Urban Marginality in Hong Kong’s Global Diaspora
Hee Sun Choi
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
ISBN 978-3-030-04641-5 ISBN 978-3-030-04642-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04642-2
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List of figures
Fig. 1.1 Shophouse typology with commercial units at ground floor and residential accommodation above. (Source: Author) 3
Fig. 1.2 Cross section through the International Finance Centre development. (Source: Author) 4
Fig. 1.3 A room layout of less than 3 square metres for FDH use in an average Hong Kong apartment. (Source: Author) 6
Fig. 1.4 FDHs’ informal gathering space on roadway with temporary closure in Central District. (Source: Author) 7
Fig. 1.5 FDHs’ informal gathering in Victoria Park, creating a specific cultural landscape. (Source: Author) 8
Fig. 1.6 Spatial usage of Chater Road. On the left is a special event for an FDH gathering during temporary Sunday road closure. On the right shows the activity on a typical weekday. (Source: Author) 8
Fig. 1.7 FDHs’ gathering places within public space between the Central and Admiralty Districts. (Source: Author) 9
Fig. 1.8 FDHs’ gatherings below public footbridges in Central District. (Source: Author) 9
Fig. 1.9 Trade and usage of cardboard by FDHs for seating and enclosure along public walkways in Central District. (Source: Author) 10
Fig. 1.10 Trade and usage of cardboard by FDHs; the journey of the cardboard. (Source: Author) 10
Fig. 1.11 Public toilet displaying ‘no helpers, cleaners’ signage. (Source: Author) 11
Fig. 1.12 Sai Yeung Choi Street signage in Mong Kok, showing the vibrancy and variety of street life. (Source: Author) 12
Fig. 1.13 FDH gathering and pedestrian flow analysis from September 2016 to July 2017 within the Central District of Hong Kong, with data collection using Space Syntax. (Source: Author) 13
Fig. 1.14 Location map for four main research sites discussed in Chap. 2 (Source: Author) 14
Fig. 1.15 Location map for two main research sites discussed in Chap. 3 (Source: Author) 15
Fig. 1.16 Location map for four main research sites discussed in Chap. 4 (Source: Author) 16
Fig. 2.1 Green Umbrella installation, showing its function and form, including climate and temperature sensors. (Source: Author) 24
Fig. 2.2 Formal and informal public spaces and walkway linkage between the Central and Wan Chai Districts of Hong Kong. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.3 Heat radiation analysis. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.4 Heat radiation analysis of Gloucester Road Garden and surroundings. (Source: Author)
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Fig. 2.5 Heat radiation analysis of Victoria Park and surroundings. (Source: Author) 28
Fig. 2.6 Heat radiation analysis of Chater Road and surroundings. (Source: Author)
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Fig. 2.7 Wind rose analysis in Chater Road, September 2016. (Source: Author) 30
Fig. 2.8 Wind rose analysis in Wan Chai, September 2016. (Source: Author) 30
Fig. 2.9 Wind rose analysis in Causeway Bay, September 2016. (Source: Author) 31
Fig. 2.10 Sun-path analysis in Chater Road, September 2016. (Source: Author) 31
Fig. 2.11 Sun-path analysis in Wan Chai, September 2016. (Source: Author) 32
Fig. 2.12 Sun-path analysis in Causeway Bay, September 2016. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.13 Urban microclimate analysis in Chater Road, September 2016. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.14 Urban microclimate analysis in Wan Chai, September 2016. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.15 Urban microclimate analysis in Causeway Bay, September 2016. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.16 Visualization of Green Umbrella installation and usage within Victoria Park. (Source: Author)
Fig. 2.17a Design proposal for Green Umbrella installation. (Source: Author)
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Fig. 2.17b Design proposal for Green Umbrella installation and its potential impact on the streetscape of Central District.
(Source: Author)
Fig. 2.17c Design proposal for Green Umbrella installation and its potential impact on public space and landscaped area.
(Source: Author)
Fig. 3.1 Walkway and bridge usage, together with gathering points for FDHs on Sundays; GIS data. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.2 Pedestrian walkability and accessibility of the pavements in Wan Chai. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.3 Urban Network Analysis (UNA) assessment of open space, public transport and mobility. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.4 UNA assessment of public transportation and open space in relation to betweenness and closeness. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.5 UNA assessment of residential neighbourhood to open space in relation to betweenness and closeness. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.6 Walkability and accessibility between public transport and public space. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.7 Tramway network on Hong Kong Island. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.8 Hopewell Garden location and transportation system; GIS data. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.9 Interviews with different users. (Source: Author, 2017)
Fig. 3.10 Elevated walkway from Wan Chai MTR station to Hopewell Centre. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.11 Privately owned ‘public space’ between Hopewell Centre and Wu Chung House. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.12 Layered accessibility through the privately owned public space adjacent to Hopewell Centre. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.13 Sam Pan Street location and transportation system; GIS data. (Source: Author)
Fig. 3.14 Elevated walkway from Wan Chai MTR station towards Sam Pan Street and the FDHs’ local church. (Source: Author, 2018)
Fig. 3.15 Sam Pan Street pocket park street layout. (Source: Author, 2018)
Fig. 3.16 Sam Pan Street pocket park accessibility and usage by FDHs. (Source: Author, 2018)
Fig. 3.17 Interviews with different users. (Source: Author, 2018)
Fig. 4.1a HSBC building public square with FDH gatherings, after the 2012 renovation. (Source: Author)
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Fig. 4.1b HSBC building public square with FDH gatherings, prior to 2012 renovation. (Source: Author) 76
Fig. 4.2 A map showing the four case study areas. (Source: Author 2018)
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Fig. 4.3 FDHs’ footpath and flows assessed using a 10 m2 grid. (Source: Author, 2017, based on William Whyte’s research methods) 78
Fig. 4.4 Memorial service for Japanese troops held at the former cricket club on Chater Road, December 1941. (Source: South China Morning Post) 80
Fig. 4.5 The designer of the second stage of Chater Garden. (Source: South China Morning Post, December, 1983)
81
Fig. 4.6 Land use along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 82
Fig. 4.7 Users’ flow and density along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 82
Fig. 4.8 Green spaces along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 83
Fig. 4.9 Location and quantity of public seats along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 83
Fig. 4.10 Location of FDHs’ activities along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 84
Fig. 4.11 Informal and formal FDH gathering spaces along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 84
Fig. 4.12 Walkaway and walkability along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 85
Fig. 4.13 Transportation network along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 85
Fig. 4.14 Summary of FDHs’ activities around the study area. (Source: Author) 86
Fig. 4.15a GIS_human flows and density in Central. (Source: Author) 87
Fig. 4.15b GIS_human flows and density along Chater Road. (Source: Author) 88
Fig. 4.16 FDHs’ specific behaviours in relation to the surrounding built form. (Source: Author) 89
Fig. 4.17 Social and environmental life cycle via consumption and recycling of cardboard used by FDHs. (Source: Author) 90
Fig. 4.18 Worldwide House’s exterior viewed from Des Voeux Road. (Source: Author) 91
Fig. 4.19 Interior view of Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 92
Fig. 4.20 Interior usage of Worldwide House and surrounding buildings. (Source: Author) 93
Fig. 4.21 Users’ flow and pedestrian density surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 94
Fig. 4.22 Green spaces near Worldwide House on Des Voeux Road. (Source: Author) 94
Fig. 4.23 Area and quantity of public seating surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 95
Fig. 4.24 Location of FDHs’ actual gathering areas within and surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 95
Fig. 4.25 Location of FDHs’ formal and informal gathering areas within and surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 96
Fig. 4.26 Walkability on streets surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 96
Fig. 4.27 Transportation network surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 97
Fig. 4.28 Summary of FDHs’ activities surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 98
Fig. 4.29a GIS; human flows and density in Central. (Source: Author) 99
Fig. 4.29b GIS; human flows and density surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 100
Fig. 4.30a Density of human flows at street level surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 101
Fig. 4.30b Density of human flows at elevated walkway level surrounding Worldwide House. (Source: Author) 102
Fig. 4.31 Site map showing pedestrian bridges crossing Gloucester Road leading to Wan Chai MTR station. (Source: Author) 103
Fig. 4.32 Management guidelines and signage within Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 105
Fig. 4.33 Gloucester Road Garden seating and landscape features. (Source: Author) 106
Fig. 4.34 Land use along Gloucester Road. (Source: Author) 107
Fig. 4.35 Pedestrian flow and density along Gloucester Road. (Source: Author) 107
Fig. 4.36 Green spaces along Gloucester Road 108
Fig. 4.37 Location and quantity of public seats along Gloucester Road. (Source: Author) 108
Fig. 4.38 Location of FDHs’ actual gathering areas within and surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 109
Fig. 4.39 Location of FDHs’ formal and informal gathering areas within and surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 109
Fig. 4.40 Walkability on streets surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 110
Fig. 4.41 Transportation network surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 110
Fig. 4.42 Summary of FDHs’ activities surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 111
Fig. 4.43 GIS; human flows and density surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 112
Fig. 4.44 Density of FDHs’ gatherings at street level surrounding Gloucester Road Garden. (Source: Author) 113
Fig. 4.45 Site map showing the location of Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 114
Fig. 4.46 Public facilities within Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 114
Fig. 4.47 FDHs’ activities within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 115
Fig. 4.48 Land use around Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 116
Fig. 4.49 Pedestrian flow and density surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author)
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Fig. 4.50 Green spaces within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 117
Fig. 4.51 Location and quantity of public seats within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author)
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Fig. 4.52 Location of FDHs’ actual gathering areas within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 118
Fig. 4.53 Location of FDHs’ formal and informal gathering areas within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 118
Fig. 4.54 Walkability within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 119
Fig. 4.55 Transportation network linkage to Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 119
Fig. 4.56 Summary of FDHs’ activities within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 120
Fig. 4.57 GIS; human flows and density within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 121
Fig. 4.58 Density of FDHs’ gatherings at street level within and surrounding Victoria Park. (Source: Author) 122
Fig. 5.1 Invitation poster for the street event ‘Drawing the Street We Share’. (Source: Author) 132
Fig. 5.2 Participation in the street event. (Source: Author) 132
Fig. 5.3 The different key actor groups’ involvement in the street event. (Source: Author) 133
Fig. 5.4 Roadside discussion during the street event, set against a backdrop of luxury retail. (Source: Author) 133
Fig. 5.5 FDHs’ engagement in the street event. (Source: Author) 135
Fig. 5.6 Local musicians’ performance at the street event. (Source: Author) 135
Fig. 5.7 Local residents’ participation. (Source: Author) 136
Fig. 5.8 Local artists and academics participate in the street event. (Source: Author) 136
Fig. 5.9 Drawing the Street We Share. (Source: Author) 137
Fig. 5.10 FDHs and local residents share the street event. (Source: Author)
Fig. 5.11 Street sculpture to attract people to gather. (Source: Author)
Fig. 5.12 Fifteen-metre-long paper and sculpture on the street. (Source: Author)
Fig. 5.13 Engagement from a range of key actor groups in the street event. (Source: Author)
Fig. 5.14 The street event alongside FDHs’ street gathering with their own tents. (Source: Author)
Fig. 5.15 FDHs participate in the street event. (Source: Author)
Fig. 5.16 FDHs’ tents, the street event and passers-by on Chater Road between Cartier and Prada luxury retail stores. (Source: Author)
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CHAPTER 1
New Spaces of Urban Marginality Within the Global Diaspora of Hong Kong: Introduction
Abstract This chapter examines the spatial structure of social division in Hong Kong and stresses the impact of the urban marginalities on both the social and physical aspects of the urban environment in Hong Kong. This gives an evolving meaning for cultural landscape and provides a new social map of people and place within the context of the physical built form in Hong Kong.
Keywords Urban marginality • Healthy city • Accessibility of public space • Sense of place • Informal and formal public space
IntroductIon
Hong Kong has developed into an extremely dense living condition within which to work and live. As a global financial hub, multinational banks and corporate institutions, together with the elite of the retail and commercial world, invest huge sums in siting and creating headquarters for themselves here. These buildings are in many cases co-joined via elevated walkways to transport interchanges, large residential complexes and hotels, leading some to observe that the resulting urban condition is effectively a ‘city without ground’ (Frampton et al. 2012). Although the ground in question is still there, it has clearly become compromised, disconnected and marginalized by the insertion of these vast networks of finance, consumption and fluffy towels. This street and public space network is made use of by social groups who themselves are disconnected and marginalized from
© The Author(s) 2019
H. S. Choi, Urban Marginality in Hong Kong’s Global Diaspora, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04642-2_1
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S. CHOI
all this wealth and luxury. This book depicts a view from both of these marginalities, the spatial and the social, to understand how the character of these urban spaces and the identities of the social groups in occupation is, and could be, operationalized in urban form.
This chapter comprises three parts. The first part uses Abel’s theory (1997) to review the development of the spatial structure of Hong Kong. This review can help to understand how the evolution in urban form of Hong Kong, and how it is utilized, has been influenced by both the design ideology of globalization and the local socio-cultural context of the city. The second part examines how significant and collective gatherings of certain social groups within public space contributes to the social, cultural and economic character of Hong Kong and how this might be interpreted as a new form of cultural landscape. Finally, the third part of the chapter stresses the impact of this urban marginality on both the social and physical aspects of the urban environment in Hong Kong, giving an evolving meaning for this ‘cultural landscape’ and providing a new social map of the people and places of Hong Kong.
SpatIal Structure In Hong Kong
The tension between globalism and locality was highlighted by Abel (1997: 201) with a new design ideology in which the local informs the global and the global the local. Abel’s term definitions ‘traditional culture’ and ‘colonial culture’ stand in contrast to the culture of global homogeneity that continues to be a characteristic of the contemporary city, advocating for different typologies in built form to be applied to different forms of economic and cultural development. This evolution in typological characteristics can acknowledge the multilayered cultural diversity that exists in the city and represents a significant change that can provide a new definition to place identity, including both rootedness and evolution in urban form.
Hong Kong has its own characteristics of built form informed by its history, its scale and its population density. Irregularities of street orientation, block size, building types and pedestrian circulation, informed by the varied topography of the island city, provide a particular character and richness, as do the large-scale transit-orientated development complexes that have been introduced since the latter part of the twentieth century.
In the earlier part of the twentieth century the most common building typology on Hong Kong Island was the three- to six-storey shophouse, a building type introduced in colonial cities across Southeast Asia in the late
H.
Fig. 1.1 Shophouse typology with commercial units at ground floor and residential accommodation above. (Source: Author)
nineteenth century. Fast forward a hundred years and whilst a small proportion of these shophouses and the urban terrain they sat on have been retained, the city has generally shot skywards, and outwards, with rows of shophouses now supplanted by podium blocks upon which a vast array of tower blocks sit, and the coves and natural harbours that formed the island’s northern coastline built out with new developments and highways on reclaimed land (Figs. 1.1 and 1.2).
SocIal and cultural cHangeS
From 1965 to 1989 Hong Kong’s economy grew ‘at an annual rate of nearly 6.5 per cent’ (Rowley and Fitzgerald 2000), with a particular demand for workers in the service industry. As a growing proportion of family households included both parents in work, this produced an increased demand for domestic workers. In parallel with the economic growth in Hong Kong, the economic climate in neighbouring Philippines was contracting, with a growing rate of unemployment. In response the government put in place policies to
Fig. 1.2 Cross section through the International Finance Centre development. (Source: Author)
promote the export of the country’s labour force. In 1975 the first 1000 foreign domestic helpers (FDHs) from the Philippines were approved for entry into Hong Kong on a domestic workers’ contract (Law 2002: 1635).
This condition of supply and demand for FDHs continues, with other Asian countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, joining the Philippines in adopting policies to encourage the export of their labour force. In 2017,
domestic worker contracts summed up to a total of 3,70,000 (Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong 2018). This group of largely female migrants, forming approximately 10% of Hong Kong’s work force, has become a part of Hong Kong’s economy that is both integral and yet intentionally marginalized; their right to stay in Hong Kong is sponsored by and limited to their employer on a repeatedly temporal two-year working visa, with no possibility of achieving permanent residence.
tHe evolvIng defInItIon of publIc and prIvate Space
A further requirement of the domestic worker contract in Hong Kong is that FDHs are legally required to live with their employer within the home in which they work. The cost of accommodation in Hong Kong per square foot is amongst the highest in the world, meaning that although an employer can afford the low salary required to secure the services of an FDH, the space offered for them to live is often very limited. Whilst there are protections in place within the contract for the FDH to be offered a reasonable amount of private space within the home, in practice this right is difficult for the FDH to assert once employed. As a result a large proportion of helpers live without private space, sleeping in rooms shared with the employers’ children or elderly relatives.
One aspect of the domestic working contract that is more consistently honoured by employers is the weekly day of rest. Typically, on Sunday, FDHs have a day off and tend to leave the employer’s home and seek space and the company of others on the streets and public parks of Hong Kong. On these days this marginalized group of FDHs creates a social space as a form of ‘cultural landscape’ and as a manifestation of an ‘ongoing relationship between people and place’ (Mitchell 2000: 102) (Fig. 1.3).
Every Sunday the FDHs recreate their own culture, community and sense of place within distinct parts of Hong Kong—with specific areas and identifiable zones now established with distinct character, activity and cultural differentiation, alongside Filipina helpers tending to gather around Central and Indonesian helpers, choosing Causeway Bay.
An interesting by-product of these activities on Sunday is a small but sustainable micro-economy of used cardboard sellers, utilized by FDHs as ground covering for group gatherings and forming small upturned enclosures. Through careful selection of clean cardboard of appropriate size, and through operation of mobile market stalls traversing the areas of most
Fig. 1.3 A room layout of less than 3 square metres for FDH use in an average Hong Kong apartment. (Source: Author)
usage by domestic helpers on Sundays, the sellers hope to increase the return on the standard price of HK$ 2 per kilo for recycled cardboard (Figs. 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 and 1.10).
On any weekday and on Saturdays, these areas of public space are used by the local communities and residents in a pattern of transit and relaxation that may be considered typical of any urban environment. However, on Sunday, the usage is much more particular and dynamic. There appears to be no social interaction between the groups of FDHs taking rest and other local residents in the neighbourhood. During the daytime, the public space slowly becomes fully occupied by FDH groups. This occupation continues until the late evening, at which point the FDHs begin to leave and the cardboard traders move in with empty trolleys to retrieve the cardboard sold earlier in the day for reselling to recycling centres. A cleaning team from the local government also carries out work to tidy the area. This all takes place with only minimal interaction and engagement between the separate groups.
Fig. 1.4 FDHs’ informal gathering space on roadway with temporary closure in Central District. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.5 FDHs’ informal gathering in Victoria Park, creating a specific cultural landscape. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.6 Spatial usage of Chater Road. On the left is a special event for an FDH gathering during temporary Sunday road closure. On the right shows the activity on a typical weekday. (Source: Author)
cultural landScape created by urban MargInalIty In Hong Kong
Places may be viewed as constructs of unique geographic, physical and environmental characteristics, combined with unique cultural circumstances and human interventions (Clifford and King 1993). Users experience place through social activities and cultural engagement, generating
Fig. 1.7 FDHs’ gathering places within public space between the Central and Admiralty Districts. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.8 FDHs’ gatherings below public footbridges in Central District. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.9 Trade and usage of cardboard by FDHs for seating and enclosure along public walkways in Central District. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.10 Trade and usage of cardboard by FDHs; the journey of the cardboard. (Source: Author)
distinctive experimental characteristics, and place identity is established when these characteristics complement the physical elements of built form within an urban development.
Each Sunday a large portion of the 3,70,000 FDHs resident in Hong Kong join together to interweave aspects of culture and power that are difficult to unravel without new theoretical tools. These domestic workers temporarily disrupt their position within a hierarchy of employer/ employee social relations and in the process define new networks and links across a range of spaces that temporarily redefine their identity (Fig. 1.11).
Put another way, a ‘social space’ emerges, a space that reflects the political economy of labour migration and domestic work. FDHs—by virtue of their status as live-in domestic workers—have few places in their everyday lives to feel ‘at home’, and gathering in public space can provide relief from working in a foreign culture. At the same time, the city itself is always active and fluid—filled with signs and meanings that connect different places, people and relationships at different junctures (Fig. 1.12).
In her article ‘Defying Disappearance: Cosmopolitan Public Space in Hong Kong’ (2002), Lisa Law highlights the difficulty in defining the quality of public space given the context of these layers of different usage
1.11 Public toilet displaying ‘no helpers, cleaners’ signage. (Source: Author)
Fig.
H. S. CHOI
by separate groups within the urban marginality. The spatial complexity of the city’s public space is also highlighted in Frampton’s ‘Cities Without Ground’ (2012).
It is within this context that a spatially specific transnational cultural landscape has taken root that raises the following questions:
1. How does this cultural landscape influence the occupation and usage of public space in Hong Kong?
2. What are the common characteristics of the public spaces being occupied?
3. Can the social life of small urban space benefit the urban marginalities?
4. How can we characterize the place identity created by this body politic on the pavements of Hong Kong?
5. What can be the tangible and intangible challenges in linking the marginal with the central?
Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this research seeks to unpack the production of these new cultural landscapes in Hong Kong through a better understanding of the institutions and other key actors involved and by observing and analysing the patterns of usage of the urban marginalities involved.
Fig. 1.12 Sai Yeung Choi Street signage in Mong Kok, showing the vibrancy and variety of street life. (Source: Author)
reSearcH MetHodology
This book focuses specifically on the elevated and subterranean walkway systems in the city that are purposefully distinct from the ground plane. Frampton et al. (2012) describe how Hong Kong enhances this threedimensional (3D) connectivity to such a degree that a reference to the ground altogether can be eliminated: ‘Hong Kong is a city without ground’ (p. 6).
Taking a more spatial and specifically urban approach to Law’s study, this book uses empirical evidence, based on observation studies carried out over a 10-month period from September 2016 to July 2017. Visualization and advanced mapping techniques have been used to demonstrate the impact of the periodic usage of public space by FDHs across the central area of the city, from Sheung Wan in the west across to Tin Hau in the east (Fig. 1.13).
Fig. 1.13 FDH gathering and pedestrian flow analysis from September 2016 to July 2017 within the Central District of Hong Kong, with data collection using Space Syntax. (Source: Author)
This data analysis was done using AutoCAD 2D and Rhino 3D, geographical information system (GIS) and UNA (Urban Network Analysis) to produce time-based visualizations of data showing patterns of occupation over this 10-month period.
The case studies include four main sites on Hong Kong Island between Sheung Wan in the west across to Tin Hau in the east: (1) Chater Road and Worldwide House in Central, (2) a public space in front of the Immigration Tower in Wan Chai, (3) a series of pocket parks close to commercial and civic amenities in Wan Chai, and (4) Victoria Park and adjacent streets in Causeway Bay (Figs. 1.14, 1.15 and 1.16).
Three-dimensional mappings and diagrams describe the FDHs’ occupation of the selected public spaces. Together with visualized data, this research also conducted interviews with FDHs, together with other relevant participants such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), business owners, professionals and employers. To understand the evolution and history of these spaces, secondary sources, including newspaper articles, published literature and, in some cases, Internet blogs, forums and discussions, were used to draw conclusions on the dynamics of the space prior to and during the time of observation.
dIScuSSIon
In 1997 Hong Kong became a part of the People’s Republic of China. The transfer of Hong Kong’s sovereignty from Great Britain to China is an extraordinary legislative shift that has influenced in an evolving way the
Fig. 1.14 Location map for four main research sites discussed in Chap. 2. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.15 Location map for two main research sites discussed in Chap. 3. (Source: Author)
Fig. 1.16 Location map for four main research sites discussed in Chap. 4. (Source: Author)
nature of the city’s cosmopolitan capitalism and migration patterns. Lee and Wong (2004) observed Hong Kong as a city ‘reinforced by the neoliberal policies adopted by the advanced capitalist states which relax their borders and encourages the transnational flows of people’. The labour market of the city tends to have employment practices and a weak union structure that favours the employer and a strong economy with an international reach that encourages large-scale immigration and a tendency towards social and occupational polarization.
A growing population of FDHs and other urban marginalities are the result of this.
The distinguishable cultural landscape produced by this urban marginality at the street level has become as much a part of the city as the eyecatching monuments of finance above. Once the qualities of this street-level and marginal inhabitation are characterized, what can be learnt about both of these localized and globalized worlds? What patterns does this identify for how these social and environmental aspects may influence the evolution and development of the city in the near future? Where will the city go from here?
With an ever-receding and marginalized ground place, Hong Kong has connectivity. On the north shore of Hong Kong Island, it is possible to walk across three urban districts, from Sheung Wan to Central to Wan Chai, without ever having to leave a continuous network of elevated or underground pedestrian passageways and interconnected malls and office lobbies. This infrastructural network, including staircases of less than a
H. S. CHOI
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INDEX AND GLOSSARY
Ababda tribe, 25
’Abd el Atif, camel driver, 200; magician, 271
’Abd el Qadr el Jilany, founder of Qadria dervishes, 134
’Abd el Wahad, Sheykh, 64, 67, 73, 74, 243
’Abd er Rahman Musa Said, 25, 27, 34, 47, 76, 85, 86, 104, 105, 116, 117, 122, 124, 132, 147, 148, 151-156, 161-192, 196, 199, 203, 206, 217, 234, 236, 238-240
’Abd es Salem ben Mashish, founder of the Mashishia dervishes, 132
’Abdul Ati, 135
’Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 106, 127
’Abdulla abu Reesha, 134, 136, 148-155, 164-182, 190-192, 196, 199
’Abdulla Kahal, Senussi agent in Cairo, 245
Abeh ’Abdulla, 182
Abeshr, 296-298
Abu el Hul, sphinx-like rock, 36
Abu Moharik dunes, 31, 84, 203
Abu Naim Oasis, 304
Adam, 256; Sheykh, tree of, 263
Afrit, spirit, ghost, 113, 140-143, 187-189
Agaba, el, pass, 305
Agal, Hobbles, 33
Ahmed el Biskri, the Senussi Mahdi’s double, 108, 109
Ahmed el Mawhub, Sheykh, 62-74, 106, 144, 147, 149, 242
Ahmed esh Sheriff, head sheykh of the Senussia, 239
Aid el Mahmal, festival in Kharga, 258
’Ain, a spring or well, in the oases an old “Roman” well
’Ain Amur, 33, 36, 202, 215, 232, 243, 246, 294, 305, 310, 311, 315
’Ain Ebsay, 229
’Ain el Agwa, 231, 246, 304
’Ain el Baytha, 296
’Ain el Belad, 229
’Ain el Hagar, 326
’Ain el Jemala, 37
’Ain el Massim, 262
’Ain el Wady, 304
’Ain Embarres, 29, 137, 202, 215
’Ain Guettara, 335
’Ain Hamur, 29, 137
’Ain Khalif, 231, 246, 304
’Ain Sheykh Murzuk, 225, 230, 231, 304, 319
’Ain Um Debadib, 136, 137, 310, 312, 315, 316
Aiyub, Sultans of Turkey, 260
Albinos, 261
’Alem, a landmark, generally a pile of stones, 85-88, 96, 112, 116
Alexandria, 304
Algeria, libraries in, 19
Algerian Sahara, 18
’Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur, 199, 210
’Ali Kashuta, 44
Amaim tribe, 332
Antiquities, 29, 32, 37, 50, 136, 137, 206, 223, 263, 298, 299, 314-316
Ants, 286
Arabia, 299, 306
Arabic language, 22
“Arab telegraph,” 21
Araj, oasis, 302, 304
Aratha, 296
Architecture, 42, 43, 49, 65, 313, 314, 318
Ardeb, 300 lbs.
Arkenu, 321
Asara, 296, 298, 306
Asses, wild, 303
Assiut, 26, 128, 132, 196, 197, 199, 222, 243, 245, 304, 305
Astronomy, 118, 119
Aswan, 305
Atlas mountains, 301
Atrun, el, 300, 303
Auguries, 249
Aujila, 304, 306
Awazim tribe, 332
Ayb, snub, insult, 45, 221, 238
Bab es Saba See “the Gate of the Morning”
Baghallet el Ashar, “the mule of the tenth,” 257
Baharia, 221, 229, 304, 311, 318, 319
Bahnessa, 304
Bahrein, 301, 304
Bahr el Ghazal, 301
Bahr esh Shaytan, Satan’s sea See Mirage
Bakhshish, tips, 43
Baki, 296
Baldness, 262
Ball, Dr, John, 310, 312, 315
Barbary sheep, 303
Barr, dried manure used as fuel, 123
Barrenness in women, charms, etc., against, 262
Barrum Wady See Bahr el Ghazal
Barth, H., 335
Basket work, 32
Bates, Oric, 334
Battikh, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308
Bau, 296
Beadnell, H. Ll., 307
Bedadi, 296, 298
Bedawi, pl Bedawin, a nomad
Bedayat race, 116, 131, 134, 199, 207, 210, 220, 221, 263, 295, 296, 299, 302, 303
Bees, 283
Bekker el Wahash, 303
Belad esh Shaytan, Satan’s country, 47
Belat, 37, 151, 294, 303, 317; ’omda of, 37, 138, 139
Benghazi, 306
Beni Adi, 304, 305
Berberines, 22
Berdis, 24, 25
Beris, 305, 313
Bersim, clover, 47
Bey, a military title
Bidau, 296-298
Bilharsia, 144
Bir, a well; in the oases a modern one
Bir ’Abd el Qadr, 222
Bir ’Ain Sheykh Mufta, 328
Bir Dikker, 304
Bir el Hamia, 57
Bir el Jebel, 60
Bir Kairowin, 222, 224
Bir Labayat, 227, 304
Bir Magnun, 51
Bir Mansura ’Abdulla, 341
Bir Murr, 222
Bir Natrun, 134, 305, 321
Bir Sheykh Mohammed, 60
Bir Terfawi, 305, 321
Bird-trap, 267, 268
Birth ceremonies, 249
Bisharin, 332
Biskra, 108, 302
Blind gardener in Mut, 139, 140
Boema, 298
“Books of treasure,” 52-56, 58, 145, 203-207, 212, 214
Borku, 299, 300, 335
Borselain, a plant, 261
“Bristle tails,” 283
Bronchitis, 261
Brugsch, H. K., 315
Bu el Agul, grave, 128
Bu Gerara, 201, 203-215, 219, 246
Bu Mungar, 97, 230-236, 244, 246, 287, 299, 304, 307, 309
Bu Senata, 298
Bu Zibad, 298
Budkhulu, 56, 317
Buhuruz, 297
Bulaq, 32, 313
Burnus, a native cloak, 93
Busa, dried stalks of maize, etc.
Buseima, 301
Bushara, 296, 298-300, 306
Butterflies, 283
Cairo, 21-23
Cambyses, King, mines of, 53; army sent to Siwa, 220
Camel brands See wasm
Camel corps, 135
Camel drivers, 25, 34
Camel firing a, 92
Camel fly, 24
Camels, 35, 36, 94, 136, 137
„ watering of, 116-118, 124
Cana, F. R., 293
Cartouche writing, 334
Castles, 314, 315
Chad, Lake, 301
Chalk, 222, 224
Chanties of camel drivers, 268, 269
Charms, 251, 252
Churning, 265
Circumcision, 251, 253, 256
Clairvoyance, 271-279
Clay ridges, 31, 308, 309
Coins dug up, 206, 211, 214
Col de Zenaga, 334
Cooking of the bedawin, 206, 207
Coptic remains, 37, 314. See also Antiquities
Copts, 257, 270, 314
Cotton moth, 283
Cradles, 260
Cranes, 288
Crocodiles, 301; drawings of, 335
Crossbow, 268
Cryptograms of the Tawarek, 335
Cultivation and vegetation, 41, 48, 49, 51, 56, 75, 228, 229, 230, 241, 243, 247, 264, 294, 303, 309-313, 316, 318
Cupping, 152
Customs. See Manners and Customs
Cyrenaica, 293
Cyrus the Great, 54
Dahab, Suleyman Gindi, 22, 34, 110, 132, 142, 143, 162-167, 192, 199, 217, 234, 238, 239, 244
Dakhakhin, 313
Dakhla, 18, 32, 36-81, 90, 91, 128, 130, 138-159, 202, 203, 225, 227, 229, 231, 235, 246, 248-265, 280-284, 288, 294, 300, 303-305, 310, 311, 316-319, 320, 321
Dancing, 193, 254
Darfur, 305; ’Ali Dinar, Sultan of, 199, 210
Darius I, King of Persia, 315
Darius II, King of Persia, 315
Dawa, magical invocation, 272-279
Deafness, 261
Dendura, 199, 200, 299, 300, 304
Dengue fever, 144
Depots, 158, 159, 164, 173-175, 180
Der, a large building or monastery
Der ed, 314, 315
Der Abu Madi, 50, 53, 55
Der el ’Ain, 53
Der el Arais, 145
Der el Banat, 53, 55
Der el Hagar, 58, 78
Der el Seba’a Banat, 53, 55, 101
Der Muhurug, 202
Derb, road
„ el Arbain, 297, 305
„ ed Deri, 202
„ el Gubary, 128, 243, 284, 305, 336-346
„ el Khashabi, 203, 305
„ et Tawil, 128, 201-205, 212, 305, 307
„ et Terfawi, 294, 305
Derr, 305
Dervishes, 19-21, 25, 133, 134, 182
“Desert Mosque,” 233
Desiccation of the desert, 212
Dhayat en Neml, 294
Divorce, 251
Dongola, 298
Dorcas gazelle, 282
Dovecots, 315
Dragon flies, 284
Dress of bride, 252
Drunkenness, 45, 46
Duck, 284
Dumbness, 261
Dunes. See Sand
Dungun, 305
Dush, 313, 314
Duveyrier, H., 335
Eagles, 284, 288
Earthenware, 253
Edfu, 54
Educated Egyptians, 144-146
“Egyptian Oasis,” 300, 304, 320, 321
Eiffel Tower time signals, 297
Electrical phenomena, 93, 94, 307
Emphysema, 261
Endi, 210
Enver Pasha, 105
Epilepsy, 261
Equipment, 33, 34, 206
Erbayana, 299, 301, 302
Erosion. See Sand
Ershay lake, 300-302
Ertha, 296, 299
Erwully, 296, 299, 300
Esna, 53, 54, 213, 305
Eve, 256
Evil eye, 250
Ezba, hamlet, farm, of Sheykh Ahmed, 60, 64-74
Ezbet Sheykh Mufta, 145
Fahal, eight-year-old camel, 35
Families, size of, in oases, 262
Fantasia, “powder play,” 253, 259
Farafaroni, natives of Farafra Oasis, 225
Farafra, 199, 200, 207, 218-231, 246, 266, 288, 294, 304, 307, 310, 311, 318
Farshut, 305
Faruwia, 297
Fas, a hoe, 264
Fasher, el, 296-298
Fatha, el, the first chapter of the Koran, 252
Fatimite dynasty, 259
Fauna, 24, 32, 36, 79, 88, 97, 247, 280-292, 301, 303, 318
Fayum, 301, 304
“Feathered” snake, 286
Fellah, pl. fellahin, an Egyptian peasant
Ferikh, pop-corn, 69
Fever, 30
Figuig Oasis, 334
Fiki, a minor holy man, 254, 255, 259
Fire making, 122, 124, 228
Flags, used in ceremonies, 253, 254, 259
Flatters, Col., expedition of, 162
Flies, 283, 287, 288
Flora, 28, 32, 49, 96-98, 111, 222, 223, 228, 229, 232, 233, 247, 258, 280, 282, 291, 292, 294, 318
Fly, camel, 318
Flying lizard. See issulla
Fodder, difficulty in procuring, 138, 139, 151, 155-157
Fog in desert, 310
Forbes, Mrs. Rosita, 306
Formah, 297
Fox, spotted, seen, 281, 288
Funerals, 254-256
Funfun, well, 296, 298
Furwa, sheepskin, 33
Gada, sportsman
Gahaz, things brought by a bride to her new home, 253
Gara, a rocky hill
Gara bu Gerara, 203-205
Gara esh Shorfa, 334
Garden of Eden, 214, 256
Gardener, blind man in Mut, 139, 140
Garet, dim. of gara
Garet ed Dahab, 205
Garet el Leben, 302
Gassi, a sand free path through dunes, 304
“Gate of the Morning,” 96, 118
Gazelle, 37, 215, 223, 282, 288; trap for, 266, 267
Gedida, 75, 145, 304, 317, 318
Gennah, 313
Geology, 28, 33, 83, 84, 88, 90, 112, 115, 216, 220, 294
Gerara, 330
Geryville, 334, 335
Ghul, a cannibal ghost, 140-143
Girga, 305
Girgof, el, 294
Giza, 304
Glass, dug up, 206, 214
Gorgi Michael, 43
Gorn el Gennah, 315
Graffiti, 247, 326-336
Gramophones, 70
Grasshoppers, 283
Graves, pattern of, 255
“Great oasis,” 310
Grey hair, 262
Gritstone hill, 83
Gubary road. See Derb el Gubary
Guebar Rashim, 334
Guehda. See Qasr el Guehda
Guest chambers, 49, 61, 65
Guides, 25, 26, 134; skill of, 105, 112
Gula, earthenware water bottle, 66
Gurba, skin water bag, 97, 132
Gurba patches, 97
Gurban, an old gold coin, 56
Guru, 301
Guss abu Said, 227, 231, 304
Guttara well, 296, 300
Haggi, a man who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca
Hair, ceremony on first cutting a child’s, 250
Hair dressing, 253
Hamamla tribe, 330
Harb tribe, 330
Harda, 335
Harubga, a game, 335
Hashish, Indian hemp, 135, 137, 261
Hassanein Bey, 298, 306, 319-321
Hassun tribe, 330
Hattia, uninhabited oasis
Hawerti tribe, 332
Heg, a three-year-old camel, 35
Heraldry among Arabs, 330
Hibis temple, 29, 315; town, 314
High level oasis, 316, 319
Hills in desert, shapes of, 88, 90, 111, 115, 309
Hindau, 41, 154, 238, 317
Horses, 48, 50
Hoskins, 315
Hospitality, 38, 39, 50, 66-74, 136, 193
Hram, a plaid-like garment worn in Tripoli, 41
Hurj, saddle-bags, 33
Hurry tribe and lake, 302
Hussein, grandson of the prophet Mohammed, 256
Hyena, 281
Ibn ed Dris, Sheykh of Farafra zawia, 228, 229, 234
Ibn esh Sha’ar, one-year-old camel, 35
Ibn es Sena, one-year-old camel, 35
Ibn Lebun, two-year-old camel, 35
Ibrahim Musa Said, camel driver, 132-135, 140-143, 148, 151-155, 163, 180182, 199-201, 216, 221, 234
Ibrahim, Sheykh of the zawia at Qasr Dakhl, 61, 62
Ibrahim Zaky, mamur of Mut, 43-46
Iddaila, 97, 199, 207, 227, 231, 234, 246, 302, 304, 309
Immorality, 143, 251, 260
Insects, list of, 322
Interference between artesian wells, 244
Invasion of Egypt by the Senussia, 106, 127
Iron pyrites, 224
Irrigation. See Cultivation
“Islands of the Blest,” 311
Issulla, a flying lizard, probably mythical, 285, 286
Italians in Tripoli, 135, 198
Jackals, 280-282, 288
Jaghabub, 301, 304
Jaja, 313
Jaj Mohammed, el, 335
Jalo, 60, 301, 304, 306
Jebel, lit mountain, in Egypt the desert, 28, 319
„ Abdulla, 115, 151, 153, 154, 158, 159, 173, 177, 300, 303
„ Dakar, 302
„ Edmondstone, 236
„ el Bayed, 112-118, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 158-160, 164, 169, 174176, 178, 179
„ el Ghazallet, 302
„ el Owanat, 319
„ Ghennihma, 312, 315
„ Gunna el Bahari, 227
„ Hashem el Gud, 302
„ Jabail, 202
„ Kusu, 301
„ Maydob, 298
„ Somara, 302
„ Ta’aref, 312
„ Tarfaia, 302
„ Ter, 312
„ Um el Ghenneiem, 312
Jebsia tribe, 330
Jedabya, 306
Jedda, five-year-old camel, 35
Jemel, full-grown male camel, 35
Johnson, E. A. Pasha, 52-54, 212
Kafir, infidel
Kairowin hattia, 220, 222, 233, 304, 311
Kantar, 100 Egyptian pounds, 47
Karbala, battle of, 256
Kas, cymbals, 252
Katb el kitab, part of a marriage ceremony, 252
Kebabish tribe, 298
Kebabo, 299
Kerkadi, Sudanese tea, 70
Kerzazia dervishes, 20
Khalif of Islam, 106
Khalifa Zenata, 259
Khalil Salah Gaber, interpreter, 22, 34, 96, 101, 102, 124-126
Khamasin, fifty days of spring, 257
Khan, a native inn, in Assiut, 132
Khana tribe, 330
Kharafish, a form of sand erosion, 28, 87, 202, 308
Kharashef, a form of sand erosion, 28, 202, 308
Kharga, 23, 28-32, 90, 129, 132, 157, 202, 215, 225, 227, 243, 244, 246, 248, 258-260, 265, 283, 284, 288, 293, 297, 305, 308-319, 326
Khatim, lit. seal, diagram used in magic, 273, 274
Khatma, a religious ceremony, 254
Khobayza, a plant, 282
Kimri, palm doves, 57, 284, 285; experiment with, 90, 91, 321
Kites, 284
Kowora, 298, 302
Kufara, 18, 52, 60, 71, 77, 82, 83, 98, 109, 131, 147, 149, 199, 234, 293, 296, 298, 299, 301-306, 319
Kuffara, 296
Kurkur Oasis, 305
Kysis, town of, 314; temple of, 315
Lace wing flies, 287
Lagia, el, 303, 305, 321
Lahd, recess in a grave for the body to lie in, 255
“Lake of the mud tortoises” of Miani, 303
Lame camels, 88, 89, 92
Lane’s “Modern Egyptians,” 253-278
Leaking water tanks, 153, 155, 161-164, 182
Lefa’a, horned viper, 286
Left hand unclean among Moslems, 278
Legends, 53-58, 63, 75, 78, 221
“Letters” written by illiterate bedawin, 180, 235
Leylet el Wahada, night of solitude, 254
Leylet el Wahsha, night of desolation, 254
Libyan desert boundaries, 17
Ligatured monograms of the Tawarek, 335
Light phenomena, 307
Litham, mask worn by the Tibbus and Tawarek, 277
Lizards, 285, 288
Locusts, 283
Looms, 314
Lughad, 296
Luxor, 146, 305
Mabsat, pleased
Madania dervishes, 133
Made roads, 205
Maghagha, 304
Maghrib, west, evening prayer, 67
Magic See Superstitions and magicians
Magicians, 146, 154, 194, 212, 217, 271
Mahdi, of Khartum, 107; of the Senussia, 106-109; a veiled prophet, 108
Mahmal of Cairo, 259; of Kharga, 258-260
Mahmed ben Abd er Rahman Bu Zian, founder of the Ziania dervishes, 182
Mahr, dowry, 252
Maimun, the afrit, 274-279
“Making the peace,” 46, 194, 242
Maks Bahari, 313
Maks Gibli, 313
Malaria, 30, 261
Malif tribe, 330
Mamur, a native magistrate, 183-191, 193-196
Mandal, a magical performance, 272-279
Manfalut, 199, 202
Mange, 76, 79
Manners and customs, 34, 39, 46, 47, 50, 67, 152, 193, 206, 207, 232, 247, 251-254, 256, 259, 260, 265, 268, 269
Mansur, camel driver, 200
Mantids, 286, 287
“Map”-making by bedawin, 208
Marble, 202
Marhaka, two stones for crushing grain, 97
Marmarica, 334
Marriage ceremonies, 251-254
Marsa Matru, 335
Masara, 41, 145, 317
Mashishia dervishes, 133
Mastaba, platform, bench, or tomb, 53, 56
Mecca, 108
Medicine, native, 261, 262, 279, 282
Meheriq, 313
Melanism, human, 152
Menna, wife of the founder of the Senussia, 108
Merga, 300, 302, 303, 321
Merkaz, the office of a mamur
Mesopotamia, 214
Metaphors, Arabic, 201, 202
Meteors, 307
Miani, 303
Migration of birds, 36, 79, 101, 287, 288
Mill, for flour, 264, 265; for olives 265
Minia, 304
Mirage, 113, 179
“Mist,” as showing a distant valley, 95
M’khiat er Rih tribe, 221
Mohammed ben ’ali es Senussi, founder of the Senussia dervishes, 108
Mohammed el Mawhub, Sheykh of the zawia at Qasr Dakhl, 40, 60-64, 73, 74, 144, 145, 147, 149, 196, 229, 234, 240, 242, 243, 245
Mohammed et Tounsi, 335
Mohammed, Sheykh of Farafra zawia, 228
Mohammed, the Prophet, 57, 106
Mohammed V, of Turkey, 127
Mohanny, camel driver, 200
Morocco, 108
Mosquitoes, 283, 287
Moths, 283, 287
Mud tortoises, lake of, 303
Mudir, governor of a province Mukhlia, camel’s nosebag, 33
Mulid, feast on birthday of a saint, 259
Munkar, “the unknown,” a black angel, 255
Musa, camel driver, 25, 34, 92
Musbut, 297
Mushaluba, um Shaloba, 296
Mushia, 75, 317, 318
Music, effect of, on camels, 92, 270
Musical sands, 100, 220, 263
Musical stones, 98, 100
Mut, 41-48, 76, 82, 90, 91, 100, 139-159, 182-192, 194, 236-241, 244, 262, 284, 295, 305, 317
Nachtigal, Gustav, 297, 298
Nadura, temple of, 315
Naga, a full-grown female camel, 35
Nails, ceremony on first cutting a child’s, 250
Naja, cobra, 286
Nakir, “the repudiating,” a black angel, 255
Native information, collecting, 207-211, 220, 221, 295
Nazili Genub, 201
Negeb, a pass down a cliff
„ er Rumi, 216
„ Shushina, 205
„ to Bu Mungar, 232
„ to Dakhla, 36
Nesla, 227, 231, 287, 304
Nestorius, Bishop, 314
Nicknames, 128, 134
Nijem, lit. star; to know the nijem = knowledge of the desert, 170
Nile, River, 301, 302
Nimr Awad, 25, 134, 149, 150
Noah, 256
No’on lake, 303
Noon shelters, 111
Noser, hollow desert, 87
Oasis, meaning of, 310
“Oasis of the blacks,” 52
Officials, class of, in oases, 43-45
Oil, olive, 265, 318, 321
Olive mill, 265
“Olive oasis,” 91, 320, 321
Olive press, 265
’Omar Wahaby, mamur of Dakhla, 156
’Omda, village headman, for individuals see under name of village
