TEST BANK for Chemistry in Context 10th Edition by American Chemical Society ISBN10: 1260240843 | IS

9/17/2020

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CHAPTER 1

1.

Award: 10.00 points

The quantity 0.0000064 g expressed in scientific notation.

 6.4 × 106 g   6.4 × 10−6 g  6.4 × 107 g  6.4 × 10−7 g Negative powers of ten move the decimal to the left.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

The quantity 8.7 × 105 g expressed in standard decimal notation.

 0.000087 g  870.000 g  0.0000087 g   870,000 g Positive powers of ten move the decimal to the right.

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3.

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Award: 10.00 points

A substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods is called a(n)

  compound.  mixture.  element.  isotope.

Mixtures are separable by physical means.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

On a periodic table, the columns of elements with similar properties are

 periods.   groups.  rows.  metals.

Periods and rows go across.

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5.

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Award: 10.00 points

The most numerous of the elements are the

  metals.  nonmetals.  metalloids.  noble gases.

These are green in the periodic table in your textbook.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a mixture?

 A jar filled with rocks and sand  Seawater  A glass of Kool-Aid   Sodium chloride Mixtures include more than one pure substance.

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7.

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Which is not a pure substance?

 Helium  Copper wire   Air  Sucrose Mixtures are not pure substances.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

Which squares contain mixtures?

 II and III only   III and IV only  I, III, and IV only  I and IV only Mixtures will have different substances in the same box.

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9.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which square(s) contain(s) only an element?

 I only   II only  I and II only  III and IV only Elements will only have one type of atom in the box.

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10.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which symbols represent only elements that are metals?

  X and Z  X and Q  P and L  X, R, P, and Q Nonmetals reside in the upper right corner of the periodic table.

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11.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which symbol(s) represent(s) elements in the noble gas family?

 X and Z  P and L  Q  Y Noble gases are in the far-right column of the periodic table.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

Which differentiates a compound from a mixture of two or more elements?

 The elements in a compound may be present in varying proportions   A compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed

 A compound is made up of only one element  A compound cannot be made up of more than two elements Remember that compounds are elements bound together by chemical bonds.

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13.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which substance is an element?

 NO2  NaCl   N2  CH4 Only one has just one symbol in the formula.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

A(n) __________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.

 element  ion   molecule  mixture Remember which of these have more than one element that are also bonded together.

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15.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only diatomic molecules?

 I only   II only  I and II only  II and IV only The prefix di- means two.

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16.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only molecules?

 I only  II only  III only   I and II only  IV only Molecules have multiple atom bound together.

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17.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only individual atoms?

 I only  II only   III only  IV only  II and III only The atoms are not bound to other atoms.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is the chemical symbol for silver?

 Au  Pb   Ag  Fe

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19.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is a pure substance?

 Lemonade  Concrete  Gasoline   Silver wire Remember that pure substances have only one component.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Which square(s) contain(s) only one or more compounds?

  I only  II only  I and IV only  II and III only Different compounds will have different combinations of different elements.

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21.

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Award: 10.00 points

In the periodic table, which elements typically have similar properties?

 Those in the same rows  Those related diagonally   Those in the same columns  Those on opposite sides Groups are those with similar properties.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

The nucleus of an atom contains

 electrons and protons only.  protons only.  electrons, protons, and neutrons.   protons and neutrons only.

Remember that the massive particles are in the nucleus while the electrons orbit around the outside.

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23.

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Award: 10.00 points

What distinguishes the atoms of one element from another?

 The number of neutrons  The number of protons plus neutrons   The number of protons  The number of neutrons plus electrons Remember that the number of protons is the atomic number and that defines who the element is.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

The atomic number is the

 same as the mass number of an atom.   number of protons in a nucleus.  number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.  number of neutrons in a nucleus.

The protons define the element.

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25.

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Award: 10.00 points

The majority of new smartphones being released have displays that are at least 5 inches in size. What is this size in centimeters? (There are 2.54 cm in one inch.)

 1.97 cm  6.10 cm   12.7 cm  60.0 cm

26.

Award: 10.00 points

One common class of minerals are aluminosilicates, with a general formula of Al2SiO5. What is the atomic percentage composition of aluminum in an aluminosilicate?

 12.5 percent Al   25 percent Al  33.3 percent Al  62.5 percent Al

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27.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which one of the following is a subatomic particle located in the center of the atom and has a positive charge?

  Protons  Neutrons  Electrons  Photons

28.

Award: 10.00 points

Which one of these materials is most likely to conduct heat?

  A titanium rod  A sample of chlorine gas  A silicon wafer  A chunk of phosphorus

29.

Award: 10.00 points

What type of material is defined as having a well-ordered atomic structure?

 Amorphous   Crystalline  Transparent  Opaque

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30.

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Award: 10.00 points

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

 Reduce, reuse, recycle  Equitability, justice, quality of life  Diversity, efficiency, toxicity   Environmental, social, economic

31.

Award: 10.00 points

Which country is the world's leading producer of rare earth elements?

 USA   China  South Africa  Brazil

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32.

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Award: 10.00 points

A recent set of advertisements has a picture of an aluminum can with an aluminum-frame bicycle, along with a hypothetical quote from the can that reads: “I want to be a bike. Recycle me.” The analysis of the life cycle of an item starting with its raw materials and ending with the used item becoming the raw material for new products is called

 cradle-to-grave.  reusability.   cradle-to-cradle.  cost-benefit analysis.

33.

Award: 10.00 points

Which one of the following is an example of a homogeneous mixture?

 A chocolate chip cookie   A glass of pulp-free lemonade  A carbonated beverage  A bowl of cereal in milk

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34.

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Award: 10.00 points

What is the density of a block of material that is 12 cm × 6 cm × 2 cm and has a mass of 356 g?

 1.00 g/cm3   2.47 g/cm3  3.56 g/cm3  4.95 g/cm3

35.

Award: 10.00 points

How many cm are in 0.129 m?

 1.29 cm   12.9 cm  129 cm  1290 cm

36.

Award: 10.00 points

What term is defined as the flow of electrons from one location to another?

 Resistance  Transparency  Density   Electricity

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37.

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Award: 10.00 points

A sample of silicon rejected for use in an electronic circuit has an impurity of boron at a level of 3 parts per billion. What is the fraction of boron atoms in the silicon sample as written in scientific notation?

 3 × 10−9  3 × 109  3 × 10−12   3 × 10−6

38.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the term used to describe a material that allows light to mostly pass through it?

 Reflective  Porous   Transparent  Absorbtive

39.

Award: 10.00 points

How many protons are in an atom of carbon?

 2  4  6  12 https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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40.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following states of matter has a definite shape?

  Solid  Liquid  Gas  Plasma

41.

Award: 10.00 points

Matter is anything that occupies space and has a __________.

 density  volume   mass  color

42.

Award: 10.00 points

In which of the following phases are the particles farthest from each other?

 Solid  Liquid   Gas  Need more information

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43.

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Different elemental forms of carbon such as diamond and graphite are referred to as __________.

 isotopes   allotropes  isomers  isotropes

44.

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What multistep process is used to separate pure metals from ore?

 Mining  Leaching   Metallurgy  Grinding

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is a physical change?

  Melting of ice  Burning of gasoline  Baking a cake  Fermenting of grapes

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46.

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Which of the following is a chemical change?

 Boiling water  Melting wax  Cracking glass   Souring milk

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CHAPTER 2

1.

Award: 10.00 points

Of five major gaseous components of air, which is the only one to vary significantly in concentration from place to place and from day to day?

  Water vapor  Carbon dioxide  Nitrogen  Argon Think about differences in humidity.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

Which two gases make up more than 95 percent of an inhaled breath?

 NO2 and N2  CO2 and O2   O2 and N2  N2 and Ar Think about the two main components of the atmosphere.

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3.

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Award: 10.00 points

What is the primary component of an exhaled breath?

  N2  O2  CO2  H2O The main component of an exhaled breath is the same as the main component of an inhaled breath.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Which component of the air makes up approximately 100 times more of an exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath?

 Ar  O2  O3   CO2

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5.

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The __________ concentration in the air over the desert differs dramatically from that in the air in the tropical rainforest.

 N2  O2  CO2   H2O Think about differences in humidity.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

Which component of the air is an element?

 H2O  NO2   O2  CO2 Only one of these contains all the same type of atom.

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7.

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Air is a(n)

 element.  compound.   mixture.  pure substance.

There are several substances in air.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

Which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant?

  N2  SO2  NO2  O3 One if these is the primary component of uncontaminated air while the rest are pollutants.

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9.

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Award: 10.00 points

Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the __________ but is a valuable protective layer in the __________.

  troposphere; stratosphere  stratosphere; mesosphere  stratosphere; troposphere  mesosphere; stratosphere Remember that we live in the troposphere.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

A particular sample of air is 2.5 percent water vapor. Express the concentration of water vapor in parts per million (ppm).

 0.0000025 ppm  0.025 ppm  250 ppm   25000 ppm Percent is parts per hundred. One hundred is 10,000 times less than one million.

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11.

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The EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. Express this number as a percentage.

 90 percent  9 percent  0.09 percent   0.0009 percent Percent is parts per hundred. One hundred is 10,000 times less than one million.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

Which pollutant is present in air as particulate matter?

  Soot  Ozone  Sulfur dioxide  Carbon monoxide Particulate matter is solid not gaseous.

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13.

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Award: 10.00 points

What two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?

 Exposure and ppm  Percentage and ppm  Toxicity and percentage   Toxicity and exposure Remember that some things are poisonous in a short time frame and others are toxic after long time frames.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant?

 A person's lung capacity  A person's breathing rate   The toxicity of the pollutant  The concentration in air of the pollutant

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15.

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The burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide, SO2, a pollutant that slowly reacts in air to form SO3. Sulfur trioxide dissolves into airborne water droplets to form a very corrosive solution of sulfuric acid. Which is a product of burning coal that hastens the transformation of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide?

 Carbon dioxide  Carbon monoxide  Nitrogen dioxide   Particles of ash This transformation takes place on solid particles.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

All of these pollutants can be detected by their odors except

  CO.  O3.  SOx.  NOx. Remember that you might need a detector for this substance in your home for protection.

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17.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which pollutant are you more likely to encounter in dangerous concentrations indoors rather than outdoors?

 Nitrogen dioxide   Carbon monoxide  Ozone  Sulfur dioxide This comes from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

In general, which airborne material is not likely to be affected by the filters or indoor air handling equipment?

 Particulates  Pollen  Soot   Carbon monoxide Filters cannot trap gases.

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19.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which color, as used in the Air Quality Index, warns that the level of a pollutant is hazardous, the most dangerous level?

 Orange  Green  Yellow   Maroon This is similar to other color-coded warning systems.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Based on its name, which carbon compound contains the fewest carbon atoms?

 Ethanol   Methane  Chlorobutane  Propyl alcohol Mother Eats Peanut Butter.

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21.

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Award: 10.00 points

P2O5 is the chemical formula for

 pentoxygen diphosphide.   diphosphorus pentoxide.  dioxygen pentaphosphide.  monophosphorus pentoxide.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

The name of the compound formed by combining carbon atoms

with oxygen atoms

to form

is

 carbon oxide.  monocarbon dioxide.   carbon dioxide.  carbonate.

Count your atoms and remember that there is no prefix on a lone element that is named first.

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23.

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Award: 10.00 points

Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to balance this equation. ___ C2H4(g) + ___ O2(g) → ___ CO2(g) + ___ H2O(g)

 1, 1, 2, 2   1, 3, 2, 2  2, 3, 4, 2  2, 2, 4, 2 Make sure that the total number of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to yield a balanced equation.

 1, 1, 1  2, 1, 1   2, 1, 2  1, 1, 2 Make sure that the total number of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

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25.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which is the balanced chemical equation showing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposing into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2)?

  H2O2 → H2 + O2  H2 + O2 → H2O2  2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O2  2 H2O2 → 2 H2 + O2 Make sure that the total number of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

26.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen (N2) with oxygen (O2) to form NO?

 2 NO → N2 + O2  N2 + O2 → NO   N2 + O2 → 2 NO  NO → N2 + O2 Make sure that the total number of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

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27.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which shows the balanced equation for the reaction of nitrogen ( atmosphere, with oxygen (

), as it is normally found in our

), as it is normally found in our atmosphere, to form nitrogen dioxide?

 

 

Oxygen and nitrogen are diatomic molecules as found in nature.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

Green chemistry is

 the study of how to improve the production of oxygen via photosynthesis.  any chemistry having an agricultural base.  the cause of the higher temperatures and humidity typically found in greenhouses.   the design of products and processes that reduce hazardous substances.

This is about cleaner chemistry in all fields.

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29.

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Award: 10.00 points

Catalytic converters reduce the amount of _____ in car exhaust.

 O3  CO2   CO  N2 Think about which is a direct tailpipe pollutant.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

Ozone is a secondary pollutant. A secondary pollutant is

 not as hazardous as a primary pollutant.   not produced directly but as the product of the interaction of two or more pollutants.  one that is naturally present in our atmosphere.  one that is less hazardous than a primary pollutant.

This has nothing to do with safety.

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31.

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Award: 10.00 points

There are approximately 2 × 1022 molecules and atoms in each breath we take and the concentration of CO in the air is approximately 9 parts per million. Approximately how many CO molecules are in each breath we take?

 2 × 1015   1.8 × 1017  2 × 1016  2 × 1029

32.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following would be described as "fine particles"?

 SOx  NOx  O3   2.5 μm diameter soot Remember that these are solids and not gases.

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33.

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Award: 10.00 points

The lowest (or closest to the ground) layer of our atmosphere is the

  troposphere.  ozone layer.  stratosphere.  mesosphere.

Think about which layer we live in and that is its relative warm.

34.

Award: 10.00 points

Balance this equation P4 + Cl2 → PCl5 with the smallest whole number coefficients. Choose the answer that is the sum of the coefficients. (Do not forget coefficients of "one.")

 7  9  11  13   15 Be sure to balance all elements on either side of the equation and add all the coefficients including any "ones."

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35.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following are examples of technological advances that have reduced air pollution?

  Paint with reduced VOCs   Catalytic converters  Burning gasoline in leaf blowers   Low sulfur diesel fuels One of these is a major cause of outdoor pollution while the others are improvements.

36.

Award: 10.00 points

If 500 mL of air contains 2 × 1022 particles (atoms and molecules), how many particles do you inhale in one day if you breathe 15000 L of air?

 2 × 1022   6 × 1026  1.2 × 1027  5 × 1024 Remember that 500 mL is 0.5L and make sure your units cancel when you do the calculation.

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37.

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Award: 10.00 points

If we assume that the top of Mt. Everest is the highest land mass on earth, hikers who scale its summit are standing in the

 mesosphere.  stratosphere.   troposphere.  ozone layer.

Remember that they are still on land and this layer encompasses all the land.

38.

Award: 10.00 points

The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is

 N2O.   NO.  NO2.  N2O3.

Remember your prefixes for naming molecules.

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39.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which correctly pairs an indoor pollutant with its source?

 Formaldehyde and unvented space heaters   O3 and electrical arcing  Radon and glues and solvents  Nicotine and paint and paint thinners Think about the sources of nicotine, radon, and formaldehyde.

40.

Award: 10.00 points

An inversion layer happens when a certain weather pattern traps cooler air near the surface of the earth with a warmer air mass above it. Why is this a problem?

 Excess precipitation could cause flooding.  The cold air increases the chance for snowstorms.  Heatwaves can occur.   Air pollution concentrates in the inversion layer.

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41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the chemical formula for carbon disulfide?

 CH4   CS2  C2H6  H2SO4 Remember your prefixes for naming molecules.

42.

Award: 10.00 points

A reaction occurs between 6 molecules of H2 and four molecules of O2 to form 6 molecules of H2O, in which one molecule of oxygen is left over: 6 H2 + 4 O2 → 6 H2O + O2 Which is the limiting reagent?

  H2  O2  H2O  None of the above

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43.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Currently, the primary source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is

  coal burning power plants.  diesel trucks.  plastic manufacturing.  gasoline-powered lawnmowers.

44.

Award: 10.00 points

The more toxic the pollutant, the higher the concentration is set when concerning air quality standards.

 True   False

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Even though the concentration of air pollution has gone down over time, people in some metropolitan areas still breath are that contains unhealthy levels of pollutants.

  True  False

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46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the correct balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethane, C2H6, in excess oxygen?

 CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O  2 CH4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2O   2C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O  2 C2H6 + 5 O2 → 4 CO + 6 H2O

47.

Award: 10.00 points

Which chemical components are given off in car exhaust?

 CO2  H2O  NOx   All of these choices are correct

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48.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In metropolitan areas, the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere drops at night. Why?

 Wind blows away the ozone at night  Energy usage goes down at night  There are less cars on the road at night   The formation of ozone requires sunlight

49.

Award: 10.00 points

Which air pollutant is the second-leading cause of lung cancer worldwide, behind tobacco smoke?

  Radon  Ozone  Carbon monoxide  Nitrogen oxides

50.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the greatest source of indoor air pollution in developing countries?

 Unvented space heaters   Cookstoves  Automobiles  Paint

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 3

1.

Award: 10.00 points

Which color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?

 Orange  Red  Yellow   Blue Remember ROY G. BIV to help with the colors from red (longest wavelength) to violet (shortest wavelength).

2.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is correct?

 Ozone forms by combining an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule.  There is a dynamic steady state of ozone in the stratosphere.  UV radiation will dissociate ozone into an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule.   All of these choices are correct.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement is correct?

 UV-A is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light.  UV-B is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light.   UV-C is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light.  UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C are equally energetic.

Remember that UV-A has the longest wavelength while UV-C has the shortest wavelength.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

During the Antarctic spring, ozone is destroyed at a greater rate than it is formed

 on the surface of atmospheric ice crystals.  in a process that is catalytic.  in polar stratospheric clouds.   All of these choices are correct.

Think about the whole process. Is there more than one step?

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

HFCs may be used to replace CFCs. Which compound is a HFC?

 CH2Cl—CCl2F  CH2FCl   CF3CH2F  CHClF2 HFCs contain hydrogen in addition to Cl and F.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

The speed of light in air

 depends only on the frequency of the light.  depends only on the wavelength of light.   is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light.  depends on both the wavelength and the frequency of light.

Remember that light can travel in vacuum and is a constant.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the

 visible region of the spectrum.   ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.  ultraviolet region, especially above a wavelength of 340 nm.  infrared region of the spectrum.

Damage by EM radiation usually occurs to structure that are of the same size as the wavelength of the radiation.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over

 North America.  Europe.  Africa.   Antarctica.

Ozone is only destroyed over the Antarctic and the hole does not move far from its origin.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which contributes to the ozone hole?

 Automobile exhaust   Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)  Loss of northern forests  All of these choices are correct Only CFCs contain chlorine, which acts as a catalyst for ozone destruction. The others are environmental concerns, but don't contribute to the ozone hole.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it

  absorbs some UV radiation.  helps trees grow.  reacts with excess CO2.  reflects IR radiation.

Remember that the ozone layer protects from sunburn, which is caused by exposure to UV radiation.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Wavelength is the

 number of waves passing a fixed point in one second.  height of the wave.   distance between successive peaks in a wave.  distance between a peak of one wave and the next trough.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

The structure of ozone most closely resembles a

 

linear molecule with different lengths of chemical bonds, for example,

.

linear molecule with the same length of chemical bonds, for example,

.

 bent molecule with different lengths of chemical bonds, for example,

.

 bent molecule with the same length of chemical bonds, for example,

.

Remember the effects of lone pairs that repel each other and force the molecule into a bent shape.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the correct Lewis structure?

   

All atoms must have an octet but hydrogen may only have two electrons.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

As the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to

 decrease worldwide.   increase worldwide.  increase in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the southern hemisphere.  decrease in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the northern hemisphere.

Remember that ozone blocks UV radiation which causes skin damage.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The Montreal protocol is a

 treaty to protect against global warming.   treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world.  list of substitutes for CFCs.  way to destroy CFCs in the stratosphere.

Remember that this treaty is about repairing the ozone hole.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone?

 As chlorine increases, ozone increases   As chlorine increases, ozone decreases  As chlorine changes, the effect on the ozone level is unpredictable  As chlorine changes, there is no effect of the ozone level Remember that chlorine works to destroy ozone.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In Earth's atmosphere, where is the ozone layer?

 Troposphere  Biosphere  Mesosphere   Stratosphere Remember that our protective layer of ozone is "up high."

18.

Award: 10.00 points

When it reaches its largest size, the ozone hole over the Antarctic is

  about as large as North America.  about the same size as France.  smaller than Iceland.  about the same size as Canada.

The ozone hole is quite large at its largest. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

When only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a bond.

 triple   single  double  resonant Two shared electrons form a bond.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Increasing wavelength of light goes in this order.

  Ultraviolet > visible > infrared  Visible > infrared > ultraviolet  Infrared > visible > ultraviolet  Ultraviolet > infrared > visible

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is one of the Lewis structures for ozone?

   

The total number of electrons that must be used is 18 while each atom needs an octet around it.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds

 have 1, 2, and 3 shared electrons, respectively.   have 2, 4, and 6 shared electrons, respectively.  have 3, 6, and 9 shared electrons, respectively.  are only possible between carbon atoms.

Two electrons make one bond.

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Light behaves like

 a particle.  a wave.   both a particle and a wave.  neither a particle nor a wave.

Remember wave/particle duality.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

The "ozone layer" is found

 only around the equator.  in the troposphere.   in the stratosphere.  in the mesosphere.

Good ozone is found high in the atmosphere.

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In reference to waves, frequency is the

  number of waves passing a fixed point in one second.  height of the wave.  distance between successive peaks in a wave.  distance between a peak in a wave to the next trough.

Think about how many waves instead of the size of the waves.

26.

Award: 10.00 points

The two chemical bonds and geometry of water are best represented by

   

Water has two equal bonds and has two lone pairs of electrons on the central oxygen.

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27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Free radicals are

 highly reactive chemical species.  species with unpaired electrons.  species such as H• and •OH.   All of these correctly describe free radicals Look at the other answers as well.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the stratosphere and

 react directly with stratospheric ozone to destroy it.   interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone.  interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that react with oxygen to create ozone.  react with free radicals to remove carbon dioxide.

Think about the complex process that leads to ozone destruction.

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29.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to

 increased incidences of melanomas.  harm to young marine life.  an increased occurrence of cataracts.   All of these choices are correct There are more biological effects.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

Halons differ from CFCs in that the atoms of __________ replace some __________ atoms.

 iodine; chlorine  hydrogen; chlorine   bromine; chlorine  silicon; carbon There is another halogen that is similar to chloride, but not as large as iodine.

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Yellow light has a wavelength of 580 nm. What is the frequency of this light?

 2.39 × 10−9 s−1  1.80 × 10−7 s−1  5.17 × 105 s−1   5.17 × 1014 s−1

λ

32.

×

ν

=

c

remember that wavelength is in meters and c = 3.0 × 108 m/s.

Award: 10.00 points

WUKF FM transmits at 93.5 MHz. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that carries the station's signal?

 6.42 × 10−9 m   3.21 m  3.21 × 106 m  3.12 × 1015 m Remember that wavelength is in meters and c = 3.0 × 108 m/s.

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33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

UV-B radiation has a frequency of approximately 1017 s−1. What is the energy of a photon of this light?

 1.99 × 10−42 J   6.63 × 10−17 J  4.19 × 108 J  1.51 × 1050 J

F

34.

=

hν

where h = 6.626 × 10−34 Js.

Award: 10.00 points

Which region of the ultraviolet spectrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere?

  UV-A  UV-B  UV-C  They are all absorbed approximately equally The more energetic wavelengths are absorbed by oxygen gas and ozone molecules.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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35.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?

 Oxygen atoms   Chlorine atoms  Fluorine atoms  Hydrogen atoms Remember which of the halogens interacts to destroy ozone.

36.

Award: 10.00 points

HCFCs have been developed to replace CFCs as refrigerants. Which property of these new compounds makes them environmentally superior to CFCs?

  Greater reactivity leads to decomposition at elevations below the stratospheric ozone concentration maximum

 Lower reactivity makes them stable even in the intense ultraviolet light in the stratosphere  Their higher molecular weight prevents them from reaching the stratosphere  They do not contain chlorine It is the stable compounds of chlorine that caused the ozone hole in the first place.

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37.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

HCFCs are a temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaced over the next 20 years by which class of compounds?

  HFCs  CFCs  Halons  HFBCs

38.

Award: 10.00 points

Which Lewis structure for formaldehyde (CH2O) is correct?

 A  B  C  D Only 12 valence electrons are distributed around the atoms. You must use them all.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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39.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Why are HFCs environmentally superior to the currently used HCFCs?

 HFCs are not flammable   HFCs do not contain chlorine  HFCs are lighter and may be transported more easily  HFCs are less reactive than HCFCs Remember that chlorine destroys ozone.

40.

Award: 10.00 points

CFCs were originally developed to replace which refrigerant compound(s)?

 Ice  HCFCs   Ammonia and sulfur dioxide  Propane

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The O2 molecule breaks apart at lower wavelengths than the O3 molecule. What is the main reason for this? (Hint: Draw the Lewis structures.)

 O2 is more reactive than O3.  O3 is more reactive than O2.  The average bond in O3 is shorter and stronger than that of O2.   The average bond in O2 is shorter and stronger than that of O3.

Remember that multiple bonds are shorter and stronger than their single counterparts.

42.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following compounds is useful for putting out fires and does not deplete stratospheric ozone concentrations?

  Halon-1211  CFC-113  HFCs  Methyl Bromide

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43.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Why are HFCs inappropriate for long-term replacement of CFCs?

 They are flammable  They are very toxic   They absorb infrared radiation  They are an appropriate replacement Global warming potential must be considered.

44.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) on the destruction of ozone?

 The cold clouds react with ozone to make oxygen molecules and oxygen atoms   Chemical reactions occur on the clouds that convert molecules that do no damage to those that deplete ozone

 They play no role  The clouds are made of chlorine atoms from CFCs Remember that PSCs only form in the Antarctic and that is where the ozone hole exists.

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45.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is special about the South Pole versus the North Pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the South Pole?

 Ozone molecules are broken up by magnetic forces at the South Pole  The atmosphere is colder at the North Pole than at the South Pole   Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the South Pole  There is more land mass at the South Pole than at the North Pole Remember that PSCs only form in the Antarctic and that is where the ozone hole exists.

46.

Award: 10.00 points

Arrange these types of radiation in order of increasing energy per photon: gamma rays, infrared radiation, radio waves, visible light, UV (ultra violet).

 Radio waves < visible light < UV < infrared radiation < gamma rays   Radio waves < infrared radiation < visible light < UV < gamma rays  Infrared radiation < radio waves < visible light < UV < gamma rays  Gamma rays < infrared radiation < UV < radio waves < visible light

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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47.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is most biologically damaging type of radiation?

 UV-A  UV-B   UV-C  Infrared Remember that UV-C is the most energetic while UV-A is the least energetic.

48.

Award: 10.00 points

The morning newspaper reports a UV Index Forecast of 6.5. What precautions, if any should a fair skinned person take?

 None  Only sunglasses and maybe a hat is enough   Reduce exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. in addition to SPF 15+ sunscreen  All precautions must be taken; this is an extreme UV day.

Remember that higher numbers mean higher exposure with 10–11 being the most extreme.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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49.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which compounds are used in mineral-based sunscreens?

  ZnO and TiO2  ZnO and CdS  TiO2 and SiO2  CdS and SiO2

50.

Award: 10.00 points

How do mineral nanoparticles in sunscreens protect from UV radiation?

 The particles scatter incoming UV light   The particles absorb incoming UV light  The particles dissolve with incoming UV light  None of these choices are correct

51.

Award: 10.00 points

When an atom absorbs visible radiation:

 Electrons fall from higher energy levels to lower energy levels   Electrons jump from lower energy levels to higher energy levels  Neutrons jump from the nucleus to higher energy levels  None of these choices are correct

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52.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The Bohr model for an atom is shown below. The energy levels, n, are designated as 1, 2, 3, and 4, which refer to how close they reside from the nucleus.

Which electronic transition will result in the highest-energy emission of energy?

 n = 1 to n = 4   n = 4 to n = 1  n = 2 to n = 1  n = 1 to n = 3

53.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the unit used to measure atmospheric ozone concentrations?

 Mass units (u)  Daltons (Da)   Dobson units (DU)  None of these choices are correct

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 4

1.

Award: 10.00 points

Scientists believe they know the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples from Antarctica provides this information?

 The thickness  The carbon dioxide concentration   The 1H/2H ratio  The temperature Think about which of these would be a component of rain and snow.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

Determine the shape or geometry of PH3. (Hint: Use the Periodic Table to arrive at the electron configuration for phosphorous.)

 Tetrahedral   Trigonal pyramidal  Bent  Trigonal planar Remember that the central atom has three atoms and no lone pairs around it.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming?

 H2O  CO2   N2  O3 Remember that nitrogen gas does not vibrate in the presence of IR radiation.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these represents the best Lewis structure for acetylene (C2H2)?

 





Remember that you must use all the valence electrons and give all the atoms an octet (except hydrogen with a duet).

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because

 N2 and O2 react with one another, producing N2O2 when exposed to infrared radiation.   their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.  infrared radiation causes their bonds to break.  their atmospheric concentrations are not changed by human activity.

Remember that greenhouse gases have a change in bond structure when interacting with infrared radiation.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the mass of 2.50 × 104 molecules of nitrogen gas.

 5.81 × 10−19 g   1.16 × 10−18 g  7.00 × 105 g  5.38 × 1026 g Remember that one mole is 6.02 × 1023 items and that nitrogen is diatomic.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O.

 29.02 g/mol  45.06 g/mol   46.07 g/mol  110.0 g/mol

8.

Award: 10.00 points

What international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

  Kyoto Protocol  Montreal Protocol  Oslo Accords  Nuremburg Treaty Remember that Montreal Protocol is about the ozone layer.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately __________ percent and greater than __________ percent of the heat radiated by Earth.

 40; 40  50; 50  60; 60   80; 80 See the definition of enhanced greenhouse effect.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Although carbon dioxide is the primary compound discussed with respect to global warming; of the common atmospheric components the global warming potential (GWP) of a carbon dioxide molecule is very low. Which statement best explains this pair of facts?

 CO2 molecules are highly symmetrical  CO2 has a low molar mass   CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations  CO2 is formed in the combustion of fossil fuels Remember that it is both concentration and GWP which determine what level of warming might come from any one gas.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO), also known as Prozac®.

 279.3 g/mol  281.3 g/mol   295.3 g/mo  297.1 g/mol Remember to use the periodic table and number of each atom in the molecule to find molar mass.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?

 1.61 × 1024  6.02 × 1023   2.26 × 1023  2.12 × 1021 Remember that one mole is 6.02 × 1023 items.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

This is the Lewis structure for acetic acid. The bond angles are drawn to scale.

Based on the electronic configuration shown in the Lewis structure, predict the angle, in degrees.

bond

 90°  109.5°   120°  180° Remember that the molecular geometry (shape) dictates the bond angles.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

Predict the shape of nitrous oxide, N2O (atomic order N — N — O).

  Linear  Bent  Trigonal pyramidal  Trigonal planar There are two atoms and no lone pairs on the central atom.

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15.

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Award: 10.00 points

Scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined?

  By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers  By measuring the 18O/16O ratio in the CO2 molecules  By extrapolating the CO2 level from the temperature of the ice  By extrapolating the CO2 level from the average global temperature Remember that atmospheric gases are trapped in the ice layers.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

Which practices might be described as carbon sequestration? i. Planting trees ii. Deforestation iii. Pumping carbon dioxide deep into the ocean iv. Increasing combustion of fossil fuels

 i and ii only  ii and iii only  iii and iv only   i and iii only Remember that sequestration means trapping the CO2 where it cannot enter the atmosphere.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?

 Energy from the sun is reflected back into the atmosphere  Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth  Energy from the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere   Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere Remember that infrared radiation is emitted from the earth and back into the atmosphere.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights?

 Clouds reflect light incoming from the moon  H2O does not absorb infrared energy   Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas  Clouds have a high concentration of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion Think about what clouds are made of and how that interacts with IR radiation.

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which

 atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorb heat radiated by Earth.  atmospheric nitrogen absorbs ultraviolet radiation radiated by Earth.   atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.  greenhouse gases absorb ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, warming the molecules.

Remember that it is the warmth of the earth that is being trapped.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120° because

 ozone molecules are linear so the bond angle is 180°.  ozone molecules are tetrahedral so the bond angle is approximately 109°.   the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.  the electrons in the double bond occupy more space that the nonbonding electron pair.

Remember that lone electrons have a larger presence that bonded electrons.

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? i. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols ii. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover iii. Change in land use iv. Combustion of fossil fuels

 iv only  ii and iii only  iii and iv only   i, ii, iii, and iv Think about all the different things that would go into the very complex calculation.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report in 2014 that attached probabilities to the predictions and statements made. Which prediction/statement was considered "Very Unlikely"?

 Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1950.  Arctic sea ice thickness declined about 40 percent during late summer to early autumn in recent decades.

  Relative to 1850–1900, the global surface temperature for the end of the 21st century (2081– 2100) will exceed 2 degrees celsius.

 In most of the areas in the Northern Hemisphere, precipitation has increased.

See 2007 IPCC conclusions.

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains.

How many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol?

  1.09 × 103 mol  46.1 mol  9.00 mol  1.09 mol Remember that 50.0 kg is 50,000 g.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

LP gas (liquid propane, C3H8) is the fuel used in gas grills as well as a main source of heat energy for many rural residences. What is the mass of 5.83 × 1017 molecules of liquid propane?

  2.57 × 1019 g  6.41 × 1018 g  4.27 × 10−5 g  6.89 × 10−7 g Remember that one mole is 6.02 × 1023 items and that you must add up the molar mass of propane from the periodic table.

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Hydrogen gas (H2) is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. How many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas?

 3.0 × 1023  6.0 × 1023   3.0 × 1026  6.0 × 1026 Remember that one mole is 6.02 × 1023 items and that hydrogen has a molar mass of 2.016 g/mole.

26.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter?

 It excites bonding electrons  It increases molecular rotation  It breaks chemical bonds   It increases the vibration of chemical bonds Remember that this is the mechanism by which atmospheric gases trap heat.

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27.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which vibrational mode for carbon dioxide is not expected to contribute to the greenhouse effect?

  



Remember that vibrations that cancel each other out do not contribute to warming.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

Which country has the highest per capita emission of carbon dioxide?

  United States  Germany  Canada  Saudi Arabia Remember that per capita means "per person."

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29.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The history of average global temperature for the last 160,000 years is derived from isotopic analysis of ice layers in Antarctica. Scientists study the __________ ratio in __________.

 14C/12C; CH4   1H/2H; H2O  12C/14C; CO2  16C/18O; CO2 Think about which of these would give information about rain and snow.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

Which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2014 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?

  Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1951  The observed warming of the past 100 years is due solely to climate variability  The Arctic Sea ice thickness decreased approximately 40% during late summer/early fall  Summer droughts have increased

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31.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon? i. Decaying plant and animal remains ii. The growth of trees iii. Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean iv. Animal respiration

 i and ii only   ii and iii only  iii and iv only  i and iv only Remember that plants take in CO2 while animals exhale CO2.

32.

Award: 10.00 points

The carbon cycle refers to the

 mechanism by which carbon dioxide causes global warming.  frequency of light energy that affects the rotational energy of carbon dioxide.  oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide and water.   movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth.

Remember that this is one of the global elemental cycles.

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33.

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Award: 10.00 points

Argon, which comprises almost 1 percent of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact?

  Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate  Argon's vibrational energy is not excited by infrared radiation  Argon atoms are concentrated too high in the troposphere to interact with the earth's radiant energy

 Argon is not an anthropogenic pollutant Remember that it is vibration of bonds that causes warming.

34.

Award: 10.00 points

Although coal is a complex mixture of substances, its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS. Using this chemical formula, calculate the percentage, by mass, of carbon (C) in coal.

  85 percent  67 percent  56 percent  20 percent Remember that you must include all the carbon atoms and divide by the total mass of the molecule.

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35.

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Award: 10.00 points

Although coal is a complex mixture of substances, its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS. Using this formula, predict the amount of CO2 released from the combustion

of 1.00 × 106 metric tons of coal (about the annual average for a coal-fired power plant). 1 metric ton = 1 × 103 kg.

 3.66 × 109 kg   3.11 × 109 kg  8.50 × 108 kg  3.11 × 105 kg Remember that you will have to write and balance a combustion equation for coal.

36.

Award: 10.00 points

Both the Clinton and G.W. Bush administrations were unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. What was their primary objection to the treaty?

 The target emission levels are not sufficiently low to affect the greenhouse effect  The treaty does not include a provision for trading emission allowances   Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions  Enforcement of the treaty will be impossible Remember the quick growth and industrialization of China and India.

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37.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming? i. Possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level. ii. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules. iii. Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation sensitive species has been observed. iv. The concentration of stratospheric ozone is declining.

  i and ii only  i and iii only  ii and iv only  iii and iv only Remember that global warming is leading to climate change but has nothing to do with UV radiation or ozone.

38.

Award: 10.00 points

Identify possible consequences of global warming. i. A rise in sea level ii. An increase in average relative humidity iii. An increase in forest growth in the Northern Hemisphere iv. A weakening of ocean currents

 i and iii only  i and iv only  i, ii, and iv only   i, ii, iii, and iv Remember that global warming has far reaching, and often unexpected, implications for the climate.

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39.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the mass of exactly 500 sulfur atoms?

 1.61 × 104 g  32.1 g   2.66 × 10−20 g  5.33 × 10−23 g Remember that one mole is 6.02 × 1023 items and one sulfur has a molar mass of 32 g/mole.

40.

Award: 10.00 points

Although greenhouse gases likely account for the problem of global warming, they are also responsible for making earth habitable. What would be the temperature on earth in the absence of the effects of carbon dioxide and water?

 450°C  15°C   −18°C  −270°C Remember that the average temperature of the earth is about 15°C at present and that we are not too far from or too close to the sun.

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41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is

 CO2.   H2O vapor.  N2.  CH4.

Remember that the earth is ~70% water.

42.

Award: 10.00 points

Identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

 Use methane rather than gasoline for fuel in cars and trucks   Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels  Use wood as a home heating fuel  Convert all vehicles to diesel fuel Remember that the combustion of anything containing carbon will result in the formation of carbon dioxide.

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43.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the percentage, by mass, of fluorine in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a potent greenhouse gas.

 22.0 percent  59.2 percent   78.0 percent  82.1 percent Remember that you need to take the mass of all six fluorides divided by the total mass of the molecule.

44.

Award: 10.00 points

CO2 emissions in China declined by 9 percent over the five-year period ending in 2000. If 5.00 × 108 metric tons (t) of CO2 was emitted in 1995, how much CO2 was released in 2000?

 4.55 × 109 t   4.55 × 108 t  4.50 × 108 t  4.55 × 107 t Remember that you need to find what value is represented by 9 percent and subtract that from the initial value.

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45.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The ability of a molecule to absorb infrared radiation is measured with IR spectrometers, which report the frequency of light absorbed in units of cm¯1. Which explanation best describes this unit?

 The distance traveled by light of a specific frequency in 1 second   The number of wavelengths in 1 cm for a specific frequency of light  The wavelength of a specific frequency of light  The speed of a specific frequency of light Remember that this would tell the amount of light "per centimeter."

46.

Award: 10.00 points

The majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from

  bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3−) from soil.  burning of fossil fuels.  decaying vegetable matter.  landfills.

Remember that this is part of the nitrogen cycle.

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47.

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Award: 10.00 points

Where is most of the carbon on earth stored?

  In the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks  In the forests and soil  In surface water  In the atmosphere

48.

Award: 10.00 points

Methane is approximately 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. Which are significant sources of methane emissions? i. The digestive systems of ruminants (cows, sheep, etc.) ii. Automobile exhaust iii. Rice cultivation iv. Decaying wetland vegetation

 i only  i and ii only  ii only   i, iii, and iv only Remember that there are several sources of methane.

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49.

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Award: 10.00 points

If the average temperature of earth is currently 15.0°C, what does the NOAA model (the line in the graph) predict for the average global temperature in 2080?

 2.4°C  12.6°C  15.0°C   17.4°C Remember that the graph represents the temperature change in addition to the current average temperature.

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50.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which substances are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol? i. argon ii. carbon dioxide iii. nitrogen iv. nitrous oxide v. sulfur hexafluoride

 i, ii, and iii only  i and iii only   ii, iv, and v only  ii and v only Remember that atoms or molecules of a single element do not contribute to warming.

51.

Award: 10.00 points

Land use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo. Albedo

 is the primary wave number at which a greenhouse gas absorbs infrared radiation.  describes the effectiveness of a molecule as a greenhouse gas.   is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface.

 describes the tendency of an atmospheric molecule to react with other atmospheric molecules, reducing their global atmospheric lifetimes.

Remember that is very influential when examining how much heat the earth absorbs.

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52.

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Award: 10.00 points

Radiative forcings are

 geological changes that promote volcanic eruptions.  mechanisms for sequestering CO2 endorsed by signers of the Kyoto Protocol.   factors that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation.  changes in geographical distribution of plant, animal, and insect species brought on by climate change.

Remember that forcings can be positive or negative.

53.

Award: 10.00 points

The Industrial Revolution is a key point in the Earth's atmospheric history because

  prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources.

 the first atmospheric studies were conducted at that time.  spectrometers that could measure molecular response to infrared radiation were developed at that time.

 the first aircraft that could be used to collect atmospheric samples were developed at that time.

Remember that it is combustion of fossil fuels that facilitated the Industrial Revolution.

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54.

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Award: 10.00 points

The internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon-12 because this isotope

  was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard.  is the smallest isotope that could be accurately weighed.  is the only isotope with equal numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons.  is the only isotope of carbon that exists.

Many standards are based on an arbitrary choice.

55.

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas. (1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 molecules)

 5.81 × 10−19 g   1.16 × 10−18 g  7.00 × 105 g  5.38 × 1026 g Remember that nitrogen is a diatomic molecule.

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56.

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Award: 10.00 points

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? i. Aerosol Emissions ii. Land Use iii. Solar Irradiance

 ii only  ii and iii only  i and iii only   i, ii, and iii only Remember that climatic models must take many factors into account.

57.

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the mass of CO2 produced by the combustion of a tank of gasoline. Assume the mass of gasoline is 46.0 kg and that gasoline is pure octane (C8H18).

  142 kg  17.8 kg  32.3 kg  46.0 kg Remember to write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane forming carbon dioxide and water before doing stoichiometry calculations.

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58.

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Award: 10.00 points

In their fifth and most recent report published in 2014, the vast majority of scientists agreed on several key points. Which of the following is NOT one of those points?

 If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not curtailed, our water resources, food supply, and even our health will suffer

 Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation) are responsible for much of the recent warming

 The Earth is getting warmer   All of these choices were mentioned as key points

59.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following has the lowest albedo?

  Ocean  Fresh snow  Old snow  Desert sand

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60.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following are ways that aerosols may affect climate?

 Scattering incoming radiation  Nucleation of clouds  Absorbing incoming radiation   All of these choices are correct Remember that aerosols have a wide and varied interaction with other components of the atmosphere.

61.

Award: 10.00 points

In order to halt increases in the amounts of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere, global greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 9 billion tons. Which of these would not provide that much relief in global greenhouse gas emissions?

 Cutting energy usage in the world’s buildings by 20–25 percent below business-as-usual  Having all cars get 60 mpg instead of 30 mpg  Replacing 700 large coal-burning power plants with nuclear, wind, or solar power  Capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide at 800 coal-burning power plants   None of these choices would provide the needed 9 billion tons Remember that this is a very large task.

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62.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the mass percent of chlorine in CCl3F (Freon-11).

  77.5 percent  25.8 percent  51.6 percent  13.8 percent Remember that you need to take the total mass of chlorine divided by the mass of the entire molecule.

63.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?

 Sea ice disappearance  Sea-level rise  Changes in ocean chemistry   Increase in biodiversity Remember that there are consequences of rising temperature and dissolved carbon dioxide in the oceans.

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64.

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Award: 10.00 points

What, approximately, is the highest concentration of CO2 measured in the Earth’s atmosphere in modern times?

 4000 ppm   400 ppm  40 ppm  4.0 ppm Remember that the concentration of CO2 before the industrial revolution was about 280 ppm.

65.

Award: 10.00 points

Which corresponds to the composition of the ion typically formed by fluorine? # protons 9 9 9 9

A. B. C. D.

# electrons 10 10 8 8

net charge 1+ 1− 1− 1+

 A  B  C  D Remember that fluorine is a halogen that needs one electron to make an octet.

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66.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which corresponds to the composition of the ion typically formed by magnesium? # protons 12 12 12 12

A. B. C. D.

# electrons 14 14 10 10

net charge 2+ 2− 2− 2+

 A  B  C  D Remember that the Group 2 elements prefer to form 2+ ions.

67.

Award: 10.00 points

The numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements on the periodic table. Which element is expected to have 2+ charge when it forms an ion?

 1  2  3  4 Remember that the Group 2 elements prefer to form 2+ ions. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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68.

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Award: 10.00 points

How many bromide ions can combine with one ion of aluminum to form an ionic compound?

 3  6  1  2 Remember that the positive and negative charges must balance evenly.

69.

Award: 10.00 points

Which one of the following compounds is considered to be an ionic compound?

 NO  CCl4   LiF  PI3

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70.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which one of the following compounds is considered to be a molecular compound?

  PCl3  NaBr  Al2O3  Mg3P2

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 5

1.

Award: 10.00 points

What percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans?

  97 percent  50 percent  3 percent  0.014 percent Think about how little freshwater is available for people to drink.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

Which correctly describes groundwater?

 Any fresh water found above ground in lakes and rivers; usually needs treatment to remove harmful contaminants

 Any water found above ground in lakes and rivers; usually free of harmful contaminants   Any water taken from aquifers  None of these choices are correct Remember that lakes are called surface water.

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3.

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Award: 10.00 points

The recommended daily requirement of calcium is 1000 mg. Tap water in a Midwestern city contains approximately 150 mg Ca/L. A person living in the city who drinks two liters of water in one day would receive __________ percent of his/her RDA of calcium.

 3  7.5  15   30 Use the concentration times the volume to get the total consumption, then divide by 1000 to get a percent.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

A 4-L sample of water contains 80 µg of lead. What is this lead concentration, in parts per billion (ppb)?

  20  80  320  500 Remember that ppb means µg/mL.

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?

 0.25 M  0.50 M   1.0 M  5.0 M Remember that molarity is moles per liter.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

Hard water in parts of the Midwest may have a calcium ion concentration as high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium ion concentration when expressed as a percentage?

 40 percent  4 percent  0.4 percent   0.04 percent This is 400 out of 1,000,000 while percent is parts per hundred.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How many moles of sodium chloride are there in 250 mL of a 1.20 M sodium chloride solution?

  0.30  0.60  1.2  2.4 Concentration times volume (in liters) will give moles.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

A student wants to prepare exactly 250 mL of a 0.500 M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. What mass of potassium hydroxide (molar mass = 56.10 g/mol) must the student dissolve in the 250 mL of solution?

 56.1 g  28.1 g  14.0 g   7.01 g Remember that concentration times volume gives moles and moles times molar mass gives grams.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

If the lead concentration in water is 1 ppm, then we should be able to recover 1 mg of lead from __________ L of water.

 0.01  0.1  1  10 Remember that ppm is mg/L.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the best definition of specific heat?

 The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to cause one gram of a liquid substance to boil

  The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius

 The boiling point of a liquid substance in degrees Celsius  The difference between the freezing point and the boiling point of a substance Remember that this relates mass, energy, and temperature change.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements. Based on periodic table trends, which number identifies the element that is expected to have the greatest tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons?

 1  2  3  4 Remember that those elements at the top right are the most likely to attract electrons.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

Electronegativity

  is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.  is the total negative charge on a polyatomic anion.  is the same for all of the elements in a family or group.  decreases from left to right across a period on the periodic table.

Remember that this increases up and to the right on the periodic table.

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Award: 10.00 points

The fact that carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C — N bond, the

 shared electrons are closer to the C atom than to the N atom.   shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom.  C atom takes the electrons from the N atom forming C− and N+.  N atom takes the electrons from the C atom forming C+ and N−.

Remember that electronegativity is a measure of how much an atom attracts electrons in a covalent bond.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

A polar covalent bond is created when

 a metallic element reacts with a nonmetallic element.   two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally.  two atoms share three or more electrons.  two atoms of the same element form double or triple bonds.

This occurs when two atoms have a difference in electronegativity.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which covalent bond is the most polar?

 H—H   H—O  H—N  H—S Find the one with the largest difference in electronegativities.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

Which molecule(s) contain(s) polar covalent bonds, but is(are) nonpolar?

 I only  III only  II and IV only   I and III only Remember that the dipolar bonds much cancel out to be a non-polar molecule.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The drawing shows two water molecules. Which statement is correct?

 A: covalent bond; B: hydrogen bond; B is stronger  A: hydrogen bond; B: covalent bond; A is stronger   A: covalent bond; B: hydrogen bond; A is stronger  A: hydrogen bond; B: covalent bond; B is stronger Remember that covalent bonds are a sharing of electrons while hydrogen bonds are more like attractions between molecules.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

In general, hydrogen bonds are

 about ten times stronger than typical covalent bonds.   about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds.  found in every molecule containing more than one hydrogen atom.  found only between H atoms in molecules like H2.

Remember that covalent bonds are a sharing of electrons while hydrogen bonds are more like attractions between molecules.

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Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which best symbolizes the hydrogen bonding between two water molecules?





 

Remember that the hydrogen bond is between H and a F, O, or N on another molecule.

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20.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which shows the Lewis structure of water with the correct partial charges and nonbonding electrons?









Remember that the more electronegative element has the negative partial charge.

21.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a consequence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?

 Water has a high boiling point  Ice floats on water  Water has a high specific heat   Water is colorless and odorless The consequences are for unique properties when considering the interaction of water and heat energy.

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22.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How many joules are required to heat 2.0 L of water from 20°C to its boiling point of 100°C? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g·°C and the density of water is 1 g/mL.

  6.7 × 105 J  1.7 × 105 J  3.8 × 104 J  6.7 × 102 J Remember that heat = mass * specific heat * ΔT.

23.

Award: 10.00 points

Water has one of the highest specific heats of any known liquid. This means that the temperature of a water sample __________ with the input of a __________ amount of energy.

 decreases greatly; small  decreases only slightly; large   increases only slightly; large  increases greatly; small Remember that heat capacity tells how much heat is required to raise the temperature by one degree.

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24.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement is not true?

  In forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents  Water is the solvent in an aqueous solution  Pure water does not conduct electricity  Electrolytes dissolved in water produce a solution that can conduct electricity Remember that the solvent dissolves the solute.

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25.

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Which is the best representation showing a sodium cation in water?









Remember that the oxygen is the most electronegative element in water. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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26.

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Award: 10.00 points

A 0.25 M aqueous solution of potassium chloride, KCl, is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. What do you predict will happen?

 The bulb will not light up - KCl is a nonelectrolyte  The bulb will not light up - KCl is in the molecular form when dissolved in water  The light bulb will shine dimly - KCl is only partially ionized in aqueous solution   The light bulb will shine brightly - KCl is highly ionized in aqueous solution Remember that ions carry electric charge.

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27.

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Award: 10.00 points

A 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose, C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. What do you predict will happen?

 The bulb will not light up - sucrose is an electrolyte, but not very soluble in aqueous solution   The bulb will not light up - sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution  The light bulb will shine dimly - sucrose is only partially ionized in aqueous solution  The light bulb will shine brightly - sucrose is highly ionized in aqueous solution Remember that non-electrolytes will not conduct electricity.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

When the __________ molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules __________.

 nonpolar; are attracted to the nonpolar water molecules   polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules  polar; form covalent bonds with the polar water molecules  nonpolar; are not attracted to the polar water molecules Remember that O and H have different electronegativities.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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29.

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Which compound should be the most soluble in water?









Remember that "like dissolves like."

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30.

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Award: 10.00 points

When table sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11) dissolves in water, which type(s) of attraction between water and sugar molecules occur(s)?

I. hydrogen bonding II. polar-polar interactions III. covalent bonding

  I and II only  II and III only  I and III only  I, II, and III Remember that covalent bonding means sharing electrons.

31.

Award: 10.00 points

The attractions between anions and cations throughout a crystal are known collectively as

 covalent bonds.  polar covalent bonds.  hydrogen bonds.   ionic bonds.

This is the definition of this type of bonding and this is not a sharing of electrons.

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32.

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Which compound is insoluble in water?

 Sodium carbonate  Potassium nitrate  Ammonium chloride   Calcium carbonate Remember that 1A ions and ammonium are always soluble.

33.

Award: 10.00 points

Which compounds are not soluble in water at room temperature?

  I and II only  II and III only  III and IV only  I and IV only Remember that 1A ions and nitrates are always soluble.

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34.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a form of chlorine used to disinfect water?

 Chlorine gas   Chloroform  Sodium hypochlorite  Calcium hypochlorite One of these is a toxic organic solvent and not appropriate for drinking water treatment.

35.

Award: 10.00 points

What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water?

 Ozonation is more expensive than chlorination and ozone leaves an odor in the water  Ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and leaves an odor in the treated water  Ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and is more expensive than chlorination   Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system

Remember that ozone does not persist in the water after its purification step is complete.

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Award: 10.00 points

A disadvantage of ozonation over chlorination is

 the higher cost of ozonation.  ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete.   the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete.

 None of these choices are correct Remember that ozone does not persist in water like chlorine does.

37.

Award: 10.00 points

The main reason that water supplies are chlorinated is

 to produce gels that remove solids from the water.   to kill disease-causing organisms in the water.  to soften the water.  to precipitate lead salts from the water as insoluble lead chloride.

Remember that this is a disinfection step.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which form of water disinfection continues to provide antibacterial protection after the water leaves the purification plant?

  Chlorination  Ozonation  UV radiation  Filtration Only one of these stays in the water after it leaves the plant.

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39.

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Award: 10.00 points

We cannot effectively clean nonpolar substances from our hands or clothing with water alone; we must add soap or detergent. The structure of a typical soap molecule is shown below. Which region of this molecule would dissolve in a nonpolar substance such as grease?

  Region 1  Region 2  Region 3  Region 4 Remember that long chain hydrocarbons are a component of oil and gasoline.

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40.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of these is not a trihalomethane?

 CHCl3   CH3Cl  CHF3  CHBr2Cl Remember the "trihalo-" means three halogens.

41.

Award: 10.00 points

At water treatment plants aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide are added to

 neutralize excess ozone.  neutralize excess chlorine.   remove suspended clay and dust particles.  neutralize excess acidity or basicity.

These are part of flocculation.

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Award: 10.00 points

Reverse osmosis is illustrated in this diagram. What is this process used for?

 To purify water by ion exchange   To remove dissolved salts from sea water  For the ozonation of water supplies  To add fluorine to municipal water supplies Only one of these would result in concentrated brine (or salt water).

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Award: 10.00 points

The drawing shows a simple way of purifying salt water. What is this process called?

 Filtration   Distillation  Ozonation  Chlorination This is the same method used to refine gasoline and drinking alcohol.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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Award: 10.00 points

Which type of water may be considered pure?

 Bottled water  Filtered water   Distilled water  Chlorinated water Remember that something pure has no other components but the substance itself.

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45.

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Award: 10.00 points

The world map shows the availability of safe drinking water around the world. Which statement is true?

 In Australia, less than 75 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water  In most of Africa, more than 90 percent of the population has access to clean water  In Europe and Russia, more than 10 percent of the population does not have access to clean water

  In the United States and Canada, more than 90 percent of the population has access to clean water

Use the color-coded key on the map.

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46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is biological oxygen demand (BOD)?

  A measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water

 A measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen necessary to purify wastewater  A measure of the phosphate ion concentration of water  A measure of nitrate ion concentration of water Remember that this is about how much oxygen is needed in some waterway.

47.

Award: 10.00 points

Why is water a liquid a room temperature instead of a gas?

 It is a gas a room temperature   Water has hydrogen bonds between the molecules  Water is very acidic  Water is a good solvent Remember the special properties of water due to the polar nature of its molecules.

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48.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a consequence of biomagnification?

 Consumption of tuna should be limited  DDT from fish was killing large birds before the pesticide was banned   Lead in water can lead to brain damage in children  Polar compounds are found in high concentrations in predator animals This is not about damage.

49.

Award: 10.00 points

Mixing which of the following will produce a precipitation reaction (give an insoluble product)?

 HNO3 (aq) and Sr(OH)2(aq)  LiNO3 and NaI   Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq)  NaOH and KBr Swap the positive and negative ions to have the other partner then see if that is a soluble product.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following are methods of making seawater appropriate for drinking? (More than one choice may be appropriate.)

 Osmosis   Reverse osmosis   Distillation  Flocculation Remember your definitions and that seawater must have its salt removed.

51.

Award: 10.00 points

Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of two protons from trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid)?

 H3PO4 → H 2++ HPO4−  H3PO4 → H 22++ PO4 2−   H3PO4 → 2H+ + HPO4 −  H3PO4 → H 33+ + PO43− A proton is an H+

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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Award: 10.00 points

Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide?

  Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2OH−  MgOH → Mg2+ + OH2−  Mg(OH)3 → Mg3+ + 3OH−  Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + H2O + O2− Remember that you must balance the equation and have proper charges on the ions.

53.

Award: 10.00 points

Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution?

 MH+ = 3.2 × 10−3 M  MOH− = 3.6 × 10−9 M  MH+ = 9.7 × 10−4 M   MOH− = 3.4 × 10−3 M Bases have high OH− concentrations and/or low H+ concentrations.

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54.

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Award: 10.00 points

When dissolved in water, hydrogen bromide (HBr) forms hydrobromic acid. Determine the hydroxide ion concentration in a 4,500 mL solution containing 3.78 g hydrogen bromide; K = 1.00 × 10−14.

  [OH–] = 9.63 × 10−13 M  [OH–] = 2.14 × 10−13 M  [OH–] = 4.67 × 10−2 M  [OH–] = 0.0104 M [OH–]*[H+] = Kw and [H+] is in moles per liter.

55.

Award: 10.00 points

Evaluate the ratio MH+ (pH 3) / MH+ (pH 7).

 0.0001  0.001  0.429   10,000 Remember that pH = −log[H+].

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56.

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Award: 10.00 points

What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?

 Nitrogen  Ozone  Oxygen   Carbon dioxide This makes carbonic acid.

57.

Award: 10.00 points

A proton released by an acid in aqueous solution quickly reacts with water to form a hydronium ion.

What product is formed when a proton reacts with ammonia (NH3)?

 NH3+  NH4  NH2−   NH4+ Just add the hydrogen and its charge to the ammonia molecule.

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Award: 10.00 points

The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.

 1,000 times less  3 times greater   1,000 times greater  100 times less This is three powers of ten different.

59.

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.2 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 1,250 mL of water.

 0.017  1.77  9.22   12.23 Find the hydroxide ion concentration, then the pOH then take 14 − pOH = pH.

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Award: 10.00 points

The pH of lemon juice is approximately 2.40. At this pH, the hydronium ion concentration is closest to which concentration?

 2.5 × 10−12 M   4.0 × 10−3 M  0.38 M  5.6 × 10−4 M pH is −log of the hydronium ion concentration.

61.

Award: 10.00 points

Which substance has the highest pH?

 Orange juice  Rain  A sulfuric acid solution   A lye solution This would be the most basic choice.

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62.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which reaction most accurately represents the dissociation of nitrous acid (HNO2) in water?

  HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2−  HNO2 + H2O → H3O2+ + NO−  HNO2 + H2O → HN + HO+ + HO2−  HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + N + O2− Remember to keep your nitrite ion as one thing.

63.

Award: 10.00 points

Predict the products of this reaction: KOH + HNO3 →

  KNO3 + H2O  KNO2 + H2O2  KH + HNO4  KO4 + H2N Acid and base make a salt and water.

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Award: 10.00 points

Lakes surrounded by __________ have very little acid-neutralizing capacity.

I. marble II. granite III. limestone

 I only   II only  I and III only  II and III only Marble and limestone are calcium carbonate minerals.

65.

Award: 10.00 points

The acid-neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream most often derives from the presence of __________ in the surrounding soil or rock.

  CaCO3  HNO3  NaCl  Sr(OH)2 One is these is common in soil as well as a weak base.

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Award: 10.00 points

Bases produce which ions in aqueous solution?

  OH−  NO2−  Cl−  SO3− This is the most simple definition of a base.

67.

Award: 10.00 points

Which reaction represents an acid-base neutralization reaction?

 HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2−  NaOH + H2O → H3O+ + NaO−  Ba(OH)2 + 2LiCl → BaCl2 + 2LiOH   Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BeSO4 + 2H2O Remember that acid and base make water and salt in a neutralization.

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68.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which solution is acidic?

 MOH− = 0.0065 M  MH+ = 1.27 × 10−9 M  MH+ = 5.79 × 10−10 M   MOH− = 1.77 × 10−10 M If MOH < 1 × 10−7 this is acidic.

69.

Award: 10.00 points

The pH of rain water falling through an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to

 4.7.   5.4.  7.0.  8.7.

Remember that CO2 makes rain acidic to start.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which reaction accounts for the fact that the pH of rain is naturally slightly acidic?

  CO2 + H2O → H+ + HCO3−  SO3 + H2O → 2 H+ + SO42−  Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O → CaCO3 + 2 H+  NO2 + H2O → 2 H+ + NO3− Remember which gas is always found in the atmosphere, even without any pollution.

71.

Award: 10.00 points

Bases are substances that increase the hydroxide ion concentration in aqueous solution. Why does ammonia (NH3), which does not contain a hydroxide group, act as a base?

 Ammonia acts as a base only in the presence of hydroxide ion-containing compounds   Ammonia molecules remove protons from water molecules, forming hydroxide ions  Ammonia molecules donate protons to water molecules, forming hydroxide ions  Ammonia acts as a base only in the presence of very strong acids Remember that much acid/base chemistry happens in water.

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Award: 10.00 points

An acidic fog in Pasadena was found to have a pH of 2.50. Which expression represents this pH measurement?

  MOH− = 3.2 × 10−12 M  MOH− = 3.2 × 10−9 M  MH+ = 9.7 × 10−3 M  MH+ = 2.5 M Remember that pH is − logMH+.

73.

Award: 10.00 points

Predict the products of the chemical equation: 3 LiOH + H3PO4 →

 3 LiH + (OH)3PO4  3 H + 3 O2 + H3Li3   Li3PO4 + 3 H2O  Li3P + 2 H2O + H3O5 Acid/base neutralizations make salt and water. Be sure to balance the equation.

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Award: 10.00 points

Most aquatic life in lakes cannot survive in water with a pH less than

 9.  8.  6.   5.

This is fairly acidic.

75.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is a weak base?

 HCl  NaOH   NH3  LiOH Things with OH− in them are strong bases.

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76.

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Award: 10.00 points

What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution containing [H+] = 1 × 10−5 M?

 1 × 10−5 M  1 × 10−7 M   1 × 10−9 M  1 × 10−14 M Remember that 1 × 10−14 M / [H+] = [OH−].

77.

Award: 10.00 points

Every increase of one pH unit indicates

 an increase in acidity.  10 times more hydrogen ions in solution.   10 times less hydrogen ions in solution.  None of these choices are correct This is on a log (base 10) scale.

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78.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Scientists predict that shells of some ocean creatures will start to dissolve after how many more years of ocean acidification?

  40 years  150 years  300 years  85 years This will likely be seen in your lifetime.

79.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not carried out by bacteria in soil?

 Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed in soils  Ammonium is converted into nitrites  Nitrites are converted to nitrates   All of these are carried out by bacteria Look again, bacteria are busy in the soil.

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80.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following scenarios is not an example of Tragedy of the Commons?

  A farmer puts waste into his backyard composter  The air pollution from an industry pollutes the local atmosphere  A chemical company dumps waste that pollutes the local city water supply  All of the above scenarios are examples of Tragedy of the Commons

81.

Award: 10.00 points

More sugar can be dissolved in hot water than cold water because the kinetic energy of the water is increased when heat is added. This increases the number of collisions with the sugar thus dissolving more of it.

  True  False

82.

Award: 10.00 points

Some types of fish can contain high levels of mercury. Which property of mercury accounts for this biomagnification?

  Solubility  Mass  Density  Boiling point

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83.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Cranberries naturally contain benzoic acid. The chemical equation for the addition of benzoic acid to water is shown.

C7H6O2 + H2O

⇌ C7H5O2− + H3O+

Which is the conjugate base?

 C7H6O2  H2O   C7H5O2−  H3O+

84.

Award: 10.00 points

The chemical equation for vinegar being added to water is shown.

CH3COOH + H2O

⇌ CH3COO− + H3O+

Vinegar is an example of a

  weak acid  strong acid  weak base  strong base

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 6

1.

Award: 10.00 points

A calorie is defined as exactly 4.184 J. Therefore 1.000 Cal is exactly

 41.84 J.  418.4 J.  1000 J.   4184 J. Remember that a Cal is 1000 cal.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

The heat of combustion of ethane, C2H6, is 1560 kJ/mol. What is the heat of combustion of ethane, in kJ per gram?

  51.9 kJ/g  195 kJ/g  4.69 × 104 kJ/g  9.39 × 1026 kJ/g Remember that you need to use the periodic table to get the mass of ethane in g/mole.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The heat of combustion of methane, CH4, is 50.1 kJ/g. How much heat would be generated if 1.00 mol of methane undergoes complete combustion?

 0.32 kJ  3.12 kJ  601 kJ   804 kJ Remember that one mole of methane has a mass of 16 g.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called

  heat.  temperature.  potential.  work.

Remember that temperature tells about direction of heat flow.

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the

 mass.   temperature.  volume.  density.

Only one of these can be used to determine information about thermal energy.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

The energy equivalent of a certain cheeseburger is approximately 525 Cal. Since 1 Cal is 4.184 kJ this corresponds to

 1.25 kJ.  125 kJ.  220 kJ.   2200 kJ. Remember to multiply Cal time kJ to get the answer.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of __________ energy.

 electrical  mechanical   potential  kinetic Remember that kinetic energy is the energy of motion while potential energy is stored.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

The energy of motion is called __________ energy.

 electrical  mechanical  potential   kinetic Remember that potential energy is stored while this type of energy is for motion of anything.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The first law of thermodynamics states that

 energy is the capacity to do work.  doing work is defined as causing movement against a resisting force.  heat flows from a warmer body to a cooler body.   energy is neither created nor destroyed.

This could also be called "conservation of energy."

10.

Award: 10.00 points

The conclusion that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe is

 based on erroneous observations.  the concept that increasing entropy characterizes all changes in the universe.  another way of stating that all energy is either thermal energy or heat.  the second law of thermodynamics.   the concept that increasing entropy characterizes all changes in the universe and the second law of thermodynamics.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In an exothermic chemical reaction

 the mass of the products is greater than the mass of the reactants.  the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants.   heat is released as the reaction proceeds.  heat is absorbed as the reaction proceeds.

Remember the exo- means "out of."

12.

Award: 10.00 points

A chemical reaction accompanied by a release of energy is called a/an __________ reaction.

 endothermic  catalyzed   exothermic  fast Remember that the energy exits the system.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is called the

 heat of combustion.  bond energy.   activation energy.  renewable energy.

This is the energy necessary to start or activate a reaction.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

Any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

 has high activation energy.   is an endothermic process.  is an exothermic process.  is a catalyzed process.

Remember that endo- means into the system.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How is heat energy used to generate electricity in a modern power plant?

 Heat warms wires causing electrons to move through them more rapidly   Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine  Heat warms the fins on a turbine, causing them to spin  Heat generates strong magnetic fields through which the wires of a turbine move Remember that water is useful to absorb large amounts of heat energy.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with __________ to release energy and form products.

 nitrogen   oxygen  methane  hydrogen Remember that this gas is considered a fuel for any combustion.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which common process on earth is endothermic?

  The production of oxygen by photosynthesis  The combustion of methane  Water freezing to form ice at 0°C  The reaction of wood with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and ash

18.

Award: 10.00 points

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that

 must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the bonds in the products.

  must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

 is released upon breaking the bonds in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the bonds in the products.

 is released upon breaking the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products.

Remember that making bonds releases energy while breaking them requires energy input.

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use the equation to help you calculate the heat of combustion of ethylene, C2H4. The bond energies are: C-H 416 kJ/mol; C-C 356 kJ/mol; C=C 598 kJ/mol; O=O 498 kJ/mol; C=O 803 kJ/mol; H-O 467 kJ/mol.

The heat of combustion of ethylene is

 +220 kJ/mol.  +1216 kJ/mol.  −754 kJ/mol.   −1324 kJ/mol.

Remember to take the sum of energies of all bonds formed minus all bonds broken. The bonds must be broken in all the reactants and formed in all the products.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

The following molecules contain only single bonds.

NH3(g) + 3F2(g) → NF3(g) + 3 HF(g) The bond energies are: N-H 391 kJ/mol; F-F 158 kJ/mol; N-F 272 kJ/mol; H-F 566 kJ/mol. Which is the heat evolved or absorbed per mole of NH3 that reacts with F2?

 +289 kJ/mol  +867 kJ/mol  −289kJ/mol   −867 kJ/mol Take the sum of all bonds formed minus all bonds broken.

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane, C3H8.

The bond energies are: C-H 416 kJ/mol; C-C 356 kJ/mol; O=O 498 kJ/mol; C=O 803 kJ/mol; H-O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the total amount of energy required to break all of the bonds in propane?

 712 kJ/mol  3328 kJ/mol   4040 kJ/mol  4396 kJ/mol Remember to take the sum of all bonds formed minus all broken. Take the stoichiometric coefficients into account.

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22.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane, C3H8.

The bond energies are: C-H 416 kJ/mol; C-C 356 kJ/mol; O=O 498 kJ/mol; C=O 803 kJ/mol; H-O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the amount of energy gained on making all the bonds in carbon dioxide and water according to the equation?

 −1270 kJ/mol  −2540 kJ/mol  −4277 kJ/mol   8554 kJ/mol Remember to take the sum of all bonds formed minus all broken. Take the stoichiometric coefficients into account.

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Consider the following equation that describes the complete combustion of propane.

The bond energies are: C-H 416 kJ/mol; C-C 356 kJ/mol; O=O 498 kJ/mol; C=O 803 kJ/mol; H-O 467 kJ/mol. Which is the net energy released on complete combustion of propane?

 −1668 kJ/mol   −2024 kJ/mol  −4277 kJ/mol  −8554 kJ/mol Remember to take the sum of all bonds formed minus all broken. Take the stoichiometric coefficients into account.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is a fossil fuel?

 Wood  Uranium  Ethanol   Natural gas Remember that fossil fuels are formed of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago and now are transformed.

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter?

 High temperatures  High pressures  An absence of O2   An abundance of sunlight Remember that fossil fuels are formed under the ground.

26.

Award: 10.00 points

Soft lignite (brown coal) is the lowest grade of coal. Since it has undergone the least change since burial, its chemical composition—and hence its heat of combustion—is most similar to that of

 natural gas.  petroleum.  water.   wood.

Remember that natural gas and petroleum are high grade fuel sources.

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27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States?

 As a solid, coal is easier to transport than a liquid such as petroleum  Carbon makes up a smaller proportion of coal than it does of petroleum   Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves  Coal is the source of many more different fuels with a wide range of properties than is petroleum

Remember that we have to import much of our petroleum and not our coal.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

In the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do?

  It separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar boiling points  It separates crude oil from the coal with which it is almost always found  It mixes natural gas or coal with crude oil in order to remove the impurities from the crude oil  It produces the machinery by which crude oil is removed from the ground Remember that many different end products come from a barrel of oil.

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29.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a known advantage of natural gas over other fossil fuels?

 It burns more completely than other fossil fuels  It burns more cleanly than other fossil fuels   It is far more abundant than any other fossil fuel  Sulfur dioxide is rarely produced by burning natural gas Remember that natural gas is usually found with oil but it is made of fairly small molecules.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

According to the graph below, the net U.S. import of petroleum drastically decreased during the years

 1970 to 1977.  1973 to 1975.   1977 to 1982.  1985 to 1990.

Notice the decrease of nearly 50 percent.

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are

 carbohydrates.   hydrocarbons.  natural gases.  proteins.

Remember that oil contains compounds of varying molar masses but mostly comprised of hydrogen and carbon.

32.

Award: 10.00 points

The process by which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected is known as

 combustion.  cracking.  crystallization.   distillation.

This is a method of purifying substances that is used widely in industry.

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33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is produced in the greatest amount from a barrel of petroleum?

 Asphalt and road oil   Gasoline  Home heating oil  Lubricants and waxes This is the main component used to run automobiles and trucks.

34.

Award: 10.00 points

During petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the

  cracking and reforming processes.  environmental cleanup of oil wells.  extraction of the oil from the earth.  physical separation of the various components of the petroleum.

Remember that these are used at the refinery after distillation.

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35.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The diagram below shows a simplified version of a fractionating column used in the petroleum industry.

The position marked __________ corresponds to the cracker where large molecules are broken into smaller molecules.

 A  B  C  D Remember that the cracker will split compounds found lower in the column into two other portions.

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36.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The diagram below shows a simplified version of a fractionating column used in the petroleum industry.

The compounds that are obtained at position D are

  asphalt.  gasoline.  jet fuel.  refinery gases.

Remember that items with the highest boiling points will be at the bottom of the column.

37.

Award: 10.00 points

Cracking is

  the breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones.  the combination of small molecules to form larger molecules.  any reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat.  any reaction that is accompanied by the absorption of heat.

This is just what it sounds like, just like cracking an egg.

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38.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Compounds with the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures are called

 isotopes.   isomers.  isobars.  allotropes.

39.

Award: 10.00 points

Consider these three compounds.

Which are isomers?

 I and II only  II and III only   I and III only  I, II, and III Isomers have the exact same number of every element in each structure.

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40.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Consider these three compounds.

Which are isomers?

 I and II only   I and III only  II and III only  I, II, and III Isomers have the exact same number of every element in each structure.

41.

Award: 10.00 points

In a refinery, the components of petroleum are separated by

 combustion reactions.  crystallization.   fractional distillation.  isomerization.

Remember this method of refining liquids in industry.

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42.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A gasoline's octane rating is a measure of the

  gasoline's resistance to causing knocking in a vehicle's engine.  pollutants produced by burning the gasoline in a vehicle's engine.  energy content of the gasoline.  purity of the gasoline.

Remember that this has no effect on pollution, energy or gas mileage.

43.

Award: 10.00 points

The burning characteristics of a gasoline can be improved by converting the octane it contains into isooctane. This conversion requires the use of expensive catalysts such as

 biological enzymes.  gold and titanium.   platinum and palladium.  ultraviolet radiation.

Remember that group 8B elements are the best catalysts.

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44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Oxygenated gasolines are blends of petroleum-derived compounds with oxygen-containing compounds. Which of the following oxygenated compounds has been discontinued in some states because of potential health risks?

 Ethanol  Methanol   MTBE  Methane Remember that MTBE is soluble in water and can contaminate wells.

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Alternative energy sources are currently being researched in effort to replace our dependence on fossil fuels. Which is not a current research effort in this regard?

 Obtaining alternative fuels from renewable sources such as garbage   Reintroducing the use of tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating of gasoline  Converting coal into gaseous and liquid fuels similar to petroleum products  Increasing the use of farm product biomass, such as corn, to produce ethanol Remember that lead causes brain damage.

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46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material is

  biomass.  cornstarch.  diesel.  fossil fuel.

Note the prefix bio- means living.

47.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these statements about biodiesel is not true?

 Biodiesel is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats  Biodiesel is nontoxic and biodegradable  Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines without major modifications   Biodiesel has been withdrawn from several states due to health concerns Remember that this is a viable alternative to petroleum diesel.

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48.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Advertising claims sometimes state that adding something mechanical to a car's engine will allow it to recover 100 percent of the energy that comes from burning gasoline. You should be skeptical of such claims because they violate the

 first law of thermodynamics.   second law of thermodynamics.  law of conservation of matter.  activation energy requirements of all chemical reactions.

Remember that no process may even be 100 percent efficient due to entropy.

49.

Award: 10.00 points

Over the very long run, the energy source that has the greatest potential to meet humanity's needs is

 coal.  hydropower.  renewable biomass.   solar (the sun).

Remember that this fuels our whole natural world at present.

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50.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Assume that an extremely inefficient electrical utility company delivers electrical energy to your home from a natural gas-burning power plant with an overall efficiency of only 31 percent and your furnace is 85 percent efficient in converting electrical energy into heat energy. What mass of natural gas the power plant must burn if heating your home requires 3.5 × 107 kJ? (The heat of combustion of natural gas is 50.1 kJ/g.)

  2650 kg  8550 kg  2250 kg  10,100 kg You should find the energy required at 100 percent efficiency then scale up to the higher number required due to the inefficient plant. That is the number to use to convert to amount of fuel needed.

51.

Award: 10.00 points

Calculate the amount of energy that is saved by replacing a 75-watt incandescent light bulb with an 18watt fluorescent bulb during the 1500-hour life of the incandescent bulb. One watt is the equivalent of one joule of energy used per second.

  308,000 kJ  405,000 kJ  97,200 kJ  27 kJ 75 minus 18 is 57 Joules per second saved over 1500 hours. There are 3600 seconds in an hour.

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52.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a "clean coal" technology already in use?

 “Coal washing” to remove sulfur and other mineral impurities from the coal before it is burned  “Gasification” to convert coal to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gas burns at a lower temperature, thus reducing the generation of nitrogen oxides

 “Wet scrubbing” to chemically remove SO2 before it goes up the smokestack. This is accomplished by reacting the SO2 with a mixture of ground limestone and water

  "Sequestration" to capture and store CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere Remember that clean coal is about reduction of pollution not greenhouse gases.

53.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a drawback of using coal for energy production?

 Mountaintop mining  Mercury in fly ash  Mining explosions   Difficult transportation due to instability Remember that coal is stable to transport.

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54.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a step in fractional distillation of crude oil?

 The crude oil is pumped into a large vessel and heated  As the temperature increases, the compounds vaporize   Fractions are mixed with natural gas to enrich the hydrocarbon content  Once in the gas phase, compounds travel up the tall distillation or fractionation tower. The compounds with smaller molar masses travel higher; the compounds with larger molar masses travel shorter distances up the column

Remember that this process starts with the whole oil fraction and separates it.

55.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is a proper use for a calorimeter?

  Measuring heat of combustion  Measuring temperature of a mixture  Measuring the amount of oxygen consumed in a combustion reaction  Measuring entropy of a reaction Remember that calorimeters work to find the temperature change that occurs due to a chemical reaction.

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56.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Why is the mileage a vehicle gets less when burning E85 than 100 percent gasoline?

 It is not, they are the same  It is not, E85 gives better mileage per gallon burned   Ethanol has a lower heat of combustion  Ethanol has a higher heat of combustion Remember that it is the amount of energy that comes from the fuel that determines how much work can be done.

57.

Award: 10.00 points

If a snack cake contains 450 food Calories and Dr. Wattenburger is able to burn 250 Calories by running for one-half an hour, how long must she run to completely burn off the snack cake?

  54 minutes  18 minutes  1.21 hours  You can't tell She can burn 500 Cal in an hour, but the cake is only 450 Cal.

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58.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following has the highest boiling point?

 Propane   Octane  Methane  Butane Remember that higher molar mass leads to higher boiling point.

59.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the name of the hydrocarbon C4H10?

 Propane  Octane  Methane   Butane

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60.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following are forms of kinetic energy?

 A stretched rubber band  A coiled spring  Bond energy   Electrical energy

61.

Award: 10.00 points

The Triple Bottom Line refers to benefits to:

 Economy, Education, and Infrastructure  Society, Economy, and Diversity  Society, Environment, and Education   Society, Economy, and the Environment

62.

Award: 10.00 points

What percentage of global energy consumption do renewable sources currently represent?

 5%   18%  8%  25%

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CHAPTER 7

1.

Award: 10.00 points

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. If you started with 100.0 g of carbon-14, how much would remain after 4 half-lives?

 25.0 g  12.5 g   6.25 g  57.3 g You would lose half the total four times.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the size of a helium nucleus?

  Alpha particles  Beta particles  Gamma radiation  Neutrons These are large and have low penetrating power.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are negatively charged?

 Alpha particles   Beta particles  Gamma radiation  Neutrons These are like an electron.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the largest?

  Alpha particles  Beta particles  Gamma radiation  Neutrons These are like a helium nucleus.

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5.

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Award: 10.00 points

What type of radiation is given off in this nuclear reaction?

  Alpha  Beta  Gamma  Neutron Remember that the masses and atomic numbers must be the same of both sides of the equation.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

What type of radiation is given off in this nuclear reaction?

 Alpha   Beta  Gamma  Neutron Remember that the total masses and atomic numbers must be the same of both sides of the equation.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

If you have 200.0 g of radioisotope with a half-life of 5 days, how much isotope would remain after 15 days?

 12.5 g  13.3 g   25.0 g  40.0 g This is three half-lives.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

In the famous equation E = mc2, the symbols represent

 E = Einstein, m = matter, c = speed of light.  E = energy, m = mass, c = characteristic of the particle.  E = Einstein, m = meters, c = conversion.   E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light.

E isn't Einstein.

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9.

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Award: 10.00 points

Fission is the process of creating energy by

 combining small nuclei to form a larger, more stable nucleus.  combining small nuclei to form a larger, less stable nucleus.   splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei.  splitting large nuclei to form smaller, less stable nuclei.

Think about what sort of subatomic particles do nuclear reactions.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the balanced equation for the fission of U-235?

   

Remember that the masses and atomic numbers must be the same of both sides of the equation.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How much energy is equivalent to 1.0 × 10−4 kg of matter? (Speed of light = 3.0 × 108 m/s)

 3.0 × 104 J  3.0 × 107 J   9.0 × 1012 J  9.0 × 1015 J E = mc2 where c = 3.0 × 108 m/s.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

If 1.8 × 1014 J is released in a nuclear reaction, how much matter was lost?

  2.0 × 10−3 kg  7.2 × 102 kg  6.0 × 105 kg  1.6 × 1031 kg E = mc2 where c = 3.0 × 108 m/s.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is a common characteristic of both nuclear and conventional electric power plants?

 Smoke stacks  Fuel rods  Control rods   Steam turbines Both types have the same method of making electricity at the end of the plant's processes.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

Which feature or process is unique to nuclear power plants when compared to conventional coalburning power plants?

 Formation of steam  Smoke stacks  Steam turbines   Control rods These control the rate of the nuclear reaction.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these is not a realistic risk associated with nuclear power plants?

 Release of radioactivity from spent fuel rods   A nuclear explosion  A meltdown from loss of coolant  Thermal pollution of nearby body of water One of these is too extreme.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not true of radioactive half-life? Radioactive half-life is

 the time required for the level of radioactivity in a sample to be cut in half.  independent of the amount of radioactive material present.   increased by heating the isotope.  independent of the physical or chemical form of the isotope.

Remember that half-life is a characteristic of the substance and nothing else.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Waste created at these power plants must be stored indefinitely.

 Coal-burning plants   Nuclear plants  Coal-burning and nuclear plants  None of these choices are correct Only one has waste that is radioactive.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

Smokestacks at these plants release sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide into the air.

  Coal-burning plants  Nuclear plants  Coal-burning and nuclear plants  None of these choices are correct Only one type of plant uses combustion to make heat.

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a benefit associated with nuclear power plants?

 Efficient production of electricity  Reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere   Inexpensive to operate  Helps reduce the levels of acid rain The benefits and drawbacks of nuclear power are basically the opposite of other methods of producing power.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

What percentage of a radioactive isotope would remain after three half-lives?

 6.3 percent   12.5 percent  25.0 percent  50.0 percent You lose one-half of the initial amount every half-life.

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is a known risk associated with nuclear power plants?

 The electricity produced will be radioactive  The water used to cool the system will become radioactive  The workers will have higher risks for cancer than the standard population   The cooling water source can suffer thermal pollution This is assuming that there is no accident, meltdown, etc.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

Approximately what percentage of the electrical energy generated in the United States is produced from nuclear energy?

 < 2 percent  10 percent   20 percent  50 percent Nuclear is an important part of the energy mix, but it is not the most dominant source.

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which example is both a type of nuclear radiation and electromagnetic radiation?

 Microwave radiation   Gamma radiation  Alpha rays  Ultraviolet radiation These are cosmic rays generated by fusion in stars.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

Rank the forms of nuclear radiation from highest to lowest mass.

 Gamma, alpha, beta  Beta, gamma, alpha  Alpha, gamma, beta   Alpha, beta, gamma

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following fission products released from the Chernobyl reactor is dangerous because it concentrates in bones?

 I-131   Sr-90  C-14  U-238 This element is in the same group as calcium on the periodic table.

26.

Award: 10.00 points

Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using __________ cells.

 fuel   photovoltaic  electrolytic  lead-acid Photo- means light.

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27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

To date, solar radiation is not a practical source for the production of electricity used to power

 electric highway signs.  security lighting in parking lots.  satellites in orbit around the earth.   fleets of taxis.

Solar cells must be stationary and have batteries to store energy for times that the sky is not sunny.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

Semiconductors are more effective than metals as converters of solar radiation into electricity because

 it is easier for the atoms of a semiconductor to absorb solar energy and to move from place to place within the solid, thereby conducting electricity.

  the energy contained in sunlight gives the valence electrons in the semiconductor atoms the extra energy they need to "flow" throughout the solid.

 metals melt much too easily under direct sunlight and, as liquids, lose their ability to conduct electricity.

 solar radiation has sufficient energy to knock electrons completely off the metal surface, making it impossible for the electrons to "flow" from atom to atom and conduct electricity.

Semiconductors are made to interact with the wavelengths of light in sunlight while metals are not.

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Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Semiconductors, such as the element silicon, may be used in cells that convert solar radiation to electricity. One of the major difficulties encountered in using silicon is that it

 is one of the rarest of all elements and therefore difficult to find on earth.   is expensive to produce large quantities of extremely pure silicon.  quickly evaporates when isolated in a pure state.  is the most active of all the elements, so it cannot be prepared in a pure state.

The purity of silicon needed to make semiconductors is very high.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

The "doping" of a semiconductor to improve its performance means

 slightly raising the temperature of a pure semiconductor to improve the ability of its electrons to flow from atom to atom.

 fusing layers of two different pure semiconductors together to give the electrons that absorb the solar radiation characteristics of the electrons of both semiconductors.

 mixing large amounts of a metal with small amounts of a semiconductor so that the metal itself becomes a semiconductor.

  adding small amounts of other elements to the pure semiconductor to change the freedom of electron motion throughout the crystal.

This is necessary to allow electrons to flow.

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In a solar cell, semiconductors of the p-type and n-type are placed in contact with each other via a conducting wire. In order to generate an electric current, which of the following must be true?

 An external battery must be attached  Light shining on the system will cause oxidation to occur   Light shining on the system must have enough energy to set electrons in motion from the ntype semiconductors to the p-type

 Light shining on the system must have enough energy to set electrons in motion from the ptype semiconductors to the n-type

32.

Award: 10.00 points

Silicon has four electrons in its outer energy level, gallium has three. Adding small amounts of gallium to pure silicon

 destroys the ability of the silicon to act as a semiconductor.  provides the basis for using the silicon as a fuel cell.   creates a p-type semiconductor.  creates an n-type semiconductor. n-type semiconductors are doped with elements that have five valence electrons.

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33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which increases the efficiency of a photovoltaic or solar cell?

I. Replacing crystalline silicon with its non-crystalline form II. Increasing the number of alternating p- and n-type layers of semiconductors III. Decreasing the thickness of each alternating p- and n-type layer of semiconductor

 I and II only  II and III only  I and III only   I, II, and III There are many ways to increase efficiency, although they are not easy to accomplish in an industrial setting.

34.

Award: 10.00 points

Which argument(s) for the increasing use of solar energy is/are valid?

I. Solar cells are becoming cheaper and increasingly more efficient II. The cost of generating electricity from fossil fuels is increasing III. Limited and uncertain supply and the increasing requirements for pollution control are raising the cost of using fossil fuels

 I only  II only  I and III only   I, II and III As our energy needs increase and both global dynamics and pollution control needs change, there is a place for solar energy in the mix.

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35.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In this photovoltaic (solar) cell, the n-type semiconductor is in the region labeled

 A  B  C  D Remember the n-type semiconductors exhibit the flow of electron while p-type exhibit the flow of holes.

36.

Award: 10.00 points

Complete the following statement while ignoring any thermodynamic considerations. A candle may be considered a more efficient producer of light than a flashlight because it

  converts chemical energy directly into light.  produces more heat than a flashlight.  does not have a battery to recharge or replace.  may be used in remote locations far from electrical networks or power lines.

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37.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What element is used to dope an n-type semiconductor?

  Arsenic  Cadmium  Gallium  Silicon Silicon can't be doped with itself and only one of these has one more electron than silicon.

38.

Award: 10.00 points

Given this diagram, this semiconductor is

 made of pure silicon.   carrying an extra electron.  missing an electron.  excited by a photon.

Notice the electron environment around the doped atom. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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39.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

As of 2019, what is the maximum efficiency of a multijunction solar cell?

 15 percent  80 percent  22 percent   46 percent This is an improvement, but solar cells are still quite inefficient.

40.

Award: 10.00 points

How is wind energy related to the Sun?

 It has no relation  Wind turbines need solar panels to operate correctly   The heat of the Sun drives large-scale movements of air  Wind turbines only operate during daylight hours Think about the windiest seasons when warm and cool temperatures mix.

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41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What sort of energy is associated with energy from wind?

 Potential energy  Thermal energy   Kinetic energy  Chemical energy One of these would be the energy associated with the motion of a windmill.

42.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these locations would be best suited to geothermal energy as a source to operate homes?

  Hawaii  Oklahoma  Vermont  England One of these has volcanoes.

43.

Award: 10.00 points

All zero greenhouse gas emission fuel sources are also renewable.

 True   False

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44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which unit is commonly used by utilities to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed?

 W  MW   kWh  J

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Which type of renewable energy has most commonly been adapted for use on an individual home basis?

 Wind   Photovoltaic  Hydroelectric  Biodiesel

46.

Award: 10.00 points

To meet the electricity needs of the entire United States, a solar array the size of __________ would be required.

  New Jersey  New York City  Texas  Nevada https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not seen as an advantage of increasing our use of solar energy?

 It would reduce our dependence on fossil fuels  Solar energy does not generate air pollution such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides  Energy from the Sun is abundant   Production and storage of solar energy is cost-efficient compared to fossil fuels

48.

Award: 10.00 points

Which source of renewable energy has seen the greatest growth in the last decade?

  Wind  Photovoltaic  Hydroelectric  Biodiesel

49.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not an advantage of locating wind turbines off-shore instead of on land?

 The wind blows faster and more uniformly over water  Land is scare, especially near coastlines  Large numbers of people live near coastlines and could make use of the energy   Maintenance costs are lower off-shore

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50.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following sources of electromagnetic radiation is ionizing?

 UV radiation   X-ray radiation  Visible radiation  All of these are sources of ionizing radiation

51.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is the largest natural source of ionizing radiation?

 Medical X-rays  Consumer products   Radon gas  Sunlight

52.

Award: 10.00 points

Which region is currently building the most nuclear power plants, to expand their current capacity?

 Africa  Western Europe  North America   Far East Asia

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CHAPTER 8

1.

Award: 10.00 points

Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in

  a galvanic cell.  an electrical power plant.  an electrolytic cell.  an automobile's engine.

Only one of these that has energy as output is electrical and not mechanical in nature.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell,

 a substance is oxidized and gains electrons.  electrons travel from the cathode to the anode.  oxidation takes place alone, without an accompanying reduction.   oxidation occurs at the anode.

This is the black lead.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is an oxidation half-reaction?

 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O   Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−  2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + BaCl2  Cl2 + 2e− → 2Cl− Loss of electrons is oxidation.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Whenever a substance is oxidized,

 it is called the oxidizing agent.   some other substance must be reduced.  it gains electrons.  hydronium ions are produced.

Loss of electrons is oxidation and those electrons are gained by another substance.

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The current through a wire is most closely related to the

 energy of the electrons flowing through the wire.  type of electrons flowing through the wire.   rate of electron flow through a wire.  oxidation potential of the electrons flowing through the wire.

Current has the unit Coulomb/s which is an ampere.

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6.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the cathode in this galvanic cell?

 The solid zinc electrode  The Zn2+(aq) ions in the 1 M solution   The solid silver electrode  The Ag+(aq) ions in the 1 M solution Reduction and gain of electrons occur at the cathode.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In an electrochemical cell, the anode is

  the electrode at which oxidation takes place.  the material used to connect the two half-cells to each other.  always used up before the cathode.  never a metal.

The anode is often a metal and it loses electrons.

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8.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In this electrochemical cell, the reduction half-reaction is

  Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)  Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−  Zn(s) → Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) Reduction is gain of electrons.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The opposite of a galvanic cell is

 a battery.   an electrolytic cell.  a fuel cell.  a photovoltaic (solar) cell.

Electricity is an input to this type of cell—hence its name.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a necessary consideration for a battery designed to run a cell phone or portable MP3 player?

 It must develop a useful level of electrochemical potential  It must run for a reasonable amount of time   It must use liquid, aqueous solutions  It must be fairly light in weight As long as batteries are sealed the phase of material in the battery should not matter.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What condition must be met for a battery to be rechargeable?

 Either its anode or its cathode must generate a gas as a result of the electrochemical reaction  It must generate electricity via an acid-base reaction rather than via an oxidation-reduction reaction

 The battery must be open to the outside so that it can vent any internal pressure that builds up from gases within it

  The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible The reactions must be run in reverse to recharge a battery.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the primary determinant of the voltage developed by a battery?

  The nature of the materials in the reaction  The age of the battery  The overall size of the galvanic cells  The size of the electrodes There is no way to alter the voltage in a cell but to use different anode and cathode.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Very small mercury batteries have been made and used in a multitude of applications. Why have they been replaced by other kinds of batteries for most applications?

 Mercury has become far too expensive to use in batteries   Mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of  These batteries cannot generate enough current for any modern devices  Though they may be made very small, they are far too heavy to use in most applications Remember that considerations outside the electrochemical reaction itself have to be taken into account.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

Which type of widely used battery is not rechargeable?

  Zinc-manganese alkaline  Lithium-ion  Lead-acid (storage batteries)  Nickel-cadmium (NiCad) One of these would be found as disposable flashlight batteries, while the others are in hand tools or computers.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Why can the lead-acid batteries used in cars generate electricity for several years before running down?

 A lead-acid battery is so large that it holds large quantities of the chemicals whose electrochemical interaction creates the electricity

  The mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery

 These batteries are used only to generate the electricity that makes the first spark plug "spark." Therefore, they are hardly used at all when a car is started, and never when it is driven

 The electrons they generate, not the chemical components, provide almost all of the electricity

Think about how quickly a car will stop running if the alternator goes out.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

Which type of battery is widely used to store the excess energy generated by windmill farms and solar panels?

 Alkaline  Lithium-ion   Lead-acid  Nickel-metal hydride Think about which is cheaper and readily rechargeable.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which type of battery is best for use in heart (cardiac) pacemakers?

 Alkaline   Lithium-iodine  Mercury  Nickel-cadmium Think about which has long life and little toxicity.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

In a fuel cell,

 there is oxidation, but no reduction.   reduction takes place at the cathode.  there is direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity.  a chemical reaction produces heat, which then produces electricity.

Remember that the electrochemical process in a fuel cell is the same as in a regular battery.

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that

  as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not run down like a battery will.  a fuel cell generates electricity without the need for an oxidation-reduction reaction.  a fuel cell is 100 percent efficient at generating electricity, whereas a battery is less than 1 percent efficient.

 as it generates electricity, a fuel cell produces more fuel than it uses.

Remember that batteries must be recharged and that nothing is 100 percent efficient.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a component of a fuel cell?

  A timer  An anode  A cathode  An electrolyte Remember that this is just like a battery except that fuel flows into the cell continuously.

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not an advantage of using a solid electrolyte in a fuel cell?

 It is impermeable to liquids and gases and will keep the fuel and oxidizer separated  It cannot dry out and will allow the fuel cell to operate at higher temperatures than one that uses water as part of the proton transfer mechanism

 It may use various fuels other than hydrogen gas, the fuel of choice in systems using water as part of the proton transfer mechanism

  It eliminates the need for an oxidant; only a fuel is required Electrolytes are only for conducting electricity.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

How does using hydrogen as the fuel in an electric power plant compare with using hydrogen as the fuel in a fuel cell?

 H2 used as a fuel in a power plant must be more pure than the H2 used in a fuel cell  Burning H2 in a power plant produces many more pollutants than using H2 in a fuel cell   A fuel cell using hydrogen operates at a higher overall efficiency than would a power plant burning hydrogen as a fuel

 Using H2 in a fuel cell generates far more heat than burning it in a power plant Remember that much energy is lost as heat in combustion reactions.

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Award: 10.00 points

As fuel cells become more widely accepted and are used more, we will

 become less dependent on electrical energy.  become more dependent on fossil fuels and less dependent on renewable resources for power generation.

  be able to generate electricity in places where we cannot now do so.  use coal as our primary energy source.

Think about these are more versatile batteries with continuous fuel supplied.

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Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How does the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce energy in a fuel cell differ from their interaction during the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen?

I. The direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen produces several different products, whereas the fuel cell produces only water II. Much less heat energy is produced in a fuel cell than via direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen III. The fuel cell is more useful for producing electricity than direct combustion.

IV. It is much easier to control the hydrogen and oxygen during direct combustion than during their reaction in a fuel cell rev: 03_27_2020_QC_CS-205791

 I and II only   I, II, and III only  I, II, III, and IV  I and III only Combustion can be explosive and leads to unnecessary loss of energy as heat.

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Award: 10.00 points

What is the purpose of the hot KOH solution in the fuel cell?

 It is the product of the reaction between the hydrogen, the oxygen, and the electrodes  It keeps the electrodes conditioned and ready to work at high efficiency  It is part of the acid-base reaction that generates the electricity in most fuel cells   It maintains electroneutrality by working as an electrolyte; allowing transfer of ions between the half cells where the hydrogen and oxygen react

There always must be charge balance in an electrochemical cell.

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Award: 10.00 points

A fuel cell does not run down like a standard battery because

  the reactants in a battery must be stored inside the battery, whereas the reactants for a fuel cell flow in as needed.

 a fuel cell continually recycles the same electrons, whereas a battery must continually generate new ones.

 a battery is completely dependent upon oxidation-reduction reactions, whereas a fuel cell depends on acid-base reactions.

 a battery has many moving parts, whereas a fuel cell has none.

This is the same reason your car doesn't run down as long as you purchase gasoline.

27.

Award: 10.00 points

In general, a modern hybrid vehicle is less polluting than a standard vehicle because it runs on both a

  gasoline engine and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery.  gasoline engine and a fuel cell.  fuel cell and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery.  gasoline engine and a cleaner diesel engine.

Remember that running on electric power does not lead to tailpipe gasses.

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Award: 10.00 points

The Prius, a hybrid car produced by Toyota, uses a battery that its maker claims should not have to be recharged or replaced during the lifetime of the car. The type of battery used in the Prius is

 alkaline.  lead-acid.  nickel-cadmium.   nickel-metal hydride.

This is the most common advanced battery. It has not been on the market for more than a decade.

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29.

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Award: 10.00 points

What moves in the salt bridge from the cathode to the anode?

 Electrons  Zn+2 ions  Cu+2 ions   Anions These move to balance the negative charge that flows in the wire.

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Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

At present, it will be difficult and perhaps inappropriate to develop an economy based on burning hydrogen rather than natural gas or gasoline because

 hydrogen is a dirty fuel. Burning hydrogen produces significantly more pollutants than burning natural gas or gasoline.

 hydrogen is not an efficient fuel. Per gram, hydrogen has about the lowest heat of combustion of any known substance, much lower than natural gas or gasoline.

  although hydrogen is abundant, pure hydrogen is not found naturally on earth. Hydrogen is difficult or expensive to isolate and collect.

 being such a light element, hydrogen will not flow through pipelines the way natural gas or gasoline do. Hydrogen cannot easily be delivered from where it is produced to the places where it is needed.

Remember that hydrogen is an excellent fuel, but has financial barriers to it being commonly used.

31.

Award: 10.00 points

What energy change is associated with the reaction to obtain one mole of H2 from one mole of water vapor? The balanced equation is 2 H2O(g) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) and the relevant bond energies are: H — H = 436 kJ/mol; H — O = 467 kJ/mol; O — O = 146 kJ/mol; O

O = 498 kJ/mol.

 −249 kJ   +249 kJ  −436 kJ  +436 kJ Write a balanced equation and then take the energy of the bonds formed minus the bonds broken.

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Award: 10.00 points

For safety and other practical reasons, the most logical use for hydrogen as a fuel in the near future is

 in an electric power plant.   in a fuel cell.  for running an automobile.  for nuclear fusion.

One of these is already in use and is pollution-free.

33.

Award: 10.00 points

Which has not been suggested as a reasonably practical way to store large amounts of hydrogen in relatively small spaces for its use as a fuel?

  Liquefy hydrogen under pressure and store it much as we do with liquefied natural gas today  Absorb hydrogen onto activated charcoal; then heat the mixture to release the hydrogen  Store it in the form of ionic metal hydrides, such as LiH, which release hydrogen gas when they react with water

 Encapsulate hydrogen molecules in fullerene molecules (large, carbon-based molecules that can act like cages) that may be heated later to release the hydrogen

Hydrogen cannot be used like natural gas.

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34.

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Award: 10.00 points

Batteries must be used in addition to solar cells when generating household electricity because

 solar cells can generate electricity only via the output of a battery.  solar cells can generate only a small fraction of the total energy needed by a household at any one time.

 solar cells generate so much electricity that they will overheat if they cannot transfer the excess electricity somewhere to dissipate the extra heat.

  batteries must store and then supply the energy when sunlight is not available.

The sun is not out in a cloudless sky 24 hours a day.

35.

Award: 10.00 points

The aluminum-air battery is being considered for use in automobiles. In this battery, aluminum metal undergoes oxidation to Al3+ ions and forms Al(OH)3. O2 from the air undergoes reduction to OH− ions.

Which half-reaction occurs at the anode?

 Formation of OH− ions from O2  Capturing O2 from the air so that it may form the OH− ions   Formation of Al3+ ions from aluminum  Reaction of Al3+ ions with hydroxide ions to produce Al(OH)3 Remember that oxidation is at the anode.

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36.

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Award: 10.00 points

A NiCd battery uses nickel and cadmium to produce a potential difference. Using these equations, answer the below question.

I. 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e− → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH−(aq) II. Cd(s) + 2OH−(aq) → Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e− III. Cd(s) + 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + Cd(OH)2(s) Which equation represents what takes place at the anode?

 I   II  III  I and II Remember that oxidation is loss of electrons and happens at the anode.

37.

Award: 10.00 points

A NiCd battery uses nickel and cadmium to produce a potential difference. Using these equations, answer the below question.

I. 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e− → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH−(aq) II. Cd(s) + 2OH−(aq) → Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e− III. Cd(s) + 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + Cd(OH)2(s) Which equation represents the whole chemical reaction within the galvanic cell?

 I  II   III  I and II Remember that the overall reaction must be both an oxidation and a reduction to complete the circuit.

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38.

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Award: 10.00 points

A NiCd battery uses nickel and cadmium to produce a potential difference. Using these equations, answer the below question.

I. 2NiO(OH) (s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e− → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH−(aq) II. Cd(s) + 2OH−(aq) → Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2e− III. Cd(s) + 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2Ni(OH)2(s) + Cd(OH)2(s) Which equation best represents the reduction half-reaction?

 I  II  III  I and II Remember that reduction is loss of electrons at the cathode.

39.

Award: 10.00 points

Electrolysis is a process that

 produces an electrical current while decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.   requires an electrical current to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.  produces heat energy while decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.  requires heat energy to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

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Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following statements is not true about PEM fuel cells?

  PEM fuel cells rely on inexpensive catalysts  PEM fuels cells are cleaner than gasoline-powered vehicles  PEM fuel cells have safe and efficient fuel storage  PEM fuel cells have limited driving range

41.

Award: 10.00 points

Reforming processes can store hydrogen fuel in a liquid form as another molecule. Which of the following cannot be reformed into hydrogen?

 Methanol  Gasoline  Diesel   Carbon dioxide The molecule must contain hydrogen atoms to be reformed into hydrogen.

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Award: 10.00 points

Why doesn't water naturally become hydrogen and oxygen gas when exposed to light?

 Thermal energy is the only appropriate type of energy to split water  You must use electrons to split water   Water doesn't absorb the proper wavelength of light to split Remember that the wavelength of light absorbed is associated with its energy, which must be high to split water.

43.

Award: 10.00 points

How do the interactions that are broken in water when it is boiled compare with those broken when water is electrolyzed?

  Boiling water breaks intermolecular attractions and electrolysis breaks covalent bonds  Boiling water breaks covalent bonds and electrolysis breaks intermolecular attractions  Boiling water and electrolysis of water break covalent bonds  Boiling water and electrolysis of water break intermolecular forces Remember that covalent bonds consist of shared electrons.

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Award: 10.00 points

Why is it so expensive to ship hydrogen as a liquid as is often done with other gas?

 Hydrogen is very heavy to ship  Hydrogen is very dense to ship   Hydrogen has to be shipped at a very low temperature  Hydrogen in very flammable Remember that things with low molar mass have low boiling points.

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Consider Ohm’s Law. Which of the following are correct?

  Voltage is proportional to current  Voltage is inversely proportional to current  Current and resistance are proportional to each other  All of these choices are correct

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46.

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Award: 10.00 points

For the compound Fe3O4, what is the oxidation state of Fe?

 2+  3+  4+   Mixture between 2+ and 3+

47.

Award: 10.00 points

For the compound FeCl3, what is the oxidation state of Fe?

 2+   3+  4+  Mixture between 2+ and 3+

48.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following automotive energy storage devices would give rise to the fastest acceleration from zero to 60 mph?

 Li-ion rechargeable batteries  Fuel cells  NiMH rechargeable batteries   Supercapacitors https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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Award: 10.00 points

Batteries are still preferred over supercapacitors for portable electronic applications. What factor(s) give rise to this preference?

  Supercapacitors have low energy densities  Supercapacitors are charged much more quickly than batteries  Supercapacitors have virtually unlimited cycle lives  All of these choices are correct

50.

Award: 10.00 points

What are the typical units for specific energy?

 mAh/g  W/kg   Wh/kg  kWh

51.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the anode in a typical Li-ion battery composed of?

 LiCoO2  LiCl  LiC   Graphite https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following batteries has the lowest volumetric and gravimetric energy densities?

 NiMH   Lead-acid  Li-ion  Li-polymer

53.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following next-generation batteries would be good choices based on the future availability of its elements?

 Sn-ion  Li-ion   Al-ion  Mg-ion

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CHAPTER 9

1.

Award: 10.00 points

A polymer is a large molecule

 made up of long chains of atoms held together by hydrogen bonds.   made up of long chains of atoms covalently bonded together.  made up of a large lattice structure held together by ionic bonds.  always made up of identical monomer units.

Remember that monomers, that can be different, share electrons to make long chains.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

A monomer is

 a single polymer chain.  a polymer made from only one component.   a small molecule used to make a polymer chain.  a polymer molecule that only contains a single element.

Remember that poly- means "many" and mono- means "one."

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Which would be classified as a synthetic polymer?

 Cellulose  Wool  Rubber   Nylon "Synthetic" means not occurring in nature.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Which would be classified as a natural polymer?

  Cellulose  Polystyrene  Polyester  Nylon Natural polymers would be found in nature. This polymer occurs in plants.

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Award: 10.00 points

This is a schematic representation of the two different forms of polyethylene.

Which of the following statements is true?

 I is HDPE and it has a lower melting point than II which is LDPE   I is HDPE and it has a higher melting point than II which is LDPE  I is LDPE and it has a lower melting point than II which is HDPE  I is LDPE and it has a higher melting point than II which is HDPE Remember that chains that can be closer together will have a higher melting point and higher density.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these synthetic polymers is most closely related to the natural protein polymers?

 Polyester   Nylon  Polystyrene  Polyvinyl chloride This is one of the first polymers made and has amide linkages.

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Award: 10.00 points

Nathaniel Wyeth developed plastic soft drink bottles. They are made from which polymer?

 HDPE  PVC  PS   PET This belongs to recycling code 1 and is a copolymer.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used in

 water bottles.  CD cases.  milk cartons.   plumbing pipe.

This is a very rigid polymer.

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9.

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Award: 10.00 points

Polystyrene is used to make Styrofoam® cups. For this usage, which property is most important?

  Good insulator  Light weight  White and opaque  Brittle Think about keeping drinks hot or cold.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

The "big six" polymers are all classified as thermoplastics because they

 are all used as insulators.   can be melted and shaped.  are all crystalline.  are all amorphous.

This allows the polymers to be molded into almost any shape.

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11.

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Award: 10.00 points

Polystyrene is used to make

  foam coffee cups and CD cases.  garbage bags and CDs.  shoes and garden hoses.  cell phones and contact lenses.

Remember that this has good insulating properties.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

Which polymer is incorrectly matched with its use?

 LDPE—plastic bag  HDPE—milk jug   PS—contact lenses  PET—soda bottles Contact lenses would be specialize polymers and not one of the "big six."

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13.

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Award: 10.00 points

Some of the uses for polypropylene are yogurt containers, carpeting, luggage, and bottle caps. Which is not a property of polypropylene?

 High melting point  Very tough   Transparent  Resistant to oils Can you see light through these items?

14.

Award: 10.00 points

The molecules that are added to polymers to make them softer and more pliable are known as

 monomers.   plasticizers.  pigments.  rubber.

If something is "plastic" it is said to be flexible.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Blowing agents are gases, or a compound that releases a gas, that are added to polymers in the manufacture of a foamed plastic. Which statement is not true?

 At one time, CFC's were used as blowing agents  Gaseous pentane is now often used   The DOW 100 percent CO2 technology uses carbon monoxide  The use of pentane is hazardous because it is highly flammable Carbon monoxide is CO.

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16.

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Award: 10.00 points

This is a structural formula for propylene.

Which of these represents the "head-to-tail, head-to-tail" arrangement of monomers in polypropylene?









There must be a "head" right next to a "tail."

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17.

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Award: 10.00 points

This is a structural formula for propylene.

Which of these does represent a possible arrangement of monomers within polypropylene?









At most, only 2 CH3 groups may be next to each other. Only one comes on each monomer unit.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of these is a representation of vinyl chloride?









Only one has a chlorine atom on the monomer.

19.

Award: 10.00 points

The distinctive arrangements of atoms that impart characteristic chemical properties to the molecules that contain them are called

 monomers.   functional groups.  radicals.  transition states.

These give the molecule a characteristic function.

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20.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which atoms does a hydroxyl functional group contain?

 Hydrogen and carbon  Carbon and oxygen   Hydrogen and oxygen  Hydrogen and nitrogen This is found on alcohols.

21.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is an amine group?

 — OH   — NH2  — COOH  — CONH2 Amines have nitrogen, but no oxygen.

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Award: 10.00 points

In this molecule four different functional groups are circled.

Which is the carboxylic acid functional group?

 I  II   III  IV Carboxylic acids are complex functional groups that lose an H from the OH on the end.

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23.

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Award: 10.00 points

How many carbon atoms are present in this monomer?

 2  3  5  8 Each corner of the ring is one carbon.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these represents a portion of a polyester molecule?







Esters have O=C-O-C links.

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these represents an amino acid?









These have an amino end and an acid end.

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26.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which bond represents the peptide bond?

 I   II  III  IV

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27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Dacron is classified as a polyester. Which linkage is correct? (The gray areas represent the monomer backbones.)









Remember what the ester group looks like.

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Award: 10.00 points

A polymer that is made from two different monomers is known as a

 dimer.  dipolymer.   copolymer.  multimer.

The monomers cooperate.

29.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these polymers is made by the process of condensation polymerization?

 Polyethylene  Polystyrene  Polyvinyl chloride   Polyethylene terephthalate This is a copolymer and is used for pop bottles.

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30.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which equation below shows the addition polymerization of ethylene?









Remember what ethylene looks like and how the double bond changes when the polymer is formed.

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Consider the process of condensation polymerization. Which statement is false?

 A small molecule like water is often formed as the monomers combine to form the polymer   The product contains all of the atoms of the starting materials  PET is formed using this process  Nylon is formed using this process Either a small molecule is lost or all starting atoms remain, not both.

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32.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which equation correctly shows the first step in the formation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by the process of condensation polymerization?







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

Watch your functional groups carefully!

33.

Award: 10.00 points

These are the two monomers used to synthesize Kevlar®.

Which of the following represent the products formed after one condensation reaction between the monomers?









Notice that one monomer has nitrogens at either end and that those stay with that unit.

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34.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these statements are correct for both addition and condensation polymerization? i. Monomer units chemically bond together ii. Product contains all the atoms of the starting material iii. A second product, like water, is also formed during the polymerization process

  i only  i and ii  ii only  ii and iii Remember that these mechanisms are different.

35.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these statements are correct for condensation polymerization only? i. Monomer units chemically bond together ii. Product contains all the atoms of the starting material iii. A second product, like water, is also formed during the polymerization process

 i only  i and ii  ii only   i and iii Remember that some atoms are removed when the monomers link.

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36.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these statements are correct for addition polymerization only? i. Monomer units chemically bond together ii. Product contains all the atoms of the starting material iii. There is generally just one monomer

 i only   i and ii  ii only  i and iii There isn't much to this mechanism but pure addition, hence its name.

37.

Award: 10.00 points

What do the letters HDPE represent?

 High definition polyethylene   High density polyethylene  Hard durable polyethylene  Highly ductile polyethylene Remember that LDPE is low density polyethylene.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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38.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What do the "big six" polymers have in common?

 They all are formed by addition polymerization  They all are formed by condensation polymerization   They all are thermoplastics (can be melted and shaped)  They all contain branched chains Remember that they are different in polymerization method and molecular structure.

39.

Award: 10.00 points

How are HDPE and LDPE different?

 Only one is a member of the "big six"  They are made from different monomers   One has branched chains while one is linear  One is made by addition polymerization, one by condensation What is the meaning of L versus H and how is that noted in the molecular structure?

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40.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is made from the monomer, CH2 arrangement in PVC?

CHCl. Which would not be a possible









Note that each C may only have one Cl and one H attached.

41.

Award: 10.00 points

PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is classified as a polyester because

  it contains many ester linkages.  its monomer has ester functional groups.  it is used to make bulletproof vests.  it is made by addition polymerization.

This does not have ester functional groups. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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42.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

This is a representation of a plastic bag being stretched. Which statement best describes what is happening in the figure?

  Molecular chains shift from a random orientation to align parallel to each other in the direction of the pulling force

 During the pulling, the mixed-up polymer chains cross-link to make the polymer stronger  The pulling force creates branches, causing a switch from high density to low density polymer  It is only a temporary distortion; once the pulling force stops, the plastic snaps back to the original orientation

Think about how a plastic bag behaves when you stretch it. It is almost like you can see the polymer chains in the larger structure.

43.

Award: 10.00 points

Which atoms are present in all proteins?

  C, H, O, N  C, H, O, S  C, H, O only  C, H, N only These are the atoms in amino acids.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which functional groups are present in all amino acids?

 Amine ( — NH2) groups only  Acid ( — COOH) groups only   Amine and acid groups  Single and double bonds between carbon atoms Think "amino" and "acid."

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Proteins are polymers of amino acids held together by bonds.

 protein   peptide  ester  acid Smaller polymers that make up proteins are often called "polypeptides."

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Skin, hair, muscle, and enzymes are all made of protein, which is a natural polymer. Proteins are

 polyesters.  polyethylenes.   polyamides.  polyalcohols.

Remember that amino acids are the monomers.

47.

Award: 10.00 points

Nylon is classified as a polyamide because it contains which of the following linkages?









Amides contain nitrogen links, but polymers do not have double bonds between the monomers.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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48.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Adipic acid, one of the monomers used to make nylon, has a total of six carbon atoms with two carboxylic acid functional groups. Which structure is correct?

 (CH2)6COOH  HO(CH2)6OH   HOOC(CH2)4COOH  HOOC(CH2)6NH2 Look for two COOH groups.

49.

Award: 10.00 points

One of the monomers used to make nylon is 1,6-diaminohexane (also known as hexamethylene diamine). How many amine ( — NH2) groups does it have?

 None  1  2  6 Di- means what?

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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50.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

When I and II react together to make nylon, what are the products of the first condensation reaction?









Remember to keep the monomer unit the same and just attach them together.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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51.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which raw material serves as the source for most polymers?

  Crude oil  Natural gas  Minerals  Salts This is the source material for much of our world as well as gasoline.

52.

Award: 10.00 points

Will synthetic polymers always have to be made from crude oil?

 Yes, because although other technologies exist, they are too costly for large scale use  No, but there are no funds to research new technologies needed  Yes, but more crude oil will have to be diverted from other uses   No, new technologies are being developed to use bio-based raw materials Think about biodegradable food containers that are already on the market.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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53.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Every year about 100 billion pounds of plastic are produced in the United States (over 350 pounds for every woman, man, and child). What strategies may be employed to reduce the amount of plastics going into landfills?

 Incineration  Biodegradation  Recycling   All of these choices are correct There are several options.

54.

Award: 10.00 points

Incineration of plastics can be used to generate energy. One of the "big six" plastics releases hydrochloric acid, HCl, when incinerated. Which one?

 LDPE   PVC  PET  PS One of these is a _ _ Chloride.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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55.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is biodegradation?

 Breaking up the plastics into small pieces before putting them into a landfill   Using bacteria and fungi to eat the waste plastic  A way to dispose of natural polymers only  Breaking down polymers into carbon dioxide and water Bio- means life is doing the degradation.

56.

Award: 10.00 points

Nathaniel Wayeth, developer of the plastic soft drink bottles, dreamed of the day when we will be able to melt down plastic bottles, reinforce the fibers and make car bodies. Then when we are done with the cars, melt down the car bodies and make bottles out of them. This would be an ultimate example of

 biodegradation.  incineration.   recycling.  reuse.

This is one of the "three R's": Reduce, reuse, ________

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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57.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

This symbol is an example of the coding symbols found on packaging materials. These symbols let consumers know

 how the plastic was made.   how to recycle the package.  if the plastic is dangerous.  the intended use of the material.

Remember that items made differently might still have the same recycle code.

58.

Award: 10.00 points

This symbol

is found on the bottom of a Coke® bottle. What does the number mean?

  The bottle may be recycled because it is made from PET  The bottle can not be recycled because it is made from PET  The bottle may be recycled because it is made from HDPE  The bottle can not be recycled because it is made from HDPE See Table 9.1 for recycling codes.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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59.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

These are the densities of some common plastics: PET 1.38 to 1.39 g/mL; HDPE 0.95 to 0.97 g/mL; LDPE 0.90 to 0.91 g/mL. Based on these densities, which plastic/s will sink in an ethanol/water mixture that has a density of 0.94 g/mL?

 PET only   PET and HDPE  HDPE only  LDPE only Remember that the plastics more dense than 0.94g/mL will sink.

60.

Award: 10.00 points

This pie chart gives the composition by weight of municipal solid waste (MSW) before recycling in 2008.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2015 Fact Sheet, July 2018

Which of the following statements is not true?

 There is about 2.6 times more paper waste than plastic waste  Plastic waste is more than the wood and glass waste combined  Plastic waste and food scraps are almost the same   The plastic and paper waste combined account for more than half the MSW Check your addition again. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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61.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

One approach to encourage more recycling is to institute a "bottle bill." What is a bottle bill?

 A bill that outlaws the use of plastic bottles   A "container deposit law" that requires customers to pay a deposit for the bottle  A large container for recycling bottles  A bill that requires equal use of plastic and glass in bottles This commonly is 5 cents per bottle.

62.

Award: 10.00 points

The regions of a polymer where the long polymer molecules are arranged neatly and tightly in a regular pattern is called the ________ region.

  crystalline  amorphous  condensed  porous Crystals have neat and orderly structure like this part of the polymer.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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63.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Polyethylene can be represented by this drawing.

A molecule of polyethylene has n = 1000. What is the molar mass of this molecule? The atomic masses are: C = 12.01 g/mol; H = 1.01 g/mol.

 1000 g/mol  14,030 g/mol   28,060 g/mol  56,120 g/mol Add up the mass for one unit and multiple that by 1000 to get an estimate.

64.

Award: 10.00 points

Consider this table.

Year 1997 2003

U.S. population (millions) 269 290

Plastics produced in the U.S. (billions of pounds) 89 107

How many pounds of plastics were produced per person in 2003?

 0.369  3.69  36.9   369 Divide billions of pounds by millions of people. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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65.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Superglue is made from this monomer, cyanoacrylate.

Which is a representation of the head-to-tail to head-to-tail arrangement of the polymer?









Remember that one head goes next to one tail.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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66.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The general formula for coal is C135H96NOS, the molecular formula for methane is CH4 and the molecular formula for dodecane is C12H26. Which will the heat of combustion of polyethylene be more similar to?

 Coal  Methane   Dodecane  Hydrogen gas Feedback: Remember that each bond stores energy, so more bonds is more heat.

67.

Award: 10.00 points

Which synthetic polymer is used to make shatter-resistant bottles and fleece fabric?

  PET  HDPE  PVC  PS This is recycling code #1.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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68.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which synthetic polymer has two forms, crystal and expandable?

 PET  HDPE  LDPE   PS The S stands for styrene.

69.

Award: 10.00 points

What chemicals replaced CFCs as polymer blowing agents?

  CO2 and pentane  CO2 and H2  Pentane and H2  Halons One of the two is more "green" while the other is flammable.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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70.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which functional groups include a nitrogen atom? i. Carboxylic Acid ii. Ester iii. Amide iv. Amine

 i and ii only  i and iv only  ii, iii and iv only   iii and iv only

71.

Award: 10.00 points

Which synthetic polymer is a copolymer?

 PVC  PS  HDPE   PET Copolymers have two monomer groups.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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72.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

PET contains what sort of linkage between the monomer units?

 Ether   Ester  Amine  Peptide bond This linkage contain oxygens.

73.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the major problem with DEHP as a plasticizer in plastics formulations?

 DEHP is poisonous  DEHP is expensive to produce  DEHP is carcinogenic   DEHP is an endocrine disrupter

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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74.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A food product is pulled from the consumer market after preliminary testing, before data conclusively proves that it causes pancreatic cancer. This is an example of:

 The scientific method   The precautionary principle  The four pillars of sustainability  The triple bottom line

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 10

1.

Award: 10.00 points

A 12-ounce can of diet soda contains approximately 12 mg of sodium. How many moles of sodium can be found in the can?

  0.00522 moles  0.522 moles  275.8776 moles  521.97 moles

2.

Award: 10.00 points

A 12 fluid ounce can of diet soda contains approximately 12 mg of sodium. What is the molarity of sodium in the can if it is assumed that the only solvent is water?

 0.0000435 M   0.0015 M  651.34 M  22988.5 M

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Sodium chloride is an example of a

 weak electrolyte.   strong electrolyte.  weak acid.  strong acid.

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Higher altitudes have lower atmospheric pressure and it takes more energy to have the vapor pressure of the liquid reach and exceed the external air pressure.

 True   False

5.

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement explains why measurement by mass yields a more accurate measurement than measurement by volume?

  Particles can pack differently  Volume is only used to describe liquids  It is difficult to put solids in volume measuring tools  Mass tools provide more decimal values than volume measuring tools

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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6.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which value is equivalent to 4 cups?

  0.95 liters  20 milliliters  3.8 liters  240 milliliters

7.

Award: 10.00 points

Ceviche is cooked using an acid. Which statement describes what happens to the protein when the acid is added?

  The protein is denatured  The protein is oxidized  The protein undergoes combustion  The protein undergoes fermentation

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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8.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A recipe for peanut butter cookies calls for 1 cup of sugar, 1 cup of chunky peanut butter, and 1 medium egg. The recipe yields 18 cookies. If the baker has 12.5 cups of sugar, 15 cups of chunky peanut butter, and 10 eggs. How many full batches of cookies can the baker make?

  10  12.5  15  18

9.

Award: 10.00 points

A bartender wants to make a signature drink that has three layers. Which statement describes the qualities that must be present for this layering to occur?

  Three liquids with different densities  Three liquids with different boiling points  Three liquids with different flavors  Three liquids with different concentrations (proofs)

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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10.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A chef tastes a soup and finds that it is too acidic. What can the chef do to make it less acidic but still the same consistency without throwing out the whole pot of soup?

  Add baking soda in small amounts  Boil off more water  Add more water  Add lime juice

11.

Award: 10.00 points

Lime juice has a pH of approximately 2.0. What is the approximate concentration of H+ ions?

  0.01M  0.02M  0.14M  0.30M

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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12.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Some smoothie bars have the option to add extra vitamin C to smoothies that already contain the daily recommended value. Vitamin C is a polar molecule. Why is it unnecessary to add more than 100 percent of vitamin C recommended values to a food?

 Vitamin C is water-soluble and can accumulate in the body  Vitamin C is fat-soluble and can accumulate in the body   Vitamin C is water-soluble and excess is passed as urine  Vitamin C is fat-soluble and excess is passed as urine

13.

Award: 10.00 points

Garlic and onions are often sautéed in butter before being used in recipes. Why do chefs do this?

  Their flavors and/or odors are fat-soluble  They need to be cooked to rid them of bacteria  They take longer to be cooked than other ingredients  Their proteins need to be denatured before consumption

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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14.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Cold brew coffee takes longer than hot brew coffee. Which physical property of coffee is responsible for this difference in time?

 Density   Solubility  Boiling point  Melting point

15.

Award: 10.00 points

A chef in Denver (the mile high city) and a chef in Tampa (sea level city) make the same recipe but the Denver chef has to modify the recipe. Why did the Denver chef have to modify the recipe?

 The boiling point of water is higher at high altitudes   The boiling point of water is lower at high altitudes  The density of water is higher at high altitudes  The density of water is lower at high altitudes

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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16.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Egg whites start out translucent and become white only after heat is added. What type of change occurs when the egg turns white?

 Chemical only  Physical only   Chemical and physical  Neither chemical nor physical

17.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the easiest method to cooking a steak to be medium rare with seared edges?

 Sous vide  Microwave  Using acidic juice to denature proteins   Stove top

18.

Award: 10.00 points

What is an advantage of sous vide cooking?

 It is the fastest method to cook food  It is the only method that produces the Maillard reaction   The food is cooked at the same temperature at which it will be eaten  The food can be cooked at much higher temperatures than other methods

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement is true about microwaves?

 They have higher energy than X-rays  They have a higher frequency than UV rays   They have a longer wavelength than visible light  They have a faster speed than gamma rays

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement describes how food is cooked using microwaves?

 Microwaves break chemical bonds and the energy that is released cooks the food   The food absorbs the microwaves and its molecules begin to rotate causing heat  Microwaves heat up the air around the food and it is transferred to the food through convection

 The food reflects microwaves causing the air surrounding the food to heat up

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How do conventional ovens cook food differently than microwave ovens?

  Conventional ovens heat the air surrounding the food and microwave ovens do not heat the air

 Microwave ovens heat the air surrounding the food and conventional ovens do not heat the air

 Conventional ovens cook food at the temperature at which it should be served  Microwave ovens cook food at the temperature at which it should be served

22.

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement is a correct description of the result of drying fruit?

  The dried fruit has more sugar per volume than the normal fruit  The dried fruit has less sugar per volume than the normal fruit  The dried fruit and the normal fruit have the same amount of sugar per volume  The dried fruit gains more total sugar than the normal fruit

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Banana slices can be dehydrated using sugar solutions. How does this process dehydrate the banana slice?

 Sugar enters the banana slice and preserves it  Sugar exits the banana slice and preserves it   There is more water inside the banana slice than in the solution and it exits the slice to equalize the amount of water between the two

 There is less water inside the banana slice than in the solution and it enters the slice to equalize the amount of water between the two

24.

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement describes how curing meat works?

  The meat is salted and this draws out water through osmosis  Salt is injected into the meat to give it flavor  The meat is smoked for flavor  Smoke is injected into the meat to draw out the water through osmosis

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A piece of food is placed into a highly concentrated salt solution. After several days in the solution, what will happen to the salt concentration inside the food?

  It will increase because water leaves the food  It will decrease because water leaves the food  It will increase because water enters the food  It will decrease because water enters the food

26.

Award: 10.00 points

What does a hydrometer measure?

 The refractive index of liquids  The specific gravity of liquids  The sugar concentration in liquids   Changes in density in liquids

27.

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement provides a description and an example of an anaerobic process?

 Distillation is a way to separate substances in the absence of air   Fermentation is the metabolism of sugar by yeast in the absence of air  Oxidation occurs on the outside of apples in the presence of air  Combustion occurs when a marshmallow is toasted in the presence of air

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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28.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which compound can inadvertently be created through the distillation process and can be fatal if consumed?

  Methanol  Ethanol  Glucose  Acetic acid

29.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the proof of an alcoholic beverage that contains 35 percent Alcohol by Volume (%ABV)?

 12.25  35   70  105

30.

Award: 10.00 points

An alcoholic beverage that contains added sugar and has 20 percent ABV is considered to be

 a spirit.   a liqueur.  a fortified wine.  a grain alcohol.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What physical property is used in distillation to separate components?

 Melting point   Boiling point  Density  Viscosity

32.

Award: 10.00 points

Which compound is the result of ethanol metabolism in the body?

 Methanol  Acetic acid  Formaldehyde   Acetaldehyde

33.

Award: 10.00 points

Which compound is the result of methanol metabolism in the body?

 Ethanol  Acetaldehyde   Formaldehyde  Acetic acid

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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34.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Why is water a good solvent for cooking?

 It is readily available   It has the ability to absorb significant amounts of heat before changing phase  It has a high boiling point  It is necessary for human life

35.

Award: 10.00 points

An ice wine is a type of dessert wine that is made from grapes that have been frozen while they were still on the vine. It has a higher concentration of sugar than wine made from the same grapes under normal conditions. Which statement describes how the hydrometer reading would differ between normal and ice wine conditions?

  Ice wine would have a higher hydrometer reading than the normal wine  Ice wine would have a lower hydrometer reading than the normal wine  Ice wine would have the same hydrometer reading the normal wine  A hydrometer could not be used for the ice wine because it is frozen

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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36.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which graph description represents the relationship between specific gravity and refractive index?

  An increasing linear relationship  An inverse linear relationship  An exponential relationship  A zero slope relationship

37.

Award: 10.00 points

A vitner has two wines that he is testing the refractive index. Wine A has a higher sugar content than Wine B. Which statement describes the refractive indexes he will find for each wine with reasons?

  Wine A has a larger density than Wine B and the refractive index for Wine A will be higher than Wine B

 Wine B has a larger density than Wine A and the refractive index for Wine A will be lower than Wine B

 The refractive indexes will be the same because they are made from the same grape  The refractive indexes will be the same because they have the same boiling point

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38.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is specific gravity?

  The ratio of the density of a solution to the density of pure water  The ratio of the weight of a solute to the volume of pure water  The ratio of the viscosity of a solvent to the melting point of a solute  The ratio of the freezing point of a solution to the freezing point of a solute

39.

Award: 10.00 points

What information does the Brix Scale provide?

 The temperature of a solute  The solubility of a solute  The specific gravity of a solution   The sugar content of a solution

40.

Award: 10.00 points

The solubility of carbon dioxide in water decreases as the temperature increases. Which temperature and pressure combination would yield the most dissolved carbon dioxide into water?

 High temperature, low pressure  High temperature, high pressure  Low temperature, low pressure   Low temperature, high pressure

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41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in a sealed 1-L bottle under a 1.25 atm pressure.

(Henry’s Law constant for carbon dioxide is 29.4 L * atm/mol.)

  0.04 M  0.8 M  23.52 M  36.75 M

42.

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement describes what happens when oil and water are mixed together?

 Oil is polar and water is nonpolar and they do not mix   Oil is nonpolar and water is polar and they do not mix  Oil and water are both nonpolar and they do not mix  Oil and water are both polar and they do not mix

43.

Award: 10.00 points

Hydrophobic molecules can be used to create a permanent emulsion.

 True   False

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44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is an amphiphilic molecule?

 A molecule that is attracted to polar molecules  A molecule that is attracted to nonpolar molecules   A molecule that is attracted to both polar and nonpolar molecules  A molecule that is attracted to neither polar nor nonpolar molecules

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Which process is used when brewing tea?

  Extraction  Fermentation  Distillation  Combustion

46.

Award: 10.00 points

A fork absorbs the microwaves instead of the food and reflected microwaves form an arc to the metal walls of the microwave. This causes a spark.

  True  False

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47.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The Maillard reaction occurs at high temperature and is a chemical reaction between functional groups found in proteins and amino acids.

 True   False

48.

Award: 10.00 points

Pressure cookers at high altitudes have a higher actual pressure inside the cooker than those at sea level.

 True   False

49.

Award: 10.00 points

Brandy is fermented wine.

 True   False

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50.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which process is found both in wine-making and bread-making?

  Fermentation  Distillation  Maillard reaction  Combustion

51.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a benefit of using a vacuum bag when cooking sous vide?

 Air bubbles can result in uneven heat  Unpackaged food can get messy in a water bath  Air bubbles cause the bag to float   The Maillard reaction can be achieved

52.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a component of chocolate?

  Bromine  Theobromine  Flavonol  Tryptophan

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 11

1.

Award: 10.00 points

What is meant by malnutrition?

 More calories than are necessary are consumed on a daily basis  Daily caloric consumption is insufficient to meet metabolic needs  Sufficient carbohydrate, fats, and proteins are consumed, but diet lacks micronutrients   The diet is lacking in proper nutrients, even though caloric intake may be sufficient This might be the result of only having candy and soda in your diet.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

You often hear the phrase, "You are what you eat." Which statement is true?

  The food we eat provides the fundamental material to keep our bodies functioning  Eating fats will make you fat because your body cannot digest fats  The carbohydrates that you eat will cause your body to retain water, making you look bloated  If you eat a lot of protein, your hair and nails will grow faster This is a reminder that the nutritional quality of food we eat makes a difference.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the percentage composition of the average human body?

  Water 60 percent; fats 20 percent; carbohydrates and proteins 20 percent  Water 50 percent; fats 10 percent; carbohydrates and proteins 20 percent  Water 70 percent; fats 10 percent; carbohydrates and proteins 20 percent  Water 50 percent; fats 20 percent; carbohydrates 20 percent; and proteins 10 percent Over half the body is water.

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4.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement best fits the data presented?

 Meat has the highest fat and protein content   Peanut butter has the highest protein and fat content  Cookies have the highest carbohydrate and lowest protein content  Milk has the highest water and lowest carbohydrate content https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The major elements in the human body are C, H, O, N, P and

 Ca, Fe, Mg.  Ca, Fe, Na.  Ca, K, Zn.   Ca, Mg, Na. These are necessary for survival.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

From the information given, which statement is false?

Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen

Grams per 100 g of body mass 64.6 18.0 10.0

Relative abundance per million atoms in body 255,000 94,500 630,000

 There are more H atoms than O in the body  The greatest percentage of body weight comes from oxygen   Carbon is the most important element  There are more H atoms than C in the body Note that there are fewer C atoms than H or O.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement is false with respect to carbohydrates?

 They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio  They are made from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis  They are metabolized in the body to produce energy   They are the cause of obesity and should be eliminated from a healthful diet Remember that "all things in moderation" is the mantra for healthy eating.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not a polymer of glucose?

 Cellulose   Cholesterol  Glycogen  Starch One is a fat.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharide units react via their OH functional groups. The linkage in a disaccharide is

 H — to — O — to — H.   C — to — O — to — C.  C — to — O — to — H.  C — to — OH — to — C. This is like an ether function group.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is a monosaccharide?

 Cellulose   Glucose  Glycogen  Sucrose This is just "sugar."

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which statement correctly describes starch and cellulose?

 Starch is a polymer of glucose, cellulose is not  Starch and cellulose have identical structures but different properties   Starch and cellulose are both made from glucose but have different linkages  Starch and cellulose are both easily digested by the body Remember that only one may be digested in the human body.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the difference between a fat and an oil?

 A fat is a triglyceride, an oil is a monoglyceride   A fat is solid, while an oil is liquid at room temperature  A fat is a lipid, an oil is not  A fat is made from fatty acids, an oil is made from oily acids Think about what shortening and corn oil look like in the container.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A triglyceride is

 an ester of a fatty acid and three glycerol molecules.   an ester of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.  a polymer of fatty acids.  a polymer of glycerol.

Tri- means three.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

The line-angle drawings of two fatty acids are shown. Which structural feature do they have in common?

 Carbon—carbon double bonds   Carboxylic acid group (COOH)  Polyunsaturation  They have no features in common Look at the end of each molecule.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

When three fatty acid molecules combine with one molecule of glycerol, what forms?

 One molecule of a triglyceride and one molecule of water   One molecule of a triglyceride and three molecules of water  Three molecules of triglyceride and one molecule of water  Three molecules of triglyceride and three molecules of water Three waters must leave to make the ester links.

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16.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use this table to answer the below question.

Which of the following statements is correct?

 Oils always have low percentages of saturated fat  Lard has more saturated fat than butter   All dietary fats have some percentage of saturated fats  Butter has the smallest amount of polyunsaturated fat Note that one category is present in all fats and oils, even if the amounts are lower in some oil.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use this table to answer the below question.

Which oil has the greatest amount of monounsaturated fatty acids?

 Corn oil  Olive oil  Peanut oil   Safflower oil This is considered a very healthy oil.

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18.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use this table to answer the below question.

Comparing peanut oil and chicken fat, what do you observe?

 Peanut oil has more saturated fat than chicken fat  Chicken fat has more linoleic acid than peanut oil   Peanut oil has more monounsaturated fatty acids  Chicken fat has more total unsaturated fatty acids Peanut oil is healthier for your heart than chicken fat.

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The label on a popular brand of margarine states it is made from partially hydrogenated corn oil. Which statement is false?

 The liquid oil has become a solid fat  The margarine has more saturated fat (C

C) than the corn oil

  The margarine has the same amount of unsaturated fat (C

C) as the corn oil

 The margarine has more hydrogens than the corn oil Hydrogenation leads to saturated fats.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Which structure is correct for oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid?

   

This has one double bond only.

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21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which formula below represents a trans-fatty acid?

   

Trans- means "across."

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22.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use this table to answer the below question.

Spread Serving size (g) (1 tbsp) Total fat (g) Saturated fat (g) Trans fats (g) Polyunsaturated fats (g) Monounsaturated fats (g)

Brummel & Brown 14 5 1 0 2.5 1

I Can't Believe It's Not Butter 14 8 2 0 4 2

Benecol 14 8 1 0 2 4.5

Which butter substitute has the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fats?

 Benecol  Brummel & Brown   I Can't Believe It's Not Butter  All of these choices have the same percentage Check the chart.

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use this table to answer the below question.

Spread Serving size (g) (1 tbsp) Total fat (g) Saturated fat (g) Trans fats (g) Polyunsaturated fats (g) Monounsaturated fats (g)

Brummel & Brown 14 5 1 0 2.5 1

I Can't Believe It's Not Butter 14 8 2 0 4 2

Benecol 14 8 1 0 2 4.5

Which butter substitute has the lowest percentage of monounsaturated fats?

 Benecol   Brummel & Brown  I Can't Believe It's Not Butter  All of these choices have the same percentage Check the chart to compare monosaturated fat content.

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24.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Use this table to answer the below question.

Spread Serving size (g) (1 tbsp) Total fat (g) Saturated fat (g) Trans fats (g) Polyunsaturated fats (g) Monounsaturated fats (g)

Brummel & Brown 14 5 1 0 2.5 1

I Can't Believe It's Not Butter 14 8 2 0 4 2

Benecol 14 8 1 0 2 4.5

Which butter substitute has the highest percentage of trans fats?

 Benecol  Brummel & Brown  I Can't Believe It's Not Butter   All of these choices have the same percentage Check the labels again.

25.

Award: 10.00 points

If you were worried about your cholesterol intake, which breakfast should you not eat?

  Eggs fried in butter with bacon and white toast  Pancakes with maple syrup  Yogurt, granola, and fruit  Cereal with fruit and whole milk Remember that animal fats contain cholesterol while high-fiber foods help lower cholesterol in the body.

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26.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Every amino acid has four groups attached to a central carbon atom. What are the four groups?



NH2,

OH, side chain,

H



NH2,

HCl, side chain,

H



NH2,

COOH, side chain,



R group,

H

COOH, side chain,

OH

Remember that there are amino and acid ends as well the other two groups.

27.

Award: 10.00 points

Valine and lysine are both amino acids. Structurally how could you distinguish between them?

 Valine has an amino group, lysine does not  Lysine has an acid group, valine does not   Valine and lysine have different side chains  Valine is an essential amino acid, lysine is not The side chains are the way to distinguish all amino acids from each other.

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28.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Two amino acids combine to form a dipeptide when the amino group of one reacts with the acid group of the other. Which structure is correct?









Each amino acid has one COOH and one NH that must show up in the structure.

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29.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How many different tripeptides can be made from a supply of glycine and lysine?

 2  3  6  8 23

30.

Award: 10.00 points

All nine essential amino acids can be found in meat. By employing the nutritional principle of complementarity, a vegetarian gets all nine. What is complementarity?

  Combining foods that complement each other's essential amino acids  Taking essential amino acid supplements to complement the diet  Complementing a vegetable with a fruit at every meal  Having milk to complement every meal This is often the reason cited for having beans with rice.

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The following warning appears on cans of diet beverages sweetened with aspartame: "Phenylketonurics: Contains phenylalanine." Should you worry about drinking the beverage?

  No—for the majority of people, aspartame is a safe alternative to sugar  Yes—the majority of people lack the enzyme needed to transform phenylalanine into tyrosine  No—phenylalanine is an essential amino acid unavailable in any other food  Yes—phenylalanine causes mental retardation This is a rare genetic disorder.

32.

Award: 10.00 points

The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, K, are stored in lipid material. Which statement is true?

 These vitamins are not as important as the water-soluble ones   These vitamins do not have to be taken daily  Ingesting excess amounts of these vitamins does no harm  These vitamins have to be taken in pill form because they are not usually found in foods Remember that vitamins are readily found in food and those stored in fat persist in the body.

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33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) must be supplied daily in the diet. Why?

 To keep you from catching cold  To keep your bones strong  To keep you from getting pellagra   To keep you from getting scurvy This water-soluble vitamin protects you from a disease associated with seafaring.

34.

Award: 10.00 points

Structurally, how are water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins different?

 Water-soluble vitamins have more atoms than fat-soluble vitamins   Water-soluble vitamins contain polar groups, such as OH and fat-soluble do not  Water-soluble vitamins always have higher molecular masses than fat-soluble vitamins  Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the urine and fat-soluble are not Remember that "like dissolves like."

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35.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?

  Calcium  Magnesium  Potassium  Sodium What makes up your bones?

36.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following would be classified as trace minerals required by the body for good health?

 Ca, Na, K  Cu, Fe, Zn   Cr, I, Se  Mg, Fe, P These are needed in small quantities.

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37.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which ion is correctly matched with its important biological function?

I II III IV

Ion magnesium potassium iron iodine

W X Y Z

Biological Function essential part of hemoglobin main constituent of bones and teeth in the thyroid gland transmission of nerve impulses

 I and X   II and Z  III and Y  IV and W Iron is in your blood and iodine in the thyroid.

38.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these are considered to be macrominerals?

I. C II. Ca III. Cl IV. Co V. Cu

 I and II only   II and III only  III and IV only  IV and V only These are needed in fairly large amount.

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39.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

For good health, which daily intake of minerals is best?

  1 g Na+ and a trace amount of Se  10 g Na+ and a trace amount of Se  1 g of Na+ and 1 g of Se  10 g of Na+ and 1 g of Se Remember that high quantities of sodium are not healthy and trace minerals should be consumed in trace amounts.

40.

Award: 10.00 points

All of the energy we need to run our bodies comes from the food we eat. Which statement is false concerning this energy consumption?

 Metabolism reverses the process of photosynthesis and produces energy from glucose  More oxygen is required to burn one gram of a fatty acid than to burn one gram of glucose  Proteins are not used by the body to provide energy   The body converts glucose into carbon dioxide and water in one fast reaction Metabolism is complex.

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41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which equation correctly shows the breakdown of glucose by the body?

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C12H24O2 + 17O2 → 12CO2 + 12H2O + energy  C12H22O11 + 12O2 → 12CO2 + 11H2O + energy  6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy Only one of these equations starts with glucose.

42.

Award: 10.00 points

What factors determine how many calories per day a person needs?

I. health II. level of activity III. gender IV. age V. body size

 I and II only  II, III, and IV only  I, II, and V only   I, II, III, IV, and V Many factors determine necessary caloric intake.

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43.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What generalization is true from this data?

Estimated Calorie Requirements (United States) Gender by Age (yrs) Activity Level Sedentary Moderately Active Active Females 14–18 1,800 2,000 2,400 19–30 2,000 2,000–2,200 2,400 31–50 1,800 2,000 2,200 51+ 1,600 1,800 2,000–2,200 Males 14–18 2,200 2,400–2,800 2,800–3,200 19–30 2,400 2,600–2,800 3,000 31–50 2,200 2,400–2,600 2,800–3,000 51+ 2,000 2,200–2,400 2,400–2,800

  Males require more calories per day than women  Older people require more calories per day than younger people  There is no relationship between activity level and recommended caloric intake  There is no relationship between gender and recommended caloric intake Compare genders and activity levels.

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44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which activity would a 70-kg person need to do to "burn off" a meal consisting of a hamburger (350 Calories), 3 oz of potato chips (1 oz = 108 Calories), and 2 beers (1 "regular" beer = 100 Calories)?

Energy Expenditure (Cal/Hr) for Common Physical Activities Moderate Physical Activity Cal/hr Vigorous Physical Activity Hiking 370 Running/jogging (5 mph) Light gardening/yard work 330 Heavy yard work (chopping wood) Dancing 330 Swimming (freestyle laps) Golf (walking, carrying clubs) 330 Aerobics Bicycling (< 10 mph) 290 Bicycling (> 10 mph) Walking (3.5 mph) 280 Walking (4.5 mph) Weight lifting (light workout) 220 Weight lifting (vigorous workout) Stretching 180 Basketball (vigorous)

Cal/hr 590 440 510 480 590 460 440 440

  Golf for 3 hours  Hike for 2 hours  Run for 1 hour  Swim for 1 hour You need to burn at least 660 calories.

45.

Award: 10.00 points

A 120-pound person uses 3 Calories per minute walking at a 20 min/mile pace. Approximately, how many miles would a person have to walk to burn off a scoop of ice cream (175 Calories)?

 1.5 miles  2.0 miles  2.5 miles   3.0 miles This person burns about 60 cal/mile

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46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is

  the minimum amount of energy required daily for your body to function.  the same value for all people within an age group.  dependent on a person's daily caloric intake.  usually higher for women because they weigh less than men.

Remember that this varies with gender, activity level and body type.

47.

Award: 10.00 points

If a body needs approximately 1 Cal/kg of body weight per hour, about how many calories would a 75kg (165 pounds) man need per day?

 1650 Cal/day   1800 Cal/day  3900 Cal/day  7500 Cal/day This man would need 75 Cal/hr.

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48.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A 20-year-old female weighing 60 kg (132 pounds) has a BMR of 1440 Cal/day but her daily recommended intake is 2200 Cal/day. What does this mean?

  Only 65 percent of the energy derived from her food intake goes to keep her body system going

 Only 35 percent of the energy derived from her food intake goes to keep her body system going

 760 Calories are used for her bodily functions  She needs to reduce her caloric intake or she will become obese Remember that BMR is a base rate.

49.

Award: 10.00 points

What is meant by the statement sat fat is bad?

  All unsaturated fats are good  Ingesting saturated fats can increase the threat of heart disease  Obese people eat only saturated fats  Fat cells tend to accumulate in the lower part of the body Remember that saturated fat is not health for your circulatory system.

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50.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following synthetic sweeteners are the sweetest?

 Aspartame   Neotame  Saccharin  Sucralose

51.

Award: 10.00 points

What new information, which was not included on older labels, will be displayed on the latest food labels?

 g and % of cholesterol  Total Calories and Calories from fat  g and % of macronutrients   mg and % of micronutrients

52.

Award: 10.00 points

What is not a common method that is currently used to monitor foods for possible contaminants?

 Consumer food surveys  Random samples of food items taken from stores and analyzed   Drone flyovers of fields  Food recalls

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53.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How many food additives are currently unregulated by the FDA?

 < 100  100–500  500–750   > 1000

54.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a water-related issue directly related to food production?

 Drying up of rivers and surface water sources   Acidification of surface waters by acid rain  Pollution of groundwater by herbicides and insecticides  Pollution of surface water sources by runoff of crop chemicals

55.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the foods require the most land use for their production?

  Beef  Pork  Milk  Chicken

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56.

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Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following countries is the largest worldwide producer of beef?

 China   United States  Brazil  Argentina

57.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is a good reason to eat locally?

 Foods are at their peak taste and often are less expensive  Foods are handled less and ripen more slowly  Helps the local economy   Foods are less expensive to produce

58.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following modes of transportation result in the highest amount of CO2 emissions?

 Trains  Ships   Trucks  Planes

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59.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What term is used for farming that consists of planting crops every year, instead of alternate years of plowing/fallowing?

 Summer fallowing  Low-till farming  Full cropping   Continuous cropping

60.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following ions is not a part of the nitrogen cycle?

  NO+  NH4+  NO3−  NO2−

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61.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The Haber–Bosch process is used to produce:

 N2   NH3  N2O  NO2

62.

Award: 10.00 points

What are the three primary issues of food security?

 Food availability, safety, and access  Food safety, access, and cost   Food availability, use, and access  Food access, equity, and cost

63.

Award: 10.00 points

__________ farming refers to growing crops indoors via specialized lighting.

 Organic  Green  Synthetic   Vertical

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 12

1.

Award: 10.00 points

The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, described making a tea that was effective against fever by boiling willow bark. Years later, the active ingredient was isolated and chemically modified to produce the drug we now know as

 acetaminophen.   aspirin.  ibuprofen.  penicillin.

This is the oldest of the fours drugs listed here.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

The octet rule is applied to bonding in carbon containing compounds. In accordance with the octet rule,

 each bonded carbon atom forms eight bonds.  all carbon containing compounds contain at least eight bonds.   each bonded carbon atom shares electrons so that it has exactly eight outer valence electrons.

 the number of atoms in any carbon containing compound is a multiple of eight.

Remember that a single bond is two shared electrons.

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Isomers are compounds that have

 the same chemical formulas and molecular structures but different physical properties.   the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures and physical properties.  different chemical formulas and molecular structures but the same physical properties.  different chemical formulas, molecular structures, and physical properties.

Remember that it is the way the atoms are bound together that gives rise to chemical and physical properties.

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4.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which pair represents isomers?









Fine two that have the exact same numbers of all atoms.

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

For linear n-hexane, C6H14, which molecular representation is correct?

   

Hex- means six.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

Isopentyl acetate (shown here) is used as a flavoring agent in food. Its fragrance is that of bananas.

What functional group(s) is(are) present in this compound?

  Ester only  Ketone only  Ketone and ether  Ester, ether, and ketone There is only one, but it is a more complex functional group. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which functional group does this molecule contain? picture

 Acid   Alcohol  Amine  Ester This is an OH, not an OR, group.

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8.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Amino acids are compounds that contain both amine and organic acid functional groups. Which compound is an amino acid?









Look for the amino end and the carboxylic acid end separately.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which functional group contains a nitrogen atom?

 Alcohol   Amine  Ester  Ether The others are oxygen containing groups.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

For this line-angle drawing, which condensed structural formula is correct?

 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH  CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH   CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3  CH(CH3)2CH2OH This has 4 carbons.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The common OTC medication ibuprofen is sold as a racemic mixture although only the L-isomer is a pain reliever. What does the term racemic mixture mean?

  There is an equal mixture of the + and − optical isomers in the drug preparation  There are two active ingredients in the drug preparation  The inactive optical isomer does not cause serious side effects  The inactive isomer is transformed into the active isomer in the body Remember that this is a chemistry definition and nothing to do with how the mixture acts in the body.

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12.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the structure of the ester that is formed in the following reaction?









Remember that only one doubly-bonded O and one singly-bonded O remain in the product.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Why are many drugs administered as salts rather than as the corresponding neutral compounds?

  Salts have greater water solubility and stability than the neutral compound  As a general rule, salts are more active than the neutral compounds  Salts are generally liquid and therefore more active than the neutral compounds  The salts are less expensive to produce than the corresponding neutral compounds This about needing to get the drug dissolved into the bloodstream.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

The body's chemical messengers, called __________, are produced in the endocrine glands.

 enzymes   hormones  isomers  viruses These are known to cause moodiness and influence puberty.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Enzymes are

  biochemical catalysts that influence the rate of chemical reactions.  compounds used to relieve inflammation in muscles and joints.  proteins that produce fever and swelling.  special hormones that influence the rate of chemical reactions.

These serve to lower the energy necessary to carry out many of the body's functions.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

Which is not true concerning the discovery and development of the penicillin antibiotics?

 Alexander Fleming noted that the mold Penicillium notatum inhibited bacterial growth  The first step in the development of these drugs was the isolation of the active agent produced by the mold Penicillium notatum

 There are currently more than a dozen different penicillins in clinical use   World War I gave added impetus for the development of the penicillin antibiotics Remember that people would die of all sorts of infection before this discovery.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which compound cannot exist as a pair of optical isomers?









Remember that the central carbon must have four different groups around it to be chiral.

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18.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Identify the chiral carbon atom in L-dopa (used to treat Parkinson's disease).

 1  2  3  4 Look for one with four different groups around it.

19.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of these incorrectly pairs a hormone with its function?

 Thyroxin—regulates metabolism  Insulin—enables the body to use glucose (blood sugar) for energy  Adrenaline (epinephrine)—prepares the body to "fight or flee"   Progesterone—controls muscle mass The one that is matched incorrectly is a sex hormone.

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20.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The term "pharmacophore" was originally described by the Nobel Prize winner Paul Ehrlich more than 100 years ago. What is the meaning of this term?

 The correct dose at which a drug should be administered   The three-dimensional arrangement of a drug responsible for its biological activity  The form in which a drug is prepared for oral consumption  The group of compounds responsible for euphoria Structure and function go hand in hand.

21.

Award: 10.00 points

What functional groups are common to both of structures below?

  Acid  Alcohol  Amide  Amine Look beyond the OH to see if there is a more complex functional group.

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22.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The family of compounds known as steroids share a common molecular framework of 17 carbon atoms that are arranged into four rings. Which is a representation of this common molecular framework?









Count the corners to find the one with 17.

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23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What structural feature do the two hormones shown have in common?

  Both have alcohol functional groups  Both have ketone functional groups  Both are steroids  There are no structural features in common Only one has the carbonyl group.

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24.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Some steroids are more soluble in water than others. Based on your understanding of the solubility of molecular compounds in water, decide which compound is the most soluble.









Like dissolves like and water looks like H-O-H.

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25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which region of cholesterol is most responsible for its solubility in nonpolar substances?

 Region 1  Region 2   Region 3  Region 4 Nonpolar compounds look like long chain oils and fats.

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26.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Comparing the structures of aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, what structural units do they share?

 Acid functional groups  Amide functional groups   Benzene rings  Ester functional groups Note the large rings like looks like hex nuts.

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27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Identify groups of structural isomers among the compounds below.

  3 and 5 and 1 and 4  2 and 3  1, 3, and 5  1 and 4 These have the same numbers of all types of atoms.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following are general goals for green chemical synthesis methods?

I. There is less waste II. Harsh reagents are avoided III. It uses recombinant technology IV. It needs intense purification

 I and IV only  II and III only  III and IV only   I, II, and III only This needs less purification than the previous, toxic synthesis.

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29.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

If the reaction quotient, Q, is less than the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will

 continue both forward and reverse reactions to keep the ratio of reactants and products the same.

  continue the forward reaction to convert reactants into products.  continue the reverse reaction to convert products into reactants.  halt all reactions.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

If the reaction quotient, Q, is higher than the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will

 continue both forward and reverse reactions to keep the ratio of reactants and products the same.

 continue the forward reaction to convert reactants into products.   continue the reverse reaction to convert products into reactants.  halt all reactions.

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31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

If the reaction quotient, Q, is equal to the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will

  continue both forward and reverse reactions to keep the ratio of reactants and products the same.

 continue the forward reaction to convert reactants into products.  continue the reverse reaction to convert products into reactants.  halt all reactions.

32.

Award: 10.00 points

High fructose corn syrup is produced from the partial conversion of glucose to fructose. For this reaction K = 0.74. If the glucose concentration is 5 × 10−3 M, the fructose concentration must equal

 6.8 × 10−3 M.   3.7 × 10−3 M.  4.0 × 10−2 M.  1.4 × 10−4 M.

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33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Select the formula for the equilibrium constant for the association of epinephrine and its receptor. epinephrine + receptor à complex

34.



[epinephrine][receptor] [complex]



[complex][receptor] [epinephrine]



[epinephrine][complex] [receptor]



[complex] [receptor][epinephrine]

Award: 10.00 points

The equilibrium constant for the association of thyroxin with its receptor is greater than 1. Given the reaction below, which of the following statements are true. thyroxin + receptor à complex

 Unbound thyroxin will be favored over bound   Bound thyroxin will be favored over unbound  The receptor has a very low concentration in the body  The hormone, thyroxin, has a very low concentration in the body

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35.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Select the correct statement regarding weak and strong acids.

  A weak acid will resist changes to pH  A strong acid will resist changes to pH  A strong acid will not release its protons easily  A weak acid will completely dissociate in water

36.

Award: 10.00 points

Ammonium (NH4+) has a pKa of 9.3. Select the majority species at pH = 10

 NH3+  NH3.   NH4+  NH5+

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37.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Formic acid has a pKa of 3.8. Calculate the pH of a solution if [Formic acid] = 0.020 M and [Formate] = 0.040 M.

 pH = 3.5  pH = 3.8  pH = 4.1   pH = 4.4

38.

Award: 10.00 points

Acetic acid has a pKa of 4.8. Select the representation that shows the majority species at pH 7.

 CH3COOH2+  CH3COOH   CH3COO−  CH2COO2−

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39.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Only three of the statements about buffers in the body below are correct. Select the false statement.

 Organs or cell components will differ in their normal pH   Buffers are only necessary in the blood and stomach  Weak acids only make good buffers when the pH is near their pKa  Strong acids will not make good buffers

40.

Award: 10.00 points

Select the true statement about conjugate bases.

 A conjugate base is one product of the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an ester  Conjugate bases are only important for buffers made with strong acids   A conjugate base is one dissociation product of any acid  None of these choices are true about conjugate bases

41.

Award: 10.00 points

Vitamin E has many promising pharmacological benefits. Which of the following statements about vitamin E are false?

 Vitamin E is a mixture of structural and optical isomers  Biological systems will only absorb and concentrate some vitamin E isomers  Vitamin E plays a role in fetal development   The L-form of vitamin E can cause accelerated heart rate

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42.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a class of biological macromolecule?

  Steroids  Lipids  Nucleic acids  Polysaccharides

43.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a correct pair a biological macromolecule class with one of its functions?

 Nucleic acids; information transfer  Lipids; protection  Proteins; cellular structure   Polysaccharides; catalysis

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44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Glycolysis I. is stage one of cellular respiration.

II. converts glucose to smaller high energy compounds.

III. requires oxygen to operate.

IV. is utilized by muscles for immediate energy.

 I and III  II, III, and IV   I, II, and IV  I, II, III, and IV

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Modern drug discovery often starts with a large library of compounds. These library studies are important because

 cancerous tissue is much more difficult to target than foreign invaders.  old drugs will never be effective against new targets.  the search will definitely yield a new candidate drug.   the search may yield a number of possible framework pieces to build into a good drug.

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46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A structure-activity-relationship study

 considers the relationship of many enzymes based upon both their structure and activity.  examines the structure of an enzyme then compares it to its activity with the drug.   makes a series of small structural changes to the drug then compares it to its activity with the enzyme.

 isolates small portions of the protein to examine how their structure relates to their activity.

47.

Award: 10.00 points

Radioisotopes and ionizing radiation I. allow us to develop high resolution images of some tissues.

II. were hypothesized for medical use over a century ago.

III. can induce apoptosis in cancerous tissues.

IV. are always selective for cancerous tissues.

 I and III  II and IV   I, II, and III  I, II, III, and IV

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48.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is not a valid model for protein binding?

 lock-and-key  induced fit   conformational fit  conformational selection

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 13

1.

Award: 10.00 points

If the adenine (A) content of DNA is 33 percent, what is its guanine (G) content?

 33 percent   17 percent  50 percent  22 percent Remember A pairs with T; G pairs with C.

2.

Award: 10.00 points

The backbone structure of DNA is

 sugar-base-sugar-base.  base-phosphate-base-phosphate.  base-base-base-base.   sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate.

It is often called a "phosphate backbone."

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A protein is a linear polymer composed of

 sugar-amino acid-sugar-amino acid.  base-sugar-base-sugar.   amino acid-amino acid.  lipid-base-lipid-base.

This is sometimes called a "polypeptide."

4.

Award: 10.00 points

Sickle-cell anemia I. is caused by mutation in the human gene that codes for a protein expressed in the red blood cells.

II. is a genetic disease, inheritable from one's parents.

III. can cause red blood cells to become sickle shaped.

IV. can clog organs, reducing their blood supplies.

 I and II only  I and III only  I, II, and III only   I, II, III, and IV This is common in certain populations which is evidence that there is a genetic component.

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5.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

How many DNA bases in any one gene must be changed for a mutation to have a serious effect?

  One  Two  Five  At least 100 Remember that there can be serious and nonserious mutations.

6.

Award: 10.00 points

The primary structure of a protein is the

 overall shape or conformation of the molecule.  conformation of amino acids in a segment of polypeptide.   identity and sequence of amino acids present.  association of one protein chain with another.

This is the basis for the more complex structure.

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7.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The secondary structure of a protein is the

 overall shape or conformation of the molecule.   conformation of amino acids in a segment of polypeptide.  identity and sequence of amino acids present.  association of one protein chain with another.

This rises from hydrogen bonding and other intermolecular forces.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

The tertiary structure of a protein is the

  overall shape or conformation of the molecule.  conformation of amino acids in a segment of polypeptide.  identity and sequence of amino acids present.  association of one protein chain with another.

This is the most complex of the structures.

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The level of protein structure directly determined by the sequence of nucleotides on DNA is

  primary.  secondary.  tertiary.  double helix.

More structure arises from this sequence, hence its name.

10.

Award: 10.00 points

The level of protein structure that involves hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone is

 primary.   secondary.  tertiary.  double helix.

This arises from the primary structure.

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11.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Deoxyribose is the __________ in DNA.

 ribonucleotide  deoxyribonucleotide   sugar  phosphate This is a cousin of sucrose and fructose.

12.

Award: 10.00 points

X-ray diffraction is a method for

  determining the position of atoms in a crystal.  sequencing the primary structure of polymers.  inserting modified DNA into a cell.  dividing the DNA molecule into pieces for analysis.

Remember that it was the X-ray films that lead to the determination of the structure for DNA.

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13.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What forces hold the two strands of DNA together?

 Covalent bonds  Ionic bonds  Salt bridges   Hydrogen bonds Remember that no electrons are shared and no full charge separation exist between the strands.

14.

Award: 10.00 points

DNA has four different nitrogen-containing bases. Which of the following are other structural characteristics of DNA? I. The bases are attached to the phosphate groups II. The bases are attached to the sugar molecule, deoxyribose III. The bases A and T are complementary, and C and G are complementary IV. The bases A and C are complementary, and T and G are complementary

 I and III   II and III  I and IV  II and IV Only I or II and III or IV may be true.

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Identify the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the following DNA sequence.

TACGGCTTAAG

 TAGCCTTAAC  ATGGGGAATTC  TTCDDGTTTTC   ATGCCGAATTC A goes with T and C with G.

16.

Award: 10.00 points

A codon is three

  bases in DNA.  amino acids in a polypeptide.  chemical units in a nucleotide.  sugar in a polysaccharide.

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17.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

If the thymine (T) content of DNA is 29 percent, what is the content of guanine (G)?

  21 percent  29 percent  58 percent  71 percent Thymine must have an equal amount of adenine, which make a total of 58 percent of the DNA.

18.

Award: 10.00 points

Identify the base sequence that is complementary to the following DNA sequence.

TTAAGGCC

  AATTCCGG  GGCCAATT  AATTGGCC  TTAACCGG Remember A and T are a pair as are C and G.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

9/22

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19.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Small changes in __________ protein structure may lead to big changes in __________ protein structures.

 secondary; tertiary  primary; secondary   primary; tertiary  tertiary; secondary Remember that the most basic structure dictates the rest of the complex structure.

20.

Award: 10.00 points

The level of protein structure that involves interactions among amino acid side chains is

 primary.  secondary.   tertiary.  double helix.

This the highest level of protein structure.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

10/22

9/17/2020

21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Plasmids are

 linear pieces of DNA.  linear pieces of RNA.   circular pieces of DNA.  circular pieces of RNA.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

What are the three types of units that must be present in a deoxyribonucleotide used in forming DNA? I. base II. deoxyribose III. ribose IV. phosphate V. water

 I, II, and V   I, II, and IV  I, III, and V  I, III, and IV The are the three primary components of DNA.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

11/22

9/17/2020

23.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The distance between base pairs in DNA is 0.34 nm. How many base pairs are there in a chromosome that is 12.0 cm long? (Note: 109 nm = 1 m)

 2.8 × 107  3.5 × 1010   3.5 × 108  3.5 × 109 Watch your units and note that 12 cm = 0.12 m and 0.34 nm is 3.4 × 10−8 m.

24.

Award: 10.00 points

What functional groups are present in all amino acids?

 Alkyl group and carboxylic acid   Alkyl group and amino group  Alcohol and carboxylic acid  Alcohol and amino group They have an "amino" end and an "acid" end.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

12/22

9/17/2020

25.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Human insulin protein I. is helpful in the treatment of diabetes in humans.

II. controls the levels of glucose in the blood.

III. can be produced in the bacterium, E. coli

 I and II only  II and III only  I and III only   I, II, and III This functions like regular insulin, but is grown in bacteria.

26.

Award: 10.00 points

Protein enzymes act as

 active sites.   catalysts.  substrates.  cells.

These reduce the activation energy required for a reaction.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

13/22

9/17/2020

27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A catalytic effect or acceleration of a reaction can occur in the __________ of an enzyme.

 DNA  RNA  substrates   active site This is due to enzymes in those places.

28.

Award: 10.00 points

DNA has a backbone that consists of alternating

 base pairs.  sugars and proteins.   phosphates and sugars.  proteins and bases.

This is dioxyribose and __________.

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14/22

9/17/2020

29.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The nitrogen-containing bases in DNA are attached by covalent bonds to a

  sugar.  complementary base.  protein.  phosphate.

30.

Award: 10.00 points

A nucleotide consists of which of the following?

I. bases II. complimentary base pairs III. deoxyribose molecule IV. phosphates

 I and III  II, III, and IV   I, III, and IV  II and IV Remember that complemental nucleotides pair through hydrogen bonds.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

15/22

9/17/2020

31.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which is/are concerns about genetically modified food crops?

I. GM plants will spread into the wild II. GM crops threaten the natural balance III. Use of genetically engineered crops will force pests to evolve IV. GM crops may stop producing food because of damage to their genes

 I and II only  I and IV only   I, II, and III only  I, II, III, and IV The concerns are more related to over population than under population.

32.

Award: 10.00 points

The identity and sequence of the amino acids present in a protein is its

  primary structure.  secondary structure.  tertiary structure.  quaternary structure.

This gives rise to the other layers of structure.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

16/22

9/17/2020

33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Insulin derived from animals was used to treat diabetes cases until genetic modification techniques arose in the late 1970s. Which of the following was a drawback of nonhuman insulin?

 Impurities in the insulin led to allergic reactions in some human patients  Animal-derived insulin carried other diseases  Animal insulin was expensive to obtain   Small chemical differences between animal and human insulin led to allergic reactions in some human patients

34.

Award: 10.00 points

Today, human insulin for treating diabetes is generated by

 corn plants.  a strain of yeast.   a strain of bacteria.  lab mice.

35.

Award: 10.00 points

The DNA materials contained in a(n) __________ codes for the production of a protein.

 nucleotide  enzyme  codon   gene https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

17/22

9/17/2020

36.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Only three of the statements below about the nitrogen-containing bases in DNA are true. Select the false statement.

 All bases are able to make hydrogen bonds   All bases have two rings in their structure  Only some bases have oxygens  Four types of bases are used in DNA

37.

Award: 10.00 points

Only three of the statements below about the chemical components of DNA and RNA are true. Select the false statement.

 Phosphate groups will be negatively charged at pH 7  Polymerization of DNA nucleotides releases water  Only one type of sugar is used to make DNA   The double helix is stabilized by covalent bonds between the strands

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

18/22

9/17/2020

38.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Chose the analogy below that best matches. nucleotide : DNA

 Protein : enzyme   Amino acid : protein  Codon : amino acid  Ribose : deoxyribose

39.

Award: 10.00 points

DNA must uncoil before replication.

  True  False

40.

Award: 10.00 points

A __________ contains all of the __________ necessary to run a cell and/or organism.

  genome; genes  enzyme; active sites  codon; amino acids  protein; codons

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

19/22

9/17/2020

41.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Side chains of amino acids

  can be polar or nonpolar.  always contain nitrogen.  react together in condensation polymerization.  interact in secondary, but not tertiary structure.

42.

Award: 10.00 points

Genes can be transferred between organisms because

 all organisms produce the same enzymes.  adding one gene to an organism will not change the chemistry of a cell.  all organisms have the same cellular structure.   codons correspond to the same amino acids in all organisms.

43.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is a true difference between domestic breeding and genetic engineering of plants?

 Domestic breeding does not cause visible changes in the plant  Domestic breeding does not cause changes to the DNA   Domestic breeding cannot mix genes between different organisms  Domestic breeding will not produce a plant that requires tending by a human

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

20/22

9/17/2020

44.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Plants are easier to genetically engineer than bacteria due to their simpler cellular structure.

 True   False

45.

Award: 10.00 points

Genetic engineering has been used in Hawaii to protect the papaya crops by

 making the papaya poisonous to invading insects.  introducing a new strain of papaya that is resistant to fungus growth.   incorporating DNA from the virus to help the plants resist this disease.  incorporating DNA that made the fruit more resistant to rotting after harvest.

46.

Award: 10.00 points

Genetic engineered enzymes can make chemical synthesis greener. Which of the following is not an advantage of enzyme-based reactions?

 Enzymes are reusable   Enzymes are carbon neutral  Enzymes can be designed to handle specific reactions  Enzymes require fewer toxic chemicals than traditional catalysts

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

21/22

9/17/2020

47.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Yellow rice is genetically engineered to

 improve drought resistance.   produce beta carotene (Vitamin A).  develop stronger roots.  produce Vitamin D.

48.

Award: 10.00 points

Select the true statement below.

 In the United States, genetically engineered crops are still rare  Plants are only genetically engineered to resist viruses or insects  Insects can evolve resistance to GM varieties in lab environments   Farmers typically save GM crop seeds to replant annually

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

22/22

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Assignment Print View

CHAPTER 14

1.

Award: 10.00 points

The field of forensics is only applicable to criminal investigations.

 True   False

2.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following describes a basic duty of a forensic scientist?

 Analyzing physical evidence found at a crime scene  Providing expert testimony in a court of law  Training staff on the proper collection of physical evidence   All of these choices are correct

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1/18

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3.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Items discovered at a crime scene must be

 handled only by personnel properly trained in crime scene evidence collection techniques.  packaged together in a single container to keep everything together.   identified with the collector’s initials and date of collection.  All of these choices are correct

4.

Award: 10.00 points

A victim’s body was found at a crime scene with a body temperature of 90°F, at an outside temperature of 65°F. The time of death is likely

 within the past hour.  between 1–2 hrs prior.  between 2–3 hrs prior.   longer than 3 hrs prior.

5.

Award: 10.00 points

In the United States, the national database containing DNA profiles for convicted offenders and evidence is known as

 IAFIS.   CODIS.  NCIC.  ViCAP. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

2/18

9/17/2020

6.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A cigarette butt is found at a crime scene that matches the DNA of a suspect. Which of the following is correct?

 The suspect is innocent  The suspect is guilty   The suspect may be guilty; investigators must determine when the cigarette butt was deposited

 The suspect may be guilty; DNA evidence is not reliable for forensic investigations

7.

Award: 10.00 points

The acronym DNA stands for

 deoxiribonucleic acid.  deoxynucleic acid.   deoxyribonucleic acid.  diribonucleic acid.

8.

Award: 10.00 points

DNA is not easily obtained from

 saliva.  blood.  sweat.   fingerprints. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

3/18

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9.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following aspect of forensic investigations portrayed on television is unrealistic?

 The forensic investigator carefully surveys the crime scene and collects evidence in plastic bags

  DNA profiles are analyzed within a few minutes and match a suspect  Fingerprints are taken from doorknobs using a black powder and sticky tape  All of these choices are correct

10.

Award: 10.00 points

Electrophoresis is used to

 charge a dead battery.  split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.   separate DNA fragments.  amplify DNA fragments.

11.

Award: 10.00 points

Gas chromatography (GC) is used to

 determine the identity of gases dissolved in a liquid.   separate mixtures of gases.  separate mixtures of liquids.  separate mixtures of solids.

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4/18

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12.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following represent isotopes?

 13C and 12C  14N and 18O  16O and 18O   13C and 12C and 16O and 18O

13.

Award: 10.00 points

Isotopic analysis can be also used for climate change in which respect?

 Determine the current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere   Determine past air temperatures  Determine the past concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere  Determine past air temperatures and the past concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere

14.

Award: 10.00 points

The unit of permil (also known as per mille) is

 ppm.  p.m.   ‰.  %. https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

5/18

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15.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is primarily used to

 determine the chemical composition of a sample.   determine the sizes and shapes of particles comprising a sample.  determine the electrical conductivity of a sample.  All of these choices are correct

16.

Award: 10.00 points

The image obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results from

 electrons passing through the sample that reach a detector.  electrons that are blocked from reaching a detector through contact with sample atoms.   secondary electrons ejected from sample atoms through interaction with an electron beam.  All of these choices are correct

17.

Award: 10.00 points

In order to visualize fingerprints from a non porous surface, the object may be placed within a fuming chamber and exposed to vapors of which substance?

 Cyanoacetate   Cyanoacrylate  Cyanoacetic acid  Cyanide

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

6/18

9/17/2020

18.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

In order to avoid prosecution, criminals have used acid or sharp objects in an attempt to obscure their fingerprints. Which of the following describes the outcome of this devious attempt?

 This is effective and would lead to a criminal successfully avoiding prosecution   This is most often not effective since the damage would have to penetrate beyond 1–2 mm beneath the skin’s surface

 This is effective as long as no visible fingerprint may be seen with the naked eye  This is effective and has necessitated the development of new fingerprinting techniques

19.

Award: 10.00 points

A latent fingerprint is made from the depositing of oils and/or sweat. It is invisible to the naked eye.

  True  False

20.

Award: 10.00 points

Blood is taken from a person suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. If the specimen is kept unrefrigerated at a moderately warm temperature, the blood alcohol concentration will

 remain the same.  increase with time.   decrease with time.  either increase or decrease with time, depending on its starting concentration.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

7/18

9/17/2020

21.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

One of the most common types of paint analyzed by criminal forensic laboratories is

 fingernail polish on a victim’s hand.   automobile paint.  furniture varnish and stains at a crime scene.  paint from the walls of a crime scene.

22.

Award: 10.00 points

Glass that is strengthened by using rapid heating and cooling is referred to as

 Pyrex glass.  laminated glass.  low-E glass.   tempered glass.

23.

Award: 10.00 points

The filaments of headlights are examined after a head-on accident. Both filaments are observed to have extensive deformation. Which of the following scenario likely applies to the accident?

  Both of the vehicle headlights were on at the time of the crash  Both of the vehicle headlights were off at the time of the crash  There is no way to tell if the vehicle headlights were on or off at the time of the accident  Additional testing on the plastic lenses must be carried out to determine whether the vehicle headlights were on or off at the time of the crash https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

8/18

9/17/2020

24.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

What is the most important aspect of paint evidence that is used for comparison purposes?

 The type of pigments in the surface layer   The complexity of the layer structure  The components of the clear coat finish  The texture of the surface layer

25.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the lower flammability limit (LFL)?

  The lowest concentration of solvent vapor that can ignite in air  The lowest temperature that will ignite solvent vapor in air  The lowest atmospheric pressure that is needed to ignite solvent vapor in air  None of these choices are correct

26.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the flash point of a solvent?

 The minimum temperature at which a vapor will spontaneously ignite  When the temperature exceeds the boiling point of the solvent  The minimum temperature at which a vapor will spontaneously ignite and when the temperature exceeds the boiling point of the solvent

  When the vapor pressure of a solvent equals its lower flammability limit (LFL)

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

9/18

9/17/2020

27.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Electrophoresis uses __________ to separate fragments of DNA.

 varying pressures  filtration   an electrical field  a magnetic field

28.

Award: 10.00 points

What is flashover?

 Any condition when a fire has been initiated   When the majority of exposed surfaces are heated to above their autoignition temperatures  When the majority of exposed surfaces are heated to above their boiling points  When the majority of exposed surfaces are heated to above their flash points

29.

Award: 10.00 points

What is the material used for the majority of automobile headlight lenses?

 Glass   Polycarbonate plastic  Polyacrylate plastic  Polyethylene plastic

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

10/18

9/17/2020

30.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The most common and rapid method to match paint samples is

 gas chromatography.  nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.  mass spectrometry.   infrared spectroscopy.

31.

Award: 10.00 points

The polymerase chain reaction involves all of the following except

 replicating DNA outside a cell.   multiplying the number of copies of an individual’s entire genome.  multiplying short strands of DNA.  using a DNA thermal cycler.

32.

Award: 10.00 points

A chemical process in which heat is evolved is called

 endothermic.   exothermic.  endergonic.  combustion.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

11/18

9/17/2020

33.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

A gas chromatograph provides the identity of an accelerant by matching __________ between residue found at the crime scene and known accelerants.

 peak shapes  peak heights  peak patterns   All of these choices are correct

34.

Award: 10.00 points

Most arson fires are started with

 an oxidizing agent.  highly unsaturated oils.   petroleum-based fuels.  lead-based paints.

35.

Award: 10.00 points

A fire investigation must first focus on finding the fire’s origin.

  True  False

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

12/18

9/17/2020

36.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following instruments are most useful for the identification of fire accelerants?

 Infrared spectroscopy  UV-Visible spectroscopy  Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy   None of these choices are correct

37.

Award: 10.00 points

The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene is called the

 primary officer.   first responder.  inspector.  emergency technician.

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

13/18

9/17/2020

38.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following solvents will not ignite at 35°C, even in the presence of an ignition source?

Diethyl ether (flash point: −45°C; boiling point: 35°C) Acetone (flash point: −20°C; boiling point: 56°C) Dichloromethane (flash point: 100°C; boiling point: 40°C) Hexanes (flash point: −26°C; boiling point: 69°C)

 Acetone   Dichloromethane  Hexanes  Diethyl ether

39.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following can introduce a source of contamination to a crime scene?

 Disposable shoe covers  Latex gloves  Disposable forceps   None of these choices are correct

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

14/18

9/17/2020

40.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which type of fire extinguisher is most appropriate to extinguish an electrical fire?

  Carbon dioxide  Dry–powder such as graphite  Water  Wet–chemical such as aqueous potassium carbonate

41.

Award: 10.00 points

Multiple points of origin for a fire are a definite sign of arson.

 True   False

42.

Award: 10.00 points

High concentrations of mercury are discovered in a lab fire. Which of the objects below is not a possible source for this contamination?

 Thermometers  Light bulbs   Alkaline batteries  All of these choices are correct

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

15/18

9/17/2020

43.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

The arson investigation team is trained to pay particular attention to

 the cost of damage to the building.  the time of day the fire has occurred.   suspicious burn patterns on floors and/or walls.  All of these choices are correct

44.

Award: 10.00 points

The principle of like retains like in gas chromatography refers to the similarity of __________ between the stationary phase and analyte.

 boiling points   polarities  flash points  molecular weights

45.

Award: 10.00 points

It is impossible to detect, remove, and analyze fingerprints from the surface of a victim’s skin.

 True   False

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

16/18

9/17/2020

46.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Upon mixing, which of the following would represent a homogeneous solution?

  Sugar and water  Sand and water  Charcoal and water  All of these choices are correct

47.

Award: 10.00 points

Stainless steel may be classified as a homogeneous solution.

  True  False

48.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following molecules would be nonpolar?

 Ethanol  Water  Acetic acid   Gasoline

https://ezto.mheducation.com/hm.tpx

17/18

9/17/2020

49.

Assignment Print View

Award: 10.00 points

Which database is used to match automobile paint samples?

 IAFIS  CODIS  RNA   PDQ

50.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following is one of the three R’s of forensic investigations?

 Reduce  Reuse   Recover  Recycle

51.

Award: 10.00 points

Which of the following metals is used in solvent stills?

 Al  Fe   Na  Mg

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18/18