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No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Director of Quality Press and Programs: Ray Zielke
Managing Editor: Paul Daniel O’Mara
Sr. Creative Services Specialist: Randy L. Benson
ASQ Mission: The American Society for Quality advances individual, organizational, and community excellence worldwide through learning, quality improvement, and knowledge exchange.
Attention Bookstores, Wholesalers, Schools, and Corporations: ASQ Quality Press books, video, audio, and software are available at quantity discounts with bulk purchases for business, educational, or instructional use. For information, please contact ASQ Quality Press at 800-248-1946, or write to ASQ Quality Press, P.O. Box 3005, Milwaukee, WI 53201–3005.
To place orders or to request a free copy of the ASQ Quality Press Publications Catalog, visit our website at http://www.asq.org/quality-press.
Printed on acid-free paper
We dedicate this handbook to Connie Borror. Connie was a Foundation Professor at the School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences at the west campus of Arizona State University. She was also the first female recipient of the Shewhart Medal in 2016 which speaks to her leadership within and contributions to the field of quality and applied statistics. She was an animal lover, Bette Davis aficionado, and all-around great friend. We know it was important to her to see this new edition of The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook published. Connie, we miss you tremendously every day.
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Figure
List of Figures
Figure 3.13 Probability density function for constant failure rate
Figure 3.14 Reliability function for constant failure rate
Figure 3.15 Probability density functions for the Weibull model with different shape and scale parameters.........................................
Figure 3.16 Hazard rate functions for the Weibull model with different shape and scale parameters
Figure 4.1 Control plan example: page 1
Figure 4.2 Control plan example: page 2
Figure 4.3
curve for a single sampling plan ...............................
Figure 4.4 An operating characteristic (OC) curve for n = 50 and c = 3
Figure 4.5 Effect on an OC curve of changing sample size (n) when accept number (c) is held constant
Figure 4.6 Effect of changing accept number (c) when sample size (n) is held constant .........................................................
Figure 4.7 Effect of changing lot size ( N ) when acceptance number (c) and sample size ( n) are held constant
Figure 4.8 OC curves for sampling plans having the sample size equal to 10% of the lot size
Figure 4.9 OC curve for double sampling plan where n1 = 75, c1 = 0, r1 = 3, n2 = 75, c2 = 3, r2 = 4 ...............................................
Figure 4.10 Average outgoing quality curve for double
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12 Switching rules for normal, tightened, and reduced inspection
Figure 4.13 Structure and organization of ANSI/ASQ Z1.9-2003 (R2013) ............
Figure 4.14 Decision areas for a sequential sampling plan
Figure 4.15 Go/no-go gage to check the diameter of a
Figure 5.4 Cause-and-effect diagram: product damaged after shipping
Figure 5.5 A simple check sheet ..............................................
Figure 5.6 Histogram of compressive strength of concrete samples, where 3500 psi is the minimum allowed strength
Figure 5.7
Figure
Figure 5.9
Figure 5.11
Figure
Figure
Figure 5.14 Line support subprocess interrelationship digraph
Figure
Figure
Figure 5.17
Figure 5.18
Figure 5.22 Generic production system process value chain diagram. (a) Analytical view. (b) General systems view
Figure
Figure
Figure 5.25 Implication of sigma-quality level. The ppm rate for part or process step considers a 1.5σ shift of the mean where only 3.4 ppm fail to meet specifications at a six sigma quality level
Figure 5.26 Normal distribution curve illustrates three sigma and six sigma parametric conformance
Figure 5.27 With a centered normal distribution between six sigma limits, only two devices per billion fail to meet the specification target
Figure 5.28
Figure 5.35 Example
Figure
Figure 5.37 An example of a standard work chart for a skateboard assembly
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure 6.44
Figure 6.45 All possible combinations of two factors A and B, with two levels each
Figure 6.46 Cube plot for partition length, partition height, and gap underneath .....
Figure
Figure 6.48
Figure
Figure 6.50
Figure 6.51
Figure 6.52
Figure 6.53 Residuals plotted against factor B (partition height) ...................
Figure 6.54 Contour plot for the air quality example
Figure
Figure
Table 3.1
Table
Table
Table
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Table
Table
Table
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Table
List of Tables
Table
Table
Table 5.2 Issues, possible root causes, and general impact summary for
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
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Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
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Table 6.8
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Table 6.13
Table 6.14
Table 6.15
Table 6.16
Table 6.17
Table 6.18
Table 6.19
Table 6.20
Table 6.21
Table
Table 6.23
Table 6.24
Table 6.25
Table 6.26
regions for a hypothesis test on the means of two independent samples, variance equal, but unknown
Table
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Preface to the Fourth Edition
Like the previous editions of The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook, the fourth edition of the handbook is intended to provide the quality professional with a reference book aligned with the ASQ Certified Quality Engineer (CQE) Body of Knowledge (BoK).
The CQE BoK, updated in 2015, has for the most part minor changes from the 2006 CQE BoK. The CQE exam still contains 160 multiple-choice questions; however, with the addition of a new section in the BoK, the distribution of questions from each part has changed. The BoK indicates the number of questions on the exam that cover material from each part. As before, it remains our intention to provide a handbook that is useful not only as a resource for the CQE exam but also as a general reference book for the quality professional (see the “How to Use This Book” section).
Based on the changes to the CQE BoK, as well as helpful feedback from colleagues and reviewers, our revised fourth edition contains the following major changes:
• A new chapter on risk management
• An extensively updated glossary
• New and updated references
• A new layout of the book
We added a new chapter on risk management to reflect the addition to the BoK. An important component in risk management is the use of reliability, safety, and hazard assessment tools, many of which were covered in the Product and Process Design category of the 2006 BoK. These tools can now be found in Chapter 7 (“Risk Management”). While these tools are important to product design, we believe they are integral to successful risk management, particularly failure modes and effects analysis, failure mode effects and criticality analysis, and hazard and operability analysis.
We added many new items and definitions to the glossary; however, we also felt that some items should be removed. Our goal is that the glossary be used as a resource for those terms that are most important for the quality professional. For most glossary items, we included a reference to the chapter and section of this handbook where additional details on the defined term can be found. Those terms without specific chapter references can be found in several places throughout the handbook.
We included many new textbook and journal article references throughout the entire book. In Chapter 5, within the discussion of continuous improvement methods, we added descriptions of several case studies along with references to additional case studies. These case studies give the reader a broader context on how to apply many of the methods discussed in a real-life scenario. In particular, some of these case studies are related to quality in the service industry. Additionally, we updated discussions of and references to new technology that we feel is important to the quality professional, including emerging topics like Industry 4.0.
The BoK contains seven main categories: (I) Management and Leadership; (II) The Quality System; (III) Product, Process, and Service Design; (IV) Product and Process Control; (V) Continuous Improvement; (VI) Quantitative Methods and Tools; and (VII) Risk Management. In the third edition of the book, each chapter represented a subsection from these categories of the BoK. In this edition, we have aligned each chapter with a category in the BoK, so this new edition has seven chapters. We moved the BoK from its previous location in Appendix A to the beginning of the book. In some instances, we moved material in the BoK to other sections to maintain the flow of material. All content in the BoK is covered in this edition, and we refer the reader to the table of contents for specific locations in the text.
We hope you find this handbook useful, and we welcome feedback for future editions.
Sarah E. Burke and Rachel T. Silvestrini
Preface to the Third Edition
The third edition of The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook was written to provide the quality professional with an updated resource that follows the CQE Body of Knowledge. Today it is not uncommon for the quality engineer to be involved in quality improvement activities in healthcare, finance, education, software applications, and other nonmanufacturing sectors. In response, numerous new examples and illustrations that cover applications in some of these areas are included in this edition.
Key features of the third edition include:
• New and updated references
• Extensive revision of the statistical methods complete with numerous updated examples and illustrations
• Over 75 new glossary entries
Much of the material in Parts I and II of the second edition has been retained in this edition, with updated references. However, the reader will find an extensive revision of the statistical methods presented throughout the book. Part V and Part VI have been significantly revised with new discussions, definitions, and examples illustrating each of the statistical techniques as they appear in the Body of Knowledge. Portions of Part IV have also been rewritten to reflect advances in methods and applications in quality improvement activities such as conducting gage repeatability and reproducibility studies.
The goal in writing the third edition was to provide a handbook that could be used in preparation for the CQE Exam or as a reference text for professional development. When a complete description or discussion of a topic is beyond the scope of the handbook, useful references have been included for further reading. It is our hope that the reader will find the new examples, explanations, and references useful.
It is important to recognize that a handbook of this magnitude could not be completed without the dedication of many people. I would like to thank the previous editors, Roger W. Berger, Donald W. Benbow, Ahmad K. Elshennawy, and H. Fred Walker, for their contributions and organization of the material in the first and second editions. In addition, gratitude goes to the authors who contributed to the first edition of the text. They wrote many of the chapters in the first edition, portions of which were included in the second edition. The oversight and
production of the third edition was professionally and carefully carried out by Paul O’Mara, Matthew Meinholz, William Tony, and Randy Benson at ASQ, and Leayn and Paul Tabili at New Paradigm Graphics.
Lastly, I would like to thank Dr. G. Geoffrey Vining and Dr. Douglas C. Montgomery for their efforts in seeing the third edition come to fruition, their careful editing of the new material, and recommendations for presentation of material. They rightfully could have been coeditors of this edition.
Connie M. Borror Editor
Preface to the Second Edition
In revising The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook our primary goal has been to reflect the changes in the Body of Knowledge for the Certified Quality Engineer that was published by the American Society for Quality early in 2006. We recognize new developments in the quality engineering profession such as:
Greater emphasis on communications
New problem-solving tools
More widespread application of Six Sigma and lean enterprise concepts
Revisions to the ISO 9000 standards
A need for more examples of how tools are applied to quality problems
As Dr. Gregory Watson said in his preface to the first edition, the American Society for Quality has been developing a more strategic perspective of the quality profession and has investigated the implications that current trends across business sectors will have on our profession. The role of quality engineers has continued to shift toward being mentors and trainers for others in using the tools and concepts of quality. Mastering these tools and passing the certification exam are essential steps along the path of becoming recognized as professional quality engineers.
The revised edition provides you with both a textbook and a reference book that is completely aligned with the 2006 ASQ Body of Knowledge.
The Editors
Preface to the First Edition
Qua L i T y Engin EE ring— a n Enduring Pro FESS ion
Perspective on the origins of Quality Engineering
Quality engineering was one of the disciplines that drove the American Society for Quality (ASQ, formerly known as ASQC) into its existence at the close of the Second World War. ASQ was founded to preserve and expand the expertise acquired in the war. Many improvements in production, statistical application, inspection, and management became standard practice thanks to the ASQ pioneers.
From its inception, ASQ emphasized both technical and educational aspects of the quality profession. The first certification program we developed was for quality engineering, and the body of knowledge (BoK) was prepared by a team of educators and practitioners. It was supported by the ASQ General Technical Council and soon became recognized as the core of the emerging science of quality. By creating the CQE and its body of knowledge, ASQ stabilized the meaning of “quality engineer” and also created an operational definition of quality engineering. Over the years this credential has come to mean that the person who possesses it has achieved an objective standard of performance that indicates the ability to perform those tasks required of a quality engineer.
Challenge for Future Quality Engineers
Over the past 10 years, the American Society for Quality has been developing a more strategic perspective of the quality profession and has investigated the implications that current trends across business sectors will have on our profession. In 1995 and again in 1999, ASQ took out crystal balls to “study the future” and determine what actions to take in supporting the quality movement and its cadre of professionals.
Several trends have been observed in these studies: some are disturbing and others serve as a beacon to warn us to take corrective action in navigating our course into the future. One major implication already observed in many companies is the transference of advanced quality tools from their almost exclusive use by quality professionals into application by frontline managers and their specially trained problem solvers. This trend will challenge quality engineering professionals in two major ways.
First, while we observe that quality tools are being disseminated to the masses, this cascade may or may not involve quality professionals. This wider application
of advanced statistical methods and quality tools requires quality professionals to accept new roles as technical mentors to the managers of our organizations. This challenge requires each of us to develop a new approach to leadership and to be the catalyst that aids in the dissemination of these methods by finding ways to encourage the proper use and application of these tools.
Second, with more and more managers knowing the same tools that we use, we cannot afford to be amateurs in the use and application of advanced quality methods. In order to earn the right to serve as the technical advisors to this next generation of more enlightened managers, all quality professionals must not only seek training in the more advanced technical methods but also must become the masters of these tools and be perceived as such by senior managers.
Call to Continuous Learning and Personal Excellence
Rather than giving up on the viability of our profession, this challenge is a call for an even higher commitment to professional performance. In the quality profession, our tradition has been to use independent certifications as evidence of personal mastery of a particular body of knowledge.
The achievement of certification as a quality engineer through the ASQ CQE examination is a distinction of professional achievement that represents personal mastery of the basic quality tools and analytical methods. The certified quality engineer is exposed to increased professional opportunity, promotion potential, and salary increases. Most CQEs go on to further develop skills as quality trainers, facilitators, business managers, auditors, applied statisticians, and technical specialists. For all of these career potentials the CQE certification serves as a mark of professionalism that proclaims a readiness to meet new levels of professional challenge and extend knowledge into more complex and difficult areas to master.
Significance and Meaning of Certification
There is an old story of a young man who served as an apprentice, passed the tests and skill demonstrations as a journeyman, and was ready to be named an independent tradesman. He went to his master craftsman and told him that he was ready to go out and establish his own practice. The master said he had one more test to pass. The young man replied: “I am ready.” The master asked him to describe the true meaning of his professional credential. The young man immediately replied: “It means the end of my journey, a well-deserved reward for all of my hard work.” The master said that he did not have the right perspective. After a month the young man returned saying that he was ready to answer the question. Again the master asked him the true meaning of his professional credential. This time the young man replied: “It is a symbol of distinction and a sign of high achievement.” Again the master was dissatisfied, and said, “Return to me next month when you understand the full meaning!” In humility, the young man returned after a third month. The master again asked his question and the young man replied: “This credential only represents the beginning. It is the start of a never-ending journey of work, discipline, and a ceaseless commitment to continuous learning.” The master said: “Now you are ready to work on your own!”
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LXV.—NORTH OF DENMARK PLACE.
To the north of Denmark Place the frontage to High Street seems to have been fully built on before 1658 (Plate 3). Originally the garden of the Hospital extended as far as here, for the limits of the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, are described in 1222, as stretching along what is now Oxford Street as far as the Hospital garden.[672] In somewhat later times the principal feature of this triangular plot was The Crown inn and brewhouse, which is referred to as early as 1452[673] as “a brewhouse called The Crowne” with six cottages adjoining. It will be seen, therefore, that even at that date there were a number of buildings on this plot. Included in the portion of the Hospital’s property which fell to the share of Katherine Legh were “one close rent xijs and iiijd by the yere there goinge oute of a mese called The Crowne, and one chieff rente of vis by yere goyng oute of a brew house there, nowe so late in the tenure or occupacion of one Richard Lightfoot.” When next heard of The Crown brewhouse, with a close of 3 acres[674] and an orchard and garden adjoining, belonged to John Vavasour, whose son Nicholas in 1615 sold it to William Bowes.[675]
At a spot immediately opposite The Crown at one time stood the pound, and according to Maitland[676] , this was also the situation of the gallows, between the date of their removal from the Elms in Smithfield about the year 1413, and their further subsequent removal to Tyburn. It does not appear, however, that Maitland had any authority for the statement as to the removal of the gallows from Smithfield. As regards the further removal to Tyburn, if it ever took place it must have been before the year 1478, when it is quite certain that the gallows were already in the position occupied by them for centuries to come, viz., opposite the southern end of Edgware Road. There is, indeed, a very considerable probability that this was the
case even in Edward I.’s reign,[677] and it seems improbable that a permanent gallows ever stood in St. Giles at all.[678]
The pound was originally[679] in High Street, St. Giles, just to the west of where Endell Street now issues, and was removed thence in 1656 to the junction of High Street, Oxford Street and Tottenham Court Road.[680]
LXVI.—SITE OF “THE ROOKERY”
(BAINBRIDGE STREET, LAWRENCE STREET, MAYNARD STREET, ARTHUR STREET BUCKNALL STREET).
Included in that part of the Hospital property which fell to Lord Lisle’s share was “one close lyinge before the greate gate there conteyninge by estimacion 16 acres, with appurtenances, nowe or late in the occupacion of Maister Magnus.”[681] From this description Parton had some justification in assuming that the ground covered the site of Baynbridge Street, Arthur Street, etc. If this is correct, however, the close must have been split up by the early part of Elizabeth’s reign, and that part which covered the sites of the streets in question was, in 1583, in the possession of George Harrison. On his death in that year it was found[682] that he was seized inter alia of “a close ... called Le Church Close in the parish of St. Giles, containing by estimation five acres of pasture.” He also owned 13 messuages with gardens on the north side of High Street, stretching westward from The Maidenhead, [683] which he had purchased from Lord Mountjoy,[684] but no record has been found which might enable the previous owners of Church Close to be traced. In 1632 John Barbor alias Grigge bought[685] a number of the houses, together with “all that close of meadow or pasture ... called ... Church Close alias Williamsfeild ... conteyning 5 acres,” and in 1649 the property was further transferred to Henry Bainbridge.[686]
Hollar’s Plan of 1658 (Plate 3) shows the commencement of building on this area, and Parton[687] notes that Bainbridge Street and Buckridge Street were built on before 1672. These two streets, with Maynard Place and Dyott Street, obviously took their names from the persons mentioned in a fine of 1676,[688] from which it
seems probable that Maynard, Buckridge and Dyott were the married names of Bainbridge’s three daughters. Church Lane and Church Street had obvious reference to Church Close. The locality subsequently became one of the most disreputable districts in London,[689] a state of things which was finally put an end to by driving New Oxford Street[690] through the midst. At the same time several of the old streets were abolished, and some of those which remained had their names altered.
P , W C D ,
E .:—
In the collection of water colour drawings by J. W. Archer, preserved at the British Museum are three of The Rookery, representing: Entrance from High Street.
Part of The Rookery in 1844. A cellar in The Rookery.
In the Heal Collection, preserved in the Holborn Public Library, are a series of views illustrating The Rookery.
LXVII.—N . 100, 101 102, GREAT RUSSELL STREET.
G .
His Grace the Duke of Bedford, K.G.
Northward from the site of The Rookery extends the manor of Bloomsbury, a full account of which is reserved for the volume dealing with the parish of St. George, Bloomsbury.
A plan of part of the manor in 1664–5, preserved in the British Museum and reproduced in Clinch’s Bloomsbury and St. Giles, shows that the western end of Great Russell Street and the whole of Bedford Square[691] occupy the sites of two fields called Cowles Field and Cowles Pasture.
In Morden and Lea’s map of 1682, the only buildings shown on the site of these fields are a few at the southern end of Tottenham Court Road. Great Russell Street had, however, already been formed, [692] and houses were in existence on the south side.
Nos. 100 to 102 formed originally one house, which in 1785–6 was in the occupation of John Sheldon. It would therefore seem that this was the house referred to by Elmes, who stated[693] that Sir Christopher Wren designed a fine mansion in this street which was afterwards occupied by his son, and “more recently by the celebrated surgeon and anatomist, Mr. Shelden.”
The records of His Grace the Duke of Bedford, however, lend no countenance whatever to the suggestion that Wren’s son occupied the house, and indeed show Stephen Wren as residing in a house, afterwards known as No. 32, on the south side of the street, in 1751, when he wrote the letters “headed Great Russell Street,” on which Elmes apparently relied in making his statement. As regards the ascription of the design of the house to Sir Christopher Wren, the Bedford Estate records afford no direct evidence.
There is, however, no doubt that these premises were originally “Thanet House,” the Earl of Thanet having taken a lease of the house for a term of 62 years from Michaelmas, 1693. It would seem, indeed, that the Earl was actually in occupation some years previously, if this was the mansion referred to in the statement that
the Earl’s eldest son was born “at Thanet House in Great Russell Street, on April 29th, 1686.”[694]
After 1787 it was divided into two houses, and is thus shown in the illustration included in Parton’s Hospital and Parish of St. Giles, a reproduction of which is given on the next page. A further division took place about 1820.
Writing in 1823, Elmes says:[695] “Sir Christopher’s noble front, with its majestic cantaliver cornice, has now been taken down by a speculative builder, and common Act of Parliament fronts run up.” The present elevation corresponds to this description, and the interiors of the houses are without any noteworthy features. It is interesting to note that the “speculative builder” is shown by the Bedford Estate records to have been Thomas Cubitt.
G. Scharf. Lithog.
Thanet House. Great Russell Street.
C .
The premises are in good repair.
B .
Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, was born in 1644, and died in 1729.[696] Parton[697] mentions that the autograph of the Earl, as a vestryman of St. Giles, occurs in the parish books between the years 1684 and 1690. The death of his eldest son at “Thanet House in Great Russell Street,” in 1686 has already been referred to.
When the Bloomsbury Rentals of His Grace the Duke of Bedford begin in 1729 they show Sir Thomas Coke, Lord Lovel, in occupation of the house. Sir Thomas Coke was a son of Edward Coke of Holkham. In 1718 he married Lady Margaret Tufton, daughter and co-heir of the 6th Earl of Thanet. In 1728 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lovel, of Minster Lovel, and in 1744 was created Viscount Coke, of Holkham, and Earl of Leicester. He died in 1759.
In 1755, on the expiration of the Earl of Thanet’s lease, he had obtained a reversionary lease of Thanet House, and the Countess of Leicester is shown by the parish ratebooks in occupation for 1759–60.
For the years 1760–62 the same books give the name of “John Bristow” in connection with the premises.
In 1765, until his death in 1767, the Marquess of Tavistock was in occupation. This was Francis, son of John, fourth Duke of Bedford, by his second wife, Gertrude, eldest daughter of John, first Earl Gower.
In 1768 Lady Tavistock was still residing at the house, and in 1770 Richard Heron was the occupier.
In 1771 the house was taken by Lord Apsley, afterwards Earl Bathurst. Henry Bathurst, second Earl Bathurst, was born in 1714. He was called to the Bar in 1736, and became King’s counsel ten years after. From 1735 to 1754 he represented Cirencester in Parliament, and his attachment to the party of the Prince of Wales secured for him the offices of solicitorgeneral and attorney-general to the Prince. In 1754 he was appointed judge of the common pleas. In 1770 the great seal was entrusted to three commissioners, of whom Bathurst was one, and in the following year, to every one ’ s surprise, he was created Lord Chancellor and raised to the peerage as Baron Apsley. In 1775 he succeeded his father in the earldom. He resigned the seal in 1778, but from 1779 to 1782 was again a member of the ministry as lord president of the Council. He died at Oakley Grove near Cirencester in 1794. “By a universal consensus of opinion Earl Bathurst is pronounced to have been the least efficient lord chancellor of the last century.”[698] His residence at Thanet House lasted until 1778.
In the following year the Bloomsbury Rentals show that the Hon. Topham Beauclerk was in occupation. Topham Beauclerk, born in 1739, was the only son of Lord Sydney Beauclerk. A man of wide reading and sprightly conversation, he owes his fame principally to his great friendship with Dr. Johnson, and the space which he occupies in the latter’s great biography. He married Lady Diana Spencer, eldest daughter of the second Duke of Marlborough, formerly wife of Lord Bolingbroke. Lady Diana was an amateur artist, whose abilities excited the enthusiasm of Horace Walpole. Beauclerk died at Thanet House on 11th March, 1780, and his library of 30,000 volumes, housed in a building “that reaches half way to Highgate,”[699] was sold by auction in the following year. Lady Diana survived him for many years, dying in 1808.
In 1905 His Grace the Duke of Bedford affixed at Nos. 101 and 102, Great Russell Street, a bronze tablet commemorative of the residence of Topham and Lady Diana Beauclerk.
In 1781 William Murray, first Earl of Mansfield took up his residence at the house. Particulars of his life have already been given in the previous volume of this series dealing with St. Giles-in-the-Fields.[700] His occupation of Thanet House dates from the destruction of his mansion in Bloomsbury Square by the Gordon Rioters in 1780. At Michaelmas, 1785, he removed to Nos. 57–58, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
The next occupant was John Sheldon, a distinguished anatomist, whose residence here was apparently confined to the period 1786–7. He was born in London in 1752. In due course he was apprenticed to Henry Watson and studied anatomy at the latter’s private museum in Tottenham Court Road. From 1777 to 1786[701] he maintained a private theatre at No. 70, Great Queen Street, where he taught and carried on research work. He died in 1808.
After 1787 the house was divided into two, the residents at which, up to 1800, were Harvey Christian Combe and Charles Steers.
I C ’ :—
No. 19, Great Russell Street View of front (photograph).
[702]“Thanet House,” Great Russell Street Lithograph by G. Scharf (print).
LVIII.—BEDFORD SQUARE (G ).
During the period including the latter half of the 17th and the early years of the 19th century, several large estates were laid out in the western district of London. The planning of these generally included several squares, each provided with a central garden for the use only of the residents living in the surrounding houses.
When the 112 acres composing the Duke of Bedford’s Bloomsbury estate were developed, over 20 acres were laid out as gardens for the use of the occupiers of the houses overlooking them. [703] This estate, with its wide streets and spacious squares, is an excellent example of early town planning, and affords an illustration of the advantages gained by the community when a large area such as this is dealt with on generous lines by the owner.
Bedford Square is about 520 feet long and 320 feet wide between the houses, and the oval and beautifully wooded garden (Plate 61) measures 375 feet on the major and 255 feet on the minor axis.
The general architectural scheme of the square is interesting. Each side is separately treated as an entire block of buildings, having a central feature and wings. The central feature of each side is carried out in stucco, having pilasters and pediments in the Ionic order, those to the north and south having five pilasters (Plate 97), and those to the east and west, four (Plate 89). The western house being smaller, however, has not the additional walling extending beyond the pilasters.
The houses at the ends of each block have balustrades above the main cornice, and, generally, the windows are ornamented with iron balconies at the first floor level.
The round-headed entrance doorways, other than those to the central houses, are rusticated in Coade’s artificial stone,[704] and
enclose a variety of fanlights, of which a typical example is shown in No. 15 (Plate 80).
No drawing has been found showing the design for the laying out of Bedford Square, which was carried out between the years 1775 and 1780. The plots were leased by the Duke to various building owners. One plot was taken by Thomas Leverton, architect, and 24 by Robert Crews and William Scott, builders.[703]
These builders acquired many more plots on the estate, and it may be supposed that, as they at times worked in partnership, the whole of the buildings in the square and the houses in several of the adjoining streets were erected by them, partly as a speculation and partly as builders for other lessees.
There is much to support the view that Thomas Leverton was the author of the general scheme and the designer of the houses. He took up a building lease of No. 13 in 1775, practically at the beginning of building operations. He was a well-known architect, who adopted the style of the period as represented by Henry Holland and the Brothers Adam.[705] His work shows well-balanced composition and refinement of detail. He employed, moreover, many of the designers who worked for the Brothers Adam, such as Bonomi, the clever draughtsman and architect, Angelica Kauffmann and Antonio Zucchi, the Italian artist. It is also said that he employed Flaxman to execute carving, and skilled Italian workmen to carry out his beautiful designs for plaster work on ceilings, several of which are illustrated in this volume.
An example of his work has already been described in the previous volume dealing with this parish,[706] namely at No. 65, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, erected in 1772. It will be seen, by examining plates Nos. 86 and 97 in that volume, that these designs show a similar architectural expression to the houses of this square, and the internal decoration (especially of his own house, and of No. 44) follows the general character of that in Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
With regard to the suggestion[707] that the Brothers Adam were the designers of Bedford Square, it may be said that the only drawings found appertaining to the square by these celebrated architects are preserved in the Soane Museum, and represent two ceilings designed for Stainsforth, Esq., dated 1779. Geo. Stainsforth took up his residence at No. 8, Bedford Square in that year,[708] but
the house had already been in existence for some time, as it is referred to as the northern boundary of No. 7, on 20th November, 1777.[709] There is no evidence that designs for the ceilings referred to were actually carried out, as the present ceilings of the house are plain.
Ground landlord, The Crown; lessee, Weedon Grossmith, Esq.
G
This house fills a gap between the premises in Bloomsbury Street (formerly Charlotte Street) and those forming the eastern block of the square. It is distinctive in its elevation (Plate 63), and has marked characteristics of a Leverton design. The wellproportioned entrance, though finished in plaster work, is highly ornamented, the detail being unusually refined (Plate 64). The introduction of an ornamental panel above the main cornice of the building gives a graceful balance to the composition. In passing, it may be noticed that the cornice of No. 2, although not in alignment with that of this house, is of the same section.
The entrance doorway affords direct access to a hall of uncommonly beautiful design, extending the full width of the house, and divided by piers into three bays (Plate 62). The central bay has two recesses, and is ceiled with a decorative plaster oval dome resting on pendentives and segmental arches (Plate 66). The righthand bay has semi-circular ends (Plate 65) flanked by niches, and there is also a niche in the centre of the side wall, over which is placed a circular plaque. The bay to the left contains the staircase (Plate 65). This also has semi-circular ends. The stone steps have shaped soffits, the balustrades being of bronze, of graceful curvature and tasteful design. The principal rooms have fine decorative detail to the doors and windows, and rounded internal angles are given to the walls. The dining room contains a carved wood mantelpiece (Plate 67) and “Empire” grate; the chimney breast above being ornamented with an oval plaque surrounded with floral festoons. The lowest member of the cornice should be noticed, as it is similar to that in the dining room of No. 13, Leverton’s own house, and is composed of diminutive Greek Doric pillars suspended by their capitals, a somewhat unusual form of decoration suggestive of tassels.
The first floor has two rooms, that in the front containing a white marble chimneypiece. The rear room is the studio. The
