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THE WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANION TO

ANCIENT ISRAEL

Praisefor TheWileyBlackwellCompaniontoAncientIsrael

Ihadbeguntothinkthattherewerealreadytoomanyhandbooks,dictionaries,andencyclopediasofthebiblicalworldonthemarketforyetanotherone.Butreadingthroughthisnewvolume, superblyplannedandorganizedbySusanNiditch,showedmehowwrongIwas.Thereisfrankly nothingquitelikeit.Inanexceptionallycomprehensiveway,itexploreswhatancientIsraelwas allabout:thevariedaspectsofitscultureandsociety,themultiplehistoricalcontextsinwhich itexisted,andtherangeofperspectives,literary,archaeological,religious,socialscientific,from whichmoderninterpretersmustunderstandit.Thevolume,thus,isnotonlyasurveyofthe factsandfeaturesofIsrael’shistoryandculture,asistypicalofmanyhandbooks.Evenmore, itisasearchinginquiryintohowweknowwhatweknoworthinkweknow:whatarethemajor issuesofinterpretationandhowtoevaluatethem.EditorNiditchhasnotbeenafraidtoencourage differingpointsofviewontheseissuesandtheevidenceforthemfromhercontributors,which hercross-referencingthroughouthelpsthereadertoappreciate.Andthecontributors–awellrespectedinternationalgroupfromjuniortoseniorscholars–havenotbeenafraidtobeprovocativeinwhattheyhavetosay.Unquestionably,thisvolumewillbecomeacornerstoneforallfuture workonthestudyofancientIsrael.

TheWileyBlackwellCompanionstoReligion

TheWileyBlackwellCompanionstoReligionseriespresentsacollectionofthemostrecentscholarshipandknowledgeaboutworldreligions.Eachvolumedrawstogethernewly-commissioned essaysbydistinguishedauthorsinthefield,andispresentedinastylewhichisaccessibletoundergraduatestudents,aswellasscholarsandtheinterestedgeneralreader.Thesevolumesapproach thesubjectinacreativeandforward-thinkingstyle,providingaforuminwhichleadingscholars inthefieldcanmaketheirviewsandresearchavailabletoawideraudience.

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TheWileyBlackwellCompaniontoAncientIsrael

EditedbySusanNiditch

TheWileyBlackwell Companionto AncientIsrael

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TheWileyBlackwellcompaniontoancientIsrael/editedbySusanNiditch. pagescm

Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-65677-8(cloth)

1.Jews–History–To70A.D.2.Judaism–History–Post-exilicperiod,586B.C.-210A.D.3. Jews–Palestine–Civilization.4.Palestine–Sociallifeandcustoms–To70 A.D.5.Palestine–History–To70A.D.6.Bible–Criticism,interpretation,etc.I.Niditch,Susan,editor. DS121.W652016 933–dc23

2015017683

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3AncientEgyptandIsrael:History,Culture,andtheBiblicalText

JohnR.Huddlestun

4TextandContextinBiblicalStudies:ABriefHistoryofaTroubled

BHebrewBibleandTrackingIsraeliteHistoryandCulture

5FolkloreandIsraeliteTradition:AppreciationandApplication

6TheFormationoftheHebrewBible:Sources,CompositionalLayers,and OtherRevisions

7LinguisticsandtheDatingofBiblicalLiterature

8Epigraphy:WritingCultureintheIronAgeLevant

9TheEmergenceofIsraelandTheoriesofEthnogenesis

AvrahamFaust

BMonarchicPeriod

10TheEarlyMonarchyandtheStoriesofSaul,David,andSolomon

BradE.Kelle

11TheDividedMonarchy

J.J.M.Roberts

CPostmonarchicPeriod:IntheLandandDiaspora

12(Re)Defining“Israel”:TheLegacyoftheNeo-BabylonianandPersian Periods

CharlesE.Carter

MarkS.Smith

CSocialInteraction

19ReligionatHome:TheMaterialityofPractice

FrancescaStavrakopoulou

20EducationandtheTransmissionofTradition

RaymondF.Person,Jr

21Kinship,Community,andSociety

T.M.Lemos

22LawandLegalLiterature

BernardM.LevinsonandTinaM.Sherman

23Women’sLives

CarolMeyers

24EconomyandSocietyinIronAgeIsraelandJudah:AnArchaeological Perspective

J.DavidSchloen

DArtisticExpression

25VerbalArtandLiterarySensibilitiesinAncientNearEasternContext457 EdwardL.Greenstein

26TheFloweringofLiteratureinthePersianPeriod:TheWritings/Ketuvim476 TamaraCohnEskenazi

27HellenisticPeriodLiteratureintheLandofIsrael

BenjaminG.WrightIII

28ArtandIconography:RepresentingYahwisticDivinity

NotesonContributors

ElizabethBloch-Smith isanarchaeologistwhohasunearthedthelivedculturesofthe ancientLevant,includingancientIsrael.Herpublicationsinclude JudahiteBurialPracticesandBeliefsabouttheDead andarticlesonTelDor,thegoddessAstarte,Israelitereligion,theroleofmaterialcultureintransmittingnotionsofgender,andarchaeological contributionstobiblicalstudies.ShehasexcavatedinIsrael,Cyprus,Turkey,Tunisia, andConnecticut.

DavidM.Carr isProfessorofOldTestamentatUnionTheologicalSeminaryinNew York.Heistheauthorof IntroductiontotheOldTestament:SacredTextsandImperialContexts (2010), TheFormationoftheHebrewBible (2011)and,mostrecently, HolyResilience: TheBible’sTraumaticOrigins

CharlesE.Carter isProfessorofReligionatSetonHallUniversityinSouthOrange,NJ. InadditiontoHebrewBibleandNewTestament,histeachingandresearchinterestsare archaeology,environmentalstudies,andreligionandfilm.HewastheCatholicBiblical SocietyVisitingScholaratthePontificalBiblicalInstituteinRomeandthe ´ EcoleBiblique inJerusalemin2002–3andaPewScholarintheCarnegieAcademyfortheScholarship ofTeachingandLearningin1999–2000.HechairedtheDepartmentofReligionfrom 1999to2009.From2009to2014,heservedasAssociateDeanoftheCollegeofArts andSciences.

OhadCohen isaSemiticlinguistandHebrewBiblescholar.Inhisbook TheVerbalTense SysteminLateBiblicalHebrewProse (2013),heofferedasystematicstructuralanalysisof theverbinlateBiblicalHebrewprose.Inhisrecentpublicationshehasconceptualized newwaystodealwithsomeclassicaldebatesonthemeaningofBiblicalHebrewverbal forms.

JohnJ.Collins isHolmesProfessorofOldTestamentCriticismandInterpretationat YaleUniversity.HehaswrittenwidelyonapocalypticliteratureandtheDeadSeaScrolls. Hismostrecentbookis TheOxfordHandbookofApocalypticLiterature (2014).Hehasbeen presidentoftheCatholicBiblicalAssociation(1997)andpresidentoftheSocietyof

BiblicalLiterature(2002),andiscurrentlygeneraleditoroftheAnchorBibleSeriesfor YaleUniversityPress.

TamaraCohnEskenazi isTheEffieWiseOchsProfessorofBiblicalLiteratureand HistoryatHebrewUnionCollege-JewishInstituteofReligioninLosAngeles.Herpublicationsinclude InanAgeofProse:ALiteraryApproachtoEzra-Nehemiah and TheJPS BibleCommentary:Ruth (NationalJewishBookAwardinWomen’sStudies,2011).She issenioreditorof TheTorah:AWomen’sCommentary,winneroftheNationalJewishBook oftheYearAwardin2008,andrecipientofaNationalEndowmentfortheHumanities Fellowshipforworkonwomen’slivesinthePersianperiod.

AvrahamFaust isProfessorofArchaeologyattheMartin(Szusz)DepartmentofLand ofIsraelStudiesandArchaeology,Bar-IlanUniversity,Israel.HeistheauthorofnumerousbooksandarticlescoveringvariousaspectsofIsrael’sarchaeologyfromtheEarly BronzeAgetotheByzantineperiod,withaspecialfocusonIronAgesocieties.HeiscurrentlydirectingtheexcavationsatTel’Eton.

S.A.Geller istheIrmaCameronMilsteinProfessorofHebrewBibleattheJewishTheologicalSeminaryinNewYork.HehasalsotaughtatYorkUniversityinToronto,Dropsie CollegeinPhiladelphia,andBrandeisUniversityinWaltham,MA.Hehasworkedinthe fieldofbiblicalpoetryandreligion,andhaspublishedbooksandnumerousarticlesin theseareas,amongthem SacredEnigmas:LiteraryReligionintheHebrewBible (1996) and,mostrecently,studiesontheroleofnatureinbiblicalreligionandothertopics.He iscurrentlycompletingacommentaryontheBookofPsalms.

MatthewJ.Goff isanAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofReligionatFlorida StateUniversity.HisresearchinterestsincludetheDeadSeaScrollsandwisdomliterature.Hismostrecentbookis 4QInstruction:ACommentary (2013).

EdwardL.Greenstein isMeiserProfessorofBiblicalStudiesandDirectoroftheInstituteforJewishBiblicalInterpretationatBar-IlanUniversity,Israel.Hehaseditedthe JournaloftheAncientNearEasternSociety since1974andhaspublishedwidelyin ancientNearEasternandbiblicalstudies.Recipientofnumerousfellowships,hecompletedtheessayinthepresentvolumewhileavisitingseniorresearchfellowattheHerzl Institute,Jerusalem.

JohnR.Huddlestun isAssociateProfessorofReligiousStudiesattheCollegeof Charleston.HehaspublishedontherelationshipofancientIsraeltoEgypt,especially onconceptionsoftheRiverNile.Priortohiscareerinacademia,ProfessorHuddlestun workedasaprofessionalmusician,livinginsouthernEuropeandIsrael.

BradE.Kelle,ProfessorofOldTestamentandDirectoroftheM.A.inReligionProgram atPointLomaNazareneUniversity,hasservedastheChairoftheSocietyofBiblical Literature’sWarfareinAncientIsraelConsultation(2004–6)andSection(2007–12). HehaswrittenoreditedavarietyofworksonancientIsrael,including AncientIsraelat War853–586BC (2007)and BiblicalHistoryandIsrael’sPast:TheChangingStudyofthe BibleandHistory (co-authoredwithMeganBishopMoore,2011).

T.M.Lemos isAssociateProfessorofHebrewBibleatHuronUniversityCollegeatWesternUniversity,Ontario.ShehaspublishedintheareasofIsraelitemarriagecustoms, socialstructure,impuritypractices,masculinity,andviolence.

BernardM.Levinson servesasProfessorofClassicalandNearEasternStudiesandof LawattheUniversityofMinnesota,whereheholdstheBermanFamilyChairinJewish StudiesandHebrewBible.Hisresearchfocusesonbiblicalandcuneiformlaw,textual reinterpretationintheSecondTempleperiod,andtherelationoftheBibletoWestern intellectualhistory.Theinterdisciplinarysignificanceofhisworkhasbeenrecognized withappointmentstomajornationalandinternationalresearchinstitutes.

TheodoreJ.Lewis holdstheBlum-IwryProfessorshipinNearEasternStudiesatThe JohnsHopkinsUniversity.HespecializesinNorthwestSemiticlanguagesandreligions, isgeneraleditorofthebookseriesWritingsfromtheAncientWorldandpasteditorof thejournals NearEasternArchaeology and HebrewAnnualReview.Heistheauthorof CultsoftheDeadinAncientIsraelandUgarit,andco-authorof UgariticNarrativePoetry andiscurrentlywriting TheReligionofAncientIsrael fortheYaleAnchorBibleReference LibraryseriesforwhichhewasawardedaGuggenheimFellowship.

CarolMeyers,theMaryGraceWilsonProfessorofReligiousStudiesatDukeUniversity,haslecturedandpublishedwidelyinbiblicalstudiesandarchaeology.Sheco-edited WomeninScripture,acomprehensivelookatallbiblicalwomen;andherlatestbook, RediscoveringEve (2013),isalandmarkstudyofwomeninancientIsrael.Shehasbeen afrequentconsultantformediaproductionsandhasservedaspresidentoftheSociety ofBiblicalLiterature.

SusanNiditch istheSamuelGreenProfessorofReligionatAmherstCollege.Her researchandteachingontheculturesofancientIsraeldrawuponthefieldsoffolklore andoralstudiesandreflectparticularinterestsinwar,gender,thebodyandlivedreligion.Hermostrecentbookis TheResponsiveSelf:PersonalReligioninBiblicalLiteratureof theNeo-BabylonianandPersianPeriods.

Song-MiSuziePark isAssistantProfessorofOldTestamentatAustinPresbyterian TheologicalSeminaryinAustin,Texas.HermainresearchinterestscenterontheliteraryandtheologicalinterpretationsoftheHebrewBible,especiallyconcerningthepoliticsofidentity.Theauthorof HezekiahandtheDialogueofMemory (2015)andseveral articles,sheiscurrentlyatworkonafeministcommentaryontheBookof2Kings.

RaymondF.Person,Jr isProfessorofReligionatOhioNorthernUniversity.Heisthe authorofnumerousbooksandarticles,including TheDeuteronomicHistoryandtheBook ofChronicles:ScribalWorksinanOralWorld (2010)and DeuteronomyandEnvironmental Amnesia (2014).

J.J.M.Roberts isPrincetonTheologicalSeminary’sW.H.GreenProfessorofOldTestamentLiteratureEmeritus,retiredafter25yearsinthatposition.Priortothathetaught intheNearEasterndepartmentsattheUniversityofTorontoandTheJohnsHopkins University,andtheDepartmentofReligionatDartmouthCollege.HeservedontheNew

RevisedStandardVersioncommittee,onanumberofeditorialboards,andhaspublishedwidely.

ChristopherA.Rollston isahistorianoftheancientNearEast,withprimaryfocuson NorthwestSemiticepigraphyoftheFirstandSecondTempleperiods,scribaleducation, writingandliteracyinantiquity,HebrewBible,andlawanddiplomacyintheancient NearEast.Heworksinmorethanadozenancientandmodernlanguages.Heholdsthe MAandPhDfromTheJohnsHopkinsUniversityandiscurrentlytheAssociateProfessorofNorthwestSemiticLanguagesandLiteraturesintheDepartmentofClassicaland NearEasternLanguagesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity.Heistheeditorofthejournal Maarav,theco-editorofthe BulletinoftheAmericanSchoolsofOrientalResearch,and amemberofPhiBetaKappa.

J.DavidSchloen isAssociateProfessorofSyro-PalestinianArchaeologyintheOriental InstituteandtheDepartmentofNearEasternLanguagesandCivilizationsoftheUniversityofChicago,whereheisalsoanassociatedfacultymemberoftheDivinitySchool. HespecializesinthearchaeologyandhistoryoftheancientLevant(SyriaandPalestine) fromca.3000to300BCE.Overthepasttwodecadeshehasconductedarchaeological excavationsinIsraelandTurkey.Heiscurrentlycompletingabookentitled TheBibleand Archaeology:ExploringtheHistoryandMythologyofAncientIsrael,whichexplainshow ancientartifacts,inscriptions,andotherarchaeologicaldiscoveriesshedlightonbiblical narratives.

TinaM.Sherman isaPh.D.candidateintheDepartmentofNearEasternandJudaic StudiesatBrandeisUniversityinWaltham,Massachusetts.Herdissertationinvestigates thenatureofmetaphorinpropheticoraclesofjudgment,situatingthemwithintheir ancientNearEasterncontext.

MarkS.Smith istheSkirballProfessorofHebrewBibleandAncientNearEasternStudiesatNewYorkUniversity.SpecializinginIsraelitereligionandtheHebrewBible,aswell astheliteratureandreligionofLateBronzeUgarit,heistheauthorofmanybooks,most recently PoeticHeroes:TheLiteraryCommemorationsofWarriorsandWarriorCultureinthe EarlyBiblicalWorld and HowHumanIsGod?SevenQuestionsaboutGodandHumanityin theBible (both2014).

FrancescaStavrakopoulou isProfessorofHebrewBibleandAncientReligionatthe UniversityofExeter,UK.Herresearchfocusesonreligiousandsocialpracticesinancient IsraelandJudah,andtheportrayalofthepastintheHebrewBible.Herbooksinclude KingManassehandChildSacrifice (2004), LandofOurFathers:TheRolesofAncestorVenerationinBiblicalLandClaims (2010),and ReligiousDiversityinAncientIsraelandJudah (withJ.Barton,2010).

NealWalls isAssociateProfessorofOldTestamentInterpretationattheWakeForest UniversitySchoolofDivinityinNorthCarolina.Heistheauthorof TheGoddessAnatin UgariticMyth and Desire,Discord,andDeath.

StevenWeitzman servesastheEllaDarivoffDirectoroftheHerbertD.KatzCenterfor AdvancedJudaicStudiesattheUniversityofPennsylvaniawhereheisalsotheAbraham M.EllisProfessorofHebrewandSemiticLanguagesandLiteraturesintheDepartment ofReligiousStudies.Recentpublicationsinclude Solomon:TheLureofWisdom (2011); withJohnEfronandMatthiasLehmann,asecondrevisededitionofthetextbook The Jews (2014);andwithco-editorMichaelMorgan, RethinkingtheMessianicIdeainJudaism (2014).

RobertR.Wilson istheHooberProfessorofReligiousStudiesandProfessorofOld TestamentatYaleUniversity.Heistheauthorof GenealogyandHistoryintheBiblical World (1977), ProphecyandSocietyinAncientIsrael (1980), SociologicalApproachestothe OldTestament (1984),andnumerousarticlesonprophecy,historiography,andjudicial practiceinancientIsrael.

BenjaminG.WrightIII isUniversityDistinguishedProfessorintheDepartmentof ReligionStudiesatLehighUniversityinBethlehem,PA.Hespecializesinthehistoryand literatureofSecondTempleJudaismandEarlyChristianity,withparticularinterestin wisdomliterature,theSeptuagintandproblemsrelatedtotranslationinantiquity,and theDeadSeaScrolls.Hehasrecentlycompletedacommentaryonthe LetterofAristeas fortheseriesCommentariesonEarlyJewishLiterature.

Acknowledgments

I thanktheTrusteesofAmherstCollegeandDeanGregS.CallforsupportingtheproductionofthisvolumewithagrantfromtheFacultyResearchAwardProgram.I wouldalsoliketothankStewartMooreforhisexcellentworkaseditorialassistantduringthepreparationofthemanuscript.MyfriendandcolleaguePeterMachinistwas extremelyhelpfulasIcompiledtherosterofcontributors.Ialsowishtoexpressmy appreciationtoallthecolleagueswhocontributedessays.Ithankthemforthequalityoftheirwork,fortheirpatience,andfortheirperseverance.Forme,aparticularly fruitfulandenjoyablepartofthisprojectinvolvedthelectures,basedontheiressays, deliveredbycontributorsinavarietyofclassroomandpublicsettingsatAmherstCollege.Mystudentsoverseveralyearsbenefitedgreatlyfromtheseinteractionsthatdeeply enrichedourcoursesandofferedcontributorsanopportunitytogivetheiressaysatrial runinfrontofintelligentandenthusiasticlisteners.Theresponsesoftheseaudiences inturncontributedtothefinalversionsoftheessays.ThelecturesweremadepossiblebytheAmherstCollegeWillisD.WoodFund.Finally,IwouldliketothankRebecca Harkin,GeorginaColeby,BenThatcher,andtheothereditorsatWileyBlackwellwho commissionedandsupportedourwork.

Editor’sIntroduction

The CompaniontoAncientIsrael offersamultifacetedentryintoancientIsraeliteculture.Theorientationofthe Companion isrootedinseveralapproaches:thehistory ofreligionwithitsinterestsinworldviews,symbolsystems,paradigms,andthebenefitsofcomparative,cross-culturalstudy;thestudyofreligionaslived,anapproachthat asksabouttheeverydaylivesofordinarypeople,thematerialculturethattheyshape andexperience,andtherelationshipsbetweenindividualsandtradition;andcultural studies,withitsemphasisoninterdisciplinaryworkandmethodologicalquestionsabout ourownassumptionsasscholars.

Theessaysofthe Companion arepresentedinthreeparts,buteachofthechapters relatestoothersinthevolumetorevealarangeofperspectives,emphases,andways ofreadingthatpointbothtoareasofconsensusandlivelydebatewithinaframework ofsharedquestionsandconcerns.Afirstgroupofarticlesexploreshowweknowwhat weknow.Authorsdescribeandapplymajortoolsandapproachesemployedbyscholars tocontextualizeancientIsraelandJudahandtoexploretheHebrewBible,thegreat anthologyofliteratureintegraltoissuesinIsraelitehistoryandculture.Throughout, readersareurgedtoapproachthesourcesofourknowledgewithsuspicion,awareofthe benefitsandlimitationsofmethodologicalapproachesdeployedinthestudyofancient Israel.

Inchapter1,ElizabethBloch-Smithskillfullyintroducesreaderstothemodernfield ofancientNearEasternarchaeology,itstechniquesandgoals,anditsimplicationsfor thestudyofancientIsrael.Shereviewsthehistoryofthefield,drawinganimportant distinctionbetween“biblical”and“ancientIsrael.”Bloch-SmithemphasizesthecriticalimportanceofmaterialcultureforafullappreciationofIsraelitereligion,literature, andsocietyevenwhilepointingtothelimitationsofthisevidenceandthechallenges ofinterpretation.Shejudiciouslydescribesdevelopmentsanddebatesamongscholars

TheWileyBlackwellCompaniontoAncientIsrael,FirstEdition.EditedbySusanNiditch. © 2016JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Published2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.

concerningchronologyandothercriticalissues,providingathoughtfulcounterpoint tootheressaysinthisvolumesuchasthatofAvrahamFaust.

Grapplingwithissuesinethnography,worldview,andliteraryform,Song-MiSuzie ParkdiscussesthepeoplessurroundingancientIsraelwhoaredescribedintheHebrew BibleasplayingcriticalrolesinIsraelitefoundationtales.Parknotonlyreviewswhat isknownandnotknownaboutthehistoricallocations,ethnicidentity,andcultural orientationsoftheEdomites,Ammonites,Moabites,andothersbutalsoexploreswhat termssuchasCanaaniteandAmoritevariouslymeaninIsraelitetradition.Sheasks howtheancientbiblicalauthorsportrayneighboringpeoplesandwhattheseportrayalssayaboutIsraelites’ownsenseofculturalself-definitioncontouredeitherincontrast withorinrelationtoothergroups.Intheprocess,shenotonlydelvesintothenature ofancienthistoriographybutalsoprovidesanexcellentcasestudyinthegenesisof culturalmemory.

AnimportantpartofthismemoryrelatestoEgypt.JohnR.Huddlestunasksabout thesignificanceofbiblicalreferencestoEgyptforunderstandingIsraelitehistoryand culturalidentity.HuddlestundiscussesperiodsandsituationsinwhichculturalcontactbetweenancientEgyptandIsraelmighthavebeenpossible,pointingtohistorical andliteraryimplications,butheisdulycautiousaboutdirectliteraryborrowingsand links.Throughout,hepaysexcellentattentiontothecomparativemethod,offeringa thoughtfulreviewandcritiqueoftheworkofpreviousscholarship,exploringwhatthis workandconclusionsdrawnfromitrevealaboutthefieldofbiblicalstudiesandthe culturalorientationsofitscontributors.Inanessaythatsharessomeinterestswith thoseofPark,Faust,andStavrakopoulou,HuddlestunhasusconsiderwhatthebiblicalportrayalsofEgyptandEgyptianssayaboutbiblicalwriters,theirworldviewsand contexts.

Inawide-rangingessay,StevenWeitzmanalsoexploresscholarlyapproachestothe contextsofbiblicalliteratureandthesignificanceofcertainrecurringmethodological assumptions.Weitzmanisparticularlysensitivetothedifficultiesinmatchingancient textswithsocial,political,andintellectualhistory–theambiguitiesandcomplexities, theconstructions,interpretations,andreceptionstowhichquestionsabouttextand contextaresubject.Inparticular,heassessesthecontributionsofancientNearEastern comparativestudiesandarchaeology,discussingtheNewHistoricism,postmodernism invariousguises,minimalism,andthewaysinwhichattentiontocollectivememory relatestotheverynatureoftraditionasreceivedandworldviewincontext.Hisessay readswellintandemwiththoseofBloch-Smith,Park,Faust,andNiditch.

SusanNiditchexploresthewaysinwhichcategoriesintroducedbyfolkloristAlan Dundes,“texture”(styleanduseoflanguage),“text”(content),and“context”(social andliterary),informgenreswithinfolkgroups.Shepointstointerdisciplinaryborders wherefolkloremeetsbiblicalform-criticismandcontemporarymaterialculturemeets ancientNearEasternarchaeology.Adiscussionoforalandwrittenliteratureisfollowed byasetofbiblicalcasestudiesthatunderscorethevariouswaysinwhichawarenessof folklore,thefieldandtheinternationalcorpusofmaterialstudied,deepensandenriches ourunderstandingofancientIsraelitecultures.HerobservationsconcerningoraltraditionserveasacounterpointtothoseofDavidM.Carrwhoseekstounderstandhow thecompositionsoftheHebrewBibleemergedandwerepreservedaswrittenworks.

Inasophisticatedessaythatrejectssimplisticviewsofbiblicalsources,DavidM.Carr offersamodelfortheformationoftheHebrewBible,seekingtoaccountfordoublets, contradictions,andawkwardnessinthereceived,preservedwrittentradition.Drawing hisexamplesfromvariousancientNearEasternandbiblicalworksandfocusingonGenesis1–11,Carrpositstheuseofspecificscribaltechniques,suchasjoining,blending, expanding,andcounterwriting.HiscasestudiesleadCarrtoreviewandassessthestate ofsourcecriticismandtocarefullydrawsomewiderconclusionsabouttheformation ofthePentateuchandits“multivoiced”quality.Carr’sworkiswellreadintandemwith thatofRaymondF.Person,Jrwhopointstoanoral-traditionaldynamicintheprocess ofwrittencomposition.

Compositionalsoraisesquestionsabouttheverywordschosenbyauthors,thesyntaxandstyleoftheirlanguage,andahostofotherlinguisticcriteria.OhadCohenintroducesreaderstothewaysinwhichexpertsinlinguisticsoffersuggestionsforthedating, authorship,andcontextofvariousbiblicalcompositions.AfterdescribingthesortofcriteriaconsideredbyscholarsinthestudyofancientHebrew,Cohenprovidesusefulcase studiestoexplorethewaysinwhichthesecriteriamightbeusedtosituatepiecesand portionsofbiblicalliterature.

ThecultureofancientIsraelandJudahis,asemphasizedthroughoutthisvolume, partofalargerLevantineworld,bothinregardtothecontentandnatureoftheevidenceandinregardtotheverywritingsystemthathasallowedforthepreservationof literaryevidence.Introducingreaderstothevariationsanddevelopmentsthatoccurin writingsystemswithspecificreferencetotheancientNearEast,ChristopherA.Rollston providesanarrayofkeytexts,examinesthegenresofliteratureproducedorpreserved inwriting,andexplorestheirpolitical,historical,andculturalsignificance.Rollstondiscussesthemethodologicalchallengesandimplicationsofepigraphicwork,pointingto scholarlydebatesaboutthechronologyandmeaningofindividualinscriptions.Rollstonnotonlyallowsreaderstothinkinmaterialtermsaboutthenatureofwritingin theancientworldtowhichIsraelbelonged,butalsoaboutwhohasaccesstothisskillat variouslevelsofexpertise.

Allofthequestionsaboutformandfunction,contextandcomparisonthatoccupy authorsinPartIofthe Companion remainrelevantinPartIIdealingwithpoliticalhistory.Developmentsinscholarlyapproacheswillbeespeciallystrikingtothosewhowere introducedtothehistoryofancientIsraelviaworksofthemid-twentiethcenturywhen venerablescholarssuchasJohnBrightcouldvirtuallyvisualizeAbrahamandhisfamilyastheytraveledthesteppe,donkeysintow.Instead,AvrahamFaustapproachesthis earlyperiodbyexaminingthewaysinwhichevidenceofmaterialculturerevealsmeans ofdefiningone’sowngroupoveragainstneighboringgroups.Intheprocess,heprovidesanoverviewofdirectionsandvariationsinthefieldofarchaeologyasithasinfluencedbiblicalandancientNearEasternstudiesandhotlydebatedquestionsconcerningIsraeliteorigins.Faustexaminescriticallywhatismeantbyethnicityandoffersa chronologyandaculturalmapforthehistoricalemergenceofIsraelasapeopleanda formofself-definition.HisworkreprisessomeofthethemesexploredbyParkinhersocioliteraryapproach.Similarly,BradE.Kelleexploresthecomplexintersectionbetween legend,history,propaganda,andhistoriographyindiscussingtheperiodoftheearly kingsasdescribedintheHebrewScripturesandaselucidatedbyextrabiblicalevidence,

archaeological,epigraphic,andliterary.Hepointstovarious“readingframes”employed bymoderninterpretersandtothepossiblesocialcontexts,worldviews,andmotivations thatmayhaveinformedtheworkofancientcomposers,allofwhichrelatetoparticular andoftencontrastingviewsofanearlymonarchy.Alsoemployingbiblical,archaeological,andextrabiblicalwrittensources,J.J.M.Robertspointstothechallengesofhistoricalreconstructionandtheinnertensionsandcontradictionsinavailablematerial, askinghowweknowwhatweknowandwhytheinformationispreservedbyvarious sourcesinaparticularway.Hiswork,likethatofBradE.Kelle,thusnotonlyprovidesa valuablebackgroundessayforthestudyofIsraeliteandJudeanhistory,butalsoauseful modelinhistoricalmethodology.

Similarly,CharlesE.Cartergrappleswithvariousandcontrastingreconstructionsof theneo-BabylonianandPersianperiodswithspecialinterestinthewaysinwhichscholarsemployandassessarchaeologicaldata.Hetoopointstothechallengesfacedbyhistorians,andoffersjudicioussuggestionsforthedemographyofPersian-periodJudea.He pointstowaysinwhichdetailsconcerningthesizeanddistributionofpopulationand otherinformation,gleanedfromconcreteevidenceofmaterialculture,relatetobiblical authors’portrayalsofexile,return,anddailylifeexperiencedundercolonialistcontrol inIsrael,Judah,andtheDiaspora.HisessaybeautifullyrelatesconceptuallytochaptersbySmith,Collins,Lewis,andEskenaziwhilegrapplingwithmanyoftheissuesin archaeologyandinterpretationdiscussedbyBloch-Smith,Schloen,andFaust.Finally, MatthewJ.GoffdescribesthepoliticalandculturalhistoryoftheHellenisticperiod, exploringkeyeventsandturningpoints,issuesrelatingtoIsraelandDiaspora,tothe Maccabeanrevolt,andtomanifestationsofanapocalypticworldview.Heexploreshow extantliteraturereflectsandhelpedtoshapevarietiesofJewishidentity,andheallows forcreativityandcomplexityinJewishencounterswithHellenisticsettingsandideas.

PartIIIofthe Companion delvesintocriticalthemesinancientIsraelitecultures.Readerswillnoticethewaysinwhichcontributorscreativelydrawuponthevariousmethodologiesexploredbyearlieressays,oftenapplyinganinterdisciplinaryandcomparative approachtothethemetheypresent.EssaysbyNealWallsandMarkS.Smithdealwith representationsofGodandthegods.

NealWallsdescribestherichmythologicalmatrixtowhichbelongrepresentations ofdeitiesintheancientLevant.Hisworkincomparativereligionandcomparativeliteratureunderscoresnotonlysimilaritiesinlanguage,imagery,andnarrativemedium employedbyIsraeliteandneighboringauthorstoexpressessentialsofworldviewbut alsopointstoimportantvariationsbetweentheliteraryinventionsofvariouscontributors,revealingtheiruniqueandculturallyspecificorientations.Theessaythusjoinsthat ofParktoexplorewaysinwhichgroupsdefinetheselfandtheotherthroughcreative media,inthiscasethroughstoriesaboutthegods.Wallspointsnotonlytoarangeof viewsexpressedbyYahwistsconcerningthegodsandtheGodofIsrael,butalsotraces developmentsovertime.Attunedtowaysinwhichtheliteraryevidencerevealsboth sharedtraditionsandlivelydiversityincriticalaspectsofcultureandbelief,thisessay anticipatesstudiesbyGreensteinandLewisdealingwithverbalandvisualartandbeautifullytransitionstoissuesinmonotheismdiscussedbyMarkS.Smith.

MarkS.Smithexploresideasconcerningasingulargodthatreflectandinformboth moderntheologicalperspectivesandtheverydefinitionsofmonotheismthatemerge

fromorareimposeduponancienttexts.Smithplacesthedevelopmentofmonotheism inasociohistoricalframeworkandwithinahistoryofideas,drawingcomparisonswith developingworldviewsofIsrael’sneighborsastheyrelatetodivinity.Keybackground eventsincludetheriseofempiresintheancientNearEastandthetraumaofAssyrian andBabylonianconquestswhichfocusattentiononindividualhumanresponsibility andtheuniqueroleofasinglenationalgodwithinthelargeruniverse.

ArticlesbyStevenA.Geller,RobertR.Wilson,andJohnJ.CollinsdealwiththemediationbetweentheGodofIsraelandhumanbeings.StevenGeller’sstudyofpriestsandritualoperatesondiachronicandsynchroniclevels,asheanalyzescriticalfoundingmyths andtheinstitutionstheydescribe,includingthepriesthooditself.Ontheonehand,heis interestedinwhatcharacterizesandholdstogetherthepriestlynarrativethatplayssuch adominantroleinthePentateuch,forexample,unifyingmotifssuchaslightandblood andnarrativepatternsassociatingholinesswithdanger.Heisalsointerestedinthedisparatethreadsoftraditioncombinedtoemphasizesuchmotifsandformthesenarrative patterns.Gellerthusrangesfromlegalandritualmaterialstotheoriginmythsthatserve astheirframework,exploringtheheroiccharacterswhostarinthesemyths,providing modelsforpriestlyrolesasintermediariesinlivedreligion,realorimagined.

Withacarefullyarticulatedcomparativeapproach,RobertR.Wilsonintroduces readerstoprophecyaspresentedinHebrewBible,itsfunctions,forms,andmeansof transmission.DrawinguponrelevantancientNearEasternandinternationalmaterial,WilsonexplorestherolesofprophecyandprophetsinancientIsraeliteculture, attunedtothesociologicalframeworksinwhichprophetsoperatedandtheanthropologicalmodelsthathelptomakesenseofthephenomenon.

SharingWilson’sinterestinformandfunction,JohnJ.Collins’sstudyofapocalypticismattendstomattersofgenreandcontext.Hisanalysisofapocalypticismdealswith criticalquestionsinthesociologicalstudyofreligionconcerningworldviewandsocial movements.ForCollins,thekeytounderstandingthismaterialiscontext,forexample inregardstoDaniel,persecutionsunderthecolonialistruleoftheSeleucidmonarch AntiochustheFourth.Heengageswithandassessestraitstypicalofapocalypticorientations.InthiswayheprovidesinsightintotheparticularsortofmediationbetweenGod andhumanandtheparticularrelationshiptohistoryenvisionedinapocalypticworks.

AsecondsetofessaysinPartIIIofthe Companion dealswithformsofsocialinteraction.Inathoughtfulpiece,FrancescaStavrakopoulouquestionsthemethodological assumptionsthathaveinformedthestudyof“household”religionandrelatedterminology,forexample“familyreligion,”“popularreligion,”“women’sreligion.”Rejectingsimpledichotomiessometimesdrawnbetweensacredandprofane,popularand elite,Stavrakopouloucomplicatesmatters,exploringthecomplexnatureoftheancient sourcesthemselvesandthetheoreticalparadigmsappliedtothestudyof“household religion.”ShenotesthatsuchparadigmsaretooofteninfluencedbynormativeattitudesandWesternorientations.Concentratingonthesettingofhomeandtombandon practicesrelatedtothesespacesandtothebody,Stavrakopoulouexploresthematerial dimensionsofancientIsraelitereligionandthewaysinwhichreligionisconstructed andlivedinsocialcontexts.

Anotheraspectofsocialcontextconcernseducationandthetransmissionofknowledgeinaculturethatvalorizesoralcommunication.RaymondF.Person,Jrconsiders

theroleoffamiliesandelites,scribalguildsandthestate,andtheeducativefunction ofliturgy,recitation,andfestivalcontexts.Hepointstoconnectionsbetweeneducation andgenderroles,andemphasizestheongoingimportanceofkinshipand“familyhouseholds”inancientIsraeliteself-definition.Takingaccountofthesocial,economic,and ecologicalenvironmentsthatinfluencetheformandfunctionofeducation,hepointsto waysinwhichmemorizationallowsformultiformityandcreativityinthetransmission oftraditionandreinforcementofculturalvalues.

Withanapproachthatisbothsocialscientificandhumanistic,T.M.Lemosalso exploreskinshipandcommunityinancientIsrael.LiketheessaysbyParkandFaust, thischapterevidencesadeepinterestinquestionsofculturalidentity.Grapplingwith theterminologyofkinship,Lemosexploresthewaysinwhichkinship,community,and societyareunderstoodandexperiencedinkeyperiodsofthesocialandpoliticalhistory ofIsraelandJudahandpointstothewaysinwhichthesociallandscapechangesover timeinresponsetochangingpoliticalrealitiesandhowthesechangesarereflectedin oursources.LikeFrancescaStavrakopoulou,shemakesreadersawareofthemethodologicaldifficultiesfacedinsuchreconstructionsofancienthistory.Someparticularly interestingthreadsintheessaydealwithviewsofkinshipandcommunityintheDiasporafollowingtheBabylonianconquest,attitudestointermarriageinlatebiblicaltimes, andtheimportanceofwarsinsocialchange.

BernardM.LevinsonandTinaM.Shermanexplorelawandlegaltraditionsinancient Israelwithattentiontocontextonvariouslevels:social,historical,narrative,andcrosscultural.Workingcomparativelywithinthebiblicaltraditionandthewiderworldofthe Levant,LevinsonandShermanraisequestionsabouttherelationshipbetweenextant biblicaltexts,ascomposedandframed,andactualwaysoflife,politicalinstitutions, andsocialbodies,notingthattheunderstandingandapplicationoflawmayhavedifferedacrosssegmentsofIsraelitesociety.Theyexplorethedevelopmentoflegaltraditionsovertime,pointingtowaysinwhichmaterialhasbeenreappropriatedandaltered, reflectingdifferingworldviews.Theirstudyoflawandlegaltraditionsrelatestoand interweaveswithmanychaptersofthisvolumeincludingthoseconcernedwithkinship,priestlyliterature,economiclife,andwomen’slives.

FocusingonthelivesofwomeninancientIsrael,CarolMeyersexaminesinasophisticatedwaytextual,archaeological,andethnographicsources.Takingaccountofthe Tendenz ofvariousbiblicalworks,shenotesthattheBibleisacreation,initscurrent form,ofmaleelites,evenwhilethecorpusmaywellreflectwomen’sstoriesandconcerns.Offhandreferencestomaterialcultureanddailylifeinbiblicalsourcesalsoreveal thepossiblerealitiesofwomen’slivesinvarioussettingsandperiods.Meyers’workcomplementstheessaysonmethodologyandculturalreconstructioncontributedtothisvolumebyfellowarchaeologistsElizabethBloch-SmithandAvrahamFaust.LikeFrancesca Stavrakopoulou,Meyerspointstothecomplexthreadsinwomen’sreligioninwhich publicandprivate,officialandunofficialoverlapandinterplay.Themesemphasizedby Meyersincludewomen’srolesineducation,thesignificanceoffemalealliances,and women’seconomicactivitiesandcontributions.

WithanexplicitinterestintherelevanceofarchaeologicalevidenceforunderstandingeconomicrealitiesandshiftsintheIronAgekingdomsofIsraelandJudah,J.David SchloenoffersamasterfuloverviewofancientIsraelitehistoryandhistoriography.

Workingcomparatively,heintroducesreaderstoconceptsinthefieldofeconomicsthat havebeenappliedtopreindustrialsocieties.Hepointstomodesofeconomicintegration,forexample“reciprocity,”“marketexchange,”“redistribution,”and“householding,”andexploreshowtheseconceptsmayapplytoancientIsraelandJudah.Throughout,hetakesaccountofthetendentiousnessofsources,thefragmentarynatureof evidence,andscholars’tendenciestoemployanachronisticmodels.Hisworkrelates welltomanychaptersinthisvolumeconcernedwitharchaeology,socialhistory,and themethodologicalchallengesposedbyevidence.

Afinalsetofessaysaddressesartisticexpression.Withliterarysensitivityanddeep interestinthecomparativestudyofancientNearEasternliteratures,EdwardL.Greensteinexploresthewaysinwhichancientauthorsemployed“artfullanguage,”paying specialattentiontothefunctionofpiecesofverbalartandpointingtotheiraesthetic andpracticalculturalroles.Healsoexamineshowcomposersofliteratureintheirown culturalcontextsdefinedvariousliteraryforms.Suchformsmaybedistinguishednot onlybyparticularsofstyle,structure,content,orfunctionbutalso,forexample,by thepresenceofmusicalaccompaniment.Greensteinunderscorestheimportanceof varietiesofrepetitionintheseliteratures.Notingthat“wordshaveamystique”intraditionalcultures,heexplorestheworldviewsbehindtheaesthetics,therelationship betweenauthorsandaudiences,andthespectrumfromoraltowrittenstyles.Hisessay relateswelltochaptersbyPerson,Weitzman,andNiditchinaskingquestionsaboutthe relationshipbetweenmedium,meaning,andcontextandjoinsthoseofHuddlestun, Smith,Walls,andothersinitsattentiontotheinterrelationshipsbetweenculturesof theancientLevant.

InheressayonPersian-periodliterature,TamaraCohnEskenazithoughtfullyanalyzesthevariedworksintheportionoftheHebrewBiblecalledtheWritingsorKetuvim. Attunedtomattersoftraditionandgenre,Eskenazipointstotheconcernsandcontexts thatmayexplainthefloweringofliteratureinthisformativeperiodandtowaysinwhich thesediversewritingsreflectandhelpedtoshapeaspectsofJewishcultureandidentity. Shesuggeststhattheworksprovideacopingmechanisminatimeofloss(e.g.Lamentations)andasourceofrenewal(e.g.Ezra-Nehemiah)andpointstocertainrecurring features:theportrayalofdailylife;thedescriptionofindividualexperienceinthecontextofcommunityidentity;andtheauthors’interestinwritingitself.

BenjaminG.WrightIIIexploresthediversecorpusofJewishHellenisticliterature, muchofwhichwaswrittenbyGreek-speakingJews.Aparticularlyinformativesetof writingsinHebrew,Greek,andAramaicwaspreservedorcomposedbymembersofthe Qumrancommunitywhotookupself-imposedexilebytheDeadSeainthesecondcenturyBCE.Wrightdescribeshowthesevariouswritingsemergeinparticularsociohistoricalsettings,reflectingandshapingdifferentworldviewsthatallfindaplaceunder the“largetent”ofJudaism.Wrightpaysspecialattentiontomattersofgenrebysetting upfivecategoriesofwritings,eachofwhichrelatesinaparticularwaytotheinherited traditionandtheearliercorpusofliteraturepreservedintheHebrewBible.

Movingfromverbaltononverbalart,TheodoreJ.LewisdiscusseswaysinwhichYahwisticdivinitywasimaginedandrepresented.Withacomparativeandinterdisciplinary approach,attentiontoquestionsofworldview,andengagementwithquestionsconcerningculturalrepresentationandtheinventivenessofhumanimagination,Lewis’s

essayrelateswelltomanyoftheessaysinthe Companion volume.Areasexploredinclude thelinksbetweenwrittenandvisualrepresentationsofdivinity,thewaysinwhichattitudestorepresentationreflecttheorientationsofparticularbiblicalwriters,andthe degreetowhichabstractionplaysaroleinrepresentationsofdivinity.

Takenasawhole,theseessaysofferafreshandcreativeanalysisofcriticalandinterrelatedtopicsinthestudyofancientIsrael.TheyserveasanexcitingwindowoncontemporarydialogconcerningthenatureofancientIsraeliteculture,itsmultiplicity, itscomplexrelationshipstothesurroundingLevantineworld,itsliteraryandmaterial aspects,andthechallengesfacedindescribingandunderstandingthisancientculture initsvibrant,experienced,andsituatedforms.

PartI

Methodology:Questions, Concepts,Approaches,andTools

A ContextualizingIsraeliteCulture

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marks many of the poems, especially after they get past the Elizabethan era. ” H. S. Gorman

N Y Times 25:21 Jl 25 ’20 170w

“The poems, as a whole, are excellently chosen, and the enthusiasm of the introduction makes pleasant reading. The notes, with their short biographical summaries, are especially valuable. But it needs a certain type of mind to appreciate seventeenth century literature, and if all readers are not stirred to the same joy in it as Mr Massingham, it is not his fault, but that of the period.”

Sat R 129:39 Ja 10 ’20 480w

“Mr Massingham’s introduction is a delightful essay written in a style that has caught something of the curious felicity of the poets in whose work he has steeped himself.”

Spec 124:212 F 14 ’20 1000w

“He claims, and with justice, that the ordinary reader will find here a whole body of poetry with which he has never before had the chance of making acquaintance. This is a service for which the student of English poetry will be heartily grateful to Mr Massingham. But if he be a lover as well as student he will probably find it hard to keep down some irritation at an anthologist who sets out with the resolve to give him as few as possible of the poems which he is known to like.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p129 F 26 ’20 3400w

MASTERS, EDGAR LEE. Domesday book.

*$4.50 Macmillan 811

20–19678

In this volume Mr Masters has told a long story in verse. The body of Elenor Murray is found by the river near Starved Rock in Illinois and the coroner, William Merival, sets out to assemble the evidence, the material evidence from the man who finds the body, the doctor who performs the autopsy and the spiritual evidence from those who had known the girl from her birth or her parents before her. The effect of these testimonies brought together is to throw light on the many-sided character of one human being when all secrets are laid bare and to show how one life, however humble or pitiful, affects countless other lives, its influence radiating like ripples in a pool when a stone is dropped.

“If Masters can rid himself of his oracular airs and the bad Browning-Shakespeare patois with which he wearies his staunchest admirers, there are few limits to his possible achievements. ‘Domesday book’ is too diffuse and prosy to be a masterpiece of poetic fiction, but it contains the seeds and strength and the hope of one. ” L: Untermeyer

Bookm 52:363 Ja ’21 550w

“The great American poem of the war has come in the ‘Domesday book’ and come from the hand of the poet who laid the foundation in the synoptic Americanism of the ‘Spoon river anthology.’ The latter was a great work; ‘Domesday book’ is greater.... ‘Domesday book’ is a great national topic of America’s soul symbolized in the character of Elenor Murray.” W: S. Braithwaite

Boston Transcript p7 D 4 ’20 1900w

“The trouble with ‘Domesday book’ is chiefly that it thins this raw material out until it becomes hopelessly prosaic. The realism of ‘Spoon river’ had the virtue of selection and of epigram. In his latest work, Mr Masters has become extensive without any corresponding enlargement of the imagination and the power behind his broader canvas. ”

Freeman 2:357 D 22 ’20 600w

“The total effect is often crude and heavy, now pretentious, now hopelessly flat; and yet beneath these uncompleted surfaces are the sinews of enormous power, a greedy gusto for life, a wide imaginative experience, an abundance of the veritable stuff of existence all this, and yet not an authentic masterpiece. ‘Spoon river anthology’ still has no rival from the hand of its creator.” C.

Nation 111:566 N 17 ’20 470w

“For all its largeness of intention, all its vitality and forcefulness, ‘Domesday book’ is not, to my mind, finally articulated. It seems to me unfinished. I do not mean that the poem is not brought to a conclusion. It is concluded, and, I believe, appropriately concluded. But it has parts that should have been cut away or have been more wrought over. ”

New Repub 25:148 D 29 ’20 1700w

“It could have been produced nowhere but in America and nowhere so justly as in the Middle West. The epigrammatic

compactness of ‘Spoon river anthology’ is lacking in it, but it takes on a huge strength that the former book lacked.” H. S. Gorman

N Y Times p18 Ja 16 ’21 840w

“If there be any one who does not clearly realize that life is infinitely complex, that it is in the last analysis practically impossible to assign responsibility for evil, that much good may be where convention sees only evil ... if there be any one who is not convinced of these things already or cannot learn them from his own observations and the daily papers, he may derive great benefit from reading Mr Masters’ book. But those to whom these things are commonplaces will perhaps not care to wade through the poem. ”

No Am 213:286 F ’21 900w

“The Edgar Lee Masters, whose ‘Spoon river anthology’ blazed a new trail thru American literature, returns with ‘Domesday book.’ Perhaps he is less sardonic now, but the vision of ‘Domesday book’ is broader and it is, happily, gently suffused with a very human tolerance and forgiveness.” G: D. Proctor

Pub W 98:1894 D 18 ’20 430w

“The first part is very interesting, and the whole book is readable. Its essence is prosaic, though a back door is left open through which poetry can let herself in in a neighborly fashion, if she chooses. Her visits are infrequent.” O. W. Firkins

Review 4:15 Ja 5 ’21 1350w

MASTERS,

EDGAR

LEE. Mitch Miller. il *$3.50

Macmillan

20–17009

Mitch Miller’s story is told by his friend Skeeters Kirby. It is a story of boys and a boy’s town written for adults. Mitch has read “Tom Sawyer” and Tom is to him a living personality. The two boys hunt for buried treasure and try to repeat all of Tom’s exploits. They dig for treasure in Old Salem where Lincoln lived, and an old man who knew Lincoln talks to them of a different kind of treasure. They run away intending to visit Tom Sawyer but are brought back home. Later their fathers take them on a journey to Hannibal, Missouri, where they meet life’s first disillusionment. Mitch is something of a dreamer and a poet. He is killed stealing rides on the cars, and in the epilogue, written thirty years after, the author can say that he is now glad that his chum did not live to face the shattered idealism of the present day.

Booklist 17:72 N ’20

“The best boy’s story in our generation of American authors has been written by Mr Masters in ‘Mitch Miller.’” W: S. Braithwaite

Boston Transcript p5 O 9 ’20 1500w

“Those who have neatly ticketed Mr Edgar Lee Masters as a cynic will be obliged after reading ‘Mitch Miller,’ to change their label—if they must have labels. There is, to be sure, a sub-acid quality in the

epilogue. But the mood of the book is one of dedication rather than of challenge. Its tone is sunny and fresh and sweet; its beauty quiet and unobtrusive. ‘Mitch Miller’ comes close to being a masterpiece with its breadth of interpretation, and the fineness and singleness of its mood. It is complete, even to the tragedy at the end.” C. M. R.

Freeman 2:214 N 10 ’20 250w

“The narrative is tangled in a snarl of moods. Its movement is often thick, its wings gummed and heavy. Only in flashes does the powerful imagination of Mr Masters shake itself free and burn with the high, hot light which so often glows in the ‘Anthology.’ There are touches of admirable comedy and strong strokes of character and some racy prose; but as a whole ‘Mitch Miller’ falls regrettably between the clear energy which might have made it popular and the profound significance which might have made it great.” C.

Nation 111:566 N 17 ’20 480w

“If fidelity to nature were the whole of art, Mitch Miller would be a perfect book, or almost perfect.... The defect in the author’s method comes out in the end of the book.... Is there nothing in American life significant and interesting enough to make it worth while for a boy like Mitch to grow up? Perhaps there is not; but if that is true, it is an artistic problem to be faced, not evaded through a petulant dismantling of a stage well set.” Alvin Johnson

New Repub 24:276 N 10 ’20 1250w

“Mr Masters’s novel is put down with mingled feelings. It has many faults, but it has quite as many virtues. There is so much to the

book that it leaps into the mind to advise the author to write novels henceforth and forevermore and let poetry rest.”

N Y Times p20 N 7 ’20 980w

“The book is unusual and captivating.”

Outlook 126:600 D 1 ’20 80w

“We are in the habit of looking to Mr Masters for clear-cut character drawing and for sympathetic, if sometimes ironic, understanding of the motives of men but we have often felt regretfully, that he seemed to be too much interested in the morbid side of human nature. ‘Mitch Miller’ comes as a grateful answer to that doubt.” Marguerite Fellows

Pub W 98:1192 O 16 ’20 300w

Reviewed by E. L. Pearson

Review 3:447 N 10 ’20 630w Wis Lib Bul 16:238 D ’20 70w

For descriptive note see Annual for 1919.

“Perhaps the poet’s first worthy successor of ‘Spoon River’; but while displaying something of its sardonic spirit the present collection is of far wider range. ”

Booklist 16:162 F ’20

“He is at his ripest and surest in such mordant and merciless analyses as Lord Byron to Doctor Polidori, The barber of Sepo. They’d never know me now, Oh you Sabbatarians! and that profound disquisition on Poe, Washington hospital. And the man who wrote Sagamore Hill, that incomparable portrait of Theodore Roosevelt; who wrote Chicago and I shall go down into this land, manifests an intimate understanding of the American heart at its noblest.” H: A. Lappin

Bookm 51:216 Ap ’20 250w

Cleveland p86 O ’20

20w

“In ‘Starved Rock’ there is little music but much food for thought.”

Ind 104:165 O 9 ’20 40w

“It is beginning to be apparent that Mr Masters neither can nor needs to depart from his original tone and method. He cannot do so profitably and there is no need, since the vein which served them seems inexhaustible. There are not lacking here the old familiar notes of sour, practical tragedy, of hoarse, heroic scepticism, of good, round, pagan, Chicago fleshliness. But [the reader] is sorry for a certain strenuous complacency which has been growing in Mr

Masters over a considerable period and which is particularly objectionable in the present volume.”

Nation 110:557 Ap 24 ’20 550w

“Unfortunately, Mr Masters frequently fails to sing because he fails to simplify. He is a thinker, first of all, and the thinker is naturally more discursive than the singer. And now a word for the best of the book. It is a poem about Roosevelt, called At Sagamore Hill. Here is a poem which has in it truth, dignity, vision, vitality.” Marguerite Wilkinson

N Y Times 25:4 Mr 7 ’20 1100w

“In ‘Starved Rock,’ the reader will not starve, though he will scarcely feast. There are the usual monologues, of which only two are slimy. There are bulky and hazy philosophies, cosmicisms, idealisms, feeble sedatives for bitter griefs. There is an excellent bit of journalism, self-described in the title, Sagamore Hill. There are landscapes of an alluring but unsatisfying picturesqueness. There are instances of that lyric pliancy and invitation which surprise the ear among the ruder notes of Mr Masters, and there are rare moments of true inspiration.” O.

Review 2:519 My 15 ’20 650w

“Mr Masters is the same versatile narrator who builds poems of facts rather than of fancies, and who presents carefully analyzed characters and situations in a cold, direct and fearless way. He is still at his best as an analyst or narrator, and he is still unsatisfactory and unconvincing when he wanders from matter-of-fact or satirical verse. ”

MATHEWS, BASIL JOSEPH. Argonauts

of faith: the adventures of the “Mayflower” Pilgrims. il *$1.50 Doran 974.4

20–10629

In this book for boys and girls, with a foreword by Viscount Bryce, there is a prologue comparing the embarking of the Pilgrims on their quest for liberty to the ancient Argonauts’ quest of the Golden fleece. The epilogue suggests that the Pilgrim fathers had their counterparts in the heroes of “Pilgrim’s progress, ” and that they laid the keel for a new Argo the ship of state of a new commonwealth. The stories told are: On the great north road: The stormy passage; The land of threatening waters; The house with the green door; The ship of adventure; The adventures of scouting; A clearing in the waste; Builders in the waste; Greatheart, Mr Standfast, and Valiant-fortruth. There are a chronology, an index, illustrations and maps.

“The story is so well told that it is a pity not to have had it accurate in details.”

Bib World 54:645 N ’20 190w

Booklist 17:37 O ’20

“Follows history with admirable care, presents an excellent atmosphere, and tells an absorbing story.” W. H. Dyer

Bookm 52:126 O ’20 60w

“Of all the books relating to the Pilgrims, ‘The argonauts of faith’ by Basil Mathews has the best dramatic form and the most suggestive content for the story-teller, teacher, or librarian.” A. C. Moore

Bookm 52:261 N ’20 100w

“It is a very readable account and the impression it leaves is an accurate one. ”

Ind 104:242 N 13 ’20 140w

D p96 D 4 ’20 50w

Reviewed by Hildegarde Hawthorne

N Y Times p9 D 19 ’20 60w Outlook 125:507 Jl 14 ’20 40w

“Basil Mathews has written an old story in an interesting way. ” Springf’d Republican p9a Ag 15 ’20 180w

Times [London] Lit Sup p242 Ap 15 ’20 80w

MATHEWS, BASIL JOSEPH, ed. Essays on vocation. *$1.75 Oxford 174

“The purpose is to inculcate the importance of vocation as distinguished from mere profession or making one ’ s living, and the spirit of the book is ethical and idealistic. One of the essays, Vocation in art, by H. Walford Davies, is an inspiring piece of literature. The other essays are: Vocation and the ministry, by Edward Shillito; Vocation in law, by Sir E. Pollock; Vocation in the home, by Emily E. Whimster; Commerce as a vocation, by W. H. Somervell; Vocation in industry, by A. Ramage; Vocation in education, by J. Lewis Paton; The career of an elementary school teacher, by Fanny Street; and Sir William Osler’s Vocation in medicine and nursing.” Ath

Ath p1081 O 24 ’19 100w

“As one might expect, a book of essays on vocation edited by Mr Basil Mathews, with contributions by such people as Mr Edward Shillito, Mr Lewis Paton and Sir William Osler could hardly be anything but good. But a good book on vocation is not good enough. It should possess, especially at such a time as this, a certain prophetic quality. It ought to be constraining, irresistible. But this is just what Mr Mathews’s book is not.” R: Roberts

Freeman 2:236 N 17 ’20 840w

The authenticity and truthfulness of these “conversations of a mother in the dark with her child in the light” (Sub-title) are vouched for in a preface by W. T. Stead and a note by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The conversations between the author and her dead son were carried on by means of a planchette over a period of years and the mother asserts that she retired from the world and gave up herself, her health and her life to them and that the one essential condition for such communications are a perfect love on both sides. The object of the book is to comfort other bereaved parents.

“The author, Mr Maugham, knows much of Africa, has written on Africa, and, when he completed in 1918 the pages which are now published, he had had for some years personal experience of life in

Liberia as British consul-general at Monrovia. He deals with Liberia from all aspects, with its geography, history, administration and institutions, its climate, races, birds and beasts, plants and trees. The words and the music of the Liberian national anthem are supplied, and a very clear account by a practised pen is made more attractive by a number of excellent illustrations and an adequate map. ” The Times [London] Lit Sup

Ath p431 Mr 26 ’20 80w

Booklist

16:308 Je ’20

“His study of Liberia tries on the one hand to say pleasant things concerning Liberia, and on the other hand to show British merchants that now and here is their chance to exploit a rich land.” W. E. B. DuBois

Nation 111:350 S 25 ’20 330w

“All through the book Mr Maugham gives evidence of genuine sympathy and understanding for the Liberians and their problems.”

N Y Times p6 O 10 ’20 660w

“An excellent account of Liberia.”

Spec 124:248 F 21 ’20 180w

“This is a timely, interesting and valuable work, giving a fairly complete description of the Negro republic. It is written in a kindlier tone than has sometimes been employed by other writers on the country.” I. C. Hannah

Survey 44:310 My 29 ’20 320w

“Of this republic the present book tells us all that is to be told, and tells it well. Owing to difficulties and delay in publication, the book is a little complicated by two prefaces, and the editing or revision has not been immaculate. But, taken as a whole, it is a most interesting and informing book.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p132 F 26 ’20 1450w

MAUGHAM, WILLIAM SOMERSET.

Land of the Blessed Virgin. il *$2.50 (5c) Knopf 914.6

A20–1263

In this book the author gives his recollections of Andalusia in a series of sketches the land ablaze with sunshine, opulent with luminous soft color, with cities bathed in light, desolate wastes of sand, dwarf palms and the flower of the broom. The character of the country he finds typified in the paintings of Murillo and the colors of his palette “rich, hot, and deep” the typical colors of Andalusia. Some of the sketches are: The churches of Ronda; Medinat Az-Zahrā; The mosque; Cordova; Seville; The Alcazar; Women of Andalusia; The dance; A feast day; Before the bull-fight; Corrida de Toros; Granada; The Alhambra; The song.

“Its objective descriptions are full of rich and vivid color, its travellers’ tales are intimate and charming and its records of the impressions made upon the mind of the author, though not without touches of affectation, are so individual as to be far more interesting than most chronicles.”

Booklist 17:27 O ’20

“If the reader of ‘The land of the blessed virgin’ is not anxious to visit Andalusia after reading these pages he is impervious to the picturesqueness of the scene and to the rare qualities of Mr Maugham’s style.” E. F. E.

Boston Transcript p6 Ag 4 ’20 1300w

Freeman 2:165 O 27 ’20 340w

N Y Times p24 Ag 22 ’20 650w

MAUGHAM, WILLIAM SOMERSET. Mrs

Craddock. *$1.90 (2½c) Doran

20–26573

This is one of Mr Maugham’s earlier stories now first brought out in America. It is a story with one central interest, one woman ’ s passionate love for a man, its change to hate and gradual cooling to indifference. Bertha Ley, of Court Leys, falls rapturously in love with a handsome young tenant farmer on her estate and marries him in the face of his lukewarm response and the disapproval of everyone else. She is mistress of her own fortune and has but one relative, a

keen-minded acerbic aunt who believes in standing aside and letting others follow their own courses. Bertha gives everything into Edward’s hands and Edward proves a model English squire. But as he rises in county estimation, Bertha’s love for him wanes and her abject devotion gives place to distaste. She leaves him, has a brief love affair with a quite different type of man, and comes home again to settle into a state of apathy and indifference from which his death, under the very circumstances she had once imagined with such poignant pain, does not rouse her.

“An unusual character study.”

Booklist 16:349 Jl ’20

“The merits of ‘Mrs Craddock’ as a story are no less than its high qualities as a character study, and it should have been offered to American readers long ago. ” E. F. E.

Boston Transcript p6 Je 16 ’20 1000w

“It has some subtlety, but moves rather heavily and joylessly.”

Outlook 125:507 Jl 14 ’20 20w

20–15508

A story of the crossing of the plains and the settlement of Nebraska. The Peniman family, Quakers from Ohio, are going west in a prairie schooner when fate throws little Nina Carroll into their hands. Her father has been killed by an Indian arrow but there is reason to believe that it was a white man not an Indian who was responsible. Valuable papers relating to the little girl are stolen and nothing can be learned of her family connections. She is adopted by the Penimans, altho they know that she has enemies who for some reason wish to gain possession of her. Because of their Quaker principles they treat the Indians with kindness and justice and at several crises in the story they are rewarded by the timely aid of their Indian friends. The children grow up, the boys take part in the Civil war, the mystery in Nina’s story is cleared away and Nina and Joe Peniman and two other pairs of young people set up new homes in the prairie state.

“This story of the West has all the atmosphere of the region it describes that is to say, it is flat, monotonous, and dry.”

20–4463

This light-hearted war book is an interpretation of English, Irish and Scotch character from the point of view of a witty Frenchman. During the war the author acted as interpreter with a Scotch division, a position occupied by Aurelle in his story. It is composed largely of a series of mess-room conversations in which the different characters are allowed to reveal themselves. The translation is by Thurfrida

Wake, with translations of Aurelle’s occasional verses by Wilfrid Jackson. The originals of these verses are given in an appendix.

“The humour of the story is somewhat less enjoyable in the translation than in the original; but the reader is still able to appreciate the incisive delineation of the gallant officer who fills the title-rôle.”

Ath p832 Ag 29 ’19 100w

Booklist 16:245 Ap ’20

Bookm 51:443 Je ’20 30w

“The volume is interesting for its portrayal of the way a Frenchman sees the English race. ”

Boston Transcript p6 Je 16 ’20 480w

“Those who have been the guests of British officers at the various staff and brigade headquarters will recognize every scene and every character in the pages of this book. It is distinctly a man ’ s book a trifle risqué at times from a Puritanic point of view, but always witty and artistically delicate.” F: T. Hill

N Y Times 25:208 Ap 25 ’20 800w

“‘The silence of Colonel Bramble’ is the wittiest book of comment on warfare and our national prejudices that we have yet seen. The

rendering now published is well done on the whole, but it cannot equal the original.”

Sat R 128:226 S 6 ’19 850w

“No more sympathetic, and at the same time penetrating, appreciation of British character has appeared than this modest collection of sketches, which, by the way, include passages of unexpected tenderness and restrained power. ”

Spec 123:771 D 6 ’19 1350w

MAXSON, CHARLES HARTSHORN. Great awakening in the middle colonies. *$1.25 Univ. of Chicago press 277

20–7587

A study of the religious revival of 1740 as it affected the middle colonies, supplementing Tracy’s “Great awakening,” (1842) which dealt mainly with New England. Writing so many years later the author found himself “ more in sympathy than was common in Tracy’s day with the catholicity of Whitefield and with the democratic tendencies of the revival which were so largely responsible for the destruction of the ecclesiastical system of New England.” (Preface) Contents: Introduction, and pietism in Pennsylvania; Frelinghuysen, and the beginning of the revival among the Dutch Reformed; The Tennents, and the beginning of the revival among the Presbyterians; George Whitefield, and his alliance with the New Brunswick Presbyterians; The year 1740, the great awakening at high tide; The schism in the Presbyterian church in the

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