Foreword
Increasingly,space-faringnationshavetodealwithawiderangeofsecurity challengesthreateningthesustainableoperationofspaceactivities.Inthissense, securityinouterspaceisofgrowingimportancenotonlyforoperatorsbutalsofor publicandprivateentitiesusingspace-baseddataandservicesfortheiroperations. Thisincreasinglychallengingsecuritysituationhasbeenacknowledgedbythe globalcommunityatlarge,recognisingthatspacesecuritycanonlybeachievedas theoutcomeofaglobaleffort.TheEuropeanUnionupholds “theprotectionand resilienceofcriticalEuropeanspaceinfrastructure” asa flagshipobjectiveofthe SpaceStrategyforEuropeandstressestheimportanceofcooperationatEuropean andalsointernationallevels,inparticularwiththeUSA.AndacrosstheAtlantic, spacehasalwaysheldaprominentdefenceandnationalsecuritydimension,making spacesecurityofcriticalimportance.
Inconsideringtheabove,ESPI’sresearchteamfocusedgreatlyonspacesecurity mattersin2017and2018.Inthisthread,wehaverecentlyengagedinresearchon securityinouterspacefromEuropeanaswellastransatlanticperspectives(provided inthisYearbook’sPartII).WelikewisefocusedourannualAutumnConferencein September2018on “SecurityinOuterSpace:RisingStakesforCivilianSpace Programmes”.Bringingtogethersatelliteoperators,SMEs,EuropeanandAmerican institutionsandthinktanks,thelatestAutumnConferenceservedasaplatformfor freshinsightsonsecurityinouterspaceandthepotentialoftransatlanticrelationsto addressitschallenges.Heldover2days,theconferencecoveredthefollowingthree focusareas:(1)theStateofPlayinSpaceSecurityStrategies:SpaceAssetsinan EvolvingEnvironment;(2)ForgingAheadwithEuropeanSpaceSecurityEfforts; and(3)RethinkingTransatlanticCooperation:towardsSTM.Andinordertoboth highlightandsharethese findings,wehaveultimatelychosentoreflectthisactivity intheannualthemeofthe2017Yearbook.
Beyondthisscope,plentyofdevelopmentsoutsidethetopicofspacesecurity haveofcoursealsohappenedduringtheYearbook’sreportingperiod.Thiscontent islaidoutinPartI,whichprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheeconomic, political,technologicalandinstitutionaltrendsthataffectedspaceactivitiesinthe pastyear.Itispreparedin-housebyESPI,andwhileitsperspectiveisEuropean,it
alsoprovidesacomparativereviewofspacedevelopmentsaroundtheworld.In 2017,wenoteinparticulartheprivatespacesector,whichcontinuedtoevolveata fastpacewiththeconsolidationofanumberofprivateinitiativesinthewakeofthe so-callednewspaceapproach,whilemajorprogressalsooccurredinspaceexploration,inparticularontheMoonandtowardsMarsaswellasinthediscoveryof exoplanetsbeyondoursolarsystem.The firstpartmoreoverincludesacollectionof ESPIthoughtpapers,coveringselectedtopicsofgrowingimportancesuchas suborbitalspaceflight,themultiplicationofspaceports,super-heavy-liftlaunch vehicles,collaborationwithChinaandthedelimitationofouterspace.Overall,the aimofthissectionistoofferthereaderanoverviewofthedevelopmentofseveral keyfeaturesofEuropeanandglobalspaceactivitiesduringthereportingperiod.
ThesecondpartoftheYearbookbeginswiththeProceedingsofESPI’s12th AutumnConference,heldinlateSeptember2018,whichdiscussedthegrowing importanceofsecurityinouterspaceandthestakesforcivilianspaceprogrammesin thepublicandprivatesectors.PartIIadditionallyexplorestherisingstakesfor Europeinsecurityinouterspaceaswellasperspectivesontransatlanticrelationsin securityinouterspace.
ThethirdpartoftheYearbookservesasanarchiveof2017spaceactivities preparedwithESPI’sin-housedatabase,includingacompletelaunchlog,achronologyofmajorpolicyandrelatedevents,dataonESAMemberStatesaswellasa comprehensivebibliographyofspacelawandpolicypublicationsproducedduring thereportingperiod.
Inclosing,IwouldliketothankthecontributorsofthematerialsfeaturedinPart IIoftheYearbookaswellastheESPIstaffthathavebeeninstrumentalinitsoverall production.
Acronyms
A
A3RArkyd3Reflightspacecraft
AADAdvancedAirDefence
ABSAsiaBroadcastSatellite
ADPCAsianDisasterPreparednessCenter
AEGISAutonomousExplorationforGatheringIncreasedScience
AGAktiengesellschaft
AGRHYMETAgriculture,HydrologyandMeteorologyRegionalCenter
AIAAtmosphericImagingAssembly
AIMAsteroidImpactMission
AirbusD&SAirbusDefenceandSpace
AISAutomaticIdentificationSatellites
AISTAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
ALRAustrianAeronauticsandSpaceAgency
AMESDAfricanMonitoringoftheEnvironmentforSustainable Development
AMSAlphaMagneticSpectrometer
APACChinaandotherAsiaPacific
ARISEAgriculturalResourcesInventoryandSurveyExperiment
ASAPAustrianSpaceApplicationsProgramme
ASATAnti-Satellite
ASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations
ASIAgenziaSpazialeItaliana(ItalianSpaceAgency)
ASLAirbusSafranLaunchers
ASPERA-3MarsExpressAnalyzerforSpacePlasmasandEnergeticAtoms
ATKAlliantTechsystemsInc.
ATVAutomatedTransferVehicle
AWEAWEManagementLimited
AWSAutomaticWeatherStations
BDSBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystems
BELSPOBelgianFederalSciencePolicyOffice
BHRSBelgianHighRepresentationforSpacePolicy
BISBusiness,InnovationandSkills
BMDBallisticMissileDefence
BMVITAustrianFederalMinistryforTransport,InnovationandTechnology
C
CADComputer-AidedDesign
CALETCALorimetricElectronTelescope
CAPECropAcreageandProductionEstimation
CASCChinaAerospaceScienceandTechnologyCorporation
CASTChinaAerospaceScienceandTechnologyCorp.
CATHALACWaterCenterfortheHumidTropicsforLatinAmericaandthe Caribbean
CBERSChina–BrazilEarthResourcesSatellite
CCPCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina
CDConferenceonDisarmament
CDOP3ThirdContinuousDevelopmentandOperationsPhase
CDRACarbonDioxideRemovalAssembly
CDTICentrefortheDevelopmentofIndustrialTechnology
CECConsortiumforEducationalCommunication
CELACCommunityofLatinAmericanandCaribbeanStates
CENICommissionÉlectoraleNationaleIndépendante
CEOSCommitteeonEarthObservationSatellites
CERSGISCentreforRemoteSensingandGeographicInformationServices
CETCentreforEducationTechnology
CFASFederalCommissionforSpaceAffairs
CFOSatChinese-FrenchOceanographySatellite
CGWICChinaGreatWallIndustryCorporation
CHEOPSCHaracterisingExOPlanetSatellite
CHFSwissfranc
CIETCentralInstituteofEducationalTechnology
CILSSComitépermanentInter-EtatsdeLuttecontrelaSécheressedansle Sahel(Ghana)
CISCommunications,Intelligence&Security
CLARREOClimateAbsoluteRadianceandRefractivityObservatory
CMAGoverningBodyoftheParisAgreement
CMECoronalMassEjection
CMSAChinaMannedSpaceAgency
CNESCentreNationald’ÉtudesSpatiales(FrenchSpaceAgency)
CONAEArgentinianSpaceAgency
CONCORDiEuropeanCommission’sbiennialConferencesonCorporateR&D andInnovation
COPConferenceoftheParties
COPUOSUnitedNationsCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace
COSPARCommitteeonSpaceResearch
COSTINDCommissionforScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNational Defense
CRESDACentreforResourcesSatelliteDataandApplication
CRISMCompactReconnaissanceImagingSpectrometerforMars
CRSCommercialResupplyServices
CSACanadianSpaceAgency
CSDPCommonSecurityandDefencePolicy
CSECentredeSuiviEcologique(Senegal)
CSESChinaSeismo-ElectromagneticSatellite
CSLCACommercialSpaceLaunchCompetitivenessAct
CSSChineseSpaceStation
CTXContextCamera
CubeSatsCubeSatellites
D
DAMPEDarkMatterParticleExplorer
DARSDigitalAudioRadioService
DBSDirectBroadcastServices
DECUDevelopmentandEducationalCommunicationUnit
DJEIDepartmentofJobs,EnterpriseandInnovation
DLRDeutschesZentrumfürLuft-undRaumfahrt(GermanAerospace Center)
DoDDepartmentofDefence
DRDODefenceResearchandDevelopmentOrganisation
DSCDecisionSupportCenter
DSCOVRDeepSpaceClimateObserVatoRy
DSIDeepSpaceIndustries
DTHDirectToHome
EBITEarningsbeforeInterestandTaxes
EBITDAEarningsbeforeInterest,Taxes,DepreciationandAmortization
ECAEvolutionCryotechniquetypeA
ECSSEuropeanCooperationforSpaceStandardization
EDMExoMarsEntry,DescentandLandingDemonstratorModule
EDTElectrodynamicTether
EELVU.S.EvolvedExpendableLaunchVehicleProgram
EIBEuropeanInvestmentBank
EICEastIndiaCompany
EIFEuropeanInvestmentFund
EITExtremeultravioletImagingTelescope
ELIRGExtremelyLuminousInfraredGalaxies
ELVEuropeanLaunchVehicle
EMExplorationMission
EMEAEurope,theMiddleEastandAfrica
EMMRCsEducationalMultimediaResearchCentres
EOEarthObservation
EON-MWEarthObservingNanosatellite-Microwave
EPS-SGEuropeanPolarSystemSecondGeneration
ERGExplorationofEnergizationandRadiationinGeospace
ESADGESADirectorGeneral
ESAEuropeanSpaceAgency
ESECESASpaceSecurityandEducationCentre
ESMEuropeanServiceModule
ESMDExplorationSystemsMissionDirectorate
ESPIEuropeanSpacePolicyInstitute
ESSOEarthSystemScienceOrganization
ETCEmergencyTelecommunicationsCluster
EUEuropeanUnion
EUISSEUInstituteforSecurityStudies
EUMETSATEuropeanOrganisationfortheExploitationofMeteorological Satellites
EUTELSATEuropeanTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization
EVEEUVVariabilityExperiment
F
FAAFederalAviationAdministration
FASALForecastingAgriculturaloutputusingSpace,AgrometeorologyandLand basedobservations
FCTFoundationforScienceandTechnology
FFGAustrianResearchPromotionAgency
FFLFondationFollereauLuxembourg
FLPPFutureLaunchersPreparatoryProgramme
FOCACForumonChina–AfricaCooperation
FSSFixed-SatelliteService
FYFiscalYear
G
GAFAsGoogle,Amazon,Facebook,Apple
GCSPGenevaCentreforSecurityPolicy
GDPGrossDomesticProduct
GEOGeostationaryEarthOrbit
GEOGrouponEarthObservations
GEOSSGlobalEarthObservationSystemofSystems
GERDGrossDomesticExpenditureonR&D
GFDRRGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery
GGIMGlobalGeospatialInformationManagement
GmbHGesellschaftmitbeschränkterHaftung
GMTGreenwichMeanTime
GNIGrossNationalIncome
GNSSGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems
GOES-RGeostationaryOperationalEnvironmentalSatelliteR
GOLF “GlobalOscillationsandLowFrequency ” instrument
GOVSATCOMGovernmentalSatelliteCommunications
GPSGlobalPositioningSystem
GRaNDGammaRayandNeutronDetector
GSAEuropeanGNSSAgency
GSLVGeosynchronousSatelliteLaunchVehicle
GSRTGeneralSecretariatforResearchandTechnology
GSSAPGeosynchronousSpaceSituationalAwarenessProgram
GTOGeosynchronousTransferOrbits
H
HATHumanAfricantrypanosomiasis/Sleepingsickness
HDTV-EF2HighDefinitionTVCamera ExposedFacility2
HFAHyogoFrameworkforAction
HMIHelioseismicandMagneticImager
HotDOGHot,Dust-ObscuredGalaxy
HRHigh-Resolution
HREHumanandRoboticExploration
HSOHungarianSpaceOffice
HSTIHumanSpaceTechnologyInitiative
HTVH-2TransferVehicle
II&BInformationandBroadcasting
IAAInternationalAcademyofAstronautics
IACInternationalAstronauticalCongress
IADCInter-AgencySpaceDebrisCoordinationCommittee
IAEG-SDGsUNStatisticalCommission’sInteragencyExpertGroup
IARIIndianAgricultureResearchInstitute
IASCInter-AgencyStandingCommittee
ICBMIntercontinentalBallisticMissile
ICGInternationalCommitteeonGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems
ICIMODInternationalCentreforIntegratedMountainDevelopment
ICoCDraftInternationalCodeofConductforOuterSpaceActivities
ICRCInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross
ICSInformationandCommunicationSystems
ICTInformationandCommunicationsTechnology
IEAInternationalEnergyAgency
IEVIntermediateExperimentalVehicle
IFIsInternationalFinancialInstitutions
IGMAInternationalGNSSMonitoringandAssessment
IGSInternationalGNSSService
IISLInternationalInstituteofSpaceLaw
IKARInterdepartmentalCommitteeforSpaceAffairs
ILSInternationalLaunchServices
IMFInternationalMonetaryFund
IMUInertialMeasurementUnit
INCOISIndianNationalCentreforOceanInformationServices
INTANationalInstituteofAerospaceTechnology
IODCIndianOceanDataCoverage
IOsRegionalOrganizationsandInternationalOrganizations
IoTInternetofThings
IPPInternationalPartnershipProgramme
IRIntermediateResult
IRISInterfaceRegionImagingSpectrograph
IRNSSIndianRegionalNavigationSatelliteSystem
ISCInternationalSatelliteCompanyLimited
ISEDInnovation,ScienceandEconomicDevelopment
ISISIslamicState
ISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardization
ISROIndianSpaceResearchOrganisation
ISSInternationalSpaceStation
ITARInternationalTrafficinArmsRegulations
ITUInternationalTelecommunicationUnion
IUCAAInter-UniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics
IUVSImagingUltraVioletSpectrograph
IXPEImagingX-rayPolarimetryExplorer
JJAXAJapanAerospaceExplorationAgency
JIRAMJovianInfraredAuroralMapper
J-PALAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLab
JPSSJointPolarSatelliteSystem
J-SSODJEMSmallSatelliteOrbitalDeployer
JUICEJupiterIcymoonExplorer
K
K2Kepler2
KARIKoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute(KoreanSpaceAgency)
KITEKounotoriIntegratedTetherExperiment
L
L2Earth-MoonLagrange
LAXPCLargeAreaX-rayProportionalCounter
LEELatchingEndEffectors
LEOLowEarthOrbit
LROLunarReconnaissanceOrbiter
LTSLong-TermSustainability
LULCLandUseandLandCover
MARSISMarsAdvancedRadarforSubsurfaceandIonosphericSounding
MAVENMarsAtmosphereandVolatileEvolutioN
MDACorp.MacDonald,DettwilerandAssociatesLtd.
MDGsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals
MDIMichelsonDopplerImager
MelcoMitsubishiElectricCo.
MEOMediumEarthOrbit
MERLINMethaneRemoteSensingLIDARMission
MESAMonitoringforEnvironmentandSecurity
MESSENGERMErcurySurface,SpaceENvironment,GEochemistryand Ranging
MetopMeteorologicalOperationalSatellite
Metop-SGMetopSecondGeneration
MEXTMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnology
MFGMeteosatFirstGeneration
MHIMitsubishiHeavyIndustries
MITMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
MIURMinistryofEducation,UniversityandResearch
MMOMercuryMagnetosphericOrbiter
MODMinistryofNationalDefense
MOKVMulti-ObjectKillVehicle
MOMMarsOrbiterMission
MOSDACMeteorologicalandOceanographicSatelliteDataArchivalCentre
MoUMemorandumofUnderstanding
MPOMercuryPlanetaryOrbiter
MROMarsReconnaissanceOrbiter
MSFMédecinsSansFrontières
MSGMeteosatSecondGeneration
MSLMarsScienceLaboratory
MSMMethaneSensorforMars
MSSMobileSatelliteService
MTGMeteosatThirdGeneration
MTMMercuryTransferModule
NASANationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration
NATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
NCERTNationalCouncilofEducationalResearchandTraining
NCSTEChina ’sNationalCentreforScienceandTechnologyEvaluation
NDAANationalDefenseAuthorizationAct
NDCsNationallyDeterminedContributions
NECNipponElectricCompany
NEONear-EarthOrbit
NextSTEPNextSpaceTechnologiesforExplorationPartnerships
NGANationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgency
NGCVNext-GenerationCrewVehicle
NGONon-governmentalOrganization
NNRMSNationalNaturalResourcesManagementSystem
NOAANationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration
NOWNetherlandsOrganisationforScientificResearch
NRONationalReconnaissanceOffice
NRSCNationalRemoteSensingCentre
NSANationalSecurityAgency
NSCNationalSpaceCouncil
NSCNorwegianSpaceCentre
NSONetherlandsSpaceOffice
O
OBIAObject-BasedImageAnalysis
OCOOrbitingCarbonObservatory
ODAOfficialDevelopmentAssistance
OECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
OHBOrbitaleHochtechnologieBremen
OOFOtherOfficialFlows
OPECOrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries
ORUOrbitalReplacementUnits
OSTOuterSpaceTreaty
PACEPlankton,Aerosol,Cloud,oceanEcosystem
PADPrithviAirDefense
PAROSPreventionofanArmsRaceinOuterSpace
PASPolishAcademyofSciences
PESPaymentforEcosystemServices
PHAPotentiallyHazardousAsteroids
PLAPeople’sLiberationArmy
PLATOPlanetaryTransitsandOscillationsofstars
PNDPortableNavigationDevices
PNTABPosition,NavigationandTimingAdvisoryBoard
POLSAPolishSpaceAgency
PPPPublic–PrivatePartnership
PPWTDraftTreatyonthePreventionofthePlacementofWeaponsinOuter SpaceandoftheThreatorUseofForceagainstOuterSpaceObjects
PRMPeriodReductionManoeuvre
PROBAPRojectforOnBoardAutonomy
PRSPublicRegulatedService
PSAProgrammeonSpaceApplications
PSLVPolarSatelliteLaunchVehicle
PS-TEPCPosition-SensitiveTissueEquivalentProportionalChamber
PUMAPreparationfortheUseofMSGinAfricaprogramme
Q
QZSSQuasi-ZenithSatelliteSystem
R
RCMRADARSATConstellationMission
RCMRDRegionalCentreforMappingofResourcesforDevelopment
REDD+ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation
RHESSIReuvenRamatyHighEnergySolarSpectroscopicImager
RKVRedesignedKillVehicle
RLVReusableLaunchVehicle
ROSARomanianSpaceAgency
RoscosmosRoscosmosStateCorporation
RRSRegionalRadiocommunicationSeminars
RSCCRussianSatelliteCommunicationsCompany
S
SAARCSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalDevelopment
SABSecurityAccreditationBoard
SABSpaceAdvisoryBoard
SACSpaceApplicationsCenter
SACRISpaceandAdvancedCommunicationsResearchInstitute
SAFSatelliteApplicationFacilities
SAHELSub-SaharaninitiativeforTelemedicine
SAOCOMSatellitesforObservationandCommunications
SDASpaceDataAssociation
SDGsSustainableDevelopmentGoals
SDOSolarDynamicsObservatory
SDPSpaceforDevelopmentProfile
SEIStockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SEPSolarelectricpropulsion
SEPPSpaceEnvironmentProtectionandPreservation
SEPsSolarEnergeticParticles
SERIStateSecretariatforEducation,ResearchandInnovation
SESSingleEuropeanSky
SESSociétéEuropéennedesSatellites
SHARADShallowSubsurfaceRadar
SHLLVSuper-Heavy-LiftLaunchVehicle
SIASatelliteIndustryAssociation
SIETsStateInstitutesofEducationalTechnology
SIGSpatialInformaticsGroup
SISSpaceInfrastructureSecurity
SITESatelliteInstructionalTelevisionExperiment
SLSSpaceLaunchSystem
SMILESolarWindMagnetosphericIonosphericLinkExplorer
SMPAGSpaceMissionPlanningAdvisoryGroup
SNCSierraNevadaCorporation
SNSBSwedishNationalSpaceBoard
SOHOSOlarandHeliosphericObservatory
SpaceXSpaceExplorationTechnologies
SRCSpaceResearchCentre
SRONNetherlandsInstituteforSpaceResearch
SS/LSpaceSystems/Loral
SSOSun-synchronousorbit
SSTSpaceSurveillanceandTracking
SSVSpaceServiceVolume
STEMScience,Technology,EngineeringandMathematics
STEREOSolarTErrestrialRElationsObservatory
STSCScientificandTechnicalSubcommittee
TCBMTransparencyandConfidence-BuildingMeasures
TDPTechnologyDemonstrationProgramme
TEUTreatyonEuropeanUnion
TGOExoMarsTraceGasOrbiter
THAADTerminalHighAltitudeAreaDefensesystem
THEMISThermalEmissionImagingSystem
TRAITelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia
TRAPPISTTransitPlanetsandPlanetesimalsSmallTelescope
U
U.S.MDAMissileDefenseAgency
U.S.UnitedStatesofAmerica
UAEUnitedArabEmirates
UAVUnmannedAerialVehicle
UGCUniversityGrantsCommission
UKUnitedKingdom
ULAUnitedLaunchAlliance
UNUnitedNations
UNCOPUOSUnitedNationsCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace
UNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment
UNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNDSSUnitedNationsDepartmentofSafetyandSecurity
UNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
UNGAUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly
UNGIWGUnitedNationsGeographicInformationWorkingGroup
UNIDIRUnitedNationsInstituteforDisarmamentResearch
UNISPACEUnitedNationsConferenceontheExplorationandPeacefulUsesof OuterSpace
UNOOSAUnitedNationsOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairs
UNSDIUnitedNationsSpatialDataInfrastructure
UN-SPIDERUnitedNationsPlatformforSpace-basedInformationforDisaster ManagementandEmergencyResponse
USAIDU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment
USATUltra-SmallApertureTerminals
VASTVietnamAcademyofScienceandTechnology
VHRVeryHighResolution
VIRVisibleandInfraredMappingSpectrometer
VKOAerospaceDefenceForces
VSATVerySmallApertureTerminals
W
WFPWorldFoodProgramme
WGWorkingGroup
WGPWorldGrossProduct
WISEWide- fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer
WRCWorldRadiocommunicationConference
WRSWorldRadiocommunicationSeminar
PartITheYearinSpace2017 1GlobalSpacePoliciesandProgrammes
1.1.2PoliticalDevelopments.........................5
1.1.3MainScienceandTechnologyIndicatorsRelevant forSpaceActivities...........................18
1.2WorldwideSpacePoliciesandStrategies..................21
1.2.1TheUnitedNationsSystem:UNEntitiesRelevant toSpaceActivity.............................21
1.2.2TheGrouponEarthObservations...
1.3WorldwideSpaceBudgetsandRevenues..
1.3.1OverviewofInstitutionalSpaceBudgets............54
1.3.2OverviewofCommercialSpaceMarkets
1.4.5China..
1.4.7India ......................................104
1.4.8NorthKorea ................................105
2GlobalSpaceActivities:MissionsandTechnological Developments ..........................................107
2.1SpaceTransportation .................................107
2.1.1Europe ....................................107
2.1.2TheUSA. ..................................110
2.1.3Russia.....................................111
2.1.4Japan.....................................112
2.1.5China.. ...................................113
2.1.6India ......................................114
2.2SpaceScienceandExploration.........................115
2.2.1HumanSpaceflightActivities... .................115
2.2.2LunarScience ...............................119
2.2.3MarsScience......... .......................125
2.2.4MercuryScience.............................134
2.2.5JupiterScience ...............................135
2.2.6SaturnScience....... ........................136
2.2.7SolarObservation. ...........................138
2.2.8SolarSystemScience. .........................144
2.2.9ScienceBeyondtheSolarSystem .................149
3ESPIThoughtPapersonSelected2017and2018Developments ....157
3.1China’s2016WhitePaperonSpace:AnAnalysis ............157
3.1.1IntroductiontoChina’sSpaceWhitePapers ..........157
3.1.2What’sInsideandWhat’sLeftOut ................157
3.1.3China’sProgrammaticTargetsfor2016–2020... .....159
3.1.4BetweentheLines ............................161
3.1.5ConcludingRemarks..........................162
3.2Trump’sAdministrationPlansforSpace:Implications forEurope........................................163
3.2.1Introduction .................................163
3.2.2WhatMightBetheMainPrioritiesoftheNew Administration? ..............................164
3.2.3ImplicationsandOpportunitiesforEurope ...........165
3.3Europe:OutoftheBox...............................166
3.3.1Europe’sTechnologyPolicy........... ..........166
3.3.2Risk-SharingSchemesBetweenPublicandPrivate Institutions. .................................167
3.3.3ProjectingOurselvesinaLong-TermVision.........168
3.4Italy-ChinaCollaboration.................. ...........168
3.4.1TheFutureoftheISS. .........................169
3.4.2ESAandCMSA:WhichFrameworkforEurope-China CollaborationinMannedSpaceActivities?..........169
3.5DelimitationofOuterSpace........... ................170
3.5.1Introduction .................................170
3.5.2UpsideandOpportunities.......................171
3.5.3ChallengesandUncertainty.....................171
3.6MakingExplorationGreatAgain........................172
3.6.1Introduction .................................172
3.6.2TheArchitectureProposedbyNASA ..............173
3.6.3WhatPlaceforEurope?........................174
3.6.4Conclusion....... ..........................175
3.7AreWeontheVergeofSuborbitalFlights? ................176
3.7.1Introduction .................................176
3.7.2WhatAretheChallengesandOpportunities forSuborbitalFlights?.........................176
3.7.3WayForward ................................177
3.7.4WhatCouldBetheSocietalImpactsofSuborbital Flights?....................................178
3.8SatelliteDatatoMonitorInternationalAgreements...........178
3.8.1Introduction .................................178
3.8.2CurrentUseofSatelliteDatainInternationalLaw.....179
3.8.3FurtherUseofSatelliteDatainInternationalLaw .....180
3.9AbouttheEnthusiasticMultiplicationofSpaceports Worldwide........................................181
3.9.1DefiningSpaceports ...........................181
3.9.2AnExpectedBoomingLaunchMarket .............181
3.9.3AGreatAmountofNewProjects.................182
3.9.4EconomicPerspectives .........................182
3.9.5TowardaNewParadigmforLaunchSites?..........183
3.10Spacetugs:TowardNewSolutionsforSatcomOperators.......183
3.10.1Background.................................183
3.10.2BusinessPerspectives..........................184
3.10.3EuropeanInitiatives...........................185
3.10.4Conclusion .................................185
3.11NextStepstotheMoon:WhatRoleforEurope? .............186
3.11.1SolidificationandInternationalisation oftheDeepSpaceGateway... ..................186
3.11.2WhatRoleforEurope?.........................187
3.12Super-Heavy-LiftLaunchVehicles:GlobalStatus andEuropeanPerspectives ............................188
3.12.1Overview..................................188
3.12.2Objectives ..................................189
3.12.3Considerations...............................189
3.13ReignitingEurope’sLeadershipinDebrisMitigationEfforts....191
3.13.1TheGrowingConcernofOrbitalDebris ............191
3.13.2Europe’sEffortintheFieldofOrbitalDebris .........191
3.13.3Conclusion:BreakingtheInternationalDeadlock inDebrisMitigationEfforts.....................192
3.14UncontrolledRe-entries:OutstandingIssuesandConsiderations fortheFuture ......................................193
3.14.1WhyRe-entryIsaCriticalSafetyIssue.............193
3.14.2InternationalMeasuresforRe-entry:WhatAre theGaps?........... .......................194
3.14.3ConsiderationsfortheFuture....................195
3.15CommercialActivitiesfromtheOpenOceantoOuterSpace ....196
3.15.1RegulationofSpaceResources:Looking tothePastforAnswerstoCurrentChallenges. .......196
3.15.2MakingComparisons..........................196
3.15.3LookingAhead ..............................197
3.15.4Conclusions. ................................198
3.16BrexitandSpace... .................................199
3.16.1Introduction...... ...........................199
3.16.2AccessandParticipationtoEU-FundedSpace Programmes:Galileo..........................199
3.16.3TheUK’sIndustrialPosition .....................200
PartIIRisingStakesinSecurityinOuterSpace
4OutcomeReportofthe12thESPIAutumnConference ..........205
4.1Introduction. ......................................205
4.2ConferenceSessions .................................206
4.2.1IntroductionandPresentationofESPIStudies inSpaceSecurity .............................206
4.2.2KeynoteSpeechbyKai-UweSchrogl,ESA ..........212
4.2.3Session1: “StateofPlayinSpaceSecurityStrategies: SpaceAssetsinanEvolvingEnvironment ” ..........215
4.2.4KeynoteSpeechbyDanielOltrogge,CSSI.. ........223
4.2.5Session2: “ForgingAheadwithEuropeanSpace SecurityEfforts” .............................225
4.2.6KeynoteSpeechbyHenryHertzfeld,GWUSPI.......230
4.2.7Session3: “RethinkingTransatlanticCollaboration: TowardSTM” ...............................232
4.3Conclusion. .......................................238
4.4ConferenceProgramme...............................240
4.5Speakers’ Biographies.. ..............................243
5SecurityinOuterSpace:RisingStakesforEurope ..............255
5.1Introduction. ......................................255
5.1.1Rationale........ ...........................255
5.1.2ResearchScope..............................256
5.1.3SecurityinOuterSpace:ActionMatrix.............257
5.2IncreasingNeedforSpaceSecurityinEurope...............258
5.2.1RisingThreatstotheEuropeanSpaceInfrastructure Security ....................................258
5.2.2StrategyandPolicyRationales... ................259
5.3OverviewofEuropeanActivitiesandCapabilities............263
5.3.1SpaceSituationalAwareness .....................263
5.3.2SpaceEnvironmentProtectionandPreservation... ....268
5.3.3SpaceInfrastructureSecurity. ....................271
5.4TowardanEnhancedRoleofEuropeinSecurity inOuterSpace.....................................273
5.4.1KeyElementsforConsideration..................273
5.4.2PreparationofaNewFrameworkfor2021–2027 ......276
5.4.3ProposedFurtherDevelopmentsinLightofESPI Conclusions.. ...............................279
6SecurityinOuterSpace:PerspectivesonTransatlanticRelations ...285
6.1Introduction. ......................................285
6.1.1Rationale........ ...........................285
6.1.2ObjectivesoftheResearch......................288
6.1.3ResearchScopeandKeyConcepts ................288
6.1.4Methodology... .............................289
6.2TransatlanticRelationsinSecurityinOuterSpace ............291
6.2.1APrivilegedPartnership........................291
6.2.2TransatlanticCooperationinSecurityinOuterSpace...292
6.3WayForward:ParallelRoutesTowardCommonObjectives....296
6.3.1ComparativeAnalysisofEuropean andUSApproaches...... .....................296
6.3.2AFertileGroundforaReinforcedPartnership... .....301
6.4WhatScopeforaReinforcedTransatlanticPartnership?.......305
6.4.1ShiftingUSPostureTowardNationalLeadership ......305
6.4.2SpaceTrafficManagement:StakesandImplications forEurope..................................307
6.4.3Conclusion....... ..........................310
PartIII2017FactsandFigures
7ChronologyofSpaceActivitiesin2017 .......................313
7.1LaunchLog.......................................313
7.2ChronologyofMajorSpacePolicyandRelatedDevelopments in2017. .........................................330
7.3CountryProfiles2017 ................................336
7.4SpacePolicyPublicationsfromtheYear2017..............352
GlobalSpacePoliciesandProgrammes
1.1GlobalPoliticalandEconomicTrends
1.1.1GlobalEconomicOutlook
The “WorldEconomicSituationandProspects” reportistheUnitedNation’sleading publicationintheannualdiscussionofcurrenteconomictrendsandprospects.Its 2016reportingpaintedableakpicture,andtheglobaleconomylookedtobeheld backbybothslowgrowthandreducedinternationaltrade.However,2017hasseena turnaround,anditwasestimatedthatglobaleconomicgrowthreached3%, representingalargestepupfromthe2.4%of2016andalsothegreatestglobal growthratesince2011.Furthermore,abouttwo-thirdsofcountrieshaveseen increasedgrowthfromthesluggishnesswhichcharacterised2016,andglobally levelsareexpectedtoholdat3%into2019.1
WGPgrowthindevelopedeconomiesincreasedfrom1.6%in2016to2.2%in 2017,withdecreasesto2.0%in2018and1.9%in2019estimated.Asof2017, synchronisedgrowthisseenacrossallofthemajordevelopedeconomies.InEurope, boththeUnionandtheEuroAreasawgrowthimprovementsover2016–2017,with thenewmembers(EU-13)inparticularshowingsigni ficantgrowthfrom2.9to 4.2%.ThisgrowthamongEasternEuropeanandBalticEUmembersisattributedto improvementsinproductivityandcapitalaccumulation.TheEU-15ratealsoroseto 2.0%in2017from1.8%in2016,althoughforallaforementionedregions,decreases areforecastedin2018.AcrosstheAtlantic,thesametrendisseen,wheretheUSA alsosawarisefrom1.5%in2016to2.2%in2017,butwithadropto2.1%expected
1 “WorldEconomicSituationandProspects2018.” 11Dec.2017.UnitedNations,15Mar.2018 <https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ WESP2018_Full_Web-1.pdf>.
© SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
E.Burger,G.Bordacchini, YearbookonSpacePolicy2017,YearbookonSpace Policy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05417-5_1
in2018.Likewise,Japanhasseengrowthinoutputfrom1.0%in2016to1.7%in 2017,andagainadecreasein2018to1.2%.2
Overall,transitioneconomiesfollowapatternofoverallgeneralgrowtheachyear inthesameperiod,fromarateof0.4%in2016toanestimated2.4%in2019. However,lookingatindividualregions,different fluctuationsareobserved:SouthEasternEurope,forexample,demonstratesanoppositepatternfromthedeveloped economies,withadropfrom2.9%in2016to2.5%in2017,followedbyan estimatedgrowthtoward3.2%in2018andonto3.3%in2019.TheCommonwealth ofIndependentStatesandGeorgiasawsignificantgrowthfromarateof 2.4%in 2015to0.3%in2016andagainsigni ficantgrowthtoarateof2.2%in2017. Developingeconomiesoverall,however,havealsoseenageneralrisefrom3.8% in2016to4.3%in2017,withfurthergrowthestimatedatarateof4.6%2018and 4.7%in2019,andasagrouptheyareconsideredtoremaintheprimarydriversof growthworldwidein2017.SouthAmerica’srateof 2.7%in2016turnedupto 0.4%in2017andisalsoforecastedtoreach1.8%in2018.TheAfricancontinentis alsodemonstratinganoverallfastupwardtrend,withits2016rateof1.7%increasinglyto3.0%in2017andagainto3.5%in2018.3
Therecentstrengthenedactivityseeninglobalaveragesandthedeveloped countrieshasnotbeenobservedacrossallpartsoftheworld.Thegrowth,andin someregions’ casesrapidgrowth,inworldgrossproductislargelyattributedto (inorderofthescaleofcontributiontothechangeinworldgrossproductgrowth)the USA,Japan,theEuroAreaandCanada.Inaddition,athirdof2017’sglobalgrowth isalsoattributedtocyclicalactivityinArgentina,Brazil,NigeriaandRussia.Despite thesegeneralimprovements,though,effectsfromthelowinvestmentandproductivitygrowthratesresultingfromtheglobal financialcrisisarestillobservablein wagegrowth,debtlevelsandpolicyuncertainty,whichthemselvesareholdingback aggregatedemand.Anddespitethegeneralgrowthrateimprovementsof2017,the prospectsarenotsecureregardingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs), whichaimtoeradicateextremepovertyandcreatedecentworkforall.Infact, despitetheoverallpositiveglobaltrends,forecastsreflectdecreasedgrowthforsome regions,includingforsomeofthepoorestcountries.AndduetothedecreaseinGDP percapitainWest,CentralandSouthernAfrica,aswellasLatinAmericaandthe Caribbeanin2016,SDGprogresshasevenbeenreducedinsomecountries. 4
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Spirit stains are but little used where surfaces of any size are to be covered. They are expensive, fade easily, and are hard to apply evenly.
They are applied with a brush and dry very quickly.
A stain which penetrates deeply and is clear is obtained by placing the wood in a closed receptacle in which is placed a dish of concentrated ammonia. The fumes of this liquid cause a chemical change to take place, giving to the wood a rich nut-brown color.
153. Waxing.
—An old finish that has recently become popular is that of waxing. It takes the place of the varnish, by which it was supplanted years ago.
Wax finish is easily applied and is cheaper than varnish. It will not stand wetting. However, it is easily repaired.
Our ancestors used to make wax polish by “cutting” beeswax with turpentine.
Rapid drying and hardening waxes can be purchased now-a-days. They require a smooth surface and a very thin application for a successful result. Too much wax upon a rough surface will produce very ugly, white, chalk-like spottings as the wax dries. These are especially noticeable upon dark finishes. Waxes colored black overcome this but are not needed if the ordinary wax is properly applied.
In finishing with wax the following directions may be followed: (1) Stain the wood, if a very dark finish is desired. (2) If the wood is coarse-grained, put on two coats of paste filler and rub it off carefully, that a smooth surface may be prepared. Allow the stain twelve hours in which to dry, also each coat of the filler. (3) With a soft cloth apply as thin a coating of wax as can be and yet cover the wood. Wax is in paste form. (4) Allow this to stand five or ten minutes, then rub briskly with a soft dry cloth to polish. (5) After this coat has stood for twenty-four hours another may be applied in the same manner.
A thin coat of shellac brushed evenly upon the hardened filler “brings out” the grain and makes an excellent base for wax as well as varnish. It should stand twenty-four hours and then be sanded smooth with No. 00 sandpaper before the wax is applied.
There are other patent preparations which give the same soft effects as wax and are as easily applied—in fact, some of them are
154. Varnishes.
—Varnishes are used where a hard transparent coating is desired. There are two kinds, (1) shellac or spirit varnish, (2) copal or oil varnish.
Varnishes vary greatly in quality and therefore in price. If made of specially selected pale gum for use on light or white woods the price will be higher than for that of ordinary color tho the quality may be no higher.
Rubbing varnishes are so made that they may take a “rubbed finish.”
Varnishing should be done in a room in which the temperature can be kept from 70 to 80 degrees Fahr., and which is comparatively free from dust. The surface to be covered must be clean, dry and filled even and smooth.
155. Shellac.
—Shellac or spirit varnish is a solution of lac and alcohol. Lac is soluble in both grain and wood alcohol but grain alcohol is preferable. Beds of crude lac are found in parts of Africa and South America where the lac has been left by the decay of leaves and twigs which it at one time encrusted. Crude lac is deposited upon leaves and twigs of certain of the lac-bearing trees by countless numbers of insects which draw out the sap.
Stick-lac is crude lac which has been purified somewhat of the bodies and eggs of the insects and rolled into stick forms. When crushed and washed it is known as seed-lac. When fully purified, which is done by melting and straining, it is spread out and is known as shellac.
White shellac is obtained by bleaching. Orange shellac is unbleached. Pure white shellac is used where the more yellow shellac would discolor. Orange shellac is stronger than white and will last longer but is harder to apply because it sets more rapidly.
Shellac varnish sets quickly, dries hard but softens under moisture. Unlike oil varnish, it does not “level up” and must, therefore, be brushed on quickly, using long, even strokes. No spots must be omitted for they cannot be “touched up.”
156. Shellac Finishes. but wax in liquid form.
—The use of one or more coats of shellac preparatory to a varnish finish has been noted.
A very simple finish, and one that is easily applied, is obtained by covering stained wood with a very thin coat of shellac.
To obtain the finish known as egg-shell gloss, (1) Coat the smooth wood with from three to six applications of thin shellac. Allow each coat twenty-four hours in which to harden. (2) Rub to a smooth surface each hardened coat using curled hair or fine steel wool or fine oiled sandpaper.
157. Oil or Copal Varnishes.
—Oil varnish is composed of copal gum, boiled oil and turpentine. Copal gums are obtained from Africa mainly, in certain parts of which they are found as fossil resins, the remains of forests which once covered the ground.
Pressed flaxseed furnish crude linseed oil while the long leaf pine of the South, furnishes the turpentine pitch.
The oil is prepared for use by boiling it in huge kettles with different materials which cause it to change chemically. It is then put away to settle and age, that is to clear and purify itself. It takes from one to six months for the oil to reach a proper degree of clearness and purity. Turpentine is obtained from its pitch by distillation.
The copal gums are melted and boiled thoroly with the oil. Turpentine is added after the mixture of gum and oil has cooled sufficiently. The whole is then strained several times, placed in tanks to age or ripen. From one month to a year, or even more, is required. The quality of varnish depends upon the qualities of the gums, the proportion of oil and turpentine and the care which is exercised in the boiling process.
158. Flowing Copal Varnish.
—(1) Lay on the varnish quickly in a good heavy coat. Use a good varnish brush and dip the bristles deeply into the liquid, wiping them off just enough to prevent dripping. (2) Wipe the bristles quite free of varnish; go over the surface and pick up as much of the surplus liquid as the brush will hold. Replace the varnish in the can by wiping the bristles on the wire of the can Repeat until the entire surface has been left with but a thin smooth coating.
Two, three, four or more coats are applied in this manner, fortyeight hours being allowed between each for drying. Dry varnish
159. Typical Finishes for Coarse-Grained Woods.
—Egg-Shell gloss: (1) One coat of water stain, English, golden, etc., according to the result desired. (2) Allow time to dry, then sandpaper lightly with fine sandpaper. This is to smooth the grain and to bring up the highlights by removing stain from some of the wood. Use No. 00 sandpaper and hold it on the finger tips. (3) Apply a second coat of the stain diluted about one-half with water This will throw the grain into still higher relief and thus produce a still greater contrast. Apply this coat of stain very sparingly, using a rag. Should this stain raise the grain, again rub lightly with fine worn sandpaper, just enough to smooth. (4) When this has dried, put on a light coat of thin shellac. Shellac precedes filling that it may prevent the high lights—the solid parts of wood—from being discolored by the stain in the filler, and thus causing a muddy effect. The shellac being thin does not interfere with the filler’s entering the pores of the open grain. (5) Sand lightly with fine sandpaper. (6) Fill with paste filler colored to match the stain. (7) Cover this with a coat of orange shellac. This coat of shellac might be omitted but another coat of varnish must be added. (8) Sandpaper lightly. (9) Apply two or three coats of varnish. (10) Rub the first coats with hair cloth or curled hair and the last with pulverized pumice stone and crude oil or raw linseed oil.
Dull finish: A dead surface is obtained by rubbing the varnish after it has become bone dry, with powdered pumice stone and water, using a piece of rubbing felt. Rub until the surface is smooth and even being careful not to cut thru by rubbing too long at any one spot. The edges are most likely to be endangered. Use a wet sponge and chamois skin to clean off the pumice.
Polished finish: The last coat should be rubbed first with pulverized pumice stone and water, and then with rotten stone and water. For a piano finish rub further with a mixture of oil and a little pulverized rotten stone, using a soft felt or flannel. A rotary motion is generally used and the mixture is often rubbed with the bare hand.
Gloss finish: For a gloss finish, the last coat is not rubbed at all.
160. Patching. comes off in sanding as a white powder; if not dry it will come off on the sandpaper as little black spots.
—It frequently happens in rubbing with pumice that the varnish is cut thru so that the bare wood shows. To patch such a spot proceed as follows: (1) Sandpaper the bare place lightly with very fine paper, No. 00, to smooth the grain of the wood raised by the pumice water. (2) If the wood has been stained or filled, color the spot to match the rest of the finish. Apply a little with a cloth and wipe off clean. (3) When this has dried, apply a thin coat of varnish to the bare wood, carefully. Draw it out beyond the bare wood a little, “feathering” it so that there shall not be a ridge. (4) Allow this to dry hard and apply a second coat, feathering it beyond the surface covered by the first coat. (5) Repeat until the required thickness has been obtained; then (6) rub with pumice and water. Rub lightly, using a little pumice and much water. The slightly raised rings made by the lapping of one coat upon another will need special attention. It is best not to sandpaper between coats, because of the danger of scratching the rubbed finish adjoining the patch.
161. Painting.
—The purpose of paints is to preserve the wood by covering it with an opaque material. Paints are usually composed of white lead or zinc oxide and coloring materials mixed or thinned with raw or boiled linseed oil. Turpentine is also used for thinning and as a drying agent.
Paint must be well brushed out so that a thin film may result.
In painting, (1) Cover the knots with shellac, or the oil of the paint will be absorbed thru two or three coats and a discoloration result. (2) Put on a prime coat. This coat should be mixed as thin as it can be and still not “run” when applied to vertical surfaces. (3) Fill the nail holes with putty. Sand lightly if a smooth finish is desired. (4) Apply two or three coats of paint thin enough to flow freely but thick enough to cover well and not “run.”
The second coat is given a little more than the usual amount of turpentine that a “flat effect” may prepare the way for the final gloss coat. If the last coat is to be dull, turpentine is used in it as well as the second. Oil causes gloss, turpentine causes a dull or flat effect.
