“This book on Urbanisation and Crime in Nigeria is the first comprehensive book on the intersection between urbanisation and crime in Nigeria. It offers theoretical and empirical explanations of the factors within the urban environments in Nigeria that shape and are shaped by crime. Scholars and students of criminology, urban sociology, and social geography will benefit from reading the book.”
—Etannibi Alemika, Professor of Criminology and Sociology of Law, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
“Urbanisation and Crime in Nigeria is a most timely and hugely important work that chronicles how crime in emerging cities of fast-growing developing nations can be better understood, managed and controlled. Incisive, deft and innovative, this book intelligently pulls together diverse big data sources to critically expand scholarship in an innovative and accessible way. The authors illustrate how spatial thinking and analysis is essential to solving urban criminogenic problems and generating insight for strategic and operational decision-making. The book is a “must read” for leaders of cities across our world, urban and rural planning practitioners, students, academics and everyone working towards a safer and more secure human society.”
—Paul Olomolaiye, Professor of Construction Engineering and Management, Pro Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean of the Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
“The Book—Urbanisation and Crime in Nigeria—is a bold attempt made by the two authors to discuss the nexus between urbanisation and crime in the country. By so doing, the authors are assuming that crimes can be understood through the theory of ‘environmental determinism’ or better still, ‘architectural determinism’, being a theory employed in urbanism, sociology and environmental psychology, which claims that the built environment is the chief or even sole determinant of social behaviour as postulated by many authors including Jeremy Bentham, Adolf Behne, David Smith Hubert J. Gans, Ray Pahl, David Correia and many others. The question is: can we say that urbanization or urban development is the sole determinant of crime? While environmental determinism theory as an explanation of social conduct is now most often referred to in the literature as discredited, yet surprisingly it is still to be found as an argument for urban renewal. In writing this new book, the authors are implicitly calling for a revisit of the subject matter. They have aptly the trends of urbanisation in
Nigeria and several aspects of crime. They reviewed theories of crimes on which the analyses presented in Chap. 6 on the contemporary configuration of crime across Nigerian cities were based. While urbanisation as the sole cause of crime is not proven, nevertheless, the causes of crime can be attributed to several socioeconomic factors which the authors dubbed ‘crime precipitators’ such as poverty, poor parental upbringing, manipulation by politicians, unemployment, failure of the criminal system, ineffective policing etc. Certainly, both authors have opened up a new debate on the subject matter that is going to appeal to readers and researchers.”
—Johnson Bade Falade, Professor of Geography and Regional Planning, Former UN-Habitat Programme Manager for Nigeria and MD/CEO, Gotosearch.Com Ltd, Lagos, Nigeria
Urbanisation and Crime in Nigeria
Adegbola Ojo
School of Geography
University of Lincoln
Lincoln, UK
Oluwole Ojewale CLEEN Foundation
Abuja, Nigeria
ISBN 978-3-030-19764-3 ISBN 978-3-030-19765-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19765-0
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To our families
Foreword I
I thoroughly enjoyed reading this trail-blazing text on the link between two fundamental influences on socio-economic development of many a country—urbanisation and crime—influences that are particularly important in a developing country such as Nigeria. As a Nigerian national myself, I have noted the frenetic pace of urbanisation in the country and pondered the consequences of graduates and youths in different parts of the country abandoning the rural and semi-rural towns for the cities, and thus creating a squeeze of very large populations into such cities as Lagos, Abuja, Enugu, Kano and Port Harcourt.
Such a squeeze seems to me a plausible cause of crimes in those cities, given the lack of adequate economic opportunities to occupy the minds of city dwellers. It is, therefore, apposite to have to write a foreword to a text that, arguably for the first time, provides in fairly forensic details a multi-lensed understanding of urbanisation and crime in Nigeria.
Chapter 2 of the text discusses ‘Nigeria’s urbanisation history, trends, drivers and implications’ in light of increasing urban poverty and crime. Chapter 3 details the criminal justice system, pointing out such challenges of the system as ‘failure of governance and institutions to design effective and flexible criminal justice policies’, which are suitable for expanding urbanisation.
In Chap. 4, the authors critically examine the ‘applicability of traditional environmental criminological theories in developing country
contexts’. The focus of the chapter is the suitability of mainstream theories for explaining geospatial patterns of crime in developing countries. These ideas provide clear guardrails for future research and interventions towards alleviating the scourge of urban crime in Nigeria and similar developing countries.
A novel framework for comparative analysis of intercity crime is presented in Chap. 5. The wide range of methods for conducting such analysis will inform the fine-tuning of crime prevention strategies to the unique geographical, economic and socio-cultural contexts of different Nigerian cities and states in which they are emplaced.
The tenor of criminological theories and comparative analysis of intercity crime in Chaps. 4 and 5 are balanced out with a ‘contemporary configuration of crime across Nigerian cities’, presented in Chap. 6. This chapter literally brings research on urbanisation and crime to the cutting edge, by using recent data to explore the geo-temporal manifestations of urban crime in Nigeria, in a way that will inform the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in controlling urban crimes, more than currently obtains.
The above theoretical and practical insights into urbanisation and crime in Nigeria are rounded out by a detailed discussion of crime precipitators in Chap. 7 and urban crime harm in Chap. 8. The results in Chap. 7 integrate macro risk factors for urban crime, for example, inequality and social polarisation, and a ‘deep-dive’ analysis of emerging drivers of crime in Nigerian cities. This complements more effective measurement of the impact of urban crime in Chap. 8 in providing a more robust evidence base for better crime prevention policies and interventions in Nigeria.
The text further examines ideas related to urban crime prevention and control, including the need to expand economic opportunities to city dwellers whilst limiting their access to small and light weapons.
Chapter 10 distils from the overall research results in the text salient recommendations for evidence-based improvements in the theory, research and practice of urbanisation and crime in Nigeria, linked to such important perspectives as evidence-based policing, enhancement of public confidence, mitigation of corruption, kidnapping, young people, the
urban poor, civil security platforms, digitisation and speedy prosecution of criminal trials.
As seasoned researchers and writers, the rigour exemplified by Adegbola and Oluwole is matched by an unflinching search to understand the transformational and criminogenic consequences of urbanisation and to explain these to the reader. In a nutshell, I find this text compelling in its detailed treatment of the topic of urbanisation and crime in Nigeria and similar developing countries in Africa, for example. It is a must read for academics, students and professionals in related disciplines—for example, human geography, criminology, national security and policing, sociology and wider socio-economic development.
African Higher Education and Research Observatory
Sheffield, UK
Coal City University, Enugu, Nigeria 1 April 2019
Patrick Oseloka Ezepue
Foreword II
Urbanisation as an irreversible process of socio-economic transformation has generated diverse consequences for most cities of the world especially in the developing nations where these processes of urban change have not been managed successfully. Not only have these manifested in the economic constellations of these cities where informality holds sway but also in the urban social fabrics where urbanisation has heightened the ‘anomie’ principle and, by inference, emboldened individuals to commit crime and or engage in various categories of criminal activities. As the intensity of crime and criminality increases, the capacity and capability of (urban) governments, and especially their governance structures, seem to have fallen far behind the accelerated pace of criminal actors who seem to have defied all traditional crime deterrent systems in this cyber age. Accordingly, new methods of and for crime fighting and new deterrent systems/measures must be evolved to capture the variegated nature of contemporary crime structures and settings across all ages and city morphologies.
This is why the advent of this book, Urbanisation and Crime in Nigeria, is very timely. Not only is the title topical but its ten chapters intimately capture the contemporary challenges of crime in Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria. The book is a renewed attempt to present the known in new understandable ways and present new models for a better conceptualisation of crime; this is presented in Chaps. 1 and 2. The criminal justice
system and a critical appraisal and application of the various crime and criminology concepts and theories are contextualised in Chaps. 3 and 4.
After these refreshingly rendered introductory chapters, the rest of the book takes a forensic look at the crime corridor of Nigeria and uses it as a lens to explore the crime landscape in the country. For example, while Chap. 5 develops a novel methodological framework for inter-city comparative crime analysis, it uses this framework to analyse and discuss Nigerian cities in Chap. 6, where various urban crime morphologies and their intensity are identified. It is thus possible to now know which cities are more dangerous to live in than others. Following Chaps. 5 and 6, the authors then unearth in Chap. 7 the social, economic and environmental factors which precipitate crime and criminal tendencies in Nigerian cities. All of these discussions lead the authors to examine in Chap. 8 a critical but often least-considered area in criminal research, that of the costs of criminal activities. The authors not only present a conceptual definition/interpretation of the cost of crime, they also evolve a model for such analysis and use the model to configure the crime differentiation and pattern of cost in the urban crime landscape in Nigeria. This is a very novel approach to crime analyses and one which will spur other researchers to venture into this area of crime research.
A kaleidoscope of control and prevention of the known, the lessknown and practised, and the unknown are presented in Chap. 9. It is a chapter which calls for the cooperation of all actors—state and non-state, community, non-governmental organisations, the evolvement of new legislations and many more. The book concludes with a chapter on how to protect our cities, which are the bastions of national economy, from crime as the costs of these crimes are getting prohibitive by the day.
All the findings of this book are as relevant to all nations of the developing world as they are to Nigeria, about which this book is written. This book is not only valuable for researchers and academics but to all practitioners in all spheres of human endeavour because without safety and security there cannot be progress and development.
The book has been written by seasoned academics and practitioners who are not only versed in the concepts and theories of safety and security but are also adept in crime and criminology discourses. They have used their wealth of experience to interrogate the crime and criminal
landscape of Nigeria and, by inference, the criminal landscape of cities in the developing countries of the world. It is a ready handbook for all professionals and practitioners.
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria
15 April 2019
Babatunde Samuel Agbola
Preface and Acknowledgements
In parallel to human population growth, Nigeria is currently experiencing an urbanisation fever. Over a period of 60 years (1950–2010), urban agglomerations grew by a combined minimum average of 10 million urban dwellers every decade. During the period between 2000 and 2010, urban centres grew by more than 25 million additional urban dwellers. There is no doubt that Nigeria is presently at an accelerated stage of its urban transition, with more than half of its total population now residing in urban agglomerations. Between 2018 and 2050, it is projected that 189 million more people would have been added to Nigeria’s urban population. Approximately seven in ten Nigerians will live in cities by 2050 in search of what we described as the Nigerian urban dream—the pursuit of a better life.
The Nigerian state has profited tremendously from rapid urbanisation. Cities have emerged as the dominant engines of economic growth; the main channels for extending and decentralising democratic values and political power and the hubs of enterprise, creativity and diffusion of innovation. Nevertheless, the implications of the country’s rapid urbanisation are profound for urban dwellers, urban economies and the sustainable development of what is considered by many as a fragile democracy. Rapid urbanisation is happening in an unmanaged manner in the midst of highly decaying social and public infrastructure. This has massive implications for the provision of employment opportunities,
food, housing, transport, water, social services, waste disposal services and environmental protection. These challenges are further compounded by poverty and inequality, weakening social capital bases and increasing levels of social disorganisation. Despite the systemic weaknesses that characterise Nigerian cites, they are under huge pressure to deliver the goods of the urban dream for an ever-increasing and impatient number of urban dwellers. These competing demands combine to make many cities flashpoints for crime and violence.
Urban crime is arguably one of the most pressing social issues confronting Nigeria, with its only serious rivals being human and economic development. Leaders are increasingly coming to recognise the significance of the problem. Crime constitutes a serious impediment to social and economic development in Nigeria. In numerous urban centres, high burdens of crime threaten human welfare, undermine the growth of small, medium and large enterprises and hinder social development. Furthermore, urban crime drives away foreign and domestic investment, thereby impeding economic growth. Others have also observed that crime nurtures the exodus of highly skilled labour force. In several other ways, urban crime continues to stunt the growth and development of Nigerian cities.
The fundamental aim of this book is to bring the subjects of urbanisation and crime together through a focused and engaging discussion of key concepts, data, processes, analytical techniques and illustrative applications. This helps to ensure that students, scholars, practitioners, policymakers and volunteers can better understand the evolving dynamics of both urbanisation and crime in Africa’s most populous country. In addition to this, through an evidence-based prism, the book aims to critically engage the myths and debates about the factors that are actually causing Nigeria’s rapid levels of contemporary urbanisation. The book points out the importance of criminological theoretical frameworks, but it also challenges the assumptions and suggestions by some that traditional EuroAmerican theories of environmental criminology are directly applicable in African urban contexts. A strong case for the development of contextrelevant criminological theories is provided. The book explores the current state of crime and its impact on various groups of people in Nigerian cities, providing evidence of spatial and sequential patterns, as well as case
studies of prevention and reduction mechanisms, and a robust body of recommendations aimed at future-proofing urban centres and residents from crime.
It is a delightful duty for authors to acknowledge and recognise those persons and organisations that have helped in the research and preparation of a book. We are immensely grateful to the Department for International Development (DFID). Without generous funding from DFID to support the primary research project that underpins much of the evidence gathered and documented in this book, our vision might have remained a dream only. We are also indebted to ICF’s Dr Robin Bloch and Nikolaos Papachristodoulou (formerly at ICF) for their invaluable support, advice and helpful edits. We acknowledge the support received from other members of the team at ICF’s international development division in London. We also extend our appreciation to Jon Parry (Skills for Justice, Sheffield) for the helpful comments and suggestions provided during the early part of our manuscript development. The anonymous reviewers of our book proposal also helped to sharpen our thoughts on several issues. We thank them as well.
The authors also appreciate the unalloyed commitment and support of numerous Nigerian urban residents who participated in various research consultations, members of professional associations as well as state and non-state security actors who participated in the focused group discussions and in-depth interviews conducted across cities and towns in Nigeria for the purpose of this book. These include Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC), CLEEN Foundation, Nigeria Bar Association, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Nigeria Police Force, Private Security Companies (PSCs) and Vigilante Group of Nigeria. Others are Community Policing Partnership Association of Nigeria, Voluntary Policing Sector, Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Hisbah, Council of Ulama and National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW).
Finally, we are forever indebted to our spouses, Funmilola Ojo and Yetunde Ojewale, and our children for their patience, endurance and moral support throughout the period of intensive research and frenetic writing. These are the people who add colour and meaning to our lives on a daily basis.
All these wonderful people, groups and many others too numerous to mention have contributed in one way or another to help make the book better. The opinions expressed in the rest of the book are solely those of the authors.
Lincoln, UK Adegbola Ojo Abuja, Nigeria Oluwole Ojewale
Abbreviations
ACJA Administration of Criminal Justice Act
ASR Average Spatial Resolution
BCDSC Business Development and Coaching Services Centres
BOYES Borno Youth Empowerment Scheme
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CDD Centre for Democratic Development
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CID Criminal Investigation Department
CJTF Civilian Joint Task Force
CPA Criminal Procedure Act
CPC Criminal Procedure Code
CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
CRAVED Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable and Disposable
DDR Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration
DFID Department for International Development
DMSP Defence Meteorological Satellite Program
DSS Department of State Services
EFCC Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
FCT Federal Capital Territory
FRSC Federal Road Safety Corps
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GPW Gridded Population of the World
GRUMP Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project
HEI Higher Education Institutions
ICT Information and Communications Technologies
IDP Internally Displaced Persons
IDS Institute for Development Studies
IHDI Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
IJR Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
JOR Joint Operations Room
LEI Life Expectancy Index
LGA Local Government Areas
LNSC Lagos Neighbourhood Safety Corps
MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MEND Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
NAPTIP National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons
NBS National Bureau of Statistics
NCE Nigeria Certificate in Education
NCGIA National Centre for Geographic Information Analysis
NCVS National Crime Victimisation Survey
NDLEA National Drug Law Enforcement Agency
NGO Non-governmental Organisation
NPC National Populations Commission
NPF Nigeria Police Force
NSC Neighbourhood Safety Corps
NSCDC Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps
NUCHI Northern Urban Crime Harm Index
NYSC National Youth Service Corps
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPC O’odua People’s Congress
PGC Private Guard Companies
PSC Private Security Companies
PSG Private Security Guards
SALWs Small Arms and Light Weapons
SCP Situational Crime Prevention
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
SSS State Security Service
SUCHI Southern Urban Crime Harm Index
SWAC Sahel and West Africa Club
UCHI Urban Crime Harm Index
UN United Nation
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
URN Urbanisation Research Nigeria
VIVA Value, Inertia, Visibility and Access
WHO World Health Organisation
YPG Yobe Peace Group
List of Figures
Fig. 2.1 Political and administrative geography of Nigeria
17
Fig. 2.2 Percentage shares and projected urban and rural population in Nigeria (1950–2025) 20
Fig. 2.3 Levels of urbanisation in Nigeria and West Africa, 1950–2050
25
Fig. 2.4 Spatial distribution of urban agglomerations in Nigeria (1950–2010) 27
Fig. 2.5 Trajectory of shares of urban agglomerations by geopolitical zones (1950–2010)
Fig. 2.6 Expansion of urban frontiers in (a) Calabar (1990–2010) and (b) Zaria (1990–2010)
Fig. 2.7 Urban system of Western Africa (2010) and innovation (2009/2010)
Fig. 4.1 Characteristics of good urban criminological theories
Fig. 4.2 The crime analysis triangle
Fig. 5.1 Temporal patterns of crime
Fig. 5.2 The social ecological model
Fig. 6.1 Estimated prevalence rates of urban crime (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.2 Relationship between fear of crime and estimated prevalence of crime (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.3 Specialisation of murder (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.4 Specialisation of robbery (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.5 Specialisation of kidnapping (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.6 Specialisation of physical assault (2005–2011)
32
34
42
86
96
127
129
143
145
146
147
149
150
Fig. 6.7 Specialisation of domestic violence (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.8 Trends in urban violent crimes
Fig. 6.9 Specialisation of vehicle theft (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.10 Specialisation of motorcycle theft (2005–2011)
151
152
155
156
Fig. 6.11 Specialisation of mobile phone theft (2005–2011) 157
Fig. 6.12 Specialisation of burglary (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.13 Specialisation of theft of money (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.14 Specialisation of theft from car (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.15 Trends in urban property crimes
Fig. 6.16 Specialisation of rape (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.17 Specialisation of attempted rape (2005–2011)
Fig. 6.18 Trends in urban serious sexual offences
158
159
160
161
164
165
165
Fig. 7.1 City-level correlations of robbery prevalence versus polarisation risk factors in Nigeria 173
Fig. 8.1 Relationship between harm of crime and estimated prevalence of crime in northern Nigeria cities (2005–2011)
Fig. 8.2 Relationship between harm of crime and estimated prevalence of crime in southern Nigeria cities (2005–2011)
195
195
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Selected definitions of urban settlements across Africa
Table 2.2 Urban population to urban agglomeration ratio (thousands)
Table 2.3 Share of migrants in an urban or rural place of residence (2010)
Table 3.1 Selected innovative provisions of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015 73
Table 3.2 Passage of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 75
Table 4.1 Families of major criminological theories
Table 4.2 Hotspot places and causal mechanisms
Table 5.1 Calculation of crime incidence rate
Table 5.2 Interpreting results of the location quotient analysis
Table 6.1 Estimated prevalence rates of crime by settlement hierarchy (2005–2011) 143
Table 6.2 Crime concentration versus crime prevalence rate in Nigerian cities (2005–2011) 144
Table 6.3 Average daily share (%) of urban murders (2005–2011)
152
Table 6.4 Average daily share (%) of urban robberies (2005–2011) 153
Table 6.5 Average daily share (%) of urban kidnappings (2005–2011)
Table 6.6 Average daily share (%) of urban physical assaults (2005–2011)
Table 6.7 Average daily share (%) of urban vehicle thefts (2005–2011)
Table 6.8 Average daily share (%) of motorcycle thefts (2005–2011)
Table 6.9 Average daily share (%) of mobile phone thefts (2005–2011)
153
154
162
162
163
Table 6.10 Average daily share (%) of rapes (2005–2011)
Table 8.1 Differences in general guidelines for punishing criminal offences in Nigeria
Table 8.2 Weights used to construct the NUCHI and SUCHI
166
191
193
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of the Book
Urbanisation helps to engender economic growth which is often underpinned by improved access to jobs, goods and services, especially for poor people in developing countries. For many developing countries such as Nigeria, cities represent the last stand for uniformity, a sort of enclave where people struggle so as not to succumb; a benign place where there is still a guarantee of difference and where tradition is cultivated. Cities in developing countries are perceived as havens where the idea of community is transferred, with all the difficulties that this entails, and where all these diversities are allowed to coexist and concentrate into relatively limited spaces, with mutual respect.
However, it is fair to say that with all its merits, urbanisation has also brought new challenges in terms of crime, insecurity and urban violence. In much of the world, crime is disproportionately urban (Onibokun and Faniran 1995; Glaeser 2011). More than 1.5 billion people live in areas affected by repeated cycles of criminal violence (World Bank 2011). The landmark World Development report published by the World Bank in
A. Ojo, O. Ojewale, Urbanisation and Crime in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19765-0_1
2011 highlighted the significance of crime and insecurity as clogs in the wheel of urban development.
Nigeria is positioned at the front end of the escalator of rapidly urbanising countries; therefore, most cities in the country are centres of social, political and economic power (Bloch et al. 2015). The attention that these cities command makes some of them flashpoints for crime and violence (Alemika and Chukwuma 2005). The fact that many Nigerian cities combine rapid unmanaged growth with decaying public infrastructure mean that risk factors can accumulate and deepen the potential for urban crime. Disorderly growth transforms power relationships within Nigerian urban centres. This in turn activates new social and economic pathways that can trigger crime and conflict.
This book represents a bold and refreshing move that gives a comprehensive overview of urbanisation and crime in Nigeria through a discussion of the main drivers and pressures influencing crime in rapidly expanding cities. The book critically explores the current state of crime and its impact on various people in these cities, including the urban poor. The extensive numerical analysis is further supplemented by interpretivist approaches, which help to yield fresh contextual evidence about the dynamics of crimes in urban settings. The book illustrates relationships between urbanisation and crime, particularly in a fast-growing contemporary African society. Rapid but highly disjointed growth is shown to affect power relations in Nigeria, thereby eventuating into activating crime and conflict for the residents of these urban centres. Furthermore, overbloated and decaying public infrastructures have elevated risk factors, which deepen the potential for urban crime (Olalekan 2014).
In general, this book musters an evidence-driven argument that Nigerian cities are contemporaneously structured to drive and facilitate the growth of crimes even as there are several transformative gains from the urbanisation fever. Interestingly and paradoxically, both urbanisation and crime are byproducts of the colonial, post-colonial and neo-colonial experiences of Nigeria as a capitalist nation. By and large, the gains of urbanisation are well averred throughout the book. Further substantive analysis and discussion focus on a comparative assessment of Nigerian cities based on numerous dimensions of the spatial and temporal quality of crime. Critical inter- and intra-city drivers of crime are also evaluated.
A robust appraisal of the consequence of urban crime is provided by developing a set of novel urban crime harm indices, which blend together parameters of crime prevalence and severity. This book also articulates and assesses the range of prevention and control strategies in operation across a number of cities and provides evidence-driven strategic and operational recommendations for combating crime and stimulating urban development across Nigeria. While these recommendations are not intended to provide a definitive blueprint for action, this book is offered as a mechanism for engaging key local stakeholders, civil society organisations, citizens and international partners in a thoughtful dialogue on crime, based on robust empirical analysis and good practices from within and outside Nigeria.
1.2 Why This Book Was Written
Some of the critical factors that make this book distinctive include the boldness with which it contests some long-held opinions and positions on the subject of urban crime in developing country contexts, innovative use of multiple data signals including spatial data and the ability to complement a traditional criminological approach with a crime science approach.
The regions with the fastest rate of urban growth are located in the Global South. While the positive contributions of urbanisation are fairly well established and narrated in literature, there is some paucity in focused diagnosis of some of the challenges that accompany urbanisation in the Global South. Urban crime, in particular, has received minimal attention recently. This book makes the bold argument that crime is among Nigeria’s most pressing urban problems. Furthermore, the book makes the case that while crime poses a clear threat to the general public, it is particularly damaging for poor urban neighbourhoods that have become stigmatised as a result of the persistence of the problem.
In numerous urban centres, high rates of crime threaten human welfare, undermine the growth of small-, medium- and large-scale enterprises and impede social development. In recent decades, Nigerian cities have been trapped in a syndrome of interlocking characteristics of
A. Ojo and O. Ojewale
insecurity, division, violence and fragility, which undermine sustained progress for social and economic development. These have often been studied through the lens of organised criminal activities such as terrorism. Since the emergence of Boko Haram and similar insurgency groups, scholarly and political attention as well as economic resources have been channelled largely towards counter-terrorism studies to the detriment of other forms of crime. Scholarly oversight of traditional forms of urban crimes in Nigeria has led to serious knowledge gaps about the following:
• Spatial and temporal configuration of urban crime
• Contemporary centrifugal and centripetal forces that stimulate urban crime
• Scale of social, political and economic damage that urban communities suffer as a result of crime
• Coping strategies that are being deployed by urban communities to combat crime
• Effectiveness of some of these strategies and the future prospects of urban communities
Many urban studies stakeholders (students, researchers, academics, practitioners and policymakers) are in dire need of enhanced methods, techniques and evidence for gauging the scale and patterns of urban crime and designing, implementing and effectively managing sustainable crime prevention and reduction strategies. Furthermore, the conceptual basis of numerous crime-related publications in Nigeria and Africa relies upon a range of traditional criminological theories. As of today, much of the literature on urban crime do not sufficiently examine the appropriateness of some of these theories for studying criminological behaviour within urban contexts in the Global South. A key question that this book addresses is: how well can mainstream Euro-American theories of urban crime explain the configuration of crime in the context of developing countries such as Nigeria?
The book also contends against some widely held positions on fear of crime. For instance, it is commonplace in Euro-American criminology literature that fear of crime pervades urban and rural settings, indeed more than crime itself. The obvious linkage of high rates of crime in some
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59 Brilliant Speakers. By H. J. N .
WARD, LOCK & CO., London, Melbourne, and New York.
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