ThePracticeofResearchinCriminologyand CriminalJustice
SeventhEdition
RonetD.Bachman
UniversityofDelaware
RussellK.Schutt
UniversityofMassachusettsBoston
LosAngeles
London
NewDelhi
Singapore
WashingtonDC
Melbourne
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Names:Bachman,Ronet,author |Schutt,RussellK,author
Title:Thepracticeofresearchincriminologyandcriminaljustice/RonetD Bachman,RussellK Schutt
Description:Seventhedition |ThousandOaks:Sage,[2020]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex
Identifiers:LCCN2018040638|ISBN9781544339122(pbk :alk paper)Subjects:LCSH:Criminology Research |Criminaljustice, Administrationof Research
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BriefContents
Preface
Acknowledgments
AbouttheAuthors
SectionI•FoundationsforSocialResearch
Chapter1•Science,Society,andResearchRelatedtoCrime,Criminology,andSocialContro
Chapter2•TheProcessandProblemsofResearchRelatedtoCrimeandCriminology
Chapter3•EthicalGuidelinesforResearch
SectionII•FundamentalsofResearch
Chapter4•ConceptualizationandMeasurement
Chapter5•Sampling
Chapter6•CausationandResearchDesign
SectionIII•ResearchDesigns
Chapter7•ExperimentalDesigns
Chapter8•SurveyResearch
Chapter9•QualitativeMethods:Observing,Participating,andListening
SectionIV•TopicalResearchDesigns
Chapter10•AnalyzingContent:ResearchUsingSecondary,Historical,andComparativeDataand ContentAnalysis
Chapter11•SocialNetworkAnalysis,CrimeMapping,andBigData
Chapter12•EvaluationandPolicyAnalysis
Chapter13•MixingandComparingMethods
SectionV•AftertheDataAreCollected
Chapter14•AnalyzingQuantitativeData
Chapter15•AnalyzingQualitativeData
Chapter16•SummarizingandReportingResearch
AppendixA QuestionstoAskAboutaResearchArticle
AppendixB HowtoReadaResearchArticle
StudentStudySite:edge.sagepub.com/bachmanprccj7e
AppendixC HowtoUseaStatisticalPackage:IBMSPSSStatistics
AppendixD HowtoUseaDataSpreadsheet:Excel
AppendixE.Datasets
Glossary
References
Index
DetailedContents
Preface
Acknowledgments
AbouttheAuthors
SectionI•FoundationsforSocialResearch
Chapter1•Science,Society,andResearchRelatedtoCrime,Criminology,andSocialControl
ReasoningAbouttheSocialWorld
QuestionsandAnswers
AvoidingErrorsinReasoning
Overgeneralization
SelectiveorInaccurateObservation
IllogicalReasoning
ResistancetoChange
TheSocialScienceApproach
ScienceVersusPseudoscience
CriminalJusticeandCriminologyResearchinPractice
DescriptiveResearch
CaseStudy
HowPrevalentIsYouthViolence? PoliceReports
Surveys
ExploratoryResearch
CaseStudy
HowDidSchoolsAvertaShootingRampage? ExplanatoryResearch
CaseStudy
WhatFactorsPredictYouthDelinquencyandViolence? EvaluationResearch
CaseStudy
HowEffectiveAreViolencePreventionProgramsinSchools? AlternativeResearchOrientations
MoreontheRoleofValuesinResearch
QuantitativeandQualitativeMethods
HighlightingaFewSpecificTypesofResearchMethods
CareersandResearch
StrengthsandLimitationsofSocialResearch
ResearchintheNews:ASchoolShootingEveryWeek?
ACommentonResearchinaDiverseSociety
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter2•TheProcessandProblemsofResearchRelatedtoCrimeandCriminology
IdentifyingaResearchQuestion
WheretoStart?
RefiningResearchQuestions
EvaluatingResearchQuestions
Feasibility
SocialImportance
ScientificRelevance
CareersandResearch
SocialResearchFoundations
SearchingtheLiterature
CriticallyReviewResearch
ResearchintheNews:ControlandFear:WhatMassKillingsandDomesticViolence
HaveinCommon
ASingle-ArticleReview:FormalandInformalDeterrentstoDomesticViolence
AnIntegratedLiteratureReview:WhenDoesArrestMatter?
TheRoleofTheory
SocialResearchStrategies
TheResearchCircle
DeductiveResearch
InductiveResearch
CaseStudy
ArrestforIntimatePartnerViolenceandtheResearchCircle
Phase1:DeductiveResearch
Phase2:DeductiveResearch
Phase3:InductiveResearch
Phase4:DeductiveResearch
AddingExplorationtotheMix
CaseStudy
PoliceDecisionMaking
SocialResearchStandards
MeasurementValidity
Generalizability
CausalValidity
Authenticity
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter3•EthicalGuidelinesforResearch
HistoricalBackground
EthicalPrinciples
AchievingValidResults
ResearchintheNews:SomeSocialScientistsAreTiredofAskingfor Permission
HonestyandOpenness
CareersandResearch
ProtectingResearchParticipants
AvoidHarmingResearchParticipants
ObtainInformedConsent
AvoidDeceptioninResearch,ExceptinLimitedCircumstances MaintainPrivacyandConfidentiality
BenefitsofResearchShouldOutweighRisks
TheInstitutionalReviewBoard
ResearchInvolvingSpecialPopulations:PrisonersandChildren CaseStudy
SexualSolicitationofAdolescentsandMilgramRevisited DoYouAgree?
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
SectionII•FundamentalsofResearch
Chapter4•ConceptualizationandMeasurement
Concepts
ConceptualizationinPractice
CaseStudy
DefiningYouthGangs
CaseStudy
DefiningSubstanceAbuse
CaseStudy
DefiningPoverty
FromConceptstoVariables:MeasurementOperations
UsingAvailableData
ConstructingQuestions
MakingObservations
CollectingUnobtrusiveMeasures
CareersandResearch
CombiningMeasurementOperations
ResearchintheNews:AreTeenagersReplacingDrugsWithSmartphones?
CaseStudy
MeasuringInmateMisconduct
VariablesandLevelsofMeasurement
NominalLevelofMeasurement
OrdinalLevelofMeasurement
IntervalLevelofMeasurement
RatioLevelofMeasurement
TheCaseofDichotomies
ComparingLevelsofMeasurement
DidWeMeasureWhatWeWantedtoMeasure?
MeasurementValidity
FaceValidity
ContentValidity
CriterionValidity
ConstructValidity
MeasurementReliability
Test-RetestReliability
InteritemReliability(InternalConsistency)
Alternate-FormsReliability
IntraobserverandInterobserverReliability
WaystoImproveReliabilityandValidity
ACommentonMeasurementinaDiverseSociety
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter5•Sampling
SamplePlanning
ThePurposeofSampling
DefineSampleComponentsandthePopulation
EvaluateGeneralizability
AssessPopulationDiversity:ResearchinaDiverseSociety
ConsideraCensus
SamplingMethods
ProbabilitySamplingMethods
ResearchintheNews:WhatAreBestPracticesforSamplingVulnerable Populations?
SimpleRandomSampling
SystematicRandomSampling
StratifiedRandomSampling
MultistageClusterSampling
NonprobabilitySamplingMethods
AvailabilitySampling
QuotaSampling
PurposiveorJudgmentSampling
SnowballSampling
LessonsAboutSampleQuality
CareersandResearch
GeneralizabilityinQualitativeResearch
SamplingDistributions
EstimatingSamplingError
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter6•CausationandResearchDesign
CausalExplanations
Quantitative(Nomothetic)CausalExplanation
Qualitative(Idiographic)CausalExplanation
CriteriaandCautionsforNomotheticCausalExplanations
CaseStudy
MediaViolenceandViolentBehavior
Association TimeOrder
Nonspuriousness
Mechanism
Context
ResearchDesignsandCausality
CareersandResearch
TrueExperiments
CausalityandTrueExperimentalDesigns
NonexperimentalDesigns
Cross-SectionalDesigns
CaseStudy
UsingLifeCalendars:DoOffendersSpecializeinDifferentCrimes? LongitudinalDesigns
CaseStudy
OffendingOvertheLifeCourse
DeterminingCausationUsingNonexperimentalDesigns
CaseStudy
Gender,SocialControl,andCrime
UnitsofAnalysisandErrorsinCausalReasoning
ResearchintheNews:ThePoliceandBlackDrivers
IndividualandGroupUnitsofAnalysis
TheEcologicalFallacyandReductionism
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
SectionIII•ResearchDesigns
Chapter7•ExperimentalDesigns
HistoryofExperiments
TrueExperiments
ExperimentalandComparisonGroups
PretestandPosttestMeasures
RandomAssignment
CaseStudy
PrisonClassificationandInmateBehavior
CaseStudy
TheEffectofIncarcerationonEmployment
Summary:CausalityinTrueExperiments
Quasi-Experiments
NonequivalentControlGroupDesigns
CaseStudy
TheEffectivenessofDrugCourts
Before-and-AfterDesigns
CaseStudy
TheEffectsoftheYouthCriminalJusticeAct
CaseStudy
ReducedCaseloadandIntensiveSupervisioninProbation
ExPostFactoControlGroupDesigns
CaseStudy
DoesanArrestIncreaseDelinquency?
Summary:CausalityinQuasi-Experiments
ValidityinExperiments
Causal(Internal)Validity
SelectionBias
EndogenousChange
CareersandResearch
ExternalEvents
Contamination
TreatmentMisidentification
ResearchintheNews:DoVideoGamesLeadtoMassShootings?
Generalizability
SampleGeneralizability
FactorialSurveyDesign
CaseStudy
HowCitizensViewPoliceMisconduct
InteractionofTestingandTreatment
EthicalIssuesinExperimentalResearch
Deception
SelectiveDistributionofBenefits
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter8•SurveyResearch
SurveyResearchintheSocialSciences
AttractiveFeaturesofSurveyResearch
Versatility
Efficiency
Generalizability
TheOmnibusSurvey
DesigningQuestionnaires
MaintainFocus
BuildonExistingInstruments
ResearchinaDiverseSociety:ConsiderTranslation
CaseStudy
MeasuringViolentVictimizations
WritingSurveyQuestions
ConstructingClearandMeaningfulQuestions
AvoidConfusingPhrasingandVagueness
AvoidNegativeWordsandDoubleNegatives
AvoidDouble-BarreledQuestions
AvoidMakingEitherDisagreementorAgreementDisagreeable
AdditionalGuidelinesforFixed-ResponseQuestions
ResponseChoicesShouldBeMutuallyExclusive
MaketheResponseCategoriesExhaustive
UtilizeLikert-TypeResponseCategories
MinimizeFenceSittingandFloating
UtilizeFilterQuestions
CombiningQuestionsIntoIndexes
DemographicQuestions
Don’tForgettoPretest!
OrganizationoftheQuestionnaire
CareersandResearch
QuestionOrderMatters!
OrganizationalGuidelines
SurveyDesigns
Mailed,Self-AdministeredSurveys
Group-AdministeredSurveys
SurveysbyTelephone
ReachingSamplingUnits
MaximizingResponsetoPhoneSurveys
In-PersonInterviews
BalancingRapportandControl
ResearchintheNews:HowMenBehaveatWork
MaximizingResponsetoInterviews
ElectronicSurveys
Mixed-ModeSurveys
AComparisonofSurveyDesigns
ErrorsinSurveyResearch
EthicalIssuesinSurveyResearch
ProtectionofRespondents
Confidentiality
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter9•QualitativeMethods:Observing,Participating,andListening
FundamentalsofQualitativeMethods
CareersandResearch
OriginsofQualitativeResearch
Netnography
CaseStudy
LifeinaGang
ParticipantObservation
ChoosingaRole
CompleteObservation
ParticipationandObservation
CovertParticipation
CaseStudy
TheResearcherasHooligan
EnteringtheField
DevelopingandMaintainingRelationships
SamplingPeopleandEvents
ResearchintheNews:OrdinaryCitizensPlayedRoleinCrimeDecline
TakingNotes
ManagingthePersonalDimensions
SystematicObservation
CaseStudy
StudyingPublicDisorderandCrime
IntensiveInterviewing
EstablishingandMaintainingaPartnership
CaseStudy
BarrierstoReentryforOlderOffenders
AskingQuestionsandRecordingAnswers
CombiningParticipantObservationandIntensiveInterviewing
FocusGroups
CaseStudy
AnAnalysisofPoliceSearches
EthicalIssuesinQualitativeResearch
VoluntaryParticipation
SubjectWell-Being
IdentityDisclosure
Confidentiality
AppropriateBoundaries
ResearcherSafety
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
SectionIV•TopicalResearchDesigns
Chapter10•AnalyzingContent:ResearchUsingSecondary,Historical,andComparativeData andContentAnalysis
AnalyzingSecondaryData
CaseStudy
PoliceProtectionbyNeighborhood
HistoricalandComparativeMethods
CareersandResearch
HistoricalResearch
OralHistory
CaseStudy
ExploringtheEmergenceofContemporaryCriminology
HistoricalProcessResearch
CaseStudy
TheEvolutionofCyberCrime ComparativeResearch
CaseStudy
HomicideAcrossNations
ResearchintheNews:DataonRapeintheEuropeanUnionDifficulttoCompare
ContentAnalysis
IdentifyingaPopulationofDocumentsorOtherTextualSources
CaseStudy
MediaPortrayalsofAbductedChildren
MethodologicalIssuesWhenUsingSecondaryData MeasuringAcrossTimeandContexts
ResearchinaDiverseSociety:MeasurementEquivalence SamplingAcrossTimeandPlace
IdentifyingCauses
EthicalIssuesWhenAnalyzingAvailableDataandContent
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter11•SocialNetworkAnalysis,CrimeMapping,andBigData
SocialNetworkAnalysis
CaseStudy
NetworksofTerroristCells
CaseStudy
FindingaSerialKiller
CrimeMapping
CareersandResearch
CaseStudy
SocialDisorganizationandtheChicagoSchool
CaseStudy
PredictingBreakandEntries(BNEs)
ResearchintheNews:CompStatandtheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartment
CaseStudy
UsingGoogleEarthtoTrackSexualOffendingRecidivism
BigData
CaseStudy
PredictingWhereCrimeWillOccur
CaseStudy
PredictingRecidivismwithBigData
EthicalIssuesWhenUsingBigData
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter12•EvaluationandPolicyAnalysis
ABriefHistoryofEvaluationResearch EvaluationBasics
QuestionsforEvaluationResearch
TheEvaluationofNeedorNeedsAssessment EvaluabilityAssessment
ResearchintheNews:FormerAttorneyGeneralJeffSessionsandHisCrime Wave
ProcessEvaluation(ProgramMonitoring)
CaseStudy
ProcessEvaluationofanAnti-GangInitiative
TheEvaluationofImpactorOutcomes
CaseStudy
HowDoestheRiskSkillsTrainingProgram(RSTP)ComparetoDARE?
TheEvaluationofEfficiency
CaseStudy
Cost–BenefitAnalysisofTherapeuticCommunities DesignDecisions
BlackBoxEvaluationorProgramTheory?
ResearcherorStakeholderOrientation?
SimpleorComplexOutcomes?
EvaluationinAction
CaseStudy
Problem-OrientedPolicinginViolentCrimeAreas ARandomizedControlled Experiment
StrengthsofRandomizedExperimentalDesigninImpactEvaluations
Quasi-ExperimentalDesignsinEvaluationResearch
CaseStudy
DecreasingInjuriesFromPoliceUseofForce
NonexperimentalDesigns
CaseStudy
VocationalEducationforSeriousJuvenileOffenders AOne-ShotDesign
QualitativeandQuantitativeMethods
PolicyResearch:IncreasingDemandforEvidence-BasedPolicy CareersandResearch
BasicScienceorAppliedResearch
EthicsinEvaluation
Conclusion
KeyTerms Highlights Exercises DevelopingaResearchProposal WebExercises EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises Chapter13•MixingandComparingMethods
WhatAreMixedMethods?
ShouldMethodsBeMixed?
TypesofMixed-MethodsDesigns
CaseStudy
ConvergentParallelDesign:SchoolSecurityandDiscipline
CaseStudy
ExploratorySequentialDesign:AmericanIndianHomicide CaseStudy
EmbeddedDesign:InvestigatingRape
StrengthsandLimitationsofMixedMethods
ComparingResultsAcrossStudies
Meta-Analysis
ResearchintheNews:LackingDataonGunViolence CaseStudy
Meta-Analysis:TheEffectivenessofAnti-BullyingPrograms CaseStudy
Meta-Analysis:DoParentTrainingProgramsPreventChildAbuse?
Meta-Synthesis
CaseStudy
Meta-Synthesis:FemaleDrugDealers EthicsandMixedMethods
CareersandResearch
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
SectionIV•AftertheDataAreCollected
Chapter14•AnalyzingQuantitativeData
IntroducingStatistics
CaseStudy
TheCausesofDelinquency
PreparingDataforAnalysis
DisplayingUnivariateDistributions Graphs
FrequencyDistributions UngroupedData GroupedData
SummarizingUnivariateDistributions
MeasuresofCentralTendency
Mode
Median Mean
MedianorMean?
ResearchintheNews:MedianLifetimeEarnings MeasuresofVariation
Range
InterquartileRange
Variance
StandardDeviation
Cross-TabulatingVariables
DescribingAssociation
ControllingforaThirdVariable
InterveningVariables
ExtraneousVariables
Specification
RegressionandCorrelation
CareersandResearch
AnalyzingDataEthically:HowNottoLieAboutRelationships
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
WebExercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
EthicsExercises
SPSSorExcelExercises
Chapter15•AnalyzingQualitativeData
FeaturesofQualitativeDataAnalysis
QualitativeDataAnalysisasanArt
QualitativeComparedWithQuantitativeDataAnalysis
ResearchintheNews:UnderstandingSolitaryConfinement TechniquesofQualitativeDataAnalysis
Documentation
Conceptualization,Coding,andCategorizing ExaminingRelationshipsandDisplayingData
Corroboration/AuthenticatingConclusions
ReflectionontheResearcher’sRole
AlternativesinQualitativeDataAnalysis
Ethnography
Ethnomethodology
ConversationAnalysis
NarrativeAnalysis
GroundedTheory
QualitativeComparativeAnalysis
Case-OrientedUnderstanding
CareersandResearch
Computer-AssistedQualitativeDataAnalysis
CaseStudy
NarrativesofDesistanceFromCrimeandSubstanceAbuse
EthicsinQualitativeDataAnalysis
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights
Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
Chapter16•SummarizingandReportingResearch
ResearchReportGoals
AdvanceScientificKnowledge
ShapeSocialPolicy
OrganizeSocialAction ParticipatoryActionResearch
CaseStudy
SeekingHigherEducationforInmates
DialogueWithResearchSubjects
WritingIsNotEasy!
ResearchReportTypes
CareersandResearch
StudentPapersandTheses
GroupProjects
TheThesisCommittee
JournalArticles
AppliedReports
AnAdvisoryCommittee
DisplayingResearch
SpecialConsiderationsforReportingQualitativeorMixed-MethodsResearch
Ethics,Politics,andReportingResearch
CommunicatingWiththePublic
ResearchintheNews:What’sBehindBigScienceFrauds
Plagiarism
Conclusion
KeyTerms
Highlights Exercises
DevelopingaResearchProposal
WebExercises
EthicsExercises
AppendixA QuestionstoAskAboutaResearchArticle
AppendixB.HowtoReadaResearchArticle
StudentStudySite:edgesagepubcom/bachmanprccj7e
AppendixC HowtoUseaStatisticalPackage:IBMSPSSStatistics
AppendixD.HowtoUseaDataSpreadsheet:Excel
AppendixE.Datasets
Glossary
References
Index
Preface
Oneofthemostimportantaspectsofteachingaresearchmethodscourseisconveyingtostudentsthevital rolethatresearchplaysinourdiscipline Afteryearsofteachingcoursesinresearchmethods,wehavefound thatthebestavenueofachievingthisgoalhasbeentolinktheteachingofkeytopicstocontemporaryresearch inthediscipline Bycombiningdiscussionsofresearchtechniqueswithpracticalresearchexamplesfromthe field,studentslearnnotonlyhowtoconductresearchbutalsowhyitisimportanttodoso Intheseventh editionofThePracticeofResearchinCriminologyandCriminalJustice,wehavedrawnoncommentsbystudents intheclassroom,insightfulreviewsbythosewhoteachresearchmethods,andourowncontinuinglearning experienceasscholarsandteachers;wethinktheresultinginnovationswilladdagreatdealtoyourlearning experience.
Thepurposeofthisbookistointroduceyoutothescientificmethodsofresearchincriminologyandcriminal justiceandshowhowtheyareactuallyused Eachchaptercombinesinstructionsinresearchmethodswith investigationsofkeyresearchquestionsinourfield:Howdowemeasureoffendingandvictimization?What arethecausesofviolentcrime?Whatisthebestpoliceresponsetointimatepartnerviolence?Howdogang membersperceivetheirworld?Areviolencepreventionprogramseffectiveinreducingviolenceinschools? Whatistheimpactofhavingacriminalrecordonfindingajob?Theseareonlyasampleofthemanyresearch examplesusedtodemonstrateparticularresearchmethods.
Youwilllearnnotonlytheskillsnecessaryforconductingresearchbutalsotheskillsnecessarytoevaluate researchdonebyothers Youwilllearntoaskmanyquestionsasyouconsiderwhetherresearch-based conclusionsareappropriateandvalid.Whatdidtheresearcherssetouttoinvestigate?Howwerepeopleor placesselectedforthestudy?Whatwerethephenomenabeingstudied,andhowweretheydefinedand measured?Howwasinformationanalyzed?Throughoutthisbook,youwilllearnwhatquestionstoaskwhen critiquingaresearchstudyandhowtoevaluatetheanswers.
Anothergoalofthisbookistotrainyoutoactuallydoresearch Substantiveresearchexampleswillhelpyou seehowmethodsareusedinpractice Exercisesattheendofeachchaptergiveyouwaystotrydifferent methodsaloneorinagroup.Butresearchmethodscannotbelearnedbyroteandappliedmechanically.Itis ourhopethatyouwillrealizethatallresearchmethodscomewiththeirownstrengthsandlimitations Infact, theunderlyingthemeofourbookisthatemployingacombinationofmethodstogethertoanswerthesame researchquestionisoftenpreferable.Youwillcometoappreciatewhytheresultsofparticularresearchstudies mustalwaysbeinterpretedwithinthecontextofpriorresearchandthroughthelensofsocialand criminologicaltheory
