Adaptation in Urban Africa
Editors
Patrick Brandful Cobbinah
Department of Planning
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Kumasi, Ghana
Institute for Land, Water and Society
Charles Sturt University
Albury, NSW, Australia
Michael Addaney
Research Institute of Environmental Law
Wuhan University
Wuhan, China
ISBN 978-3-030-04872-3
ISBN 978-3-030-04873-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04873-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018962901
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Foreword
Despite all countries in Africa having signed the Paris climate agreement, progress has been slow in making the transition to a low-carbon and resilient economy. So it is really refreshing to read a book collating studies on climate change adaptation in a rapidly urbanising continent. Much of the world’s future population growth is estimated to take place in Africa, and much of that growth will occur in cities, making planning of cities an even greater priority. At a meeting in Nigeria in May 2018, nine African cities pledged to cut carbon emissions to zero within the next three decades. Te cities include major African capitals and urban centres, such as Accra, Cape Town, Lagos, and Johannesburg. Te only way to achieve this is by learning from best practices around the continent and the world, and applying them in innovative ways to Africa.
Tis book, focusing on the urban challenge through a climate change adaptation lens, brings together case studies from cities and countries around Africa which are stressed, but are also often succeeding in tackling issues from foods and food security to culture and green infrastructure. Capturing and sharing experiences and lessons learnt is essential. Africa and its people are running out of time if the triple threats of
climate change, growth of cities and planning defcits are to be managed and overcome. Consequently, the experiences of these seven countries, spanning East, West and Southern Africa are vital for the improved understanding of what works and why. Tese lessons, if thoughtfully and prudently considered by planners and managers of urban environments across Africa, ofer fresh opportunities to test innovative ideas that others have proved successful elsewhere.
While urbanisation can propel economic growth, explosive growth in urban populations can place a strain on cities’ limited resources, and further, exacerbate existing stresses especially in areas where proper planning has not been adhered to. Seventy percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s urban populations were dwellers of informal settlements, more than anywhere else in the world. Te crowding of African slums, many of which are low-lying and prone to fooding is a recipe for disaster. How cities respond to the perennial fooding and the impacts on marginalized communities often highlight the systemic failures of our institutions. Coastal cities, especially those at low elevation, like Accra and Durban, will be more frequently bufeted by storms and fooding, which already present serious risks to the health, lives, and livelihoods of the urban poor. To adapt efectively to the coming threats, municipal governments will fnally need to do what they should have been doing all along: safeguard the neighbourhoods in which the poor live, so that these neighbourhoods will have adequate drainage, safe supplies of drinking water, and housing durable enough to withstand periodic food events.
Te degree to which cities in Africa adapt to the anticipated disruptions of climate change is going to be a major determinant of how humanity adapts because cities are now where most people are. For the future, the expectation is that the high population density typically would mean lower cost per person for the provision of infrastructure and basic services, and this may also help to reduce urban ecological footprint if land use is concentrated and sustainably managed. Consequently, the next 45 years are a window of opportunity for Africa to create cities that are equitable, resilient, and sustainable for the generations to come, or Africa can continue the business as usual approach which would have catastrophic consequences not just for Africa but for
the rest of the world. City managers and planners must have power and capacity, supported not just by policy and laws but by fnancial commitment from central governments to make transformations that are required to efectively transform African cities to make them climate resilient.
Accra, Ghana Professor Christopher Gordon Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana; Member, Science Committee of the World Adaptation Science Programme UN Environment Programme
Preface
Te Geography of Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Africa provides a standard and wide-ranging assessment of the disciplines of climate change adaptation and urban management in Africa. Te chapters are written by emerging African and internationally recognised scholars, and provide a contemporary overview of a signifcant area within the feld. Te chapters in the book have undergone rigorous peer review process. In addition to covering topics integral to the theory and practice of climate change adaptation, the volume ofers a broader perspective by analyzing ways climate change adaptation concerns urban planning, environmental governance and city level institutions, and by addressing the current challenges and exploring future pathways for African cities.
Mirroring global trend, efort towards resilient cities and communities is a work in progress in Africa. Achieving success in this efort requires commitment and active participation at all levels of society, and in all its institutions; from grassroots level to a political process that responds to the needs of all, and to city governments commitment to building resilient and liveable cities and prodding the political process
x Preface to ensure responsibility and accountability. Te editors and authors of this book hope that this project advances this cause by reinforcing ongoing discourse on strengthening Africa’s adaptive capacity.
Kumasi, Ghana Wuhan, China
Patrick Brandful Cobbinah Michael Addaney
Acknowledgements
Te editors would like to thank the authors for their time, knowledge and resources towards completing this book project. It is a big volume to bring to fruition, and without their strong contributions and commitment, it simply would not have been possible. Te editorial team at Palgrave Macmillan, including Rachael Ballard and Joanna O’Neill, were very patient and supportive along the way, as were the copyeditors. Tey helped to shape the concept of the book and refned the fnal output to ensure that the publication was on schedule. Michael would also like to thank Beauty Seipati Morake and Nthatuwa Tejane for their support, along with his grandmother, Comfort Adjei. Patrick, as always, is deeply indebted to the unstinting contribution of his wife, Rhoda, for her support. Patrick also acknowledges the support of the African Studies Centre at the University of Michigan, USA for granting him 6 months academic fellowship (UMAPS) to enhance the completion of this project.
Part I Introduction
1 Climate Change, Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in Africa: Te Diference Worth Appreciating 3 Michael Addaney and Patrick Brandful Cobbinah
Part II Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Africa: Land Tenure, Biodiversity Conservation and Local Responses
2 Towards Sustainable Development in Africa: Te Challenge of Urbanization and Climate Change Adaptation 29 Matthew Chidozie Ogwu
3 Community-Based Mapping Methodology for Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study of Quarry Road West Informal Settlement, Durban, South Africa 57
Bahle Mazeka, Catherine Sutherland, Sibongile Buthelezi and Duduzile Khumalo
4 Urban Residents and Communities Responses to Climate Change Impacts in Tamale, Ghana 89
Patrick Brandful Cobbinah and Enoch Akwasi Kosoe
5 Urban Farmers’ Perceptions and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability in Ibadan, Nigeria 123
Bolanle Wahab and Ayobami Popoola
6 Placing Climate Change in Wetland Conservation and Urban Agriculture Contestations in Harare, Zimbabwe 155
Luckymore Matenga
7 Heritage Preservation in a Changing Climate: Te Potential of Green Infrastructure on the Île de Saint-Louis, Senegal 183
Samantha McLean
8 Competing Interests in Urban Biodiversity Management in the Context of a Changing Climate: A Case Study of the Giba Gorge Environmental Precinct, South Africa 215
Chuma Banji Chinzila, Andrew Emmanuel Okem, Fathima Ahmed and Urmilla Bob
9 Exploring the Future of Nairobi National Park in a Changing Climate and Urban Growth 249
Obed Matundura Ogega, Hellen Njoki Wanjohi and James Mbugua
Andrew Emmanuel Okem with Sarah Bracking
Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Africa: A Synthesis of Urban Food (In)Security
Ademola Oluborode Jegede and Untalimile Crystal Mokoena
Toward Citizen-Led Planning for Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Ghana: Hints from Japanese
Seth Asare Okyere, Stephen Kof Diko, Matthew Abunyewah and Michihiro Kita
Patrick Brandful Cobbinah and Nelson Nyabanyi N-yanbini
16 Institutional Responses to Climate Change Adaptation: Flood Management at the Metropolitan Level in Accra, Ghana
Prosper Issahaku Korah and Patrick Brandful Cobbinah
17 Adaptation Governance and Building Resilience in the Face of Climate Change in African Cities: Policy Responses and Emerging Practices from Accra
Michael Addaney
18 Missed Opportunities? Financing Climate Action in Urban Ghana and Uganda
Stephen Kof Diko
Notes on Contributors
Matthew Abunyewah is a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia. He obtained his bachelor’s degree in Development Planning at KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana. He is interested in disaster risk communication as tool for prevention and mitigation. His current research explores disaster risk communication in the Old Fadama informal district of Accra, Ghana.
Michael Addaney is a doctoral scholar at the Research Institute of Environmental Law at Wuhan University, China. Michael holds master’s degrees in human rights and democratisation in Africa from the Centre for Human Right, University of Pretoria, South Africa and strategic planning and management from the University for Development Studies, Ghana. He is also a senior research assistant at the University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana. Michael’s areas of research are human rights law, international climate change adaptation law and policy as well as the intersectionality between climate change, urbanisation and environmental conservation in Africa.
Fathima Ahmed is a Lecturer in the feld of Human Geography at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. She obtained her master’s
degree and Ph.D. from the same University. She is a member of the Society of South African Geographers (SSAG) and the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanographic Research (SANCOR). Her research interests include environmental management and policy, coastal zone management, environmental confict, tourism and, gender and livelihoods.
Urmilla Bob is a Full Professor in Geography at the School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, and the Dean of Research at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. She is the Chair of the Research Ethics Committee of the same University. Academic project leader for South Africa on the South African Netherlands Partnership for Alternative Development’s (SANPAD) Rural Migration, Urban Renewal and Slum Clearance—A Challenge for Mega Cities in the South: Development of a Sustainable Livelihoods Model in Durban/eTekwini (comparative research in South Africa, India and Brazil). She obtained a master’s degree and Ph.D. from the West Virginia University, USA. Her research interests include rural development and livelihoods, tourism, climate change and environmental confict and gender issues, among others.
Sarah Bracking is a professor of climate and society in the School of Global Afairs at the Kings College London.
Sibongile Buthelezi is a researcher in the School of Built Environment and Development Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. She has extensive experience in conducting community-based research in cities, with a focus on water and climate governance, housing, the economic development trajectories of the urban periphery and innovative sanitation technologies. She has a strong interest in participatory environmental governance and is engaged in a large number of action research projects in Durban in partnership with eTekwini Municipality. She is an expert in methodologies for the co-production of knowledge, combining scientifc knowledge with local knowledge.
Chuma Banji Chinzila is currently Monitoring and Evaluation personnel with Zimele Wethu Foundation, South Africa. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship on ‘conservation planning in South Africa’
with the University of KwaZulu-Natal. During the course of her Ph.D. studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, she served as a Lecturer in Environmental Systems, Urban Geography and Human Environments. Her research interests are in natural resource use and livelihoods, biodiversity management, implication of natural resource use for climate change adaptation, conservation planning and biodiversity within urban living spaces.
Patrick Brandful Cobbinah is a Lecturer in Land Use and Environmental Planning at the Planning Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. Patrick’s background is in human geography with broad experience in urban and regional planning gained through teaching and research conducted at universities in Ghana and Australia. Patrick joined the Charles Sturt University in 2011 and worked in the areas of tourism management, regional planning, natural resource management, climate change and development of research packages to guide urbanisation and sustainable development in Africa focusing on Ghana. He has also contributed to collaborative projects with researchers at University of Southern Queensland, Australia, Georgia State University, USA, Charles Sturt University, Australia and University of Energy and Natural Resources, Ghana. He is a member of the Ghana Institute of Planners, a Visiting Scholar at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, a University of Michigan African Presidential Scholar (UMAPS), Global Young Academy Fellow, and an Adjunct Research Fellow of the Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. Patrick’s current research interests include urban studies; regional planning; environmental conservation; local development; sustainable cities; climate change adaptation; tourism planning and management. He has published widely on these subjects.
Stephen Kof Diko is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. He is also the Director of the Center for Urban Planning and Policy Analysis (CUPPA), Ghana. He has a Master’s degree in Community Planning, Graduate Certifcate in Geographic Information Science, and a B.Sc. in Development Planning. Stephen has worked with the Institute for Policy Research, School of Planning,
and Economics Center for Education and Research at the University of Cincinnati and the Local Economic Development Network of Africa. His research interests include sustainable urbanism, local economic development, international development planning, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications in urban planning.
Ademola Oluborode Jegede (Ph.D.) is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Public Law, University of Venda, Tohoyandou, South Africa. He holds LL.B. from Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, University of Ibadan and an LL.M. and LL.D. from the Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa. He is a research visitor at the Centre for International Environmental Law, USA, Human Rights Institute at Abo Akademi, Finland, and a fellow of Salzburg Global Seminar, Austria. His research focuses on the interface of climate change with human rights of vulnerable groups and general international human rights law.
Duduzile Khumalo is a researcher and environmental activist in the School of Built Environment and Development Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban. She has extensive experience in community-based research in urban areas, with a focus on water and climate governance and housing. She is currently working on research related to the nexus between food, environment and health. She has a strong interest in integrating local knowledge and experience into policymaking, and so strongly supports the practice of the co-production of knowledge. She is engaged in a number of action-based research projects with eTekwini Municipality.
Michihiro Kita is Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at the Division of Global Architecture in the Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. He holds a Ph.D. in Engineering at the same university. His research interests are community management in developing countries and architectural planning and design.
Prosper Issahaku Korah is a Ph.D. candidate at the Cities Research Institute, Grifth University. Prior to commencing his Ph.D. research at Grifth University, Prosper worked as Project Consultant for Trend Group, a Non-Governmental Organisation, which specialises
in pro-poor water and sanitation delivery in Ghana. He holds M.Sc. degree in Environmental and Infrastructure Planning (University of Groningen, Netherlands) and B.Sc. (Hons) Human Settlement Planning from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. Prosper’s research interests include globalisation and urban transformation, spatial planning, spatial analysis with GIS; environmental planning and climate change adaptation.
Enoch Akwasi Kosoe is a Lecturer at the Department of Environment and Resource Studies (DERS), University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana, Wa Campus with research interest and experience in Sanitation—issues on access to household toilet facilities, household sanitary practices, policy issues on sanitation; and Waste Management—access to solid waste management services in urban and rural areas, household solid waste management, policy discourse on waste management; Water Resource Management—access to household water supply, small-town water supply management, water quality issues, policy issues. He also has research interest in Community Based Natural Resource Management—Forestry and Tourism; Community Based Wildfre Management; Sustainable Environmental Management; and Biodiversity Conservation. He holds M.Sc. in Environmental Resource Management from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana and Bachelor of Arts in Integrated Development Studies from the University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana. He is a member of the Ghana Geographical Association (GGA) and has several research articles published in peer-reviewed journals in the area of potable water supply and solid waste management.
Patrick Martel is a Ph.D. Candidate at the University of KwaZuluNatal, South Africa who enjoys working at the interface of the social and natural sciences, and is interested in governance processes. He is part of a research team that is actively involved in a range of water and climate change-related action research projects in eTekwini. In terms of local river rehabilitation projects, Patrick was the lead author of the External Evaluation of the Aller River Pilot Project completed by UKZN for both phases of this collaborative project. In addition,
he is part of the Community of Innovation for the Palmiet River Rehabilitation Project. Patrick has attended several local and international workshops, fora and conferences, and has interacted with researchers from various backgrounds. His experiences have enabled him to engage with innovative projects and individuals, ranging from local and international academics, local government ofcials, communities and civil society.
Luckymore Matenga holds a Master’s degree in Urban Studies from Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa and a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in Social Anthropology from Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe. Currently Luckymore works as an independent researcher who is interested in researching on informal economy, social movements, urban governance and climate change adaptation.
Bahle Mazeka is a Ph.D. candidate and an urban geographer who is interested in, and works at the interface between socio-ecological systems with a focus on urbanization, human settlements, project management, and sustainable development. He received his junior degree at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) where his interest in cities, urbanization and sustainability developed. He further pursued a B.Sc. Honours in Geographic Information System (GIS) at the Nelson Mandela University, and later a Master of Housing at UKZN. Apart from lecturing, he has worked in several multi-disciplinary and stakeholder research projects including the position research coordinator at South African Research Chairs Initiative. He has delivered numerous academic seminars including at the Newcastle University (United Kingdom). He is working on his Ph.D. with a focus on human socio-ecological relationships in urban spaces.
James Mbugua is a GIS and Remote Sensing specialist at Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) where he leads the analysis and interpretation of Earth Observation products. One of his current projects is the establishment and maintenance of regional GIS system to support Marine Spatial Planning and cloud computing. Mbugua helps conservationists monitor temporal and
spatial dynamics of ecosystems thereby providing useful information that promotes sound and fact-based decision-making process. He holds a Diploma and bachelor’s degree in Environmental Management from Kampala International University, a certifcate in Marine GIS among other distinctions in the feld.
Samantha McLean is currently a Fulbright U.S. student researcher in Saint-Louis, Senegal. Samantha holds a Master of Community Planning from the University of Cincinnati and a Bachelors of Arts in International Afairs from Te George Washington University. Prior to her postgraduate education, Samantha served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Cameroon and worked for IREX, an international education nonproft, on the Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders. Samantha’s research interests are at the intersection of historic preservation, green infrastructure, and climate change planning across cultural landscapes.
Untalimile Crystal Mokoena is a Law Lecturer in the Department of Public Law at the University of Venda, South Africa. She holds LL.B. and LL.M. degrees, University of Venda. Her research interests are in the interface of social security issues with general international human rights law.
Bright Nkrumah is a postdoctoral research fellow to the NRF/British Academy Chair in Political Teory, Department of Political Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. He holds Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Philosophy degrees from the University of Pretoria, South Africa and B.A. (Hons) from the University of Ghana, Ghana. He was a researcher at the South African Human Rights Commission. His research interests include various topics in constitutionalism, socio-economic rights obligations, peace and security, good governance, resistance, freedom and democratisation in Africa.
Nelson Nyabanyi N-Yanbini is an M.Phil. student and a DAAD scholar at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana. Nelson holds a bachelor’s degree in human settlement planning from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology, Ghana. Before joining the M.Phil. programme in KNUST, he was a teaching and research assistant at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. Nelson’s areas of research comprise housing and the urban poor, customary land ownership in Africa, climate change adaptation, urban water management and sustainability and urban risks and disaster management in Africa.
Obed Matundura Ogega is a doctoral researcher at Kenyatta University, Kenya working on the use of climate models to understand climate change and variability in East Africa. He holds a B.Sc. in Meteorology and M.Sc. in Climate Change Adaptation. He is also a Programme Ofcer at the African Academy of Sciences, Nairobi working on a programme that promotes climate science research in Africa. During his free time, Ogega is a professional and award-winning photographer with a focus on environmental photography.
Matthew Chidozie Ogwu is a doctoral researcher in the School of Biology, Seoul National University, Korea Republic. Matthew holds a master’s degree in Plant Diversity and Conservation with distinction as well as a bachelor’s degree in Plant Biology and Biotechnology (First Class Honours). He is a Lecturer at the University of Benin, Nigeria. His research focuses on sustainable development issues arising from various scales of biogeographical interactions. Matthew has published over 50 peer-reviewed scientifc works and has made several presentations at international conferences. He also has many awards to his name.
Andrew Emmanuel Okem is a Science Ofcer in the School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. He holds a doctorate in Policy and Development Studies from the same institution. Before his current post, Okem worked as a senior research fellow of the Maurice Webb Race Relations Unit at the University of KwaZuluNatal where he managed the Unit’s impact assessment studies. Between 2015 and 2017, he was part of a European Union funded project that examined the poverty reduction co-benefts of climate change projects in Durban, South Africa. Over the years, he has been involved in other projects funded by various organisations including the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation, the Bremen Overseas Research and Development, the Department of Science and Technology (South Africa), Unilever, and the Water Research Commission (South Africa).
Seth Asare Okyere is an Assistant Professor in Division of Global Architecture at the Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. He obtained his Ph.D. from the same university with a special focus on Urban Planning and Development. Seth also holds a master’s degree in Urban Planning and Policy Design from Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Seth’s research areas include urban development planning and management in developing cities, and cross-boundary and interdisciplinary research, policy and action that concerns sustainable cities and urbanization.
Ayobami Popoola is a trained geographer and planner. He holds a B.Sc. degree in Geography and M.Sc. in Urban and Regional Planning, both from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Mr. Popoola is currently pursuing Ph.D. in the Department of Town and Regional Planning, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, with his research focused on rural infrastructure and household livelihood. He has extensive knowledge in areas of quality management, risk management, project management, health and safety management—a certifed QHSE (Quality, Health, Safety and Environment) Ofcer from the International Institute of Risk and Safety Management (IIRSM), United Kingdom and a certifed project manager (CPM) from International Project Management Professionals (IPMP), Nigeria. Mr. Popoola is also a corporate member of the South African Planning Institute. His research interests encompass infrastructure planning, land-use planning, climate change, environmental and sustainable planning and management, human livelihood and wellbeing.
Catherine Sutherland is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Built Environment and Development Studies, University of KwaZuluNatal, South Africa. She is an urban geographer who focuses on urban sustainability and environmental governance. She was the Principal Investigator for the South African team for Chance2Sustain and this
project has deepened her knowledge and understanding of Durban, particularly in relation to water governance and substandard housing. She has recently published research on sustainability in emerging economies, urban form and sustainability, water governance, social responses to large-scale projects and climate adaptation. She is currently leading a research project in partnership with NIBR (Oslo) on the interface between water and climate governance in Cape Town and Durban.
Bolanle Wahab is an Associate Professor and former Acting Head of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, and the Pioneer Coordinator of the Postgraduate Programme in Indigenous Knowledge and Development (IKAD) at the Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He was a visiting scholar at the University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls (USA) in 1996, a temporary Assistant Professor at the Department of Community and Regional Planning, and also a visiting scholar at the Centre for Indigenous Knowledge for Agricultural and Rural Development (CIKARD), Iowa State University, Ames (USA) in 1997. His research interests include disaster risk management, urban/peri-urban agriculture and climate change, community environmental planning and management, integrated waste management, and indigenous knowledge and development. He has served as a consultant and resource person to UNDP, UNICEF, UNCHS (Habitat), CASSAD, Sustainable Ibadan Project, Nigerian Urban Forum, InWEnt Capacity Building International of Germany, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Institute for Human Settlements and Environment, and the World Bank on urbanization in Nigeria, housing, water and sanitation, integrated waste management, community mobilization for neighbourhood improvement and master plans of towns and universities. He is a Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners and a registered member of the Town Planners Registration Council of Nigeria.
Hellen Njoki Wanjohi is a registered urban and regional planner with eight years of experience in both Kenya and Rwanda. She holds a Master’s degree in Climate Change Adaptation from the University of Nairobi’s Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation. Hellen serves as the Honorary Secretary of the Kenya Institute of Planners.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
100RC Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities
ACPC African Climate Policy Centre
AGRITEX Agricultural Technical and Extension Services
ARPP Aller River Pilot Project
BEDS School of Built Environment and Development Studies from the University of KwaZulu-Natal
BPPUD Bureau of Physical Planning and Urban Development
CBA Community-based Adaptation
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CDO Climate Data Operators
CEC Commission of European Communities
CESCR Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights
CHIRPS Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data
CORDEX Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment
CPB Climate Protection Branch
CRU TS Climatic Research Unit Time Series
D’MOSS Durban Metropolitan Open Space System
DA District Assembly
DEA Department of Environmental Afairs
DEAT Department of Environmental Afairs and Tourism
DFID Department of International Development
DUCT Duzi uMngeni Conservation Trust
EBA Ecosystem-based Adaptation
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECF eTekwini Conservancies Forum
EMA Environmental Management Act
EMA Environmental Management Agency
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPCPD Environmental Planning and Climate Protection
ERM Environmental Resource Management
EU European Union
EWS eTekwini Water and Sanitation unit
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FDGs Focus Group Discussions
GCM Global Climate Model
GDP Gross Domestic Products
GGEP Giba Gorge Environmental Precinct
GHG Greenhouse gas
GI Green Infrastructure
GPDD Global Partnership for Disability and Development
GSGDA Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda
GSS Ghana Statistical Service
GWP Global Water Partnership
IAP Invasive Alien Plant
IAS Invasive Alien Species
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic and Social Cultural Rights
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
IDS Institute of Development Studies
IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
ILO International Labour Organisation
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
KMA Kumasi Metropolitan Authority
LGA Local Government Area
LPG Liquefed Petroleum Gas
LTAS Long Term Adaptation Scenarios
MAM March, April and May
MCPP Municipal Climate Protection Programme
Abbreviations and Acronyms
MESTI Ministry of Environment Science, Technology and Innovation
MLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
MMDAs Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies
MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verifcation
MTDPs Medium-Term Development Plans
NADMO National Disaster Management Organisation
NASA US National Aeronautics and Space Agency
NCAR National Centre for Atmospheric Research
NCCAS National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
NCCP National Climate Change Policy
NCCRP National Climate Change Response White Paper
NCL NCAR Command Language
NDP National Development Plan
NDPC National Development Planning Commission
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NIHORT National Horticultural Research Institute
NIMET Nigerian Meteorological Agency
NNP Nairobi National Park
NPC National Population Commission
NPO Non Proft Organisation
OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
ONADEP Oyo North Agricultural Development Project
OYSADEP Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme
OYSG Oyo State Government
PACN Pan Africa Chemistry Network
PM Particulate Matter
PMSEIC Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council
PRP Poverty Reduction Potentials
PRRP Palmiet River Rehabilitation Project
RCA Rossby Centre regional Atmospheric model
RCM Regional Climate Models
RCP Representative Concentration Pathway
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
SAGUN Strengthened Actions for Governance in Utilization of Natural Resources
SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute
Abbreviations and Acronyms
SANCOOP South African Norwegian Research Co-operation on Climate Change
SD Sustainable Development
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SRA Special Rating Area
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
UA Urban Agriculture
UEIP uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership
UKZN University of KwaZulu-Natal
UN United Nations
UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Afairs
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifc and Cultural Organization
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
UNPD United Nations Population Division
UN-REDD United Nations Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
UNSC United Nations Security Council
UPA Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture
USDoE US Department of Energy
WHO World Health Organisation
WHS World Heritage Site
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WRC Water Research Commission of South Africa
List of Figures
Chapter 2
Fig. 1 Total fossil fuel CO2 emission from Africa (i) and per capita CO2 emission estimates from Africa (ii) (Source Adapted from USDoE [2012])
Fig. 2 Dimensions of sustainable development (Source Leat et al. [2011])
Chapter 3
Fig. 1 Te Palmiet River’s location in the uMngeni River catchment (Map produced by B. Mazeka)
Fig. 2 Quarry Road West informal settlement (Map produced by B. Mazeka)
Fig. 3 Te impact of fooding of the Palmiet River on Quarry Road West informal settlement (Photograph: C. Sutherland)
Fig. 4 A mapmaker with his map of a section of Quarry Road West informal settlement (Photograph: C. Sutherland)
Fig. 5 Using green and red dots to map risk on the community drawn maps (Photograph: D. Kumalo)
32
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66
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Fig. 6 Final training on using a GPS in the mapping process (Photograph: C. Sutherland) 75
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Rohilla War, the, 225, 232, 238.
Rokeby, Lord. See Robinson, Morris.
Rolle, Lord, 401, 568
“Rolliad,” the, 263, 276, 280, 289, 401.
Romilly, Sir Samuel, quoted, 101, 107, 433.
Roode, Count de, his mission to London, 413, 514.
Rose, George, his friendship with Pitt, 139, 286; Secretary to the Treasury, 157, 194, 259, 285, 286, 406, 407, 578 n., 579.
Rossbach, Battle of, 382.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, his “Contrat Social,” 2, 7, 26, 61, 322, 323, 537, 539, 540; on British elections, 27; story of the peasant and, 538, 539.
Royal Marriage Act (1772), 395.
Russell, Lord John, 466.
Russia, alliance with Austria, 299; proposals for a British alliance, 315; war with Turkey, 375, 487, 488, 490, 502, 505, 506, 590, 591; joined by Austria, 384, 385, 491; alliance with Poland, 485, 486; failure of the harvest (1787), 486; British policy towards her, 489, 605; war with Sweden, 491, 493, 494, 502; aided by Denmark, 501, 502; financial corruption in, 505; makes peace with Sweden, 532; state of, in 1790, 591; British ultimatum to, 609, 610; successes against the Turks, 625; peace with Turkey, 626; alliance with Sweden 628 629
alliance with Sweden, 628, 629.
See Catharine II.
Rutland, Duke of, his friendship with Pitt, 56–8, 74; Lord Privy Seal, 156; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 156, 207, 208, 246, 247, 249–52, 337; letters of Pitt to, 168, 201, 209, 257, 260, 265, 318.
Ryder, Dudley (afterwards Earl of Harrowby), 267, 269, 270, 586
Sackville, Viscount (Lord G. Germain), 79, 100; letter of Pitt to, 155; declines office, 156.
St. Albans Tavern, negotiations at the, 164, 165.
St. Domingo, risings of slaves in, 467–9.
St. John, Lord, 58, 90
St. Kitts, ceded to Great Britain, 116, 121.
St. Lucia, ceded to France, 115, 121.
St. Pierre, ceded to France, 116.
St. Priest, Comte de, French agent in Egypt, 327, 355.
St. Vincent, ceded to Great Britain, 116.
Salisbury, Countess of, at Westminster Election, 172.
Salm, Rhinegrave of, 356, 376.
Sandwich, Earl of, 79, 101, 428.
Sawbridge, Alderman, his motions in favour of Reform, 109, 178, 197; opposes abolition of the Slave Trade, 463.
Saxe, Maréchal de, 307.
Sayer, James, caricature by, 146.
Scheldt, opening of the, 298, 311, 316.
Schliessen, General, 512.
Schönborn, Danish envoy in London, 496.
Scott, Major, agent of Hastings in Parliament, 228, 235, 544.
Scott, John. See Eldon, Lord.
Schulenberg, Count, 609, 621 n.
Seditious writings, royal proclamation against (1792), 472.
Ségur, Comte de, French War Minister, 373 n., 379; French Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 484, 485.
Selim III, Sultan of Turkey, 502, 506; fails to secure a compact with Poland, 595, 596
Selwyn, George, on Pitt and Fox, 26; on Pitt’s early speeches, 87, 89; on “Goostree’s,” 91; prophecies the ruin of Lord North’s Ministry, 101.
Senegal, ceded to France, 116.
Senegambia, ceded to Great Britain, 121
Sevastopol, construction of a dockyard and navy at, 304, 481.
Sharp, Granville, 455, 473, 478; founds the Abolitionist Society, 456, 458; conference with Pitt, 460.
Sheffield, Lord, 257.
Shelburne, Earl of (afterwards Marquis of Lansdowne), on Economic Reform, 69; his character, 82, 83; attack on the Government (1781), 83; on the King’s skill in intrigue, 99; proposes to Rockingham to unite their parties, 101; position of his party, 103; made intermediary between the King and Rockingham, 104; Secretary of State, 105; Prime Minister, 111; attacked by Fox, 111, 112; in favour of exchanging Gibraltar, 114; difficulties of his Ministry, 115; defeated in the Commons and resigns, 123; advises the King to make Pitt Prime Minister, 125; not included in Pitt’s Ministry, 155; made Marquis of Lansdowne, 155 n.; his influence on Pitt, 184;
s ue ce o tt, 8 ; supports Hastings, 228; in favour of a commercial treaty with France, 325.
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, supports Pitt’s reform proposals, 108; resigns, 111; denounces the peace, 120; made Secretary to the Treasury, 129; opposes Pitt’s proposal for a Sinking Fund, 192; his speeches against Hastings, 225, 231, 240; speech on the Irish Resolutions, 262–4; espouses the cause of the Prince of Wales, 398, 401; his conduct on the King’s illness, 408, 409, 417, 418; assists in drawing up the Prince’s reply to Pitt’s letter, 421; on the aims of the Prince of Wales, 428, 429; opposes the Russian War, 613, 624.
Sheridan, Mrs., 421.
Shooting, licences for, 186.
Sierra Leone, settlement of liberated slaves in, 473. Sinclair, Sir John, 191.
Sinking Fund, Pitt’s proposals for a, 188–95.
Sistova, Congress of, 591, 592, 600, 606, 620, 625. Slaughter, Colonel, 396.
Slave Trade, the. See Chap. XX; English participation in, 9, 21; the Abolitionist Society founded, 22, 458; statistics, 456, 463, 474; Privy Council inquiry, 459, 461, 462, 464, 465; attitude of France and Spain, 460, 462; disastrous results of liberating slaves in French colonies, 467, 468; motions in Parliament (1788), 460–2, (1789), 462–4, (1790), 465, (1791), 466, 467, (1792), 469–71,
(1793), 472, (1794), 474, (1795–7), 475.
Smith, Major-General, M.P., 91, 403, 586.
Smith, Adam, his “Wealth of Nations,” 60, 182, 322, 323, 325; his influence on Pitt exaggerated, 183, 184; anecdote of Pitt and, 241; advocates the Irish Union, 242.
Smith, Robert (“Bob”). See Carrington, Lord.
Smuggling, prevalence of, 181–3.
South Africa, question of a convict settlement in, 435.
Spain, peace concluded with, 115, 116, 136; the Nootka Sound dispute, see Chap. XXV; claims absolute sovereignty on the north-west coast of America, 565, 573; her position in 1790, 568; discontent in Spanish America against, 568, 569; her claims denied by Great Britain, 569, 570, 572–5; agrees to give satisfaction, 575; British ultimatum, 582; refuses French offer of help, 583; outrage in the Gulf of Florida, 583; treaty with Great Britain, 584, 585, 587, 588; favours the Allies against Russia, 599, 600.
Sparry, Mrs., nurses Pitt at Cambridge, 51.
Spencer, Lord, 428
Spielmann, Baron, Austrian envoy in Berlin, 528, 529.
Squires, privileges and powers of the, 14–16.
Staël, Mme. de, on Wilberforce’s conversation, 92; project for her marriage with Pitt, 140, 141.
Stafford, Marquis of, 360, 616
Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon), 109, 148, 154, 155; his influence on Pitt, 184, 185; his scheme for a Sinking Fund, 193, 194; his Reform Bill rejected by the Lords, 206.
Stanhope, 5th Earl, his writings quoted, 85 n., 102, 110, 135 n., 152 n., 279 n., 389 n., 421 n., 587, 613.
Stanhope, Lady Hester, anecdote of, 272.
Stanislaus, King of Poland, 485, 486, 505, 627, 630.
Steele, Thomas, his friendship with Pitt, 91, 285, 286; Secretary of the Treasury, 157, 267, 268, 612
Stein, Colonel, 388.
Stephen, James, 473.
Stephenson, George, his steam-engine, 3.
Storer, Anthony Morris, M.P., 85, 585, 611 n., 614.
Stormont, Lord, President of the Council, 129, 132, 427, 428, 611.
Suffrage, universal, opposed by Pitt, 130, 131.
Suvóroff, Count, Russian General, 490, 506, 591.
Sveaborg, Swedish Navy at, 493, 494.
Sweden, compact with France, 301–4; desires alliance with England, 385, 493; war with Russia, 491, 493, 502, 530; alliance with Turkey, 493; mutiny of officers, 493, 494; threatened by Denmark, 496, 497; peace with Russia, 532.
See Gustavus III.
Sydney, Lord (Thomas Townshend), Home Secretary, 111, 114, 156, 250, 428; suggests a convict settlement at Botany Bay, 437–41; his share in the Canada Bill, 449, 452; resigns, 449, 464, 477, 478; opposes bill for regulating transport of slaves, 461.
Sydney, foundation of the settlement at, 440, 443.
Talleyrand, Périgord Charles Maurice de, his meeting with Pitt, 139.
Tarleton, Colonel, 469.
Taxes, Board for, instituted by Pitt, 188.
Tea, huge duty on, 182; increased use of, due to smuggling, 182; duty on, reduced by Pitt, 184, 185.
Telegul, Lake, 619.
Temesvar, Banat of, 481, 491
Temple, George Grenville, Earl (afterwards Marquis of Buckingham), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 111; suggested as Prime Minister, 126; resigns, 129; sounded by the King, 134; commends Pitt for declining Thurlow’s overtures, 135; aids the King to secure rejection of the India Bill, 147, 148; made Privy Seal, 148; resigns office, 152; rupture with Pitt, 153; made Marquis of Buckingham, 154, 188, 253, 265, 341, 404, 411;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 424, 428, 429.
Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl, letter from Pitt to, 47; letter to Pitt, 66.
Test Act, the, proposed repeal of, 212, 214; the proposal rejected, 215; repealed in Ireland, 244, 245.
Thatched House Tavern, 109
Thellusson, Peter, the banker, 138.
Thorn, Polish district and fortress, question of its cession to Prussia, 387, 507, 511 n., 521 n., 522, 526, 529, 594, 596, 597, 599, 601, 606, 607, 613, 614.
Thornton, Henry, 473.
Thulemeyer, Prussian envoy at The Hague, 354, 364, 365; recalled, 375.
Thurlow, Lord, Lord Chancellor, 79; negotiates with Rockingham, 103; retained as Chancellor 104;
retained as Chancellor, 104; opposes Reform, 110; his advice to the King on retirement to Hanover, 127; his overtures to Pitt on the question of Reform, 134; advice to the King on the India Bill, 147; Lord Chancellor in Pitt’s Ministry, 156, 359, 611, 616; his character, 156, 157; supports Hastings, 228, 235; anecdote of, 289; his treachery on the King’s illness, 408–10; retraces his steps, 420; interview with the King, 426; attitude on the Slavery question, 461, 462, 464, 471, 472, 474; the King’s partiality to him, 464, 465; relations with Pitt, 464–6, 472; dismissed, 472, 478.
Thynne, Henry, made Lord Carteret, 159.
Tierney, George, duel with Pitt, 269.
Tippoo Sahib, 221, 230, 383, 610.
Tobago, ceded to France, 115, 121.
Tomline, Bishop. See Pretyman, Dr. Tordesillas, treaty of (1494), 563.
Tott, M., 482.
Toussaint l’Ouverture, 479.
Townshend, John, Lord, letter from Pitt to, 65; Master of the Ordnance, 79; defeated at Cambridge, 171.
Townshend, Thomas. See Sydney, Lord. Trade, Board of, abolished, 257.
Transportation, offences punished by, 433, 434 Travancore, Rajah of, 610.
Trincomalee, ceded to Holland, 116, 136; offered to France, 356, 370.
Triple Alliance, the (1788), 384–9;
defects of, 517; reality of, 582, 589; collapse of, 627, 629.
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 322, 324.
Turkey, schemes of Catharine II with regard to, 304, 353, 481–3; war with Russia, 375, 384, 385, 487, 490, 502, 505, 590, 591, 620, 621, 625; Austria declares war on, 491; alliance with Sweden, 493; Prussian schemes at her expense, 505–10; treaty with Prussia, 521, 529; deserted by Sweden, 532; peace with Austria, 625; peace with Russia, 626.
Turner, Dr., at Cambridge, 52.
Tuscany, Grand Duke of, 319 n. See Leopold II.
United Empire Loyalists. See Loyalists.
United Provinces, the, peace concluded with, 115, 116, 136, 306; feuds between the Patriots and the Stadholder, 305, 306, 349–51, 355, 359–61, 372; constitution of, 307, 308; alliance with France, 316, 317, 332; joint action with the French in East Indies, 317 and n., 356; excesses of the Free Corps, 351, 355, 361, 362, 369, 371, 372, 374, 376, 380, 382; invaded by the Prussians, 376; surrender of Amsterdam, 379; destruction of French influence in, 379–82; treaty with England (1788), 383; joins the Triple Alliance, 389; subsidized by Pitt, 572; reluctant to coerce Russia, 602, 606, 610.
United States, the, Shelburne Ministry offer to recognize their independence, 113; peace concluded, 114; prohibit the importation of convicts, 434; treatment of the Loyalists after the war, 444, 446.
Utrecht, Province and City of, 350, 355, 361, 376.
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 21, 326, 329, 455, 573
Vancouver Island, 562, 571, 588.
Van der Noot, proposes a Belgian Republic, 512, 519 n.
Van der Spiegel, Grand Pensionary of the United Provinces, 383.
Varennes incident, its effect in Eastern Europe, 625, 626, 628.
Venezuela, 569.
Vérac, Marquis de, French envoy at The Hague, 354, 370; recalled, 371, 372, 373 n., 376, 379.
Vergennes, Comte de, French Foreign Minister, his American policy, 113, 116; his hostility to England, 310; his success in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, 316, 317; his character and policy, 324; negotiates the commercial treaty with England, 325, 326, 328–30, 332, 333, 338, 341, 343–5, 347; deeper schemes, 344, 356, 482; his death, 345.
Verney, Earl, defeated at the polls, 171.
Versailles, Treaty of (1783), 116, 136, 139, 296, 325, 339, 340, 443.
Vienna, Treaties of, 305.
Voltaire, 322, 323, 539
Volunteer Movement, 106.
Volunteers, Irish, 244–7.
Vonck, Francis, 512.
Vorontzoff, Count, Russian Ambassador in London, 304 n., 312, 315, 489, 504, 560, 623, 624.
Wales, George, Prince of (afterwards George IV), anecdote of, 24; his drunken orgies, 25; his gambling, 26; question of his allowance settled, 132, 133; supports Fox in the election of 1784, 173, 393; his early career, 392, 393; friendship with Fox, 393, 395; quarrel with the King, 393–402; his debts and extravagance, 394, 395, 398, 400, 402, 403 n.; secret marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert, 394–401; reconciliation with the King, 402; renewed excesses with the Duke of York, 402, 403; political activity against Pitt, 402–4; his behaviour on the King’s illness, 407–10, 412; negotiations with Pitt, 412, 418–20; answer to Pitt’s letter, 421, 504; consents to act as Regent, 422; accessions to his party, 424; interview with the King on his recovery, 426, 427; aims of his followers, 428, 429; his explanations to the King, 430.
Walfisch Bay, 435.
Wallachia, 385, 387, 481, 505, 507, 511, 525, 625.
Walpole, Sir Edward, death of, 159.
Walpole, Horace, on the condition of England, 6, 19, 21, 25, 27; praises Pitt’s early speeches, 87, 88, 101; on Lord Montagu, 104; on Pitt’s proposal for Reform, 130 and n.; on the English character, 142; on Pitt’s character, 147, 275; on the elections of 1784, 171; quoted, 133, 141, 169.
Walpole, Sir Robert, his plan for a Sinking Fund, 188, 189.
Warren, Dr., physician to the King, 410, 415, 420, 421, 426.
Warsaw, Treaty of (1790), 521.
Watson, Alderman, 586.
Watson, Bishop, his “Reminiscences,” 215 Watt, James, his inventions, 2, 3, 28, 30, 31.
Wedderburn, Alexander. See Loughborough, Lord.
Wedgwood, Josiah, head of the “Great Chamber of Manufacturers,” 257, 259, 333.
Welzie’s Club, 403.
Werela, Peace of (1790), 532.
Wesley, John, 455; his “Thoughts upon Slavery,” 456
Wesleyan Revival, the, 322.
Westcote, Lord, 88.
West India merchants, oppose Pitt’s Irish Resolutions, 255, 260. West Indies, the, gains and losses in, at the Peace of Versailles, 115, 116, 121; slavery in, 454, 457, 459, 465–7, 477; risings of slaves in, 467–9; losses of troops in the war in, 479.
Westminster Election of 1784, 172, 173; the scrutiny, 254, 257 n., 259, 271, 272.
Westmorland, Earl of, 58; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 265.
Whigs, the, two groups in 1780, 80–2.
Whitbread, Samuel, 474, 613, 614.
Whitworth, Charles, Earl, British Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 598, 599, 606, 609, 623, 624.
Widdin, the Pacha of, 506.
Wilberforce, William, 22; on Lady Chatham, 38; his friendship with Pitt, 58;
p , ; praises his oratory, 87; his character, 91–3; goes with Pitt to France, 137; elected member for York, 170; speaks in favour of Reform, 201, 206; Pitt’s letters to, quoted, 188, 201, 286, 287, 291, 292; supports Pitt’s attitude in the Hastings affair, 230, 231, 237; Pitt with him at Wimbledon, 267–9, 279; letter to Pitt on the Irish Propositions, 282, 283; his religious convictions and temporary retirement, 291, 292; devotes himself to the cause of the slaves, 455, 457, 458; joins the Abolitionist Society, 458; his illness, 460; campaign against the Slave Trade, 462, 465–8, 471–8; disagreement with Pitt, 457, 477; his Diary quoted, 130, 138, 139, 154, 267, 269, 274, 559; mentioned, 208, 322, 544.
Wilbraham, R., his speech in defence of Hastings, 232 Wilkes affair, the, 10, 26, 167.
Wilkes, John, welcomes Pitt to the City, 167.
William, Prince, his return from the West Indies, 549.
William V, Prince of Orange, Stadholder of the United Provinces, 306, 308, 309, 350, 351, 355, 359–61, 371, 382, 383.
Willis, Rev. Dr. Francis, his reports on the King’s illness, 414, 415, 420, 421, 426.
Wilson, Rev. Edward, Pitt’s tutor, 41, 42, 49, 51, 53.
Wimbledon, Lauriston House, 267–70.
Windham, William, 86, 91; favours the settlement of French royalists in Canada, 447; opposes abolition of slavery, 477; on the Nootka Sound dispute, 586.
Window tax, the (1784), 184, 185.
Woodfall, Henry, 264.
Wordsworth, William, his lines on Cambridge quoted, 56; his tour in France, 555
Woronzow, Count. See Vorontzoff.
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, quoted, 82, 100, 145, 156, 163, 171, 201, 211, 214, 232, 234, 236, 262, 271, 272, 273, 276, 333, 404, 462, 624.
Wray, Sir Cecil, 109, 121 n.; defeated at Westminster, 172, 173.
Wyvill, Rev. Christopher, 169, 199, 201, 205, 429; Pitt’s letter to him on Reform, 197, 198.
Yonge, Sir George, Secretary at War, 157, 158.
York, the election at (1784), 169, 170.
York, Frederick, Duke of, 312, 396; his home-coming, 402; excesses with the Prince of Wales, 402, 403, 406, 407, 427; speech on the Regency question, 419, 420; interview with the King, 426, 427; negotiations for his marriage, 629, 630.
Yorke, Charles, 290.
Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, 100, 101.
Young, Arthur, his praise of English landowners, 32; on the use of tea, 182; his “Travels in France,” quoted, 346, 538, 541.
Young, Admiral Sir George, his scheme for colonizing Botany Bay, 436–9, 441.
Young, Sir William, epigram on Burke, 416.
Zealand, Province of, 350, 368.
CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
