The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Sixth Edition
Ronet D. Bachman
University of Delaware
Russell K. Schutt
University of Massachusetts Boston
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bachman, Ronet
The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice / Ronet D Bachman, University of Delaware, Russell K Schutt, University of Massachusetts Boston Sixth Edition
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
Revised edition of the authors’ The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice, 2014
ISBN 978-1-5063-0681-0 (pbk : alk paper)
1 Criminology Research 2 Criminal justice, Administration of Research I Schutt, Russell K II Title
HV6024 5 B33 2016
364 072 dc23 2015029095
This book is printed on acid-free paper
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Brief Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
SECTION I: FOUNDATIONS for SOCIAL RESEARCH
Chapter 1. Science, Society, and Criminological Research
Chapter 2. The Process and Problems of Criminological Research
Chapter 3 Research Ethics
SECTION II: FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH
Chapter 4. Conceptualization and Measurement
Chapter 5. Sampling
Chapter 6. Causation and Research Design
SECTION III: RESEARCH DESIGNS
Chapter 7. Experimental Designs
Chapter 8 Survey Research
Chapter 9. Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, and Listening
Chapter 10. Analyzing Content: Secondary Data Analysis, Comparative Analysis, Content Analysis, Crime Mapping, and Big Data
Chapter 11. Evaluation and Policy Analysis
Chapter 12 Mixing and Comparing Methods
SECTION IV: AFTER THE DATA ARE COLLECTED
Chapter 13. Quantitative Data Analysis
Chapter 14. Analyzing Qualitative Data
Chapter 15. Reporting Research Results
Appendix A: Questions to Ask About a Research Article
Appendix B: How to Read a Research Article
Glossary
References
Index
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
SECTION I: FOUNDATIONS FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Science, Society, and Criminological Research
Reasoning About the Social World
Questions and Answers
Everyday Errors in Reasoning Overgeneralization
Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Illogical Reasoning
Resistance to Change
The Social Science Approach
Science Versus Pseudoscience
Motives for Criminological Research
Social Criminological Research in Practice
Case Study of Description: How Prevalent Is Youth Violence?
Case Study of Exploration: How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage?
Case Study of Explanation: What Factors Are Related to Youth Delinquency and Violence?
Case Study of Evaluation: How Effective Are Violence Prevention Programs in Schools?
Social Research Philosophies
Positivism and Postpositivism
Positivist Research Guidelines
A Positivist Research Goal: Advancing Knowledge
Interpretivism and Constructivism
Interpretivist/Constructivist Research Guidelines
An Interpretivist Research Goal: Creating Change
An Integrated Philosophy
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Specific Types of Research Methods
Careers and Research
Strengths and Limitations of Social Research
Research in the News: A School Shooting Every Week?
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
2 The Process and Problems of Criminological Research
Criminological Research Questions
Identifying Criminological Research Questions
Refining Criminological Research Questions
Evaluating Criminological Research Questions
Feasibility
Social Importance
Careers and Research
Scientific Relevance
Social Research Foundations
Searching the Literature
Reviewing Research
Research in the News: Does Bullying Increase Risk of Suicide for Both Victims and Bullies?
A Single-Article Review: Formal and Informal Deterrents to Domestic Violence
An Integrated Literature Review: When Does Arrest Matter?
The Role of Theory
Social Research Strategies
Explanatory Research
Deductive Research
Inductive Research
Domestic Violence and the Research Circle
Phase 1: Deductive Research
Phase 2: Deductive Research
Phase 3: Inductive Research
Phase 4: Deductive Research
Adding Exploration to the Mix
Battered Women’s Help Seeking
Social Research Standards
Measurement Validity
Generalizability
Causal Validity
Authenticity
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
3 Research Ethics
Historical Background
Ethical Principles
Achieving Valid Results
Research in the News: Syphilis Experiments in Guatemala
Honesty and Openness
Careers and Research
Protecting Research Participants
Avoid Harming Research Participants
Obtain Informed Consent
Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances
Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality
Consider Uses of Research So That Benefits Outweigh Risks
Research Involving Special Populations: Prisoners and Children
Case Studies: Sexual Solicitation of Adolescents and Milgram Revisted
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
SECTION II: FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH
4 Conceptualization and Measurement
Concepts
Conceptualization in Practice
Case Study: Defining Youth Gangs
Case Study: Defining Substance Abuse
Case Study: Defining Poverty
From Concepts to Variables: Measurement Operations
Using Available Data
Constructing Questions
Making Observations
Careers and Research
Collecting Unobtrusive Measures
Combining Measurement Operations
Research in the News: Measuring Race and Ethnicity
Case Study: Defining Inmate Misconduct
Variables and Levels of Measurement
Nominal Level of Measurement
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Interval Level of Measurement
Ratio Level of Measurement
The Case of Dichotomies
Comparing Levels of Measurement
Did We Measure What We Wanted to Measure?
Measurement Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability
Interitem Reliability (Internal Consistency)
Alternate-Forms Reliability
Intraobserver and Interobserver Reliability
Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
5 Sampling
Sample Planning
The Purpose of Sampling
Define Sample Components and the Population
Evaluate Generalizability
Assess Population Diversity
Consider a Census
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Methods
Research in the News: Ferguson Police and Racial Bias
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Multistage Cluster Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling Methods
Availability Sampling
Quota Sampling
Purposive or Judgment Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Lessons About Sample Quality
Careers and Research
Generalizability in Qualitative Research
Sampling Distributions
Estimating Sampling Error
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
6. Causation and Research Design
Causal Explanation
Quantitative (Nomothetic) Causal Explanation
Qualitative (Idiographic) Causal Explanation
Criteria and Cautions for Nomothetic Causal Explanations
Case Study: Media Violence and Violent Behavior
Association
Time Order
Nonspuriousness
Mechanism
Context
Research Designs and Causality
Careers and Research
True Experiments
Causality and True Experimental Designs
Nonexperimental Designs
Cross-Sectional Designs
Case Study: Using Life Calendars: Do Offenders Specialize in Different Crimes?
Longitudinal Designs
Repeated Cross-Sectional Designs
Fixed-Sample Panel Designs
Case Study: Offending Over the Life Course
Event-Based Designs
Determining Causation Using Nonexperimental Designs
Case Study: Gender, Social Control, and Crime
Units of Analysis and Errors in Causal Reasoning
Individual and Group Units of Analysis
Research in the News: How to Reduce Crime
The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
SECTION III: RESEARCH
DESIGNS
7. Experimental Designs
History of Experiments
True Experiments
Experimental and Comparison Groups
Pretest and Posttest Measures
Random Assignment
Case Study: Prison Classification and Inmate Behavior
Case Study: The Effect of Incarceration on Employment
Summary: Causality in True Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
Case Study: The Effectiveness of Drug Courts
Before-and-After Designs
Case Study: The Effects of the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Case Study: Reduced Caseload and Intensive Supervision in Probation
Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs
Case Study: Does an Arrest Increase Delinquency?
Summary: Causality in Quasi-Experiments
Validity in Experiments
Causal (Internal) Validity
Selection Bias
Endogenous Change
Careers and Research
External Events
Contamination
Treatment Misidentification
Research in the News: Increase in the Pace of Gun Sprees
Generalizability
Sample Generalizability
Factorial Survey Design
Case Study: How Citizens View Police Misconduct
Interaction of Testing and Treatment
Ethical Issues in Experimental Research
Deception
Selective Distribution of Benefits
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
8 Survey Research
Survey Research in the Social Sciences
Attractive Features of Survey Research
Versatility
Efficiency
Generalizability
The Omnibus Survey
Questionnaire Development and Assessment
Maintain Focus
Build on Existing Instruments
Consider Translation
Case Study: Measuring Violent Victimizations
Writing Survey Questions
Constructing Clear and Meaningful Questions
Avoid Confusing Phrasing and Vagueness
Avoid Negatives and Double Negatives
Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
Avoid Making Either Disagreement or Agreement
Disagreeable
Additional Guidelines for Fixed-Response Questions
Response Choices Should Be Mutually Exclusive
Make the Response Categories Exhaustive
Utilize Likert-Type Response Categories
Minimize Fence Sitting and Floating
Utilize Filter Questions
Combining Questions Into Indexes
Demographic Questions
Don’t Forget to Pretest!
Organization of the Questionnaire
Careers and Research
Question Order Matters!
Organizational Guidelines
The Cover Letter
Survey Designs
Mailed, Self-Administered Surveys
Group-Administered Surveys
Surveys by Telephone
Reaching Sampling Units
Maximizing Response to Phone Surveys
In-Person Interviews
Balancing Rapport and Control
Research in the News: The Rise of Cell Phone–Only Households Is Affecting Surveys
Maximizing Response to Interviews
Electronic Surveys
Mixed-Mode Surveys
A Comparison of Survey Designs
Ethical Issues in Survey Research
Protection of Respondents
Confidentiality
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
9. Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, and Listening
Careers and Research
Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods
Origins of Qualitative Research
Netnography
Case Study: Life in a Gang
Participant Observation
Choosing a Role
Complete Observation
Participation and Observation
Covert Participation
Case Study:The Researcher as Hooligan
Entering the Field
Developing and Maintaining Relationships
Sampling People and Events
Research in the News: How an FBI Agent Became a Heroin Addict
Himself
Taking Notes
Managing the Personal Dimensions
Systematic Observation
Case Study: Studying Public Disorder and Crime
Intensive Interviewing
Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership
Case Study: Jurors’ Stories of Death
Asking Questions and Recording Answers
Combining Participant Observation and Intensive Interviewing
Focus Groups
Case Study: An Analysis of Police Searches
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Voluntary Participation
Subject Well-Being
Identity Disclosure
Confidentiality
Appropriate Boundaries
Researcher Safety
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
10 Analyzing Content: Secondary Data Analysis, Comparative Analysis, Content Analysis, Crime Mapping, and Big Data
Analyzing Secondary Data
Case Study: Police Protection by Neighborhood
Comparative Methods
Case Study: Homicide Across Nations
Research in the News: Data on Rape in the European Union Difficult to Compare
Content Analysis
Identifying a Population of Documents or Other Textual Sources
Case Study: Media Portrayals of Abducted Children
Crime Mapping
Careers and Research
Case Study: Social Disorganization and the Chicago School
Case Study: Gang Homicides in St. Louis
Case Study: Using Google Earth to Track Sexual Offending Recidivism
Big Data
Case Study: Predicting Where Crime Will Occur
Case Study: Predicting Recidivism With Big Data
Methodological Issues When Using Secondary Data
Measuring Across Contexts
Sampling Across Time and Place
Identifying Causes
Ethical Issues When Analyzing Available Data and Content
Conclusion
Key Terms Highlights Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
11. Evaluation and Policy Analysis
A Brief History of Evaluation Research
Evaluation Basics
Questions for Evaluation Research
The Evaluation of Need, or Needs Assessment
Evaluability Assessment
Research in the News: Predicting Criminal Propensity
Process Evaluation (Program Monitoring)
Case Study: Family Justice Center Initiative
Case Study: Process Evaluation of an Anti-Gang Initiative
The Evaluation of Impact or Outcomes
Case Study: How Does the Risk Skills Training Program (RSTP)
Compare to D.A.R.E.?
The Evaluation of Efficiency
Case Study: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Therapeutic Communities
Design Decisions
Black Box Evaluation or Program Theory?
Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation?
Simple or Complex Outcomes?
Evaluation in Action
Case Study: Problem-Oriented Policing in Violent Crime Areas A Randomized Controlled Experiment
Strengths of Randomized Experimental Design in Impact Evaluations
Quasi-Experimental Designs in Evaluation Research
Case Study: Decreasing Injuries From Police Use of Force
Case Study: Drinking and Homicide in Eastern Europe
Nonexperimental Designs
Case Study: Vocational Education for Serious Juvenile Offenders A One-Shot Design
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Policy Research: Increasing Demand for Evidence-Based Policy Careers and Research
Basic Science or Applied Research
Ethics in Evaluation
Conclusion
Key Terms Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
12. Mixing and Comparing Methods
What Are Mixed Methods?
Should Methods Be Mixed?
Types of Mixed-Methods Designs
Case Study of Convergent Parallel Design: School Security and Discipline
Case Study of Exploratory Sequential Design: American Indian Homicide
Case Study of Embedded Design: Investigating Rape
Strengths and Limitations of Mixed Methods
Comparing Results Across Studies
Meta-Analysis
Research in the News: Are Youth Desensitized to Violence?
Case Study of Meta-Analysis: The Effectiveness of Antibullying Programs
Case Study of Meta-Analysis: Do Parent Training Programs Prevent Child Abuse?
Meta-Synthesis
Case Study of Meta-Synthesis: Female Drug Dealers
Ethics and Mixed Methods
Careers and Research
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
SECTION IV: AFTER THE DATA ARE COLLECTED
13. Quantitative Data Analysis
Introducing Statistics
Case Study: The Causes of Delinquency
Preparing Data for Analysis
Displaying Univariate Distributions
Graphs
Frequency Distributions
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data
Summarizing Univariate Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
Median Mean
Median or Mean?
Research in the News: Median Lifetime Earnings
Measures of Variation
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Cross-Tabulating Variables
Describing Association
Controlling for a Third Variable
Intervening Variables
Extraneous Variables
Specification
Regression and Correlation
Careers and Research
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie About Relationships
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
14. Analyzing Qualitative Data
Features of Qualitative Data Analysis
Research in the News: Devastating Consequences for Syrian Children
Qualitative Compared With Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis
Documentation
Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing
Examining Relationships and Displaying Data
Corroboration/Authenticating Conclusions
Reflexivity
Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis
Ethnography
Ethnomethodology
Conversation Analysis
Narrative Analysis
Grounded Theory
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Careers and Research
Case-Oriented Understanding
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
Case Study: Narratives of Desistance from Crime and Substance Abuse
Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
15. Reporting Research Results
Research Report Goals
Advance Scientific Knowledge
Shape Social Policy
Organize Social Action Participatory Action Research
Case Study: Seeking Higher Education for Inmates
Dialogue With Research Subjects
On Writing Research
Careers and Research
Research Report Types
Student Papers and Theses
Group Projects
The Thesis Committee
Journal Articles
Applied Reports
An Advisory Committee
Displaying Research
Special Considerations for Reporting Qualitative or Mixed-Methods
Research
Ethics, Politics, and Reporting Research
Communicating With the Public
Research in the News: What’s Behind Big Science Frauds
Plagiarism
Conclusion
Key Terms
Highlights
Exercises
Developing A Research Proposal
Web Exercises
Ethics Exercises
SPSS or Excel Exercises
Appendix A: Questions to Ask About a Research Article
Appendix B: How to Read a Research Article
Glossary
References
Index
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Brown, A. L., quoted, 102.
Brown, William, 66f, 72.
Buck, Dudley, 345f.
Bull, Ole, in America, 130f.
Bullard, Frederick Field, 353
Bunyan, John, quoted, 12.
Burleigh, Cecil, 401.
Burleigh, Harry, 443.
Burrian, Carl, 155.
Burton, Frederick R., 347.
Busch, Carl, 394f.
Byrd, William, 4. C
Cable, George W., 307f.
Cadman, Charles Wakefield, 425ff.
Calvé, Emma, 144, 146, 151.
Campanari, Giuseppe, 147
Campanini, Cleofonte (opera conductor), 152f, 171f.
Campanini, Italo, 133, 135f, 141.
Campbell-Tipton, 422ff.
Canada, conservatories of, 259ff.
Canadian folk-song, 313.
Capron, Henri, 66, 72
Caradori-Allan (Mme.), 124.
Carey, Henry, 324.
'Carmen,' in New York, 135, 155.
Carnegie, Andrew, 211.
Carnegie Hall (New York), 211.
Carpenter, John Alden, 427f.
Carr, Benjamin, 112.
Carroll, Marcus H., 354.
Caruso, Enrico, 149, 155.
Casino Theatre (New York), 177f.
Catholic Church. See Church music; also Palestrina.
Cavalieri, Lina, 151, 153.
'Cavalleria Rusticana' (Mascagni), in New York, 143.
Century Opera Company (New York), 155ff.
Chadwick, George W., 248f, 311, 337f, 357, 462.
Chamber music ensembles, in the United States, 201ff.
Chappell, on music in the 17th century, 6.
Charleston (S. C.), early concerts in, 9, 40ff, 76ff, 83; early musical societies of, 86f; early opera, 106, 108, 111.
Cheney, Moses E., 244.
Chicago, opera in, 169ff; orchestral organizations of, 191ff; chamber music organizations in, 205; choral societies of, 216f; musical conventions in, 222, 244; music festivals in, 223.
Chicago Conservatory, 254f.
Chicago Musical College, 253f.
Chicago-Philadelphia Opera Company, 169, 171f.
Chittenden, Kate S., 255.
Chopin, influence of, in America, 361, 419f.
Choral music, in early Boston, 60, 73, 88; in Bethlehem (Pa.), 214, 233f.
Choral societies, community choruses, xix; early American, 84ff; American, 206ff.
See also German choral societies.
Christy, Edwin T. (negro minstrel), 316ff.
Church music, in America, x; in early New England, 13ff; early American, 45, 231ff, 332f; (influence of) 345; early Philadelphia institution for, 87f; American composers of, 355ff.
See also Sacred Music.
Church music, Institution for the Encouragement of, 73.
Cincinnati, choral societies, 214ff; music festival, 222f; opera in, 173f; orchestral organizations of, 193f.
Cincinnati College of Music, 254.
Cincinnati Conservatory, 247, 250f.
Clapp, Philip Greeley, 390.
Classic composers, American, 331ff, 360ff, 407ff.
Claxton, Philander D., 242f.
Cleveland Conservatory, 253.
Clifton, Chalmers, 442.
Clough-Leighter, Henry, 436f.
Coerne, Louis Adolphe, 343.
Cohan, George M., 463
Coini, Jacques, 157.
Cole, Rossetter G., 384.
College of Music of Cincinnati, 193.
Colleges (American), musical courses in, 261ff.
Colleges, musical. See Conservatories.
'Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean,' 326.
Columbia Anacreontic Society, 90f.
Columbia University, music department of, 267f.
Comer, Thomas, 188.
Comic opera, in America, 174ff; American, 456ff.
Commercialism in music in America, xvi.
Community drama. See Pageants.
Composition, courses in. See Colleges (American), musical courses in; also Conservatories.
Concerts, (early American) 31, 33ff; compared to European, in 18th cent., 83, 55ff, 84ff; (municipal) xviii-f; (symphony, at popular prices), xix; (free public) 273ff. See also Musical organizations.
Concordia Society (of New York), 97
Congregational singing in early New England, 15ff.
Conried, Heinrich, 149ff.
Conservatories, American, vii-f, 246ff.
See also Canada; also specific names.
Convention, musical, 244
See also Music festivals.
Converse, C. C., 357.
Converse, Frederick S., 154, 227, 377ff.
Cook, Will Marion, 443f.
Coombs, C. W., 355.
'Coon song,' 454f.
Corre, Joseph, 67.
Cotton, John, cited, 17, 20f.
Counterpoint (Billings quoted on), 51.
Cowboy songs, 311f.
Creoles, music and dances of, 304ff.
Cromwell, Oliver, cited, 13
Damrosch, Frank, 187, 211, 212, 213, 256ff; quoted on American conservatories, 246.
Damrosch, Leopold, 138f, 183, 185, 210.
Damrosch, Walter, 140, 142ff, 184ff, 211; quoted, 382; as composer, 395.
Dance songs, in 'popular' music, 455f.
Dances, of negroes, 304f.
Daniels, Mabel, 403.
Dartmouth College, early musical society in, 101f, 238f.
Davis, John, 115, 161.
Davis, T. Kemper, cited, 242.
Deblois, Stephen, 57f.
de Koven, Reginald, 353, 458ff.
Debussy, influence of, in America, xiii; works of, introduced in America, 186.
Delacroix, Joseph, 66f.
Demarest, Clifford, 358f.
Democracy and American music, xvii
Denver (Colo.), orchestra in, 199.
Destinn, Emmy, 153.
Dillon, Fannie, 405.
Dippel, Andreas, 147, 152ff, 154, 171f, 179.
Dipper, Thomas, 57f.
'Dixie,' 318, 327f.
Dixon, George Washington (negro minstrel), 318
Dowland, John, 4.
Drama. See Comic Opera; Musical Comedy; Opera; Theatre.
Drum, as used by negroes, 297.
Dunlap, William, 112; on early American opera, 111f; librettist of first American opera, 112.
Dunn, James Philip, 440.
Dvořák, Antonin, 184, 256; on American music, xii, 332; on negro folk-song, 310.
Dwight, J. S., quoted, 100, 238.
Dwight's Journal of Music, 238.
Eames, Emma, 143, 147
Eccles, Solomon, cit., 13f.
Education, musical. See Musical Education.
Edwards, Julian, 461.
Eichberg, Julius, 250, 457.
Eichheim, Henry, 447.
Eisfeld, Theodore, 203
Eliot, John, cit., 16, 19ff.
Elizabeth (Queen), cit., 5.
Elkus, Arthur, 400.
Elson, Louis C., on early American music, 2, 32; cited, 97; quoted, 99; on American patriotic songs, 320, 324.
Emery, Stephen, 334.
Emmett, Daniel D. (negro minstrel), 316, 318; composer of 'Dixie,' 327f.
Engel, Carl, 446f.
England (music and customs), in 17th cent., 3ff; opera in, during 17th-18th cent., 106f; pageants in, 226, 228; church music in, 356; comic opera in, 457.
Englander, Ludwig, 461f.
English influence, (on early German music) 4f; (on early American musical societies) 90f; (on music in early Boston) 236f; (on early American music) 284.
English language, opera in. See Opera in English. See also Comic opera.
English musical comedy. See Musical comedy, English.
English opera, in early America, 36f, 107ff, 112; in 17th-18th cent., 106ff; decline of, in New York, in early 19th cent., 117; revival of, 119ff, 123ff.
Enstone, Edward, 24f.
Erskine, Thomas Alexander, 70.
Essex Musical Association, 101.
Esterley, George, 75.
Europe, concert life of, during 18th century, 83.
European influence, on American composition, 284, 331ff.
European universities, musical courses in, 264.
Euterpean Society, of early New York, 89ff.
FFaelten, Carl, 248
Fairchild, Blair, 432f.
Farrar, Geraldine, 151, 155.
Farwell, Arthur, 226f, 310, 410ff; on municipal music, 273ff.
Fay, C. N., 191.
Felsted, Samuel, 61.
Festivals, musical. See Music festivals.
Fickenscher, Arthur, 450.
Finck, Henry T., cited, 353, 368.
Finden, Amy Woodforde, 406.
Fischer, Emil, 140, 145, 147.
Fisk University, Jubilee Singers of, 308ff.
Flagg, Joseph, 29, 45.
Flagg, Josiah, 59.
Flagler, H. H., 186.
Flonzaley Quartet, 204f.
Floridia, Pietro, 188.
Florio, Caryl, 358f.
Foerster, Adolph M., 196; quoted, 197.
Folk-song (in America), x-f, xi-ff, 277ff, 451f.
See also Cowboy songs; Negro folk-song; Indians; Canadian folksongs; Spanish-American folk-songs; 'Popular' music.
Foote, Arthur, 338ff, 357.
Forrage, Stephen, 70.
Foster, Stephen Collins, 286, 318ff, 452; (influence of) 416
Francis, Samuel, 65.
Franklin, Benjamin, 29, 70.
Fredericksburg, early musical life of, 82, 87.
Free concerts. See Concerts.
Freer, Eleanor Everest, 404.
Fremstad, Olive, 149.
French influence, on music in America, xiii-f, 74, 79, 81; on negro music, 304ff; on modern American music, 407, 409, 414, 416, 427, 437f, 441, 444, 446ff.
French opera, in early America, 104, 110f, 114ff, 126; in (modern) New York, 152, 154, 178f; in New Orleans, 161ff; in Philadelphia, 168.
French-Canadian folk-song, 313.
Friedenthal, Albert, cited, 305.
Frieze, Henry S., 268
Fry, D. H., quoted, 130.
Fry, E. R., 128.
Fry, William H. (opera composer), 132, 167f, 333f.
Funeral songs, of negroes, 302f.
Futurism, 440, 442.
GGadski, Johanna, 145, 147.
Gale, Clement R., 357.
García, Manuel (in New York), 118f.
Garden, Mary, 152.
Gatti-Casazza, Giulio, 152ff.
Gaynor, Jessie, 355
Georgia, early concerts in, 82.
Gericke, William, 190f.
German choral societies, (in New York) 209f; in the west, 215f; (general) 218.
See also German musical societies.
German influence on American music, x-ff, 22, 215f, 233f, 243ff,
360ff, 369; (modern) 420, 422, 435f, 440f, 449; in early Boston, 236.
German musical societies, in early New York, 97.
German opera, in New York, 131ff; in the United States, 159ff.
Germania orchestra (Boston), 188f.
Gerster, Etelka, 137, 160.
Gerville-Réache, Jeanne, 152.
Getty, Alice, 406.
Gibbons, Orlando, 4.
Gilbert, Henry F., 311, 408ff; quot. on racial influence, 278.
Gilchrist, W. W., 357.
Gilibert, Charles, 148, 152.
Gilman, Lawrence, cited, 366, 368.
Gleason, Frederic Grant, 346.
Gluck, works of, in early American concerts, 62, 79, 80.
Goldmark, Rubin, 381
Goodrich, Wallace, 208.
Goritz, Otto, 149.
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, 307, 334f.
Gould, Nathaniel D., 242.
Gounod, influence of, on American church music, 356.
Grant, James Augustus, 298.
Grattan (Mrs.), 73
Grau, Maurice, 142ff, 149, 175, 177.
Graupner, Gottlieb, 100, 207, 236.
Green, Joseph, quoted, 19.
Grétry, works of, in early American concerts, 62, 79, 81.
Griffes, Charles T., 442.
Grunn, J. Homer, 401.
Gualdo, Giovanni, 70.
Hackett, Karleton, cited, 169.
Hadley, Henry, 375ff, 462.
Hague, Eleanor, quoted, 312f.
'Hail Columbia' (national song), 324f.
Hale, Philip, on Toronto Choir, 219f;
cited, 390
Hamerick, Asger, in America, 247.
Hamilton, Edward, 222.
Hammerstein, Oscar, 144, 151ff, 169, 179.
Hammond, William G., 355.
Hanby, B. R., 318.
Handel, works of, in early American concerts, 32ff, 37ff, 58ff, 62, 64ff, 70, 72f, 77, 80, 93ff.
Handel and Haydn Society (of Boston), 102f, 206ff.
Handel and Haydn Society (of early New York), 96.
Harris, Augustus, quoted, 146.
Harris, Charles K., 454.
Harris, Victor, 355.
Hartford, early concerts in, 62f.
Harvard University (music department of), 237f, 263.
Harvard Musical Association, 189, 203, 237f.
Haskell, M. A., quoted, 299.
Hattstaedt, John J., 254f.
Hawley, Charles B., 355.
Haydn, works of, in early American concerts, 38f, 41, 62f, 66f, 72f, 75, 80f, 96f.
Hearn, Lafcadio, cited, 299, 306.
Hebrew, operas in, 160.
Heckscher, Celeste, 404.
Hempel, Frieda, 155
Henderson, W. J., cited, 144; quoted, 186.
Hendricks, Francis, 442.
Henius, Joseph, 393.
Hensel, Heinrich, 155.
Henschel, George, in America, 190.
Herbert, Victor, 154ff, 197, 447f, 460.
Herbert-Förster, 141.
Hertz, Alfred, 149, 153.
Hess, Willy, 204.
Heyman, Katherine Ruth, 406.
Higginson, Henry L., 190
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, quoted, IV. 303.
Hill, Edward Burlingame, 388ff.
Hill, Uriah C., 181, 183, 202.
Hodgkinson, Francis, 111.
Hodgkinson, John, 90.
Holden, Oliver, works of, IV. 52-53.
Holyoke, Samuel, 52f.
Homer, Louise, 148.
Homer, Sidney, 435f.
Hone, Philip, 122.
Hopekirk, Helen, 405.
Hopkinson, Francis, 46ff, 69, 71, 85.
Hopkinson, Joseph, on origin of 'Hail Columbia,' 324f.
Howland, William Legrand, 396.
Hughes, Rupert, cited, 337, 342, 353, 405, 433f, 459.
Huhn, Bruno, 355.
Hull, Alexander, 440f.
Humiston, W. H., 311, 430f.
Huss, Henry Holden, 348f.
Hutchinson (Colonel), cited, 13.
Hymnology, American, x, 332f.
See also Church music; Psalmody.
IIde, Chester, works of, 400.
Incas. See Peruvians.
Indians (American), primitive music of, 281; (in American music) xi-ff, 2f; (used by American composers) 365, 394f, 410ff, 417, 424ff, 434, 443, 448.
See also Primitive Music in General Index (Vol. XII).
'Indian' song, in 'popular' music, 455
Indian Suite (MacDowell), 366f.
[d']Indy, cited, 429.
Institute of Musical Art (New York), 256ff.
Instrumental music, forbidden by Puritans, 18f; beginnings of, in New England, 24ff, 32ff.
See also Concerts, Orchestral organizations, Chamber music ensembles.
Instruments (primitive), of negroes, 296.
Irish influence on music in America, 22.
'Irish' song, in 'popular' music, 455.
Isaacs, Lewis M., 442.
Italian influence on music in America, xi
Italian opera in early America, 104, 110; in New York City, 117ff; in the U. S., 158ff.
Italian Symphony Orchestra (New York), 188.
JJacchia, Agide, 157.
Jackson, L. J., 263f.
Jadlowker, Hermann, 155.
James, Philip, 358f.
Johns, Clayton, 353.
Johnson, [Dr.] Samuel (quoted), 202.
Jones, Darius E., 242.
Jones, John, 65
Jordan, Eben D., 172, 249.
Jörn, Carl, 153.
Journet, Marcel, 148f.
K
Kahn, Otto H., 155f.
