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The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 82

Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy

Alexander P. Lisitsyn

Liudmila L. Demina Editors

Sedimentation Processes in the White Sea

The White Sea Environment Part II

TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry

FoundingEditor:OttoHutzinger

Editors-in-Chief:DamiaBarcelo ´ •AndreyG.Kostianoy

Volume82

AdvisoryEditors: JacobdeBoer,PhilippeGarrigues,Ji-DongGu, KevinC.Jones,ThomasP.Knepper,AliceNewton, DonaldL.Sparks

Moreinformationaboutthisseriesat http://www.springer.com/series/698

SedimentationProcesses intheWhiteSea

TheWhiteSeaEnvironmentPartII

VolumeEditors:AlexanderP.Lisitsyn LiudmilaL.Demina

Withcontributionsby

T.N.Alexсeeva D.F.Budko O.M.Dara L.L.Demina

I.V.Dotsenko Y.A.Fedorov A.A.Klyuvitkin A.I.Kochenkova

M.D.Kravchishina A.P.Lisitsyn I.A.Nemirovskaya Y.A.Novichkova A.N.Novigatsky A.E.Ovsepyan

N.V.Politova Y.I.Polyakova A.E.Rybalko V.A.Savitskiy

L.R.Semyonova V.P.Shevchenko M.Y.Tokarev A.Yu.Lein

V.A.Zhuravlyov A.A.Zimovets

Editors

ShirshovInst.ofOceanology

RussianAcademyofSciences Moscow,Russia

RussianAcademyofSciences Moscow,Russia

ISSN1867-979XISSN1616-864X(electronic)

TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry

ISBN978-3-030-05110-5ISBN978-3-030-05111-2(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05111-2

LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964918

© SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018

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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland

Editors-in-Chief

Prof.Dr.DamiaBarcelo ´

DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry

IDAEA-CSIC

C/JordiGirona18–26 08034Barcelona,Spain and CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA) H20Building ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe UniversityofGirona EmiliGrahit,101 17003Girona,Spain dbcqam@cid.csic.es

AdvisoryEditors

Prof.Dr.AndreyG.Kostianoy ShirshovInstituteofOceanology RussianAcademyofSciences 36,NakhimovskyPr. 117997Moscow,Russia kostianoy@gmail.com

Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands

Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues UniversityofBordeaux,France

Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu

TheUniversityofHongKong,China

Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom

Prof.Dr.ThomasP.Knepper UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany

Prof.Dr.AliceNewton UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal

Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks

PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA

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Preface

Thebook TheWhiteSeaEnvironment intheseries“TheHandbookofEnvironment Chemistry”containsthemostimportantresultsofmultiannualinvestigations conductedbytheShirshovInstituteofOceanologyoftheRussianAcademyof Sciencesover2001–2016.PartIIofthisbookaimstojoinresultsofthe multidisciplinaryresearchesofsedimentationprocessesintheWhiteSea.The long-terminvestigationsinasmallArcticsea,astheWhiteSeais,haverevealed newregularitiesofsedimentationprocesseswhicharecharacteristicofthesubArcticzones.

InPartII,forthefirsttime,theinsitusedimentationprocessesintheWhiteSea werestudiedwiththeautomaticdeep-waterobservatoriesofsedimentation (AGOS).Thisledustoestimatecontributionofsedimentarymatteroverdifferent timescales:months,seasons,andyears.Themineral,grain-size,isotopic,and elementalcomposition,includingcertainbiogeochemicalproxies,havebeenstudiedinbothdispersed(suspendedparticulatematterandverticalfluxesofsettling particles)andconsolidated(bottomsediments)formsofsedimentarymatter.It allowedustoestimatethebiogeochemicalprocessesoftransformation,which takeplacewithinthewatercolumninsuchkeyareasoftheWhiteSeaasthe riverine–seawaterinterface.

ThedevelopmenthistoryinHoloceneandathree-memberstructureof theQuaternarycoverhavebeenrevealed.Environmentalconditionsversus abundanceandspeciescompositionofmicroalgaeassociationshavebeenstudied inbottomsediments,whichimprovedourknowledgeaboutrelationshipsbetween differentecosystemcomponents.Themineralphasesofsedimentarymatter atdifferentstagesofsedimentformationhavebeendocumented.Aspecific characteroftheearlydiagenesiswasrevealed,aswellasregularitiesofheavy metalaccumulation,includingthemosttoxicmercury,aswellasaliphatic andpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsinbottomsedimentsofdifferentareas ofthesub-ArcticWhiteSea.

Thisbookisaddressedtothespecialistsworkinginvariousfieldsofenvironmentalproblems,especiallyinmarinegeology,ecology,andbiogeochemistry.

Collectionandprocessingofsedimentarymatterwereperformedinthe frameworkofthestateassignmentofFASORussia(themeNo0149-2018-0016). Analysis,interpretationofthedataobtained,aswellaspreparationofmaterials forpublicationweresupportedbyRussianScienceFoundationgrant(project No14-27-00114-P).

Moscow,RussiaAlexanderP.Lisitsyn Moscow,RussiaLiudmilaL.Demina

Contents

Introduction ..............................................1

AlexanderP.LisitsynandLiudmilaL.Demina

SuspendedParticulateMatterasaMainSourceandProxy oftheSedimentationProcesses ................................13

MarinaD.Kravchishina,AlexanderP.Lisitsyn,AlexeyA.Klyuvitkin, AlexanderN.Novigatsky,NadezhdaV.Politova, andVladimirP.Shevchenko

VerticalFluxesofDispersedSedimentaryMatter,AbsoluteMasses oftheBottomSediments,andRatesofModernSedimentation .......49 AlexanderN.Novigatsky,AlexeyA.Klyuvitkin, andAlexanderP.Lisitsyn

DiatomsandAquaticPalynomorphsintheWhiteSeaSediments asIndicatorsofSedimentationProcessesandPaleoceanography ......67 YelenaI.PolyakovaandYekaterinaA.Novichkova

MineralCompositionofPeliticFractionofDispersed andConsolidatedSedimentaryMatterintheWhiteSea ............105 OlgaM.Dara

DevelopmentHistoryandQuaternaryDepositsoftheWhite SeaBasin ................................................135 AleksanderE.Rybalko,VitaliyA.Zhuravlyov,LyudmilaR.Semyonova, andMikhailYu.Tokarev

ProcessesofEarlyDiagenesisintheArcticSeas (ontheExampleoftheWhiteSea) .............................165 AllaYu.LeinandAlexanderP.Lisitsyn

MercuryDistributioninBottomSedimentsoftheWhiteSea andtheRiversofItsBasin ...................................207

YuryA.Fedorov,AsyaE.Ovsepyan,AlinaA.Zimovets, VyacheslavA.Savitskiy,AlexanderP.Lisitsyn,VladimirP.Shevchenko, AlexanderN.Novigatsky,andIrinaV.Dotsenko

OccurrenceFormsofHeavyMetalsintheBottomSediments oftheWhiteSea ...........................................241

LiudmilaL.Demina,DmitryF.Budko,AlexanderN.Novigatsky, TatianaN.Alexсeeva,andAnastasiaI.Kochenkova

OilCompoundsintheBottomSedimentsoftheWhiteSea ..........271 InnaA.Nemirovskaya

Conclusions ..............................................295

LiudmilaL.DeminaandAlexanderP.Lisitsyn

Index ...................................................307

Introduction

Contents

References.. ........................................................................................9

Abstract Withintheframeworkofthescientificprogram “TheWhiteSeaSystem,” manymultidisciplinaryexpeditionshavebeenheldbytheShirshovInstituteof OceanologyofRussianAcademyofSciencesover15years(2000–2015).Asaresult, alargeamountofvariousmaterials(bottomsediments,marineandriversuspended particulatematter,sediment-ladensnowandice,aerosolsofthenear-waterlayer, biota)hasbeencollectedfromthedifferentgeospheres.Duringsuchlong-term investigations,theWhiteSeawasconsideredasanaturalrangeofenvironmental conditionsoftheArcticandsubarcticregions.InPartIIof “TheWhiteSea Environment,” boththedispersedsedimentarymatter(aerosolsandsuspendedparticulatematter)andtheconsolidatedone(thebottomsediments)havebeenunder considerationsofresearchesofdifferentspecialization.Basedonseismicand lithostratigraphicdata,themajorstagesoftheWhiteSeabasindevelopmentwere identified.Itshistorybeganabout14,000yearsagoaftertheonsetoftheterrain deglaciation,whilechangeofthesedimentationregimeoccurredabout11,000years ago.Distributionpatternofmarinediatomsanddinoflagellatecystswasusedto characterizerelationshipsbetweenenvironmentalparametersandwaterproductivity atdifferentareasofthesea.ItwasnecessarytostudytheinitialstageofSPM formationinwatercolumn,namely,changesintheamountandcompositionofthe SPMintime(day-night,decades,months,seasons,andinterannualchanges).Inthe WhiteSea,wehaveintroducedthesedimentationobservatoriesequippedwithautomaticsedimenttrapstomeasurevertical fluxesofsettlingparticles(mgm 2 day 1)at differentdepthsfromthesurfacewatertotheseafloor.Attheseafloor,anindependent determinationof fluxesintothebottomsedimentshasbeencarriedoutbytheuseof differentmethodsofsedimentagedating(biological,isotopic,andothermethods).

A.P.Lisitsyn(*)andL.L.Demina ShirshovInstituteofOceanologyofRussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia e-mail: lisitzin@ocean.ru ; l_demina@mail.ru

A.P.LisitsynandL.L.Demina(eds.), SedimentationProcessesintheWhiteSea: TheWhiteSeaEnvironmentPartII,HdbEnvChem(2018)82:1–12, DOI10.1007/698_2018_356, © SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018, Publishedonline:15July2018

Resultsofstudyofmineral,chemical(includingtoxicheavymetals,particularly mercury,aswellashydrocarbons),andisotopecompositionofbottomsediments arepresented.

Thisbookisaddressedtothespecialistsworkinginvarious fieldsofenvironmentalproblems,especiallyinmarinegeology,ecology,andbiogeochemistry.

Keywords Biogeochemistry,Bottomsediments,History,Particle fluxes, Suspendedparticulatematter,WhiteSea

Inthe firstcruiseoftheresearchvessel “Vityaz” (1949),specialistsindifferent fields ofoceanography(hydrologists,biologists,geologists,chemists)haveparticipated. Theyhaveperformedamultidisciplinaryresearchthroughoutthewatercolumnof thenorthwesternPacific,includingmaximumdepthequalto11,040minthe MarianaTrench[1, 2].Sincethattime,marinegeologistsfromdifferentcountries haveexploitedthemarinebottomsedimentsasanaturalrecordoftheenvironment andtheclimateofthegeologicalpast([3–10],etc).

Therewasapossibilityofvalidationofthisapproach,primarilybasedonthe studyofmodernsedimentationprocessesindifferentenvironmentalandclimate conditions,existingnowintheWorldOcean.Intheearlystages,itseemedthatit wasenoughtomakereliablemapsofbottomsedimentsandcomparethemwith modernenvironmentalparametersofmarinesedimentation.However,itturnedout thattheprocessesofmodernsedimentationhappenindifferentwaysthanitseemed; moreover,theyarepracticallynotstudied,whilethetheoreticallithologyarguedthat theoceanbottomsedimentsinallclimaticzonesatalllatitudesasifcorrespondto thesedimentsofthehumidzone,thatthereisnoclimaticzonesintheoceans [11, 12].

Intheirconstructions,theoreticallithologistsissuedthatthatthemodernsedimentationprocessiswellstudiedandclear,althoughintheUSSR,intheyears beforethecruiseofRV “Vityaz,” therewerenosamplesofoceanbottomsediments takenfromdepthsofmorethan2km.Moreover,atthattime,thelevelofstudyofthe marinesedimentsinRussiawasquiteinsuf ficient,mostoftenitwasaformal descriptionofsedimentswithoutthenecessaryanalyticaldefinitions.Thevery processesthatdeterminethequantitativesedimentdistribution(sedimentation rates,absolutemass,andthicknessofsedimentarybodies),theirgrain-size,mineral, andchemicalcomposition,aswellasmicrofossils’ assemblage,remainedpoorly understood,andthesedimentationprocesseswerelargelymisinterpreted.

Over10yearsafterthe firstcruiseofRV “Vityaz,” newpossibilitiesforstudying themarinesedimentationprocessesarose.Thesestudiescoveredthelong-term transectswhichbeganfromthecatchmentsareas’ weatheringcoveronthecontinentsand finishedinthebottomsedimentsofthepelagiczoneofseasandoceans, includingthestagesofpreparation,transportation,anddepositionofsedimentary matter.Eventheclassificationandnomenclatureofmarinegeologistsworkinginthe seaweredifferentfromthatadoptedbysedimentarytheoreticalgeologists.Atthose years,thefeaturesofthemodernsedimentaryprocesswerestudiedbytheuseofnew

expeditionshipsequippedwithnewdevices,instruments,andmethods,basedon newresearchapproaches.

Oneofthenewapproachesisastudyofmicro-andnanoparticlesdispersedin naturalenvironment(inseawater,atmosphere,snow,andice),whichinaresultof sinkinginwatercolumngivearisetoconsolidatedformsofdispersedparticles, namely,bottomsediments.Thesedispersedparticlesinseawaterareatthestageof extremelydilution;theyhaveamaximalspeci ficsurfaceareaandaretherefore particularlysensitivetotheenvironmentalchanges.

Theirmajorpartisofpeliticgrain-size(<0.01mm),andtheiraveragecontentin seawatervariesinlimitsof0.1–1mgL 1.Thisvalueofsuspendedparticulate matter ’sconcentrationwasrecordedforthe firsttimeinthecruiseofRV “Vityaz” andtheninotherexpeditions.Collectionofthisdispersedsubstanceisassociated withgreatdifficulties:itisnecessarytohaveacleansamplingtechnique,aswellas reliableandhighsensitivemethodsoftreatmentandanalysesformanylithological andgeochemicalcomponents.Currently,themainparametersofthedispersed sedimentarymattercanbedeterminedbyseveralindependentmethods.Itwas possibletoobtainhundredsandthousandsofsamplesofsuspendedparticulate matter(SPM)fromallpartsoftheoceansandseas,fromdifferentdepths,atdifferent distancesfromtheshore,andindifferentclimateconditionsofenvironmentinthe modernWorldOcean[13–15].Particularattentionwaspaidtoareasnearbytheriver mouthsandriversitself,sinceriverswereconsideredasthemainsourcesof sedimentthatseemedwasevidenced[16, 17].

Theaveragedispersedsedimentarymatter ’scontent(intheformofSPM)forthe World’srivershasbeenestimatedas490mgL 1 [14],whichishundredsoftimes higherthanthatinthepelagicoceanwaterandintheshelfwater.However,inthe courseofstudiesconductedatthetransectsbetweentheriverestuariesandtheopen sealocatedindifferentclimaticzones,wehavefoundthatasaresultofmixing processesoftheriverandseawater,about90%oftheSPMandabout40%ofthe dissolvedfractionsoftheriverwaterareprecipitatedinalimitedareanearbythe mouth.Thisphenomenongotatermanavalanchesedimentation[16].Basedon thedirectdataobtained,contributionoftheriverinerunoffasthemainsourceof sedimentarymaterialintothepelagicoceanwasestimatedtobealmosttentimes less.Thereisaphenomenonofmarginal filter,whichhasneverbeenstudiedby lithologistsbefore[17].

SimultaneouslywiththestudyoftheSPMinrivers,aswellasintheseaand oceanwatercolumn,thestudyofdispersedformsofsedimentarymatterstartedin theatmosphere(near-waterlayer),snowcover,seaice,andicebergs,whichserveas carriersofsedimentarymatterintheArctic[18].

Thedispersedsedimentarymatterhasprovedtoexistintheatmospheresometimesinlargequantities(duststorms).Aeolianmaterial(aerosols)istransportedfor averylongdistancefromitssource;thus,itcanbesuppliedfromthenorthern hemisphereintothesouthernone.Oneofthefeaturesofthistypeofsedimentary substances’ transportisfrequentduststormswhenvisibilityislessthan1km.Inarid zones,thefrequencyofduststormsreachesupto60%throughouttheyear.A comparisonofaerosolcontentswiththatintheoceanwatercolumnshowsthatthe

aerosolmaterialratherthanthesolidriverdischargedominatesinthearidregions [13, 14, 19, 20].

Thus,modernstudiesofthesedimentationprocessinvolvingnewdataonthe quantitativedistributionandcompositionofthedispersedsedimentarymatterin differentgeosphereshaveshownthatclimaticzoningbecomeapparentintheocean. Itissupplementedbythevertical,circum-continental,andtectonictypesofzoning, i.e.,thelawofsedimentationzoningintheseasandoceansbyBezrukovetal.[21]. Studiesoftheterrigenous(continental)componentofthedispersedsedimentary matterincomparisonwiththebottomsedimentsshowedthatatallstagesof sedimentation(preparation,transportation,anddeposition),theybotharesubjected tothelawsofzoning – climatic,vertical,andcircum-continental.

Biogenic(carbonateorsiliceous)sedimentarymaterialisanimportantcomponentofsedimentarymatterintheseas.Itscontentinbottomsedimentsreachesnot 3–9.2%,asitpreviouslywasthought,but40–50%.Biotaisofgreatimportancefor transformationofalltypesofsedimentarymaterialfromitsdispersedformsinto pelletsduringbiofiltrationbyplanktonandbenthicorganisms.Accordingtothenew data,thewholewatervolumeoftheWorldOceanis filteredbyorganismsin 0.5–1year.Theprimaryproductionofphytoplanktonusesdissolvedformsof biogenicelementsandsolarenergyduringphotosynthesis;phytoplanktonsynthesizesautochthonousorganicmatterwhichisthebasictrophicchainforallliving organismsinthesea[22].Thisprocesstakesplaceintheupperphoticzoneofthe WorldOcean,i.e.,itiscloselyrelatedtobothclimaticzoningandseasonalprocesses.Circum-continentalandverticaltypesofzoningarealsoclearlyidentifiedin thebiota,itsquantitativedistribution,andqualitativecompositionoflivingorganismsandtheirresidues[23].

Thus,thesedimentarymatterformedonthecontinentsbymanywaysthrough interactionofdifferentgeospheresenterstheseasandoceans – inthesurfacewater layer.There,boththesuspendedanddissolvedformsofsedimentarymatterare processedbythebiosphere.

Biosynthesisinvolvestheselectiveextractionofnutrientsfromseawater(osmotic membranes) – thisprocessiscalledabiofilter-1.Thisisfollowedby filtrationof phytoplanktontogetherwithSPMbyzooplanktoninsurfacewater(abiofilter-2). Zooplanktonorganismsperformapackingoforganicmatterintopelletswhichhave aprotectivecapsule.Forthiskindofmicro-containersunlike fine-grainedparticles,a fastsinktothedepthsischaracteristic.Suchisamechanismofthemajorbiological pathwayofSPMinvolvedinthe “livingocean”;thisisdifferentfromthesimple particles ’ depositioninaccordancewithStokeslaw[23].

Thesegeneralregularitiesestablishedfortheoceansandseashavebeen complementedbyspecificdataonadetailedcomparativestudyofsedimentformationintheseasofdifferentclimaticzones.OneoftheseseasistheWhiteSeawhich belongstothesubarcticzone;itiscoveredwithiceforalargerpartoftheyear.The latterisoneoftheimportantfactorswhichdetermineslargelythesedimentation processes[24–26].

OurinvestigationswereperformednotonlyintheWhiteSeaproperbutalsoinits catchmentareas[27].Asaresult,itwaspossibletoobtain,forthe firsttime,the

directdataontheamount,composition,andpropertiesofbothdispersedformsof suspendedparticulatematteranddissolvedformsofelementsduetooperationatthe stationsintheWhiteSea.Thesedataallowedustoestablishtheregularitiesof migrationofmicro-andnanoparticles,i.e.,thedispersedsedimentarymatterwithin theWhiteSeawatermass.

PartIIof “TheWhiteSeaEnvironment ” isdevotedtoboththedispersed sedimentarymatterandtheconsolidatedone,i.e.,thebottomsediments,which differinitsphysicalpropertiesfromthedispersedones.Itisnecessarytostudythe initialstageofSPMformationinwatercolumn,namely,changesintheamountand compositionoftheSPMintime(day-night,decades,months,seasons,and interannualchanges).

Tosolvethisproblem,specialapproaches,devices,andespeciallythemanagementofinvestigation,beginningfromtheregularshort-termdiscretetocontinuous long-termobservations,werealsorequired.IntheWhiteSea,wehaveintroducedthe sedimentationobservatoriesequippedwithautomaticsedimenttrapstomeasure vertical fluxesofsettlingparticles(mgm 2 day 1)atdifferentdepthsfromthe surfacewatertotheseafloor.Attheseafloor,anindependentdeterminationof fluxes intothebottomsedimentshasbeencarriedoutbytheuseofdifferentmethodsof sedimentagedating(biological,isotopic,andothermethods).

Applicationofthesetwomethodsofstudyingprocessesallowedtojudgethe dynamicsofsedimentaryprocessintime – bychangingthesettlingparticle flux values.Forshort-terminvestigations,usingthecurrentmeters,itisalsopossible tostudytherealvectorsofwaterdynamicsbydataofthefour-dimensional oceanology[28].

Withintheframeworkoftheprogram “TheWhiteSeaSystem, ” manymultidisciplinaryexpeditionshavebeenheldbytheShirshovInstituteofOceanologyof RussianAcademyofSciencesover15years(2000–2015).Duringsuchlong-term investigations,theWhiteSeawasconsideredasanaturalrangeofenvironmental conditionsoftheArcticandsubarcticregions.Asaresult,alargeamountofvarious materials(bottomsediments,marineandriversuspendedparticulatematter, sediment-ladensnowandice,aerosolsofthenear-waterlayer,biota)hasbeen collectedfromthedifferentgeospheres.Theobtaineddatasetswereanalyzedand publishedinthefourmonographies[27, 29–31].Anewsystemofobservationsin spaceandtimewaselaboratedwhichincludedthefollowing:

1.Satelliteobservationswithverificationforthesurfacelayerofwaterspatial changesandchangesintime(decadal,monthly,seasonal,andinterannual).

2.Observationatstationsinexpeditioncruises – acontinuousverticalsounding usingaRosettesystemequippedwithdifferentoceanographicsensorsaccompaniedbywatersamplingbybathometerstosubsequentlystudysuspendedand dissolvedformsofchemicalelements.Atthesametime,ameasurementof horizontalcurrentsbytheADCPsystem.

3.Operationswhilerunningofresearchvesselwithsamplingofsurfacewaterfor verificationofsatellitedataandcollectionofaerosolsamples(underfavorable windsandweatherconditions),aswellas filtrationofwatertocollectSPM, measurementoftheSPMgrain-sizecompositionbylaserparticlecounters,etc.

4.Studyofsedimentationprocessesintimebyuseofdeepautomaticsedimentarygeochemicaldeep-waterobservatories(AGOS)withautomaticdifferential(once permonth)andintegral(throughouttheyear)sampling.Thedevicesareplaced alongcableropewiththesubsurfacebuoyatthekeywatercolumn’shorizons whichwereregisteredduringverticalsounding.

5.Studyoftheuppersedimentlayer(intervalof0–1cm)sampledwithMulti-Corer and/orNeimistotubeforfurtherdeterminationofmineralandchemicalcomposition,aswellassedimentationrate(mmyear 1)andabsolutemassofbottom sediments(mgm 2 year 1).

ThemajorpartoftheWhiteSearesearchwascarriedoutbystaffofthelaboratory ofphysicalandgeologicalresearchesofShirshovInstituteofOceanologyofRussian AcademyofSciences(IORAS).

Intotal,the22interdisciplinaryexpeditioncruiseshavebeenperformed.InFig. 1 thesamplingstationsaredisplayed.ResearchersfromtheInstituteofOceanologyand itsbranches,aswellasVinogradskyInstituteofMicrobiologyRAS,Lomonosov MoscowStateUniversity,SaintPetersburgStateUniversity,andInstituteofWater ProblemsoftheNorthernKarelianScientificCentre,haveparticipatedinallthe cruises.

Thisbookcontains11chaptersincludingIntroductionandConclusionswritten bythevolumeeditors.

Fig.1 SamplingstationsofbottomsedimentsintheWhiteSeaover2000–2015

InChap.1[32],concentrationofsuspendedparticulatematter(SPM),itscompositionandproperties,aswellastheirchangesduetoenvironmentalconditionshave beendescribed.Inthischapter,thefeaturesindistributionpatternintheWhiteSeaof theSPMconcentrationanditsgrain-size,mineral,isotope,andchemical(Al,Si,P, Corg,Chl-a)compositionarediscussed.Itishighlightedthatadispersedsystemofthe WhiteSeaformsagiantreservoirofmicro-andnanoparticlesthatservesassourceof sedimentarymaterial.

Chapter2[33]containstheresearchresultsofdispersedsedimentarymatter capturedbysedimenttrapsdeployedintheWhiteSeawatercolumn.Theresults oflong-terminvestigationsofspatialandtemporaldistributionofthevertical fluxes servedasabasisforrevealingnewregularitycharacteristicofthesedimentary processinthesubarcticandArcticzones.Themonthly,seasonal,andinterannual dynamicsofthemaincomponentsofdispersedsedimentarymatterwereestimated, andthemajorstagesofmarinesedimentationwererecognized.Thecontributionof mainbiogenicandlithogenicconstituentsperm2 ofthebottomareaoftheWhiteSea hasbeencalculated.

InChap.3[34],adevelopmenthistoryofthemodernWhiteSeaBasinisunder consideration.TheLatePleistoceneandHolocenedepositsareakeytostudythe paleogeographyofNorthwesternRussia.Methodsofaseismic-acousticprofiling andlithostratigraphicanalysisofselectedcoreswereappliedtocharacterizethe Quaternarysedimentarycover.Asaresult,itwaspossibletoidentifyitsthreememberstructurecomposedoftheglacial,glacial-marine,andmarinefacies.

Chapter4[35]isfocusedonstudiesofdiatomandpalynomorphassemblages fromtheWhiteSeasediments.Itisshownthatspeciescompositionofthemarine planktoninbottomsedimentsreflectsthefeaturesofthehigh-latitudepositionofthe WhiteSea,aswellastheArcticandNorthAtlanticwatermasses’ influenceon hydrologicalregimeoftheWhiteSea.Thecharacteristicpropertyofthediatomand dinoflagellatecystassemblageswasfoundtobeapresence(inhighconcentrations) ofrelativelywarm-waterspeciestypicalfortheAtlanticwatermasses.

InChap.5[36],themainaimwastostudythemineralphasesin fine-grained fraction(from10 μmtolessthan1 μm)bothindispersedsedimentarymatter andconsolidatedone(bottomsediments)oftheWhiteSea.ByuseoftheX-ray difractometryandscanningelectronmicroscopy,theclastic,clay,andcarbonate mineralswereanalyzedinaerosols,riverandmarinesuspendedparticulatematter, sediment-ladensnow-icecover,aswellasinsurfacebottomsediments.

Chapter6[37]describesbiogeochemicalprocessesofearlydiageneticprocesses intheWhiteSeabottomsedimentsbasedonchangesinchemical,isotope,and mineralcompositionofdispersedsedimentarymatterandbottomsediments.A specialattentionispaidtoprocessoftransformationoforganiccomponentsin seawater,SPM,andporewaters.Ratesofmicrobialbiogeochemicalprocesses withatracertechnique(14Cand 35S),aswellasanalysisofisotopiccomposition ofcarboncompoundsinsuspendedparticulatematter(SPM)andinbottomsediments,werealsounderconsideration.

InChap.7[38],adetailedstudyofmercury – themosttoxicheavymetal – has beenperformedinbottomsedimentsoftheWhiteSeaandtheriversofitsbasin.For theNorthernDvinaRiver,concentrationofmethylHginthebottomsedimentswas calculatedbasedondataof fieldstudies,physicochemicalandlithologicalproperties ofsediments.BottomsedimentsoftheWhiteSeaandriverestuariesofitsbasinhave beenconsideredbylevelsofHgcontent.ThebackgroundlevelofHgcontentin bottomsedimentswasestablished.BasedonthespatialdistributionofHginthe surfacebottomsediments,levelsofHgaccumulationintheWhiteSeaareas influencedbyanthropogenicpollutionwererevealed.

Chapter8[39]isfocusedonthephysical-chemicaloccurrenceformsofaluminum,iron,manganese,andnumberofheavymetals(Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb)and metalloidAsinthebottomsedimentsoftheWhiteSea.Thepatternofchemical elementpartitioningamongthedifferentoccurrenceforms(adsorbed,boundto authigenicFe-Mnoxyhydroxidesandorganicmatter,aswellas fixedinclastic andclaymineralstructures)reflectsprincipalprocessesoftheiraccumulationinthe modernbottomsedimentsoftheWhiteSea.Aspatialdistributionoftheoccurrence formsoftheseelementsinthesurfacesedimentswasestimated,whiletheiranalysis inhigh-resolution(1cmscale)sedimentcoreletustostudythemetalbehaviorinthe processesofearlydiagenesis.

InChap.9[40],resultsofdeterminationofoilcompoundsinbottomsediments wereshown.ContentandcompositionofaliphaticandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsinbottomsedimentsofdifferentareasoftheWhiteSeawerestudiedduring lowandhighwaterstodeterminetheinfluenceofoilcomponents.Relationships betweenhydrocarbondistributionandhydrologicalconditionsintheriverineseawatermixingzonewereidentifiedbytheexampleoftheNorthernDvina River – DvinaBayboundary – wheretheprecipitationofmajorpartofpollutants takesplace.

Thebookendswithourconclusions,wheretheabovementionedaspectshave beengeneralized.

Thebookisaddressedtospecialistsworkingindifferent fieldsofmarineenvironmentalsciences,includingecologists,geologists,geochemists,biologists,and microbiologists.NewdataontheArcticenvironmentbytheexampleoftheWhite Seacanalsobeofinterestforalargercommunity.Graduateandundergraduate studentsinmarineandenvironmentalscienceswill findthisbookasavaluable resourceofknowledge,information,andreferences.

Acknowledgments

TheauthorsarethankfultoProf.AndreyKostianoy – oneoftheserieseditors of TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry – fortheideatopublishthisbook.Wearegratefulto thecrewsofresearchvessel “Ecolog,”“ProfessorShtokman,”“AkademikMstislavKeldysh,” and ourcolleagueswhocontributedtothechapters,aswellastothosewhohelpedintheprocessingof theobtainedmaterials.TheresearchresultsofPartIIwereobtainedintheframeworkofthe state assignment of FASO Russia(themeNo. № 0149-2018-0016).Proceedingofdataobtainedearlier weresummarizedwithsupportoftheRussianScientificFoundation,projectNo.14-27-00114-P.

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26.ShevchenkoVP,Rat’kovaTN,BairamovIT,BoyarinovPV,LorentzenC,MitrokhovAD, NaumovAD,NotigE-M,SavvichevAS,SergeevaOM,SvertilovAA(2002)Multidisciplinary studiesintheChupaBay,WhiteSeainwintertime.In:Abstrof5thworkshoponland-ocean interactioninRussianArctic,Moscow,12–15Nov2002,pp119–121

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38.FedorovYuA,OvsepyanAE,ZimovetsAA,SavitskiyVA,LisitsynAP,ShevchenkoVP, NovigatskyAN,DotsenkoIV(2018)MercurydistributioninbottomsedimentsoftheWhite Seaandtheriversofitsbasin.In:LisitsynAP,DeminaLL(eds)TheWhiteSeaenvironment partII.Handookofenvironmentalchemistry.Springer,Berlin

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SuspendedParticulateMatterasaMain SourceandProxyoftheSedimentation Processes

MarinaD.Kravchishina,AlexanderP.Lisitsyn,AlexeyA.Klyuvitkin, AlexanderN.Novigatsky,NadezhdaV.Politova, andVladimirP.Shevchenko

Contents

3CharacteristicofSedimentationArea.......................................................18 4SPMSources................................................................................20

5SPMConcentrationbyMassandVolumeinSurfaceWaterLayer.......................21

5.1MassConcentrationoftheSPMinSurfaceLayer ...................................21 5.2SPMConcentrationbyVolumeinSurfaceLayer....................................26

6SPMConcentrationbyMassandVolumeinWaterColumn ..............................28 7Chlorophyll “a” Concentration ..............................................................32 8SPMGrain-SizeDistribution ................................................................37

9.2ContentofParticulateSi,Al,P,andOrganicCarbon(POC). .......................40

9.3IsotopicCompositionofPOC .........................................................42 10ConcludingRemarksandOutlooktoFutureResearches..................................42

Abstract ThematerialforourstudywascollectedintheWhiteSeaduring22interdisciplinaryexpeditionsorganizedbytheShirshovInstituteofOceanology,Russian AcademyofSciences(IORAS),in2000–2014.Theresearcheswerecarriedout mostlyinJune–August;howeverwehavesomesamplesforautumn–winterand earlyspringseasons.Here,wereporttheconcentrationofsuspendedparticulate matter(SPM),itscompositionandproperties,aswellastheirchangesduetonatural zoningandlocalconditions.Thispaperdiscussesthefeaturesinthedistributionof

M.D.Kravchishina(*),A.P.Lisitsyn,A.A.Klyuvitkin,A.N.Novigatsky,N.V.Politova, andV.P.Shevchenko ShirshovInstituteofOceanology,RussianAcademyofSciences(IORAS),Moscow,Russia e-mail: kravchishina@ocean.ru

A.P.LisitsynandL.L.Demina(eds.), SedimentationProcessesintheWhiteSea: TheWhiteSeaEnvironmentPartII,HdbEnvChem(2018)82:13–48, DOI10.1007/698_2018_353, © SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018, Publishedonline:7July2018

SPMconcentration,grain-size,mineral,andmajorphasecomposition.Asfaras possible,weinvolvedourownandotherpublisheddataonhydrology,bottom morphology,andparticulateanddissolvedriverrunofffromthecatchmentarea, abundanceandcompositionofmarinephyto-andbacterioplankton.Thisnew knowledgehasbeenusedtodescribeparticlesdispersionsystemoftheWhiteSea, whichformsagiantreservoirofmicro-andnanoparticles,usingtermsadoptedin sedimentologyandoceanography.

Keywords Arctic,Chlorophyll “ a ”,Grain-size,Majorphasecomposition,Recent sedimentation,Suspendedparticulatematter

1Introduction

Thecollectionofsamplesandstudyofsuspendedparticulatematter(SPM)for understandingsomebasicproblemsinsedimentologywas firstcarriedoutby LisitsynintheBeringSeain1951[1].StudiesofSPMintheWhiteSea,Russia, wereinitiatedbyMedvedevandKrivonosovain1966,usingamethoddevelopedby Lisitsyn[2].Importantquantitativecharacteristicswereobtainedforthedistribution ofSPMmassconcentrations(inmg/L)andsupplyingofterrigenousparticles. Subsequently,thesestudieswereconductedbyAibulatov[3]andthenbyLukashin andDolotov[4–6]intheWhiteSea.

ThestudyofSPMasadispersedsystemrequiresanintegratedapproach,namely, combiningthebiological,hydrological,optical,geochemical,andgeologicalparametersofmarineenvironment.IntegratedresearchesintheWhiteSeastartedin2000 intheframeoftheproject “TheWhiteSeaSystem ” [7].

WatersamplingfortheSPMstudywasprecededbyaprofilinginstrument packagemeasuringhydrooptical(beamattenuationcoefficient,lightscattering –proxiesforparticleconcentration),hydrophysical(conductivity,temperature, depth),andbiogeochemistry(fluorometer – proxyforphytoplankton,oxygen,pH, Eh)parametersofthewatercolumnandwasaccompaniedbysamplingfornutrients; bacterio-,phyto-,andzooplankton;andotherspecialbiogeochemicalresearches (methaneconcentration,ratesofbiogeochemicalprocesses,etc.).Satelliteocean colordatawereusedtoshowthearealdistributionofSPM,chlorophyll,temperature, andotherbio-opticalparametersinthesurfacelayeroftheWhiteSeaonmanytime scales[8–10].

ThestudyofmarineSPMprovidesknowledgeonthecause-effectrelationships oftherecentsedimentationprocess(fromthesourceofmattertobottomsediments deposition)andisareliablebasisforquantitativeassessmentsofthisprocess.For geochemistsandsedimentologists,theSPMisamatterofinterestnotonlyasa materialfortheformationofbottomsedimentsbutalsoasoneoftheoccurrence formsofchemicalelementsandphasesinseawater[11–13].ThemarineSPMisone ofthemostpowerfuladsorbentsontheEarth.

TheSPMisaheterogeneousmaterialandnormallyincludesabiotic(mineral)and biotic(phytoplankton,detritus,partiallybacterioplankton,spores)particles.The SPMparticipatesinbiogeochemicalprocessesasaprimaryreactingsubstanceor catalyst,anditisutilizedbyzooplanktonandbenthosduringfeedingvia biofiltration.Marineparticlesparticipateinphase-to-phasetransitions;theirsurface chargecanchangefollowedbyalterationoftheiraggregativestabilityorcoagulation and flocculation.SPMcanexhibitthepropertiesofsomecolloidsandatthesame timeobeystheStokeslaw[14].

TherearemanyotherreasonstobeinterestedinSPMconcentrationandcomposition.Particlesintheseahaveadifferentgrain-sizeanddensity;theyscatterlight andsounddifferently,havedifferentspeci ficsurfaceareas,and,consequently,have differentphysicochemicalabilityandsedimentationrates.Bacteria,aswellasSPM, areadispersedphase,andtheycanaffecttheopticalandotherpropertiesof seawater[15].

OneofthemaincomponentsofSPMinseasisaparticulateorganicmatter (POM):terrigenous(allochthonous “humic”)andbiogenic(autochthonous “sapropelic”).Chlorophyll “a” (Chl-a)isthemostimportantcomponentofthe primaryorganicmatter,ispresentinalmostallmicroalgae,andactsasamarkerof phytoplanktonicmaterialinSPM.Chl-aanditsderivativescanberegardedasa proxyofthelabileformoforganiccarbon[16].Inwatercolumnandbottom sediments,theycharacterizethecontributionofonlyphytoplankton,andnoother sourcesoforganicmatter.

IntheRussianArcticandSubarcticseas,towhichtheWhiteSeabelongs,the SPMconcentrationandcompositionarestillpoorlyunderstood.Thenewdatawill allowustoexpandourknowledgeoftherecentsedimentationintheArcticshelf seas,whichareundertheinfluenceofclimatechange[17].Thisisanimportantissue fortheplannedexpansionofoperationsandinvestigationsintheArctic.

TheArcticseas,suchastheWhiteSea,aresubjectedtoapowerfulriverrunoff andcoastalabrasion,soterrigenous(allochthonous)materialisanimportantand oftenpredominantfractionofthetotalSPM[18–20].Thebiogenic(autochthonous) componentoftheSPMusuallyhasasecondarysigni ficance,theshareofwhich dependsontheprimaryproduction.Productionanddestructionoforganicmatter, riverrunoff,supplyofbiogenicelements,andmanyotherprocessesintheWhiteSea havepronouncedseasonalfeatures[18, 21, 22].

Theaimofthischapteristopresenttheresultsoflong-term(2000–2012) interdisciplinaryresearchesoftheSPM(concentrationandmajorphasecomposition)intheWhiteSeaforunderstandingoftherecentprocessesoperatingintheshelf seasandtheirroleintheArcticOcean.Here,wereporttheSPMdataineuphotic zoneandonfull-depthsections.Thispaperdiscussesthemainfeaturesinthe distributionofSPMconcentrationandbacterioplanktonabundance,grain-size, majorconstituentscontent(POC,particulateinorganiccarbon(PIC),Chl-a, lithogenicparticles,etc.),andmineralcomposition.Itallowedustorevealthe sourcesoftheSPMandthefeaturesofthespatialandtemporalvariabilityofits concentrationandcompositionintheWhiteSea.

2MaterialsandMethods

Thematerialsforourstudywerecollectedinthe22interdisciplinaryexpeditions organizedbyIORAS(28expeditions,includingworksintheriver–seainterface) (Fig. 1).OurresearchisbasedonSPMsamplescollectedintheWhiteSeaover 2000–2014.

Fullseadepthsamplingoccurredonthebasisofthehydrooptical(transmissometers,IORAS)andhydrophysical(CTDIdronautOcean316,Sea&Sun90M,and SBE25plus)soundingprofiles.Theeffectofhydrologicalconditionsonthe formationofextremesofsuspendedmatterconcentrationwasestimated.The paper[23, 24]reportsonthehydrologyandcurrentsintheWhiteSea.Chemical compositionofparticulateanddissolvedriverrunoffispresentedinthepaper[25], phytoplanktonresearchesin[26],andbiogeochemicalprocessesin[22].Water samplesweretakenusingNiskinbottlesandRosettedevices.

TheSPMmassconcentrationwasdeterminedbythestandardtechniqueof vacuum filtrationat400mbarusingmembrane filters(diameter47mm,pore diameter0.45 μm)[1, 27, 28].Eachsample(~5L)wassimultaneously filtered throughthreeormoremembrane filters.Theconcentrationwasdeterminedby

Fig.1 ThestudysitesofSPMintheWhiteSeaduring28expeditionsofIORAS,2000–2014

weighingthe filterswithinaccuracy 0.01mg,correlatingwiththevolumeof filteredwater.Totalnumberofsamplesis3,500.

TheMultisizer™ 3modi ficationofaCoultercounter®,BeckmanCoulter,USA (~2,000samples),wasusedtodeterminetheconcentrationbyvolumeandgrain-size (intherangeof2–60 μm)oftheSPM[14, 29].Thedevicewascalibratedonboard thevesselusingastandardlatexsuspensionwithanominalparticlesizeof5 μm (Coulter® CCSizeStandardL5).

SPMgrain-size(1.22–118 μm)measurementinfreshriverwaterswascarriedout usingaMalvern3600Ec,UK,laserdiffractionanalyzer(15samples).

Forthetotalcountofthemicroorganisms,watersampleswere filteredthrough MilliporeISOPOREblackpolycarbonate filters25mmindiameterwithaporesize of0.2 μm(246samples).Formoredetailssee[30, 31].

TheconcentrationofChl-aandpheophytin “a” (Pheo-a)wasdeterminedinthe sampleswith fluorometry(withextractionin90%acetone)onaTrilogy1.1 fluorometer,TurnerDesigns,USA,accordingtotheapproachdescribedin[32].The fluorometerwascalibratedusingthestandardpowderChl-a,C6144–IMGSigma, Austria.TheshareofPheo-a(%)wascalculatedfromthesumofChl-aandPheo-a. BeforedeterminationoftheChl-aconcentration,POC,PIC,anditsisotopic composition(δ13CPOC),watersampleswere filteredunderavacuumof200mbar throughWhatmanGF/Fglass fiber filters(diameter47mm,nominalporesizeof 0.7 μm)precombustedat450 Cfor4h.

ThePOCandbulkparticulatecarbonweredeterminedbytheautomaticcoulometricmethodonanAN7560carbonanalyzer,Russia.Then,thePICwasdetermined asthedifferencebetweenthesetwovalues.Foraconcentrationof30–100 μgC/L,the accuracywas 15%,andthemeasurementrangewas5–500 μgC/L.ThePOM contentwasdeterminedasPOC 2[33].

Valuesof δ13СPOC weredeterminedafterconventionalpreparationofsampleson aDeltaPlusmassspectrometer,Germany,usingthePDBstandardwithanaccuracy of 0.2‰ [18, 22, 31].

TheSi,Al,andPcontentintheSPMweredeterminedbythephotometricmethod inlinewiththeprocedure[34]andmodi fiedforsmallweighedportionsatthe filter byIsaevaandLukashin,IORAS[35].Theaccuracyofthismethodis 15%.We useAlasatraceroflithogenicparticles.WeusetheuppercontinentalcrustAl contentof8.04%tocalculatelithogenicphaseofSPM[36].

ThecompositionandmorphologyoftheindividualparticlesoftheSPMwere studiedbyuseoftheVEGA-3semTESCANscanningelectronmicroscope,Czechia, equippedwiththeX-rayspectralmicroprobeOxfordINCAEnergy350,Great Britain.

X-raypowderdiffractometrywasusedtostudythemineralcompositionofthe SPM:DRON-2.0X-raydiffractometer,Russia,andBrukerD8Advancesystem, Germany[37].

DataobtainedwithaMODIS-Aquasatelliteoceancolorscanner(http:// oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/)wereusedtoanalyzethearealdistributionofwater temperature,Chl-a,andSPM,inthesurfacewaterlayer.Imagesofthedistribution

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MAXWELL, DONALD.[2] Last crusade. il *$7.50 Lane 940.356

20–20028

“With 100 sketches in colour, monochrome and line made by the author in the autumn and winter of 1918, when sent on duty to Palestine by the admiralty for the Imperial war museum ” reads the informing sub-title of this book. The author further informs us that hostilities were over when he reached his destination and he had to hurry up with his pictures and get over the ground as quickly as possible. He thus obtained glimpses of things and places from every point of view without rhyme or reason and found, in sorting out his drawings, that he was much better off than he would have been with more leisure. The pictures with his diary and explanatory notes make the story of the “Last crusade.” The contents are: Over old roads;

Pisgah Heights; The streets of Askelon; Chariots of iron; Abana and Pharpar; The glory of Lebanon; The coasts of Tyre and Sidon; Seaplane ships; The gates of Gaza; Armageddon; The valley of death; In terra pax.

MAXWELL, WILLIAM BABINGTON.

For better, for worse (Eng title, Remedy against sin). *$2 (1c) Dodd

20–8240

A story based on the injustice of the English divorce law. Feeling herself unloved and unwanted in her own home, Claire Gilmour marries Roderick Vaughan. She knows nothing of marriage and the feeling of admiration and affection which she had confused with love quickly dies. Roddy is a spendthrift and a brute. He squanders all of Claire’s fortune he can lay his hands on and bullies her into giving him more by threatening to take her child from her. She endures every indignity, but the members of her family, who had disapproved of the marriage, are set absolutely against divorce. Roddy goes to America and Claire learns the meaning of peace. He returns and consents to a divorce, but withdraws his consent when Claire inherits money and brings a counter charge of infidelity against her, quite false but easily proved true in court. Roddy and Claire are both declared unfaithful and hence forced to live in wedlock. Claire takes the one way open and goes away with the man who loves her and whose career has been ruined by the divorce scandal.

“The author who sets out deliberately to write a novel with a purpose must content himself with being a little less than an artist, a little more than a preacher. In ‘A remedy against sin’ Mr W. B. Maxwell has chosen to obscure his talents under a wig and gown that

he may deliver a tremendous attack against the monstrous injustice of our present divorce laws. Up to a certain point we must admit that ‘A remedy against sin’ is a great deal better than the majority of novels.” K. M.

Ath p543 Ap 23 ’20 780w

“The end is one that few novelists would have the courage to record, but it is a logical end, although it is not one that readers who seek for a novel with a ‘high moral purpose ’ will approve. But since Mr Maxwell is writing the truth about life, he has made convincing the culmination of the tragic tale of the marriage of Roderick Vaughan and Claire Gilmour.” E. F. E.

Boston Transcript p4 O 6 ’20 1300w

“One of the strongest pleas ever made against the existing law in England. As a work of art the novel suffers little from the evident propaganda, because of the clearness of characterization, and the gradual working out of an inevitable crisis in an intolerable situation.”

Ind 104:384 D 11 ’20 130w

“One thing about this new novel cannot, in view of its subject, be too strongly emphasized, and that one thing is this: it is absolutely clean. Admirable in its construction, sane and realistic in its development, intensely interesting from beginning to end, this new novel by W. B. Maxwell is a thoughtful, conscientious and notable book, a book worthy of the man who wrote ‘In cotton wool’ and ‘Mrs Thompson.’”

N Y Times p22 S 26 ’20 1100w

“A more moving fiction character than Claire is not often drawn and all the more so that the author refrains from forcing the note of pathos. There are a few passages in the book that may offend taste by their baldness of statement, but the impact and purport of the novel are the reverse of immoral.”

Outlook 126:333 O 20 ’20 150w

“The character drawing is vivid and satiric. As in other books of Mr Maxwell, the tale unfolds with flawless logic—it has the inevitability of a Greek tragedy.”

Pub W 98:1193 O 16 ’20 300w

“Mr Maxwell’s novel with a purpose is entirely free from that suspicion of dullness which, not always with justice, attaches to this type of fiction.”

Sat R 129:393 Ap 24 ’20 540w

“The story is told at great length and with considerable attention to detail, but it is difficult to feel great interest in the heroine, whose anæmic personality pervades the whole atmosphere of the book and increases its dreariness.”

Spec 124:798 Je 12 ’20 120w

“The narrative is well handled related with force and yet with restraint. The book will, perhaps, excite more curiosity than corrective resolution. But it is at least reasonably lifelike and convincing.”

Springf’d Republican p9a O 31 ’20 300w

MAXWELL, WILLIAM BABINGTON. Glamour (Eng title, Man and his lesson). *$1.75 Bobbs

20–3060

“The hero of this story is a writer of popular plays who, after being jilted by a very prominent beauty in favour of a duke, marries a more common-place young woman, with whom he is exceedingly content. Unfortunately his old love whistles him back, and his fall so preys on his mind that he is about to commit suicide, when the war breaks out, and he reflects that the enemy can probably ‘do the business’ as expeditiously as he himself. His final redemption of character and his wife’s forgiveness are effectively described.” Spec

Ath p948 S 26 ’19 900w

Booklist 16:282 My ’20

Boston Transcript p8 Mr 10 ’20 1450w Lit D p120 Ap 17 ’20 2050w

“It is a good and satisfying book, full of the stuff of life, beautifully told.” Hildegarde Hawthorne

N Y Times 25:1 F 29 ’20 1100w

“Not a new story, you surmise, only the eternal triangle. But Maxwell has seen it from a new angle.” Katharine Oliver

Pub W 97:601 F 21 ’20 360w

Spec 123:478 O 11 ’19 90w

“Mr Maxwell presents his characters with an imaginative intensity and emotional fidelity that win the reader’s sympathy with them in their dilemmas.”

Springf’d Republican p11a Mr 21 ’20 320w

“In this latter part of the story there are some fine descriptions of phases of the Somme battles; moreover, the change in Bryan from selfishness to altruism and nobility of outlook merging into warweariness and a more wholesome selfishness, is excellently given.” The Times [London] Lit Sup p484 S 11

20–18409

In his introduction the author bewails the triumph of the teetotaller and the fact that “perfect social reform casteth out conviviality.” “In this book,” he says, “I have tried to offer to my readers practically the whole cream of our convivial songs. But ... I tried to omit everything that was not English in its spirit and in its authorship.... I have compromised to the extent of admitting poems by Scotsmen and Irishmen, while excluding their work when in dialect.... There are some good American drinking songs, but a prohibitionist nation does not deserve to be represented in the jolliest book in the world.” Only a few modern songs have been included, for the author holds that they lack spontaneity and appear to have been written out of pleasant affectation or in order to point a moral. There is an index of first lines.

Ath p1385 D 19 ’19 180w

Booklist 17:62 N ’20 Cath World 112:406 D ’20 120w

“The collection is sufficiently comprehensive and sufficiently gay for all practical and abstemious purposes. ” L. B.

2:21 S 15 ’20 260w

111:278 S 4 ’20 60w

Reviewed by B: de Casseres

Reviewed by E. L. Pearson

+ + N Y Times p7 S 19 ’20 800w

Review 3:229 S 15 ’20 150w

Spec 122:116 Ja 24 ’20 200w

Times [London] Lit Sup p699 N 27

80w

20–9934

Katherine Mayo, originally prejudiced against the Y. M. C. A., went to France, so she says, on these terms: as a free agent, paying her own expenses, and only receiving from the Y. M. C. A. the right to wear its uniform and to examine its records. Her manuscript was not submitted to any member of the Y. M. C. A. for criticism or approval. The title she has given it she considers a disguised tribute: “They both wanted and expected to find the Y everywhere.... So, as naturally as breathing, always and all the time: ‘Where’s that damn Y?’” She renders a high tribute to Edward Clark Carter, “the head and shaper of the whole Y effort overseas. ” The chapters giving her impressions include: The point of view; The key man; Christmas with the A. E. F.; The post exchange; Hot water, by gosh! Never dare judge; The way the people’s money goes; How can we thank them? Contributing facts. There are an index and two appendices: A. Partial

lists of overseas Y secretaries killed and disabled in service and decorations and citations; B. Financial statement.

“A very timely and readable book.”

Booklist 16:340 Jl ’20

“The fullest, completest and most interesting account of Y. M. C. A. activities which has yet appeared.”

Ind 104:69 O 9 ’20 320w

“She tells her stories remarkably, with a crisp, dramatic style and with vivid, forceful words. The judicial quality is not often found mated in books with fire and force and vividness, but Miss Mayo has achieved their commingling, in most of her work, with very great success. ”

N Y Times 25:9 Je 27 ’20 2600w

“Miss Mayo’s narrative is of many-sided interest; in style it is both sprightly and intense; it expresses deep feeling and at the same time shows an extraordinary grasp of facts, figures, situations. Every sentence, stinging, appealing or probative, makes its impression.”

No Am 212:283 Ag ’20 1100w

“It would be difficult to imagine a more complete vindication of the work as a whole than it affords. As to the book itself, it is brilliantly written, with a vivid style, and it is full of humor and

pathos. Taken altogether, it is one of the very best war books that has appeared.” F. H. Potter

Outlook 126:66 S 8 ’20 2450w

“We hope that no one who contributed to the Y. M. C. A. war fund will be deterred by the title from reading this book; for in it will be found the most complete account of the ‘Y’ work in France that has yet been published as well as the ablest defense of its management. It is truly an inspiring story.”

R of Rs 62:223 Ag ’20 180w

“The book is frankly personal, emphasizes personalities, and in its generous hero- and heroine-worship sometimes fails to do justice to the less spectacular phases of the collective effort that made possible the achievements recorded.” J. D. Spaeth

Survey 45:72 O 9 ’20 1000w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p792 D 2 ’20 950w

MAYRAN, CAMILLE. Story of Gotton Connixloo, followed by Forgotten; tr. by Van Wyck Brooks. (Library of French fiction) *$2 Dutton

20–11072

“Although this series of translations from the French is described by the publishers as ‘illustrating the life and manners of modern France,’ the first of the two exquisite tales which make up the present volume has to do, not with France, but with Flanders. It relates the history of the bellringer’s motherless daughter, christened Marguerite, but always called Gotton Connixloo, telling of her pathetic childhood, into which there entered few caresses and little play, and of her love for the lame, red-haired smith, Luke Heemskerck, who for her sake deserted his shrewish wife and five little children. Very delicately, very surely, does the author trace the slow development of remorse and of that consciousness of sin which at last, when the German inundation swept over the countryside, caused Gotton to become a martyr, ransoming by her sacrifice the lives of all those in the village. ‘Forgotten,’ the second of the two tales, is also a story of the German invasion, but a story of a very different kind, and of a very different class of people.” N Y Times

“The first story is told with a penetrating appreciation of lowly life. The appeal of both stories is to those who appreciate artistic workmanship.”

Booklist 17:72 N ’20

“As delicate as two brooches, they are as appealing to the heart as they are fragile to the eye. Set in English by Van Wyck Brooks they constitute an unusual ornament to the library of Franco-American literature.”

Dial 70:230 F ’21 60w

“The sympathetic quality, the deep, strong feeling, the lovely style and fine artistry shown by these two simple tales make the volume a welcome and a notable one. ”

MAZZINI, GIUSEPPE.

Mazzini’s letters to an English family, 1844–1854. il *$5 Lane

21–207

In the introduction E. F. Richards, the editor of these letters, gives a short sketch of the career and character of Mazzini with their historical background and describes the various members of the English family, the Ashursts, to whom the letters were written. The value of the letters themselves, she says, lies in their exhibition of Mazzini’s character, his great and tender heart, never yet adequately shown. Explanatory paragraphs by the editor, throughout the book, help to unify the contents. The book contains several portraits of Mazzini and of the Ashurst family, and an index.

“The book has not much fresh information to offer; but it revives the Mazzini legend in all its magic.” D. L. M.

Ath p433 O 1 ’20 1750w

Booklist 17:153 Ja ’21

Boston Transcript p4 Ja 5 ’21 700w

“A notable addition to the Mazzini literature.”

Review 3:652 D 29 ’20 700w

“Mrs E. F. Richards, as editor of the ‘Letters,’ has done her work with a refreshing enthusiasm tempered with a rare conscientiousness and a notable grasp of the events as well as the personnel of her period.”

Sat R 130:240 S 18 ’20 760w

“The letters do not add much of importance to Mazzini’s biography, but they help to show why he was beloved by his friends. The editor has taken great pains with the introduction and the commentary to these interesting letters.”

Spec 125:446 O 2 ’20 180w

“The world can never know too much of a man so noble as Mazzini. His life is at once an inspiration and a warning to the world in its present condition. Almost every page is a warning to those idealists who have not learnt that the very alphabet of the art of politics is to act gradually, step by step.”

“A practical discussion of government aid in land settlement.” (Sub-title) The author is professor of rural institutions in the

University of California, and he devotes himself chiefly to the methods and results of land settlement in California, that state having taken the lead in this form of agricultural development. He also draws extensively on Australian experience. The chapters are: State aid in California due to economic and social needs; National carelessness in the disposal of public lands; Australia’s influence on the land policy of California; State aid in Italy, Denmark, Holland, and the British Isles; Methods and results of state aided settlement in Victoria; The practical teachings of Australian state aided settlement; The defects of private colonization schemes as shown by practical results in California; California’s first state settlement; Aid to farm laborers in the Durham settlement; Social progress through coöperation at Durham; The capital required by settlers; The lessons of the Durham settlement; Homes for soldiers; The function of government in social and industrial development. The California land settlement act is given in an appendix. There is no index.

A sensational appeal to the people of the United States to arise and combat the great menace of “ultra-radicalism.” Contents: The great menace; The relation of the people, labor, and capital in the impending revolution; Conditions favoring bolshevism that do not right themselves; and reasons for faith in the people; The new patriotism; Vital messages of religion for today; Appendix: a citizen’s working creed.

Nation 111:109 Jl 24 ’20 240w

R

of Rs 61:671 Je ’20 50w

MEADER, STEPHEN WARREN. Black buccaneer.

il *$1.75 Harcourt

20–16856

The story of a New England boy of colonial days who is kidnapped from an island off the Maine coast by pirates. Among the cruel and bloodthirsty crew he finds one friend, Job Howland, a New Englander who is ready to abandon his reckless career. After a terrible sea fight the two make their escape but Jeremy is recaptured and there is every reason to believe Job dead. His life is now more filled with danger than before but a companion is brought to join him, young Bob Curtis of Delaware, who is held for ransom. In the meantime Job, who has escaped, joins Bob’s father in his search for his son and the two boys are rescued. The pirates are captured, Jeremy returns to his home and the buried treasure for which the pirates had sought is found on the very island from which Jeremy had been taken.

MEARS, DAVID OTIS. David Otis Mears, D. D.,

an autobiography, 1842–1893. il *$1.50 (2½c)

Pilgrim press

20–9024

The autobiography is an incomplete record of Dr Mears’ life, written for his children. It is edited and supplemented with a memoir and notes by H. A. Davidson. The whole commemorates the career of a successful minister who was “preeminently a man of vision, of decision, of action.” (Editor’s note) The book falls into two parts: The autobiography, 1842–1893; and the Chapters by the editor. The appendix contains appreciations and resolutions and a list of publications written or edited by Dr Mears. There are five illustrations.

“As a piece of agreeable autobiography the pages by Dr Mears are unusually interesting.”

Bib World 54:651 N ’20 100w

“The biography has many interesting features.”

Boston Transcript p8 S 15 ’20 320w

MECKLIN, JOHN MOFFATT. Introduction to social ethics. *$3 (1½c) Harcourt 20–8267

In defining democracy the author holds that equity is more fundamental to it than popular sovereignty and that the insistence of equality must be limited to equality of opportunities. “Deeper than the notion of popular rule or of equality is that of fraternity, of spiritual and moral like-mindedness.” On this basis he looks upon the development of a social conscience as the task of democracy. Part 1 of the book which is Historical and introductory contains: The problem of democracy; The religious background; Calvinism; The triumph of individualism; The great society; Our uncertain morality. Part 2. Psychological, contains: The organization of the moral sentiments; The social conscience; Public opinion and the social conscience; Limitations of the social conscience; The problem of moral progress. Part 3, The social order, contains: The rôle of the institution in the moral economy; The individual, and the institution; The home; The ecclesiastical ethic; The school and the social conscience; The ethics of private property; Mechanism and morals; The worker and the machine process; The ethics of business enterprise; The problem of the city; Political obligation in American democracy. There is a bibliography at the end of each chapter, with a list of magazine articles and there is an index.

“Professor Mecklin’s book, like every other that is vital, contains many provocations to controversy, but from beginning to end it moves in a healthy atmosphere. It is an educative book, not a package of predigested dogmas.” A. W. Small

Am J Soc 26:245 S ’20 550w

“Largely theoretical; will appeal to the reflective reader.”

Booklist 17:49 N ’20

“For a treatise on ethics, it is exceptionally interesting; it is unusually well written; it is peculiarly free from the conventional jargon of the schools; in short, it is a very readable book. The main criticism to which he exposes himself is that he does not go far enough, and that he stops short of the natural conclusion of his own logic.” R: Roberts

Freeman

1:596 S 1 ’20 1450w

“The book offers much good material for college classes and the references at the end of each chapter make it still more useful in this respect. It is a welcome sign of broader ethical interest by the teacher and a contribution to further development of the field.” J. H. Tufts

Int J Ethics 31:111 O ’20 750w

“The book is excellently written and will be enjoyed by moderate liberals, who will find in it abundant matter with which to buttress their liberalism. To the more radical-minded the book will make little appeal.”

Nation 111:381 O 6 ’20 610w

“‘An introduction to social ethics’ is one of the most interesting and valuable [volumes dealing with the subject] that have appeared recently.”

Springf’d Republican p10 Jl 9 ’20 220w

“The chapters entitled Mechanism and morals and The workers and the machine process are particularly good. The chapter on Public

Survey 44:501 Jl 3 ’20 350w

“A comprehensive and useful survey of its subject.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p879 D 23 ’20 160w

MEES, CHARLES EDWARD KENNETH.

Organization of industrial scientific research. *$2

McGraw 601

20–5221

“‘Conceding the value of a research laboratory, the head of a large manufacturing firm will ask: “What will it cost?... Where shall I get the men?... What should it do? What may I expect to get from it, and when?... What should be its organization?” It is to answer these questions that this book has been written.’ The discussion is based on an extensive study of laboratories both in this country and abroad.” Booklist

+ opinion sounds somewhat less in touch than the other chapters with the realities of today through its omission of the hurtful effects of the various kinds of war propaganda and wartime coercion. The best thing about the book is its repeated insistence upon a positive and creative conception of democracy.” H: Neumann

Booklist 16:303 Je ’20

“The scope of the book and the method of presentment employed in its preparation are excellent, and both industrialists and scientific workers will find it interesting and informative. It is thought, however, that most of its readers will regret that the author has given such brief treatment to certain of the aspects of the subject, that no attention is accorded to the co-ordination of research, and that more space is not devoted to the systematic collection and distribution of scientific information.” W.

Chemical &

Engineering 23:641 S 29 ’20 270w

“The scope of the book and the sequence of chapters are admirable. Many readers will doubtless wish that the author had gone further into detail than is the case in many chapters. In general, however, the book bears the marks of experience throughout, and will well repay perusal.” A. P. M. Fleming

Nature 105:771 Ag 19 ’20 650w

“Clearly, forcefully, tersely written, this book merits a wide reading in professional and business circles.” O. T.

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