibility Map We can infer that the south-east side of Meenangadi is one of the major place for landslide.

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Table 4-3: Risk assessment matrix

Table 4-4: Risk assessment table

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Chart 4.1 Risk Comparison Major cause of death is Meenangadi panchayath is drowning, and then mananimal conflicts.Landslide and flood are major natural disasters affecting the area.

Govt. with the help of disaster management cell are taking efforts to reduce the causalities by implementing policies, providing awareness class and creating a prepared community

4.4 SUMMARY Surveys conducted helped us gain information and insights into various problems faced by the people ,current scenario of development, disaster frequency ,and many aspirations of the people.

Aspiration survey helped us analyse the potentials and weakness of the area.

The data collected was processed and represented in descriptive statistics. Various aspirations and suggestion of people of Meenangadi panchayath where grouped into different sectors and played an important role in making the vision statement.

Risk Assessment survey data was analysed according to their severity, probability and criticality index. This process helped us indentify the major disaster and risks of the area and how badly people were affected due to it. Landslides and floods were major natural disasters frequenting the panchayath, due consideration was given to resilient measure of the same during the planning process.

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5 SWOT ANALYSIS OF MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH 5.1 STRENGTH ❖ Bracing climate and lush greenery is seen all across the landscape that make Meenangadi a dream home ❖ Low crime rate and religious harmony ❖ Ecology and topography is appreciated by the residents , and work towards carbon- neutrality ❖ Few families of indigenous communities residing in Meenangadi have the knowledge of traditional methods of cultivation ❖ Low lying part of the terrain with abundance of natural resources like fertile soil and water. ❖ Plastic shredding unit

where plastic produced is recycled and used for

construction of roads

5.2 WEAKNESS ❖ There is very less space for people to interact or for recreation. ❖ Construction activities disturbs the gradient of the slope and catchment area which leads to flooding. ❖ Vegetation gets cut down without considering the type or age of plant/ trees and their role in the ecology of that area. ❖ Poor connectivity ❖ Less social infrastructure facilities catering health care, education and employment.

5.3 OPPURTUNITIES ❖ Common recreational (food court, table tennis, nature walk pathways etc.) spaces should be proposed so that markets can become more harmonious ❖ Ponds for water collection can be dug without concretizing its surface as it will only prevent its seasonal recharge from catchment area.

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❖ Low key developmental projects such as agro tourism where in visitors can stay with farmers and enjoy farm life can be proposed. ❖ The development plan should allow only those kind of construction practices which are suitable for the terrain and climate so that extreme situ ations of drought and floods can be avoided. ❖ Tele-health, a modern form of health care delivery, by using modern telecommunication systems

5.4 THREATS ❖ Large scale construction in landslide prone areas. ❖ The entire region might face water crisis in the years to come if seepage doesn’t take place. ❖ Development of commercial sector may replace agricultural sector ❖ Hazard like flood and drought frequenting the panchayath due to climate change ❖ Low economy and financial dependency of indigenous communities

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6 VISION AND GOALS 6.1 VISION An ecologically sound, sustainable and resilient Meenangadi with supporting infrastructure facilities, enhanced mobility and world class healthcare by adopting smart technologies.

6.2 GOALS 6.2.1 Ecological and Sustainable Meenangadi i.

Self-reliable Food Supply by 2025 a. Strategies •

Awareness programmes regarding paddy cultivation Wayanad

•

Agricultural skill development programmes involving indigenous groups

•

Community kitchen garden programme (Guided by Kudumbasree)

•

Effective distribution of pension for farmers

•

Partnership programmes with NGOs

•

Community sale of Agricultural products

•

Bi-annual agricultural fare

•

GPS technology, provision agriculture and robotic system for more profitable, efficient and safe food production

• b. Action Plan

ii.

•

Space allocation for Agricultural fares by 2021

•

Allocation of spaces for Skill development areas

•

Community kitchen garden in every neighbourhood by 2025

•

Community sale spaces by 2025

Self-sustainable and productive forest management by 2032 a. Strategies •

Forest fire resilient measures and awareness programmes

•

Implementation of regulations on cutting of trees- Forest Department

•

Reforestation and afforestation

•

Branding and responsible utilisation of forest products (PPP) 86

b. Action Plan Space allocation for Forest product sale by 2025 Legend

6.2.2 Enhanced mobility and connectivity i.

Adopting Smart Mobility Methods by 2028 a. Strategies •

To implement mobility-on-demand technology

•

Carpooling and Carsharing

•

Introduction of e-autorickshaws in line with carbon neutrality project

•

To encourage cycling over other options

•

Prioritization of pedestrian and cyclist safety and use of space.

•

Provision of well-lit, partially enclosed waiting areas and safe parking facilities

•

Information of conventional public transport updated online

•

Well-lit & safe streets and roads

b. Action Plan •

To bring in on-demand services provided by ride sharing companies by 2021

•

To provide traditional & electric cycle rental services by 2021

•

Construction of non-motorized transport infrastructure along major roads by 2028

•

Installation of LED streetlights in all the roads and streets by 2022

•

Provision of proper traffic light signalling systems and traffic sign boards along major roads by 2024

6.3 Health and wellbeing i.

Betterment of Healthcare Infrastructure by 2032 a. Strategies •

Multi-speciality hospital

•

Residential complexes for staff Action plans

•

Space allocation for multi-speciality hospital by 2026

•

Construction of residential complexes for hospital staffs by 2032

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ii.

Inclusion of innovative methods by 2028 a. Strategies •

Implementation of Telehealth.

•

Skill development for barefoot doctors

•

Barefoot doctors as first-line responders

b. Action plans •

Implementation of telehealth by partnering with pioneer hospitals by 2028

•

Training of qualified members and youths for telehealth by 2026

•

Space allocation for barefoot institutional building by 2028

6.4 Public life and social interaction i.

Diverse and inclusive development strategies that reconcile the standard of living with quality of life by 2030. a. Strategies •

Experimental improvements (sidewalk cafe, a community event, a garden) that can be tested and refined over years.

•

Improve the quality of life and safety through the revitalization of public spaces

•

create synergy and connections among the existing facilities (UTILIZE THE POWER OF 10+)

•

identify the talents and resources within the community and reinvent participatory planning

•

Create squares and parks as multi-use destinations

•

design our streets as comfortable and safe places for everyone — for pedestrians and bicyclists as well as drivers.

b. Action plan •

Create a comprehensive public space by 2030

•

A public square as city’s pride and connected to their cultural and political institutions by 2025

•

Support and undertake initiatives to enhance the biodiversity value of our parks, open spaces and waterways through partnerships

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7 SITE 1 7.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS The vision for site 1 is- an economically, ecologically and environmentally sustainable neighbourhood, having self -sufficient residential complex with very less carbon footprint. Map 7-1 shows the location of site 1.

Map 7-1 Site 1- Location Map

•

Place: Ward no. 13, Meenangadi

•

Site area: 25 acres

•

Located along NH 766

•

Distance to the nearest hospital (PBM Hospital): 550m

•

Existing land use: Residential and agricultural area

•

Topography: Slightly contoured area

•

Landmark: Food corporation of India godown

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•

i.

Located 11.3 km from District headquarters Kalpetta and 12.6 KM from Sulthanbathery

Access The site is located on the side of the national highway (NH 766) thus is accessible for the people passing through Meenangadi grama panchayath. The nearest transportation facilities to the site are listed below:

ii.

Airport

: Kozhikode International Airport (CCJ) (99 km)

Railway station

: Kozhikode Railway station (84.5 km, 2hr 22min)

Bus station

: Meenangadi bus stand (1 km, 1min)

Attractions

iii.

•

Easy Connectivity to site, since its along NH

•

Existing waste management system

•

Accessibility to power and water

•

Therapeutic Environment

•

Flexibility and Expandability

Weakness

iv.

•

Slightly contoured site

•

Unhealthy values of Particulate Matter

Nearby infrastructures The nearby infrastructures include Meenangadi Substation, Government

Polytechnic, Meenangadi Town, District Child Protection Office and the Food corporation of India (FCI) godown.

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Meenangadi Substation

Government Polytechnic

Meenangadi Town

District Child Protection

FCI

Figure 7.1: Infrastructures near the site 1

The various built structures inside the site are the temple, the commercial building (including restaurant) are depicted in the figure 7.2

Agricultural Templ e

NH 766

Commer cial

Sun Path Bus Stop

Figure 7.2 Built structures inside the site 1

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7.1.1 Zoning The site is of an area of 25 acres. The zite is zoned such that the public space and the community spaces are in the center of the site. The area is zoned into public space, residentil zone, agricultural zone and industrial zone (figure 7.3).

Figure 7.3 Zoning A population density of 1000/ km2 was considered (average household size being 4.2) The site was planned for a populationof 101 people, equivalent to 25 households. The landuse in acers is shown in chart 7.1. The various plot area allocated for each of the spaces are given in table 7.1

LAND USE (ACRES)

2.13

15.88

Residential Zone Commercial Zone

3

3.03 2.17

Industrial Zone Public/Semi public Agricultural zone

Chart 7.1 Landuse 92

7.1.2 Site Plan The features included in the site plan are,open spaces (in the form of open air theatre, garden, space for agricultural fares, library, children’s park etc), commercial spaces including (movie theatre, shopping complex, spaces for community sale, co working space), community kitchen garden, rainwater harvesting system, cattle shed and poultry farm etc.

Figure 7.4 Site Plan Permeable pavements has been provided which allows stormwater to infiltrate into underlying soils aids in groundwater recharge reduces the concentration of pollutants in the stormwater. Rainwater harvesting system for water percolation. It will act as a source for water requirements in agricultural area improves quality and quantity of ground water reduces soil erosion, stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution of surface the open ground contributing to recharging ground water.

The community kitchen garden can be used to grow food for the residents sold to the community at nominal rates cow manure utilised in the farm to increase the microbial count of the soil protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health.

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Table 7.1 Plot area LAND USE

Total No.

Area (sq. m.)

Total area (sq. m.)

HIG

8

600

4800

MIG

9

300

2700

LIG

9

120

1080

LIBRARY/ COMMUNITY HALL

1

800

800

CHILDREN’S PARK

1

1040

1040

OPEN GROUND

1

3450

3450

POND

1

450

450

COFFEE INDUSTRY

1

1000

1000

COFFEE PLANTATIONS

3

22150,22730, 14430

59285

COMMUNITY GARDEN

2

1485

3650

KITCHEN

2165

RESTAURANT

1

1630

1630

COWORKING SPACE

1

2250

2250

COFFEE SALE/MUSEUM

1

2000

2000

SHOPPING COMPLEX

1

1600

1600

THEATRE

1

900

900

MOTEL/CAFE

1

1320

1320

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7.1.3 Coffee Tourism The coffee tourism will be the initial phase of the project and the income generating institution.

Figure 7.5 Coffee Tourism The parts involved in the coffe tourism phase include a coffee museum, coffee processing unit and coffee plantation.

Coffee Museum will have facilities and provisions which include: o Sale of Coffee products o Souvenir Shop o Coffee Museum o Ticket Counter Coffee Processing Unit will have facilities and provisions which include: o Milling o Drying o Parchment removal o Roasting

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7.1.4 SITE 1: 3D VIEW

Figure 7.6 3D view of site 1

7.2 BUSINESS PLAN 7.2.1 Committee Members i.

Farmers (2 Members) A farming community is formed, the two members manages and monitors the crop production.

ii.

Managers (2 Members) o Manages the industry, the laborers and the sales of commercial coffee o Manages the rent from the commercial areas.

iii.

Infrastructure Zone (1 member) For the upkeeping and maintenance of various infrastructural facilities

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7.2.2 Revenue Generation Total construction costs, expenses, income/rent and profit is calculated as follows: i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

Coffee Plantations •

Area: 5.92 ha

•

Income = 3.91 lakhs/year (Price of raw coffee = Rs. 66/kg, yield = 5920kg/ha/year)

•

Expense = Rs.10000/ha/year = 0.59 lakhs/year

•

Profit = 3.32 lakhs/year

Community Hall •

Area: 8600 sq. ft.

•

Approximate Construction Cost =120 lakhs (Assuming Rs. 1400/ sq. ft.)

•

Interest (8%) = 9.60 lakhs/year

Coffee Sale/Museum •

Area: 190 sq. ft.

•

Approximate Construction Cost = 2.66 lakhs/year (Assuming Rs. 1400/ sq. ft.)

•

Interest (8%) = Rs. 21280/year

•

Approximate income = Rs.25000/year

•

Net profit = Rs 3720/year

Commercial Complex •

Area: 17250 sq. ft.

•

Approximate Construction Cost = 258.75 lakhs (Assuming Rs. 1500/ sq. ft.)

•

Approximate Rent = 99.36 lakhs/year (Assuming Rs. 60/month/sq. ft. and 80% carpet area)

•

Interest (8%) = 20.70 lakhs/year

•

Tax and maintenance = 6 lakhs/year

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• v.

vi.

vii.

Net profit = 72.66 lakhs/ years

Movie Theatre •

Area: 10000 sq. ft.

•

Approximate Construction Cost = 200 lakhs

•

Interest (8%) = 16 lakhs

•

Income = Rs.150/seat * 200 seats * 3 shows * 200 days = 180 lakhs/year

•

Tax and maintenance = 10 lakhs + 54 (30% from ticket cost) + 10 lakhs (staff) = 74 lakhs/year

•

Net profit = 36 lakhs/ years

•

Area: 470 sq. ft.

•

Approximate Construction Cost = 6.58 lakhs (Assuming Rs. 1400/ sq. ft.)

•

Approximate Rent = 2.70 lakhs/year (Assuming Rs. 60/month/sq. ft. and 80% carpet area)

•

Interest (8%) = 0.52 lakhs/year

•

Tax and maintenance = 0.16 lakhs/year

•

Net profit = 2.01 lakhs/ years

Motel

COFFEE INDUSTRY •

Area: 10000 sq. ft.

•

About 4674 ha. of panchayat is utilized for cultivation of perennial crops. Large coffee plantations occupy 6% of perennial crops = 280.44 ha.

•

Supply from FCI godown can be expected too.

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Table 7-2: Total expenses from coffee industry

Table 7-3: Profit analysis from coffee industry

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7.2.3 Phase 1

Figure 7.7 Phase 1 of construction Total construction cost of coffee industry and coffee sale/museum = Rs. 182,66,000 Yearly profit from coffee industry, coffee sale/museum and coffee plantations (14430 sq. m. area) = Rs. 52,36,360

Table 7-4: NPV calculations for phase 1

Expected payback period (By NPV calculations) = 4.52 years

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7.2.4 Phase 2

Figure 7.8 Phase 2 Total construction cost of community hall, commercial complex, movie theatre, motel, roads and pedestrian walkway = Rs. 646,64,210 Yearly profit from coffee industry, coffee sale/museum, coffee plantations, movie theatre, motel and commercial complex = Rs. 141,80,676.8 Assuming to be able to sell 50% of the plots = Rs. 429,85,000 Table 7-5: NPV calculations for phase 2

Expected payback period (By NPV calculations) = 1.68 years

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7.2.5 Land Pooling Profit •

Profit to the developer by the sale of remaining plots (356 lakhs)

•

Profit to the landowners according to the percent of area contributed: amount ranges from 15 lakhs/year to 50 lakhs/year.

Figure 7.9 Plot division of existing owners

Figure 7.10 Profit distribution according to area contributed

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8 SITE 2 8.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS 8.1.1 Site specification: Area

: 12.43 hectares

Location : Vemgoor ward, Meenangadi Land use : Residential and Agricultural Climate : tropical monsoon climate

Map 8.1: Location of Site 2 ❖ Majority of the population are depended on primary occupations such as agriculture, cultivation and animal husbandry ( MIG and LIG). HIG are mainly into business or NRI . ❖ Among the people survey ,all had completed compulsory primary education but later dropped out due to financial conditions and lack of interest. ❖ Most of the students from reservation group started working at a very young age to support their families. hence they have good knowledge of traditional cultivation techniques and methods ❖ Average temperature of the site vary from 25°c to 34°c. ❖ Air quality PM-2.5 is 89 ug/m³ which is unhealthy for sensitive groups ❖ The site selected is 250 m away from national highway 766 but have direct visual connection to the highway 103

Map 8.2: Site 2: Identification

OCCUPATION DETAILS

HOUSING DETAILS 38%

25%

10% 16%

HIG

MIG

PRIMARY OCCUPATION 74%

OTHERS

37%

Chart 8.1 Existing housing and occupational details

EDUCATIONAL DETAILS NO: OF PEOPLE

12 10 8

6

LIG

4

MIG

2

HIG

0 PRIMARY EDUCATION

SECONDARY EDUCATION

HIGH SCHOOL

EDUCATION LEVEL

Chart 8.2 Existing educational details

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Green cover is quite high as compared to build-up . Hence, alternative measure should be taken for preserving the biodiversity .Also, development plan should go in parallel with carbon neutral mission of Meenangadi .

EXISTING LANDUSE 13%

7%

2%

GREEN COVER

Residencial

BUILDUP AREA

Paddy field 80%

Cultivational area

98%

Chart 8.3 Existing landuse and green cover details

Figure 8.1 Site 2: Analysis

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SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH

WEAKN ESS

OPPURTUNITY

THREAT

Few families of indigenous communities are also residing who have the knowledge of traditional methods of cultivation.

Existing road not maintain ed properly

Low contoured terrain with abundance of natural resources like fertile soil and water

No public spaces to encourag e public interactio n

Low key developmental projects such as agro tourism where in visitors can stay with farmers and enjoy farm life can be proposed.

Market trends may influence farmers to cultivate crops which are not suitable for low lying areas

Prime economic activity is agriculture which includes cultivation of many economically viable crops , such as tapioca, coconut, banana etc. Site produces ample amount milk and dairy products.

Low disaster risk Amazing landscape views connecting kollagapara rock. The lush greenery is seen all across the landscape.

Paddy being best suitable crop for low lying area is least cultivate d because of its low market price.

Horticulture or agrobiodiversity research centers can use these areas for their research and experimentation Ponds for water collection can be dug without concretising its surface as it will only prevent its seasonal recharge from catchment area.

Food product industry It can attract large scale projects hotels and housing.

Unhealthil y air quality Developm ental plans might consider biodiversit y as weakness or unimporta nt

8.1.2 SITE 2: ZONING Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Over 70 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture. SITE 2 is planned for “A self -sustainable community which focuses on primary occupations such as agriculture and animalHusbandry.

106

Map 8.3 Site 2: Zoning Understanding the potential and opportunities of the area, the population density is projected to 800/km² (existing population density- 600/km²).Area is zoned into agricultural area, residential area, commercial area, agro-industrial area public spaces etc. While zoning focus was on incorporating mixed land use, which would be a boost to the economy of the community.

Commercial zone is placed along the front side of the area, which directly connects to the national highway, agricultural and cultivation areas are zoned toward the rear end of the area. Residential areas are zones in such a way that it overlooks the agricultural area.

107

PROPOSED LAND USE AGRICULTURE AGRO-INDUSTRY

13% 31%

19% 1% 12%

9% 8% 7%

RESIDENTIAL AREA

COMMERCIAL AREA PUBLIC SPACE TOURISM CULTIVATION AREA

Chart 8.4 Propsed land use

8.1.3 SITE 2: CONCEPTUAL PLAN Concept - An ecosystem that actively supports a more sustainable regional food network by preserving the local region’s role and identity.

Community represents a wholly new paradigm of urban living. The plan seeks to reconfigure traditional relationships between farmland and urban development.

Road networks are planned considering the upcoming development of the area.

The primary road that connects the commercial corridor is designed as the public space.

Hence proper bicycle tracks, shaded footpath, and seating facilities are provided along the road. This commercial corridor is designed as the major attraction of the site and profit generator .Residential zones are divide into two, one for hig housing and other for LIG and MIG housing. Residential plot are designed to “life-space –building concept. Hence small parks, seating facilities and pathways are provided within the residential zones. LIG and MIG housing are proposed in such a way that overlooks the cultivation area. They are the existing residents of the site and they depend on primary occupations. Community hall and public play ground is designed in close proximity to road, this will increase the connectivity of the public space and its zoned adjoining both the residential zones .Agro-tourism and agro-industries are incorporated to the financial state of the area. Ago-tourism is proposed within the coffee cultivation area, where tourism activities will be promoted .This area also have a good view of kollagapara

108

hills, Close proximity to tourism spots of Wayanad and proximity to cricket stadium promises tourists in all seasons.

Infrastructure services such as drinking water network, drainage line and waste management are also taken care of, Site has no much waste management issues, and hence it can be solved by providing waste bins along the road. Waste from these bins will be collected and segregated by haritham –karma sena of Meenangadi panchayath and then reused accordingly.

Map 8.4: Site 2: Conceptual plan

109

Figure 8.2 Site section

8.1.4 SITE 2: SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITY PLANS

Map 8.5 Site 2: Road hierarchy

110

Map 8.6 Site 2: Utility network

Map 8.7 Site 2: Drinking water network

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8.1.5 SITE 2: 3D VIEW

Map 8.8 3D view of site 2

8.2 BUSINESS PROPOSAL 8.2.1 Committee Committee consists of 2 branches one is management committee and another is working group committee. i.

Management committee It is a group of people who are chosen or elected to make decisions about how an organisation is run and to make sure that particular jobs are done. The management committee has drawn up guidelines for how the volunteers should be trained.

Members of committee include,

ii.

•

2 members from the residential zone from each side are selected .

•

One from the Kudumbashree unit.

•

One representative from Meenangadi panchayath.

•

One representative from the veterinary hospital and agriculture office.

•

One member from the student community.

Working group committee People working in the area form a group for raising their needs and problems in the working sector.

112

•

One worker from each agro-industry

•

One manager from one industry.

•

One member from transportation .

•

One member working on infrastructural facilities.

•

One member from residential zone from each side.

8.2.2 Revenue Generation RESIDENTIAL AREAS Area:0.87ha Proposed Houses- LIG=18,MIG=12,HIG-8 Existing Houses- LIG=5,MIG=6,HIG-5 Table 8-1: Construction cost of LIG, MIG, HIG houses

•

Cost of land per sq ft=82

•

New plots =4770 sq.ft

•

Cost of new area=391140

PROFIT •

Sale price of new plots=10282840Rs

•

Total cost of construction=87,13,140 Rs

•

Profit = Rs. 1569700

So we will get a profit of 15 lakhs from the total sale of plots.

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COFFEE PLANTATION Table 8-2: Expenditure and income calculations of coffee plantations

COMMERCIAL COMPLEX •

Area=0.99 ha=106562.7 sq.ft

•

Approximate Construction Cost = 1598 lakhs (Assuming Rs. 1500/ sq. ft.)

•

Approximate Rent = 204.6 lakhs/year (Assuming Rs. 20/month/sq. ft. and 80% carpet area)

WATER SUPPLY •

The targeted avg. lpcd (litre percapita per day) =150 lpcd

•

For 100 people=15000L/day

•

Water tank of volume=15 m3 is needed

AGRO-INDUSTRY BROOM MAKING UNIT Area:1000sq.ft Table 8-3: Expenditure and income generation calculations of Broom making unit

114

RICE MILL Milling and storage Area= 500 sq. m Office, lab & other= 500 sq.m Table 8-4: Expenditure and income generation calculations of Rice mill

COW FARM: Area=2000 sq.ft Table 8-5: Expenditure and income generation calculations of Cow farm

115

BIOGAS PLANT •

Number of cows=25 As per, KVIC, Cow dung produced per day=10kg

•

Designing for 300 Kg/day As per Suchithra mission Local self government kerala

Total costs of setting up of a bio-gas plant is given capacity wise=5.9 Lakhs •

Maintenance cost 1. Consultancy charges for technical support and capacity building for the initial

six months

Upto 500 kg plants = 0.30 Lakhs 2. Operation and maintenance cost per annum in Re lakh, after the initial six months period =0.6 Lakhs •

Total Expenditure=6.8 Lakhs

Subsidy Norms The cost for setting up biogas plants at the community levels can be met by the Local Governments.

•

Equivalent quantity of fuel for 1 m 3 of biogas Electricity for 1m3 biogas=4.798kWh For 41 m3=196.718 kWh

•

Below 500 unit current 1Unit= Rs 5.0 So,for 196.718 unit=983.59 rs For 1 month=708184.8 Rs

8.2.3 NPV (Net Present Value) As an organization expands, it needs to take important decisions which involve immense capital investment. An organization must take the decisions regarding the expansion of business and investment very wisely. In such cases, the organization will take assistance of Capital Budgeting tools, one of the most popular NPV method and take a call on the most profitable investment.

116

Net present value is a tool of Capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of a project or investment. It is calculated by taking the difference between the present value of cash inflows and present value of cash outflows over a period of time.

As the name suggests, net present value is nothing but net off of the present value of cash inflows and outflows by discounting the flows at a specified rate. Net present value method is a tool for analyzing profitability of a particular project.

For calculating NPV first calculate total expenditure and income from each expenditure and income of plans other than residential area. Then, finally we calculate the payback period of expenditure.

Total expenditure=228783000 Rs Yearly income=59130490 Rs Net yearly income= yearly income-3% 0f total expenditure=52267000 3% is contingency and maintenance charge.

Table 8-6 NPV calculations

From the NPV calculation it is clear that within 7 years we get return from the amount we spend on plan.

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9 CONCLUSIONS Natural, technological, and human-caused hazards take a high toll on communities, but the costs in lives, livelihoods and quality of life can be reduced by better managing disaster risks. Planning and implementing prioritized measures can strengthen resilience and improve a community's abilities to continue or restore vital services in a more timely way, and to build back better after damaging events. That makes them better prepared for future events and more attractive to businesses and residents alike.

There is more value in creating a distinctive plan for future disasters and risks to restore a community to its "normal" level of functionality instead of utilizing cookiecutter planning to prevent future disasters.

This major project was an attempt to plan resilient communities within Meenangadi panchayath which can withstand risks and disaster and also cater to self reliability.The process involved though study of the area , mapping of spatial and nonspatial data, Aspiration surveys and risk assessment of the area.

Two sites were selected within Meenangadi panchayath and resilient planning was carried out according to the vision proposed for Meenangadi panchayath.Both sites had its own potentials and weaknesses which was identified and business proposal for formulated accordingly.

This project helped us understand the need for bottom -up approach in urban planning. Ground level study helps in implementing better planning policies and strategies.

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Building the resilient city. Strategies and tools for the city masterplan .

UPLanD – Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 3(2), 15-24 4. City of Lethbridge. (n.d.). Heart of Our City Master Plan Part 4: The Guiding Framework 5. City of Mississauga. (2010). Build a Desirable Urban Form . Mississauga 6. Dempsey, N. (2009). Elements of Urban Form 7. National Biogas and Manure Management Programme. Retrived from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.r esearchgate.net/publication/257343508_Flood_resilience_and_urban_syst ems_Nice_and_Taipei_case_studies&ved=2ahUKEwiYu4r34bLuAhXOc n0KHZrBAbEQFjAAegQIAxAC&usg=AOvVaw3Rq3Gf7Z80Nohu8BpF 8Vmb 8. Rasheed Shehana, Parambath G Saritha. (2014). Urban Land Management and Planning-Indian Context. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 7, July-2014 ISSN 2229-5518 9. Suchitwa Mission Progress Report 2018-19, Retrived from: http://sanitation.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/PROGRESSREPORT-2018-19-Final-draft-23.03.19.pdf 10. TARU Leading Edge . (2017). Surat Resilience Strategy. Surat 11. Thanal (2018, March). Carbon Neutral Meenangadi – Assessment and Recommendations Retrived from: http://thanal.co.in/uploads/resource/document/carbon-neutral-meenangadiassessment-recomendations-87546380.pdf 119

12. Town and Country Planning Organisation. (2015, January). Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation-Volume1.

13. Zoningfor future flood resilience (2017). Retrieved from https://medium.com/@ZonerApp/zoning-for-future-floodresilienceef0455fbc637.

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