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Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages
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ISBN: 978-0-323-60885-5
Executive Content Strategist: Sonya Seigafuse
Content Development Manager: Lisa Newton
Senior Content Development Specialist: Tina Kaemmerer, Charlene Ketchum
Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy
Project Manager: Mike Sheets
Design Direction: Ryan Cook
Printed in the United States of America
IFC
IV Compatibilities
The IV compatibility table provides data when 2 or more medications are given in a Y-site of administration. The data in this table largely represent physical incompatibilities (e.g., haze, precipitate, change in color). Therapeutic incompatibilities have not been included, so when using the table, professional judgement should be exercised.
C Physically compatible via Y-site administration.
I Physically incompatible.
N Information on compatibility not available or conflicting
Dextrose 5% Sodium Chloride
Tigecycline
Tobramycin
Vancomycin
Newly Approved Medications
Abaloparatide (Tymlos)
Avelumab (Bavencio)
Betarixaban (Bevyxxa)
Treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture
A monoclonal antibody for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma
Factor Xa inhibitor for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism
∗Bezlotoxumab (Zinplava) A monoclonal antibody to reduce recurrence of C difficile infection
Brigatinib (Alunbrig)
Brodalumab (Sililq)
Treatment on NSCLC who have progressed or are intolerant to crizotinib
An IL-17RA antagonist for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
∗Cerliponase alfa (Brineura) Slow loss of ambulation tripeptidyl peptidase 1 deficiency
Clevidipine (Cleviprex)
∗Deflazacort (Emflaza)
Delafloxacin (Baxdela)
Management of hypertension when oral therapy not feasible
An oral corticosteroid for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
A fluoroquinolone for treatment of skin and skin structure infections
∗Deutetrabenazine (Austedo) A VMAT2 inhibitor for chorea associated with Huntington’s disease
∗Dupilumab (Dupixent)
Durvalumab (Imfinzi)
∗Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv)
Guselkumab (Tremfya)
Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (Harvoni)
Midostaurin (Rydapt)
Naldemedine (Symproic)
Naloxegol (Movantik)
Neratinib (Nerlynx)
Niraparib (Zejula)
Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus)
Olaratumab (Lartruvo)
Plecanatide (Trulance)
Ponatinib (Iclusig)
Ribociclib (Kisqali)
Rucaparib (Rubraca)
An IL-4RA antagonist for moderate to severe eczema (atopic dermatitis)
Treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma
A calcium sensing receptor agonist for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis
Interleukin blocker for treatment of adulst with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotypes 1,4,5,6
Kinase inhibitor for treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia
An opioid antagonist for opioid-induced constipation
Treatment of opioid induced constipation for chronic pain
Kinase inhibitor for extended adjuvant treatment of breast cancer
A PARP inhibitor for recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer
A monoclonal antibody for relapsing or primary progressive forms of multiple sclerosis
A PDGFR-alpha blocking antibody for soft tissue sarcoma
A guanylate cyclase-C agonist for chronic idiopathic constipation
Kinase inhibitor for treatment of acute lymphoblastic and chronic myeloid leukemia
A kinase inhibitor for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer
An oral PARP inhibitor for certain types of advanced ovarian cancer
Safinamide (Xadago)
Sarilumab (Kevzara)
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir (Vosevi)
∗Telotristat (Xermelo)
Valbemazine (Ingrezza)
Ziv-Aflibercept (Zaltrap)
∗ Featured on Evolve only
An MAO-B inhibitor for Parkinson’s patients experiencing “off” episodes
Treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis
Fixed combination for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
An oral tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor for carcinoid syndrome diarrhea
A selective VMATZ inhibitor for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia
Treatment of colorectal cancer, metastatic
Author Biographies
Robert (Bob) J. Kizior, BS, RPh
Bob graduated from the University of Illinois School of Pharmacy and is licensed to practice in the state of Illinois. He has worked as a hospital pharmacist for more than 40 years at Alexian Brothers Medical Center in Elk Grove Village, Illinois a suburb of Chicago. Bob is the Pharmacy Surgery Coordinator for the Department of Pharmacy, where he participates in educational programs for pharmacists, nurses, physicians, and patients. He plays a major role in coordinating pharmacy services in the OR satellite. Bob is a former adjunct faculty member at William Rainey Harper Community College in Palatine, Illinois.
An avid sports fan, Bob also has eclectic tastes in music that range from classical, big band, rock ‘n’ roll, and jazz to country and western. Bob spends much of his free time reviewing the professional literature to stay current on new drug information.
Keith J. Hodgson, RN, BSN, CCRN
Keith was born into a loving family in Chicago, Illinois. His mother, Barbara B. Hodgson, was an author and publisher of several medication products, and her work has been a part of his life since he was a child. By the time he was 4 years old, Keith was already helping his mother with the drug cards by stacking the draft pages that were piled up throughout their home.
Because of his mother’s influence, Keith contemplated becoming a nurse in college, but his mind was fully made up after he shadowed his sister in the Emergency Department. Keith received his Associates Degree in Nursing from Hillsborough Community College and his Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida. Keith started his career in the Emergency Department and now works in the Trauma/Neurological/Surgical Intensive Care Unit at St. Joseph’s Hospital in Tampa, Florida.
Keith’s favorite interests include music, reading, Kentucky basketball, and, if he gets the chance, watching every minute of the Olympic Games.
Reviewers
Janis McMillan, MSN, RN, CNE, Associate Clinical Professor, Northern Arizona University School of Nursing, Flagstaff, Arizona
Shelby Bottemiller, PharmD, Clinical Adjunct Faculty, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
Judith L. Myers, MSN, RN, Formerly, Assistant Professor of Nursing, Grand View University, Des Moines, Iowa
Consultants*
Katherine B. Barbee, MSN, ANP, F-NP-C, Kaiser Permanente, Washington, District of Columbia
Marla J. DeJong, RN, MS, CCRN, CEN, Capt, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
Diane M. Ford RN, MS, CCRN, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan
Denise D. Hopkins, PharmD, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas
Barbara D. Horton, RN, MS, Arnot Ogden Medical Center School of Nursing, Elmira, New York
Mary Beth Jenkins, RN, CCRN, CAPA, Elliott One Day Surgery Center, Manchester, New Hampshire
Kelly W. Jones, PharmD, BCPS, McLeod Family Medicine Center, McLeod Regional Medical Center, Florence, South Carolina
Linda Laskowski-Jones, RN, MS, CS, CCRN, CEN, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
Jessica K. Leet, RN, BSN, Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
Judith L. Myers, MSN, RN, Health Sciences Center, St. Louis University School of Nursing, St. Louis, Missouri
Kimberly R. Pugh, MSEd, RN, BS, Nurse Consultant, Baltimore, Maryland
Regina T. Schiavello, BSN, RNC, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Gregory M. Susla, PharmD, FCCM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
*The author acknowledges the work of the consultants in previous edition(s)
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my co-author Bob Kizior for his knowledge, experience, support, and friendship. We would like to give special thanks to Sonya Seigafuse, Charlene Ketchum, Julie Eddy, Mike Sheets, and the entire Elsevier team for their superior dedication, hard work, and belief in us. Without this wonderful team, none of this would be possible.
Keith
J.Hodgson, RN, BSN, CCRN
Dedication
I dedicate my work to the practicing nurse, those aspiring to become nurses, and to all health care professionals who are dedicated to the art and science of healing.
Bob Kizior, BS, RPh
I dedicate this work to my sister, Lauren, a foundation for our family; my sister, Kathryn, for her love and support; my father, David Hodgson, the best father a son could have; my brothers-in-law, Andy and Jim, great additions to the family; the grandchildren, Paige Olivia, Logan James, Ryan James, and Dylan Boyd; to Jen Nicely for always being there; and to my band of brothers, Peter, Jamie, Miguel, Ritch, George, Jon, Domingo, Ben, Craig, Pat, and Shay.
We also make a special dedication to Barbara B. Hodgson, RN, OCN. She truly was a piece of something wonderful. Barbara often gave her love and support without needing any in return, and would do anything for a smile. Not only was she a colleague and a friend, she was also a small business owner, an artist, a dreamer, and an innovator. We hope the pride we offer in her honor comes close to what she always gave us. Her dedication and perseverance lives on.
Keith J. Hodgson, RN, BSN, CCRN
Bibliography
Lexi-Comp's Drug Information Handbook, ed 26, 2017–2018, Lexi–Comp, Hudson, OH
Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics: 2016,–2017, Pharmacists Letter:, 2017
L A Trissel, Handbook of Injectable Drugs, ed 19, 2016, American Society of Health–System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD
IllustrationCredits
Kee et al., 2012, J.L. Kee, E.R. Hayes, L.E. McCuiston Pharmacology: A Nursing Process Approach, ed 7, 2012, Saunders , Philadelphia Mosby’s GenRx, ed 12, 2004, Mosby, St Louis
Preface
Nurses are faced with the ever-challenging responsibility of ensuring safe and effective drug therapy for their patients. Not surprisingly, the greatest challenge for nurses is keeping up with the overwhelming amount of new drug information, including the latest FDA-approved drugs and changes to already approved drugs, such as new uses, dosage forms, warnings, and much more. Nurses must integrate this information into their patient care quickly and in an informed manner.
Saunders Nursing Drug Handbook 2019 is designed as an easy-to-use source of current drug information to help the busy nurse meet these challenges. What separates this book from others is that it guides the nurse through patient care to better practice and better care.
This handbook contains the following:
1. An IV compatibility chart. This handy chart is bound into the handbook to prevent accidental loss.
2. The Drug Classifications section. The action and uses for some of the most common clinical and pharmacotherapeutic classes are presented. Unique to this handbook, each class provides an at-a-glance table that compares all the generic drugs within the classification according to product availability, dosages, side effects, and other characteristics. Its half-page color tab ensures you can’t miss it!
3. An alphabetical listing of drug entries by generic name. Red letter thumb tabs help you page through this section quickly. Information on medications that contain a Black Box Alert is an added feature of the drug entries. This alert identifies those medications for which the FDA has issued a warning that the drugs may cause serious adverse effects. Tall Man lettering, with emphasis on certain syllables to avoid confusing similar sounding/looking medications, is shown in slim red capitalized letters (e.g., *acetaZOLAMIDE). High Alert drugs with a color icon
are considered dangerous by The Joint Commission and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) because if they are administered incorrectly, they may cause life-threatening or permanent harm to the patient. The entire High Alert generic drug entry sits on a red-shaded background so that it’s easy to spot! To make scanning pages easier, each new entry begins with a shaded box containing the generic name, pronunciation, trade name(s), fixed combination(s), and classification(s).
4. A comprehensive reference section. Appendixes include vital information on calculation of doses; controlled drugs; chronic wound care; drugs of abuse; equi- analgesic dosing; herbals: common natural medicines; lifespan, cultural aspects, and pharmacogenomics of drug therapy; normal laboratory values; cytochrome P450 enzymes; antidotes or reversal agents; preventing medication errors; parenteral fluid administration; and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).
5. Drugs by Disorder. You’ll find Drugs by Disorder in the front of the book for easy reference. It lists common disorders and the drugs most often used for treatment.
6. The index. The comprehensive index is located at the back of the book on light red pages. Undoubtedly the best tool to help you navigate the handbook, the comprehensive index is organized by showing generic drug names in bold, trade names in regular type, classifications in italics, and the page number of the main drug entry listed first and in bold.
ADetailedGuidetotheSaundersNursingDrugHandbook
An intensive review by consultants and reviewers helped us to revise the Saunders Nursing Drug Handbook so that it is most useful in both educational and clinical practice. The main objective of the handbook is to provide essential drug information in a user-friendly format. The bulk of the handbook contains an alphabetical listing of drug entries by generic name.
To maintain the portability of this handbook and meet the challenge of keeping content current, we have also included additional information for some medications on the Evolve® Internet site. Users can also choose from 100 monographs for the most commonly used medications and customize and print drug cards. Evolve® also includes drug alerts (e.g., medications removed from the market) and drug updates (e.g., new drugs, updates on existing entries). Information is periodically added, allowing the nurse to keep abreast of current drug information.
We have incorporated the IV Incompatibilities/Compatibilities heading. The drugs listed in this section are compatible or incompatible with the generic drug when administered directly by IV push, via a Y-site, or via IV piggyback. We have highlighted the intravenous drug administration and handling information with a special heading icon and have broken it down by Reconstitution, Rate of Administration, and Storage.
We present entries in an order that follows the logical thought process the nurse undergoes whenever a drug is ordered for a patient:
•What is the drug?
•How is the drug classified?
•What does the drug do?
• What is the drug used for?
• Under what conditions should you not use the drug?
• How do you administer the drug?
• How do you store the drug?
• What is the dose of the drug?
• What should you monitor the patient for once he or she has received the drug?
• What do you assess the patient for?
• What interventions should you perform?
• What should you teach the patient?
The following are included within the drug entries:
Generic Name, Pronunciation, Trade Names. Each entry begins with the generic name and pronunciation, followed by the U.S. and Canadian trade names. Exclusively Canadian trade names are followed by a red maple leaf . Trade names that were most prescribed in the year 2016 are underlined in this section.
Black Box Alert. This feature highlights drugs that carry a significant risk of serious or life-threatening adverse effects. Black Box Alerts are ordered by the FDA.
Do Not Confuse With. Drug names that sound similar to the generic and/or trade names are listed under this heading to help you avoid potential medication errors.
Fixed-Combination Drugs. Where appropriate, fixed-combinations, or drugs made up of two or more generic medications, are listed with the generic drug.
Pharmacotherapeutic and Clinical Classification Names. Each entry includes both the pharmacotherapeutic and clinical classifications for the generic drug.
Action/Therapeutic Effect. This section describes how the drug is predicted to behave, with the expected therapeutic effect(s) under a separate heading.
Pharmacokinetics. This section includes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and half-life of the medication. The half-life is bolded in red for easy access.
Uses/Off-Label. The listing of uses for each drug includes both the FDA uses and the off-label uses. The off-label heading is shown in bold red for emphasis.
Precautions. This heading incorporates a discussion about when the generic drug is contraindicated or should be used with caution. The cautions warn the nurse of specific situations in which a drug should be closely monitored.
Lifespan Considerations .This section includes pregnancy/lactation data and age-specific information concerning children and elderly people.
Interactions. This heading enumerates drug, food, and herbal interactions with the generic drug. As the number of medications a patient receives increases, awareness of drug interactions becomes more important. Also included is information about therapeutic and toxic blood levels in addition to the altered lab values that show what effects the drug may have on lab results.
Product Availability. Each drag monograph gives the form and availability of the drug. The icon identifies noncrushable drug forms.
Administration/Handling. Instructions for administration are given for each route of administration (e.g., IV, IM, PO, rectal). Special handling, such as refrigeration, is also included where applicable. The routes in this section are always presented in the order IV, IM, SQ, and PO, with subsequent routes in alphabetical order (e.g., Ophthalmic, Otic, Topical). IV administration is broken down by reconstitution, rate of administration (how fast the IV should be given), and storage (including how long the medication is stable once reconstituted).
IV Incompatibilities/IV Compatibilities . These sections give the nurse the most comprehensive compatibility information possible when administering medications by direct IV push, via a Y-site, or via IV piggyback.
Indications/Routes/Dosage. Each entry provides specific dosing guidelines for
adults, elderly, children, and patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment. Dose modification for toxicity has been added where applicable. Dosages are clearly indicated for each approved indication and route.
Side Effects. Side effects are defined as those responses that are usually predictable with the drug, are not life-threatening, and may or may not require discontinuation of the drug. Unique to this handbook, side effects are grouped by frequency listed from highest occurrence percentage to lowest so that the nurse can focus on patient care without wading through myriad signs and symptoms of side effects.
Adverse Effects/Toxic Reactions. Adverse effects and toxic reactions are very serious and often life-threatening undesirable responses that require prompt intervention from a health care provider.
Nursing Considerations. Nursing considerations are organized as care is organized. That is:
• What needs to be assessed or done before the first dose is administered? (Baseline Assessment)
• What interventions and evaluations are needed during drug therapy? (Intervention/Evaluation)
• What explicit teaching is needed for the patient and family? (Patient/Family Teaching)
Saunders Nursing Drug Handbook is an easy-to-use source of current drug information for nurses, students, and other health care providers. It is our hope that this handbook will help you provide quality care to your patients.
We welcome any comments you may have that would help us to improve future editions of the handbook. Please contact us via the publisher at http://evolve.elsevier.com/SaundersNDH
Relieve symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. These symptoms include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, pruritus, sneezing, postnasal drip, nasal pain.
Allergic rhinitis or hay fever is an inflammation of the nasal airways occurring when an allergen (e.g., pollen) is inhaled. This triggers antibody production. The antibodies bind to mast cells, which contain histamine. Histamine is released, causing symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
Action
Intranasal corticosteroids: Depress migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and fibroblasts, reverse capillary permeability, and stabilize nasal membranes to prevent/control inflammation. First-line therapy for moderate to severe symptoms or where nasal congestion is the dominant complaint.
Intranasal antihistamines: Reduce histamine-mediated symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including pruritus, sneezing, rhinorrhea, watery eyes. Second-line therapy for intermittent nasal symptoms where congestion is not dominant.
Intranasal mast cell stabilizers: Inhibit the mast cell release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
Intranasal anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine in the nasal mucosa. Effective in treating rhinorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis.
Intranasal decongestants: Vasoconstrict the respiratory mucosa, provide shortterm relief of nasal congestion. Used only as adjuvant therapy for 3–5 days.
Oral antihistamines: First line therapy for mild symptoms or where sneezing/itching is primary complaint.
Oral decongestants: For primary complaint of nasal congestion.
Corticosteroids—Intranasal
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indeed, most unexpected. Before this matter had been settled the German Minister was killed. Suddenly meeting this affair caused us deep grief. We ought vigorously to seek the murderer and punish him.' No more. The date July 18; the murder June 20!
"Yet even in this decree there was a complete 'volte-face.' Missionaries who were by the decree of July 2 'to be at once driven away to their own countries' were by the decree of July 18 'to be protected in every province,' 'to be protected without the least carelessness.' The truculence and belligerence of the decrees issued when our troops had been driven back had disappeared; the tone now was one of justification and conciliation. Only one interpretation was possible that the Chinese had been defeated. Confirmation came the same day. A messenger sent out by the Japanese successfully passed the enemy's lines and brought us the news that we had so long awaited. … By the same messenger a letter was received by the French Minister. … The same messenger also brought to the Belgian Minister a despatch from his Consul at Tien-tsin. … Days followed quietly now, though 'sniping' did not cease. Several casualties occurred among the garrison. A Russian was killed and an Austrian wounded; an Italian wounded and also a Japanese. In the Fu it was still dangerous for the Christian refugees to move about, and several were hit and two killed. But the Yamên became more and more conciliatory, until we could gauge the advance of the reliefs by the degree of apology in their despatches. But all supplies were rigorously cut off, and the sufferings of the Christians were acute. …
"On the 22nd Sir Robert Hart received a despatch from the Tsung-li-Yamên. They naïvely remarked that it was now one month since they had heard from him, and his silence gave them concern for his welfare. Moreover, a report had just reached them that his house had been burned, but they expressed the hope that he and al his staff were well. Another despatch requested his advice upon a Customs question that had arisen in
Shanghai. Sir Robert Hart wrote a dignified reply. For more than a month, he said, he had been a refugee in the British Legation with all his staff, having had to flee from his house without warning; that all Customs records and papers, and every paper and letter of value that he had accumulated during a lifetime, had been destroyed; that not only his house, but some 19 other buildings in the occupation of his staff had been burned with all their contents; that the acting postal secretary had been killed by a shell, and two other members of his staff Mr. Richardson and Mr. Macoun had been wounded by bullets. …
"Meanwhile, the armistice continued, if armistice it can be called where true armistice there was none. Desultory firing continued, and sniping was still the chief pastime at the Chinese outposts. Friendly relations were, however, opened with some Chinese soldiers in the Fu. A Japanese Volunteer established a bureau of intelligence to which the enemy's soldiers had access. One soldier was especially communicative, and earned high reward for the valuable information that he conveyed to us. For a week from July 26 to August 2 daily bulletins based upon this information of the advance of the relief column were posted on the bell tower of the British Legation.
{127}
An unbroken series of victories was attending our relief forces. … Letters were given to the soldier to take to the General of the relief column, and a reward offered if an answer should be brought next day, but no answer was ever brought. Our informant had brought the armies along too quickly. He was compelled to send them back. Accordingly on the 31st he made the Chinese recapture Chang-chia-wan, killing 60 of the foreigners; advancing upon Matou he killed 70 foreigners more, and drove them back to An-ping. Next day he drove the foreigners disastrously back to Tien-tsin with a loss of 1,000. The day was equally disastrous to himself. Our informant had killed the goose that lay the golden egg. For a
messenger arrived on that day with letters from Tien-tsin, dated July 30, informing us that a large force was on the point of leaving for our relief. … Meanwhile, while our informant was marching our relief backwards and forwards to Tien-tsin, Prince Ching and others were vainly urging the Ministers to leave Peking, but whether they left Peking or not they were to hand over the Christian refugees now under the protection of the Legations to the mercies of the Government, which had issued a decree commanding that they be exterminated unless they recanted their errors. In other communications Prince Ching 'and others' urged that the foreign Ministers should telegraph to their Government 'en clair' lying reports of the condition of affairs in Peking.
Two days after the cessation of hostilities Prince Ching 'and others' sent a despatch to Sir Claude MacDonald to the effect that it was impossible to protect the Ministers in Peking because 'Boxers' were gathering from all points of the compass, and that nothing would satisfy them (the 'Boxers') but the destruction of the Legations, and that the Ministers would be given safe conduct to Tien-tsin. Sir Claude, in reply, asked why it was that protection could be given to the Ministers on the way to Tien-tsin and yet could not be given to them while in the Legations in Peking. Prince Ching 'and others' replied: 'July 25, 1900. … As to the inquiry what difference there is between giving protection in the city or on the road, and why it is possible to give it in the latter, there is only an apparent discrepancy. For the being in the city is permanent, the being on the road is temporary. If all the foreign Ministers are willing to temporarily retire we should propose the route to Tung-chau and thence by boat down stream to Tien-tsin, which could be reached in only two days. No matter what difficulties there might be a numerous body of troops would be sent, half by water to form a close escort, half by road to keep all safe for a long way on both banks. Since the time would be short we can guarantee that there would be no mishap. It is otherwise with a permanent residence
in Peking, where it is impossible to foretell when a disaster may occur.' … In the envelope which brought this letter were two other communications of the same guileless nature. 'On July 24,' said the first, 'we received a telegram from Mr. Warren, British Consul-General in Shanghai, to the effect that while China was protecting the Legations no telegram had been received from the British Minister, and asking the Yamên to transmit Sir C. M. MacDonald's telegram to Shanghai. As in duty bound we communicate the above, and beg you to send a telegram "en clair" to the Yamên for transmission.' Tender consideration was shown for us in the second letter: 'For the past month and more military affairs have been very pressing. Your Excellency and other Ministers ought to telegraph home that your families are well in order to soothe anxiety, but at the present moment peace is not yet restored, and your Legation telegrams must be wholly "en clair," stating that all is well, without touching on military affairs. Under those conditions the Yamên can transmit them. The writers beg that your Excellency will communicate this to the other foreign Ministers.'
"Evasive replies were given to these communications. … Our position at this time compelled us to temporize. We knew from the alteration in tone of the Chinese despatches that they had suffered defeats and were growing alarmed, but we did not know how much longer international jealousies or difficulties of obtaining transport were to delay the departure of the troops for Tien-tsin. … Though now nominally under the protection of an armistice sniping still continued, especially in the Fu, into any exposed portion of the besieged area. … The Chinese worked on continuously at their fortifications. … Finding that the Ministers declined to telegraph to their Governments 'en clair' that all was well with the Legations, the Tsung-li-Yamên wrote to Sir Robert Hart asking him to send home a telegram in the sense they suggested. Sir Robert replied diplomatically, 'If I were to wire the truth about the Legations I should not be believed.'
"A malevolent attempt was next made by the Chinese to obtain possession of the refugees who were in our safe keeping. On July 27 they wrote to Sir Claude MacDonald saying that 'they hear that there are lodged at the Legations a considerable number of converts, and that, as 'the space is limited and weather hot, they suggest that they must be causing the Legations considerable inconvenience. And now that people's minds are quieted, these converts can all be sent out and go about their ordinary avocations. They need not have doubts or fears. If you concur, an estimate should be made of the numbers and a date fixed for letting them out. Then all will be in harmony.' The reply of the diplomatic body was to the effect that while they were considering the two last letters one offering safe conduct to Tien-tsin and the other declaring that the converts might leave the Legations in perfect security heavy firing was heard in the direction of the Pei-tang, which was evidently being attacked in force; that yesterday and last night a barricade was built across the North Bridge, from behind which shots are being continuously fired into the British Legation. The French and Russian Legations are also being fired upon. As all this seems inconsistent with the above letters, an explanation is asked for before further consideration is given to the offer. Promptly the Yamên sent its explanation. The Pei-tang refugees, it seemed, who were starving, had made a sortie to obtain food. And they had fired upon the people. 'A decree,' it went on to say, 'has now been requested to the effect that if the converts do not come out to plunder they are to be protected and not to be continually attacked, for they also are the children of the State. This practice (of continually firing upon the converts) will thus be gradually stopped.' {128}
Such a callous reply was read with indignation, and there was not the slightest intention on the part of any Minister to leave Peking. Yet on the 4th of August a decree was issued appointing Yung Lu to conduct the foreign Ministers safely to
Tien-tsin 'in order once more to show the tenderness of the Throne for the men from afar.' …
"On August 10, Friday, a messenger succeeded in passing the enemy's lines, and brought us letters from General Gaselee and General Fukushima. A strong relief force was marching to Peking, and would arrive here if nothing untoward happened on the 13th or 14th. Our danger then was that the enemy would make a final effort to rush the Legations before the arrival of reinforcements. And the expected happened. …
"Yesterday [August 13] passed under a continuous fusillade which increased during the night. Then at 3 on this morning we were all awakened by the booming of guns in the east and by the welcome sound of volley firing. Word flew round that 'the foreign troops are at the city wall and are shelling the East Gate.' At daylight most of us went on to the wall, and witnessed the shelling of the Great East Gate. We knew that the allies would advance in separate columns, and were on the qui vive of excitement, knowing that at any moment now the troops might arrive. Luncheon, the hard luncheon of horse flesh, came on, and we had just finished when the cry rang through the Legation, 'The British are coming,' and there was a rush to the entrance and up Canal-street towards the Water Gate. The stalwart form of the general and his staff were entering by the Water Gate, followed by the 1st Regiment of Sikhs and the 7th Rajputs. They passed down Canal-street, and amid a scene of indescribable emotion marched to the British Legation. The siege has been raised.
"Peking, August 15. On reading over my narrative of the siege I find that in the hurry and confusion of concluding my report I have omitted one or two things that I had wished to say. In the first place, I find that I have not in any adequate way expressed the obligation of all those confined in the British Legation to the splendid services done by the Reverend F. D. Gamewell, of the American Episcopal Mission [who was educated
as a civil engineer at Troy and Cornell], to whom was due the designing and construction of all our defences, and who carried out in the most admirable manner the ideas and suggestions of our Minister, Sir Claude MacDonald. To the Reverend Frank Norris, of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, our thanks are also specially due. He superintended, often under heavy fire, the construction of defences in the Prince's Fu and in other exposed places, working always with a courage and energy worthy of admiration. He was struck in the neck once by a segment of a shell, but escaped marvellously from serious injury. He speaks Chinese well, and Chinese worked under him with a fearlessness that few men can inspire. In the second place, I noticed that I have not sufficiently recorded the valuable services rendered by Mr. H. G. Squiers, the First Secretary of the American Legation, who on the death of Captain Strouts became Chief of the Staff to Sir Claude MacDonald. He had been for 15 years in the United States cavalry, and his knowledge and skill and the resolution with which he inspired his small body of men will not readily be forgotten. …
"To-day the Pei-tang Cathedral was relieved. Bishops, priests, and sisters had survived the siege and, thanks to the wonderful foresight of Bishop Favier, the Christians had been spared from starvation. Japanese coming down from the north of the city relieved the cathedral; French, British, and Russians from the south arrived as the siege was raised. Mines had been employed with deadly effect. The guards had lost five French killed and five Italians. Some 200 of the Christians had perished."
London Times, October 13 and 15, 1900.
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (June-December). Upright conduct of the Chinese Viceroys in the Yang-tsze provinces.
In his annual message of December 3, 1900, to Congress, referring to the occurrences in China, the President of the United States remarked with much justice: "It is a relief to recall and a pleasure to record the loyal conduct of the viceroys and local authorities of the southern and eastern provinces. Their efforts were continuously directed to the pacific control of the vast populations under their rule and to the scrupulous observance of foreign treaty rights. At critical moments they did not hesitate to memorialize the Throne, urging the protection of the legations, the restoration of communication, and the assertion of the Imperial authority against the subversive elements. They maintained excellent relations with the official representatives of foreign powers. To their kindly disposition is largely due the success of the consuls in removing many of the missionaries from the interior to places of safety." The viceroys especially referred to in this are Chang Chih-tung and Liu Kun-yi, often referred to as "the Yang-tsze viceroys."
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (July).
Speech of German Emperor to troops departing to China, commanding no quarter.
See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER 9).
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (July).
American troops sent to co-operate with those of other Powers. Capture of Tientsin by the allied forces. Death of Colonel Liscum.
Reported massacre of foreign Ministers and others in Peking. The long month of dread suspense. Overtures from Earl Li Hung-chang for negotiation.
"On the 26th of June Major Gen. Adna R Chaffee, U. S. V., was appointed to the command of the American forces in China. He
embarked from San Francisco on the 1st of July, reached Nagasaki on the 24th, and Taku, China, on the 28th. … On reaching Nagasaki he received the following instructions, dated, … July 19: 'Secretary War directs that you proceed at once with transport Grant, Sixth Cavalry, and Marines to Taku, China, and take command of American land forces, which will be an independent command known as the China relief expedition. You will find there the Ninth and Fourteenth Infantry, one battery of the Fifth Artillery, and one battalion of Marines. Sumner sailed from San Francisco July 17 with Second Battalion of Fifteenth Infantry and recruits to capacity of vessel.
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Reinforcements will follow to make your force in the immediate future up to 5,000, and very soon to 10,000. … Reports now indicate that American Minister with all the legation have been destroyed in Pekin. Chinese representative here, however, insists to the contrary, and there is, therefore, a hope which you will not lose sight of until certainty is absolute. It is the desire of this Government to maintain its relations of friendship with the part of Chinese people and Chinese officials not concerned in outrages on Americans. Among these we consider Li Hung Chang, just appointed viceroy of Chili. You will to the extent of your power aid the Government of China, or any part thereof, in repressing such outrages and in rescuing Americans, and in protecting American citizens and interests, and wherever Chinese Government fails to render such protection you will do all in your power to supply it. Confer freely with commanders of other national forces, act concurrently with them, and seek entire harmony of action along the lines of similar purpose and interest. There should be full and free conference as to operations before they are entered upon. You are at liberty to agree with them from time to time as to a common official direction of the various forces in their combined operations, preserving, however, the integrity of your own American division, ready to be used as a separate and complete organization. Much must be left to your wise discretion and that of the admiral. At all
times report fully and freely to this Department your wants and views. The President has to-day appointed you major-general of volunteers.' …
"In the meantime the Ninth Infantry, from Manila, reached Taku on the 6th of July. Two battalions of that regiment, under Colonel Liscum, pressed forward to Tientsin, reaching that point on the 11th, and on the 13th took part with the British, French, and Japanese forces in an attack upon the southwest part of the walled city of Tientsin, which had been rendered necessary by the persistent shelling of the foreign quarters, outside of the walls, on the part of the Chinese troops occupying the city. Colonel Liscum's command formed part of a brigade under General Dorward, of the British army, and was assigned to the duty of protecting the flank of the allied forces. In the performance of that duty it maintained a position under heavy fire for fifteen hours, with a loss of 18 killed and 77 wounded. Among the killed was the gallant Colonel Liscum, who thus ended an honorable service of nearly forty years, commencing in the ranks of the First Vermont Infantry at the outbreak of the civil war, and distinguished by unvarying courage, fidelity, and high character. The regiment was withdrawn from its position on the night of the 13th, and on the morning of the 14th the native city was captured, and the southeast quarter was assigned to the American forces for police and protection. …
"At the time of the capture of Tientsin the most positive and circumstantial accounts of the massacre of all the ministers and members of the legations in Pekin, coming apparently from Chinese sources, had been published, and were almost universally believed. The general view taken by the civilized world of the duty to be performed in China was not that the living representatives of the Western powers in Pekin were to be rescued, but that their murder was to be avenged and their murderers punished. In the performance of that duty time and rapidity of movement were not especially important. The
resolution of the commanders of the allied forces, communicated by Admiral Kempff on the 8th of July, to the effect that 80,000 men would be required 20,000 to hold the position from Taku to Tientsin and 60,000 to march to Pekin, while not more than 40,800 troops were expected to have arrived by the middle of August, practically abandoned all expectation of rescuing the ministers and members of the legations alive, for it proposed that after the middle of August any forward movement should be still deferred until 40,000 more troops had arrived. On the 11th of July, however, the American Secretary of State secured, through the Chinese minister at Washington, the forwarding of a dispatch in the State Department cipher to the American minister at Pekin, and on the 20th of July, pursuant to the same arrangement, an answer in cipher was received from Minister Conger, as follows: 'For one month we have been besieged in British legation under continued shot and shell from Chinese troops. Quick relief only can prevent general massacre.' This dispatch from Mr. Conger was the first communication received by any Western power from any representative in Pekin for about a month, and although it was at first received in Europe with some incredulity, it presented a situation which plainly called for the urgency of a relief expedition rather than for perfection of preparation. It was made the basis of urgent pressure for an immediate movement upon Pekin, without waiting for the accumulation of the large force previously proposed."
United States, Secretary of War, Annual Report, November 30, 1900, pages 14-16, 19-20.
As mentioned above, in the instructions of the American government to General Chaffee, the veteran Chinese statesman and diplomat, Earl Li Hung-chang, well known in Europe and America, had now been recalled by the Peking government to the viceroyalty of Chili, from which he was removed six years before, and had been given the authority of a plenipotentiary
to negotiate with the allied Powers. He addressed a proposal to the latter, to the effect that the Ministers in Peking would be delivered, under safe escort, at Tientsin, if the allies would refrain from advancing their forces to Peking. The reply from all the governments concerned was substantially the same as that made by the United States, in the following terms: "The government will not enter into any arrangement regarding disposition or treatment of legations without first having free communication with Minister Conger. Responsibility for their protection rests upon Chinese government. Power to deliver at Tientsin presupposes power to protect and to open communication. This is insisted on." Earl Li then asked whether, "if free communication were established, it could be arranged that the Powers should not advance pending negotiations," and was told in reply: "Free communication with our representatives in Peking is demanded as a matter of absolute right, and not as a favor. Since the Chinese government admits that it possesses the power to give communication, it puts itself in an unfriendly attitude by denying it. No negotiations seem advisable until the Chinese government shall have put the diplomatic representatives of the Powers in full and free communication with their respective governments, and removed all danger to their lives and liberty."
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CHINA: A. D. 1900 (July-August).
Boxer attack on the Russians in Manchuria, and Russian retaliation.
See (in this volume)
MANCHURIA: A. D. 1900.
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (August).
Appointment of Count Waldersee to command the allied forces.
Field-Marshal Count von Waldersee, appointed to command the German forces sent to China, being of higher military rank than any other of the commanding officers in that country, was proposed for the general command of the allied armies, and accepted as such. Before his arrival in China, however, many of the American, Russian, and some other troops, had been withdrawn.
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (August 4-16).
The advance of the allied forces on Peking and the capture of the city.
The following is from the report of General Chaffee, commanding the American forces in the allied movement from Tientsin, to rescue the beleaguered Legations at Peking: "On my arrival at Tientsin I called on the various generals commanding troops, and on August 1 a conference of generals was held at the headquarters of Lieutenant-General Linivitch, of the Russian army. Present at the conference were the commanding general of the Russian army and his chief of staff; Lieutenant-General Yamagutchi and his chief of staff; Major-General Fukushima, of the Japanese army; Lieutenant-General Gaselee, of the British army, and his chief of staff, General Barrow; General Frey, of the French army; the Germans were also represented by an officer of the German navy; myself and Major Jesse M. Lee, Ninth Infantry, and Lieutenant Louis M. Little, of the marines, who speaks French. The purpose of this conference was to decide whether the armies were ready to make a movement for the relief of Pekin. It was disclosed in the conference that the Japanese, whose forces occupied the right bank of the river in and about Tientsin, where also were located the British and American forces, had by various patrols determined that the Chinese were in considerable force in the vicinity of Pei-tsang, about 7 miles distance up the river from Tientsin, and that they were strengthening their position by earthworks extending from the right bank of the river westward something like 3 miles,
and from the left bank east to the railroad embankment was also being strengthened. The forces were variously estimated, from reports of Chinese, at from 10,000 to 12,000 men in the vicinity of Pei-tsang, with large bodies to the rearward as far as Yangtsun, where it was reported their main line of defenses would be encountered.
"The first question submitted for decision was 'whether a movement should be made at once,' which was decided in the affirmative, two Powers only dissenting, and these not seriously, as their doubt seemed to be that the force we could put in movement was not sufficiently strong to meet the opposition that might be expected. The decision was that the attack should be made on Sunday, August 5, and as the Japanese, British, and American forces occupied the right bank of the river, the Russians the left, the attack should be made without change of situation of the troops, the British to send four heavy guns to aid the Russian column. The strategy on the right bank of the river was left to the determination of the British, American, and Japanese generals. The force reported to the conference as available for the movement was: Japanese, about 8,000; Russian, 4,800; British, about 3,000; American, 2,100; French, 800. With special effort on the part of Captains Byron and Wood, Reilly's battery was gotten to Tientsin August 3 and assembled. We were also able to make one pack train available on the 4th, just in time to march with the column. The marines and Sixth Cavalry were gotten off the 'Grant' and to Tientsin August 3. The presence of the Sixth Cavalry at Tientsin, dismounted, enabled me to take all available men of the Ninth and Fourteenth, also all the marines except one company 100 strong, left to assist the civil government of the city. By arrangement prior to my arrival the officers selected to establish a civil government for Tientsin were to be allowed a military force, of which the United States should furnish 100. I was compelled, of course, to leave the Sixth Cavalry, because the horses had not arrived. … The troops moved out from the city of Tientsin
during the afternoon and night of August 4 and bivouacked in the vicinity of Si-ku arsenal, the same that was taken by Admiral Seymour in his retrograde movement."
The Chinese were driven from the Arsenal by the Japanese, before whom they also fell back from Pei-tsang, and the first serious battle was fought at Yang-tsun, on the 6th. Having rested at Yang-tsun and cared for its sick and wounded, on the 7th, the army moved forward on the 8th, encountered slight resistance at Shang-shia-wan on the 11th, found Tong-chow abandoned, on the 12th, and reached Pekin on the 14th, having suffered more from heat, fatigue, and the want of potable water on the march, than from "Boxers" or imperial troops.
Returning now to the report of General Chaffee, we take from it his account of the final movement to the walls of Pekin, of the forcing of the gates and of the clearing of Chinese troops from the city: "The Japanese when taking possession of Tong-Chow in the morning [of the 12th] advanced troops toward Pekin for a distance of 6½ miles. It was finally agreed that the next day, the 13th, should be devoted to reconnaissance; the Japanese should reconnoiter on the two roads to the right or north of the paved road which is just north of the canal; the Russians on the paved road, if at all; the Americans to reconnoiter on the road just south of the canal; the British a parallel road 1½ miles to the left of the road occupied by the Americans. On the 14th the armies should be concentrated on the advance line held by the Japanese, and that that evening a conference should be held to determine what the method of attack on Pekin should be. On the morning of the 13th I reconnoitered the road to be occupied by the Americans with Troop M, Sixth Cavalry, Reilly's battery, and the Fourteenth Infantry up to the point specified in our agreement, or about 7 miles from Tong-Chow. Finding no opposition, I directed the remainder of my force to march out and close in on the advance guard. This force arrived at midnight. The British reconnoitered their road with some cavalry. The Japanese
reconnoitered their front and also the front which properly belonged to the Russians.
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"For reasons unknown to me the Russians left their camp at Tong-Chow about the time that my troops were marching to close on my advance guard. They followed the road which had been assigned to them, and about nine o'clock heavy firing was heard in the vicinity of Pekin. It was the next day ascertained that they had moved forward during the previous evening and had attacked the 'Tong-pien-men Gate,' an east gate of the city near where the Chinese wall joins the Tartar wall. Very heavy artillery and considerable small-arm firing was continued throughout the night. At the time of the occurrence I supposed the firing to be the last efforts of the Chinese troops to destroy the legations. …
"The 14th being the day decided upon for the concentration on the line 7 miles from Tong-Chow, I made no preparations for carrying on any operations beyond a small reconnaissance by a troop of cavalry to my front, which duty I assigned to Captain Cabell. … My cavalry had been absent not more than an hour, when Mr. Lowry, the interpreter who had accompanied it, raced back and informed me that Captain Cabell was surrounded by Chinese cavalry. I immediately ordered a battalion of the Fourteenth Infantry to fall in, and we went forward about a mile and a half and found Captain Cabell occupying some houses, firing from the roofs on a village in his front. I insisted on the French troops giving me the road, which they reluctantly did. Having joined Cabell, I continued the reconnaissance to my front, wishing to get as near the wall of the city as I could, but not expecting to move my whole force, which was contrary to the agreement at Tong-Chow on the evening of August 12. Without serious opposition we arrived at the northeast corner of the Chinese city, having brushed away some Chinese troops or 'Boxers' that fired from villages to
our left and front. About 10 o'clock I saw the advantage of holding the ground that I had obtained, and directed all my force to move forward, as I had then become aware of Russian troops being in action on my right, and could also hear the Japanese artillery farther to the right. My left flank at this time was uncovered, except by a small force of British cavalry. The British troops did not advance from Tong-Chow until the 14th, owing to the agreement previously referred to. On that day they marched for the line of concentration and found my force advancing on Pekin. At noon a British battery was at work a mile to my left and rear.
"At 11 a. m. two companies of the Fourteenth Infantry, under the immediate command of Colonel Daggett, had scaled the wall of the Chinese city at the northeast corner, and the flag of that regiment was the first foreign colors unfurled upon the walls surrounding Pekin. The two companies on the wall, with the assistance of the troops facing the wall, drove away the Chinese defenders from the corner to the east gate of the Chinese city, where the British entered without opposition later in the day. About noon it was reported to me that the Russians had battered open 'Tung-pien-men gate' during the night and had effected an entrance there. I arrived at the gate soon afterwards and found in the gate some of the Fourteenth Infantry, followed by Reilly's battery. The Russian artillery and troops were in great confusion in the passage, their artillery facing in both directions, and I could see no effort being made to extricate themselves and give passage into the city. One company of the Fourteenth Infantry deployed itself in the buildings to the right of the gate and poured effective fire onto the Tartar wall. Captain Reilly got two guns through a very narrow passage to his left, tearing down a wall to do so, and found a position a few yards to the left of the road where he could enfilade the Tartar wall, section by section, with shrapnel. The Fourteenth Infantry crossed the moat and, taking position paralleling the moat, deployed along a street facing the Tartar wall, and with the aid of the
artillery swept it of Chinese troops. In this way, gradually working to the westward, the Tartar wall was cleared of opposition to the 'Bait-men gate' and beyond.
"Orders were sent to the Ninth to follow up the movement of the Fourteenth Infantry and Reilly's battery as soon as the wall was cleared of Chinese; also to follow the movement to the 'Chien-men' gate of the Tartar city. The marines were to follow the general movement, but later were ordered to protect the train. At about 3 o'clock p. m. our advance had arrived opposite the legations, the fire of the Chinese having practically ended, and we drew over to the Tartar wall and entered the legation grounds with the Fourteenth Infantry by the 'water gate or moat,' Reilly's battery passing through the 'Chien-men' gate, which was opened by the American and Russian marines of the besieged force. The Fourteenth Infantry was selected on this occasion in recognition of gallantry at Yang-tsun and during this day. The British troops entered at the 'Shahuo' gate of the Chinese city, and following a road through the center of the city to opposite the legations, arrived there through the 'water gate or moat' in advance of the United States troops. Having communicated with Minister Conger, I withdrew the troops from the legation and camped just outside near the Tartar wall for the night. My casualties during the day were 8 enlisted men wounded in the Fourteenth Infantry, 1 enlisted man wounded of Battery F, Fifth Artillery, and 1 officer and 2 enlisted men wounded of the marines. …
"I was informed by Mr. Conger that a portion of the imperial city directly in front of the Chien-men gate had been used by Chinese to fire on the legations, and I determined to force the Chinese troops from this position. On the morning of the 15th I placed four guns of Reilly's battery on the Tartar wall at Chien-men gate and swept the walls to the westward to the next gate, there being some slight opposition in that direction, supported by poor artillery. About 8 o'clock a. m.
the Chinese opened fire on us at Chien-men gate, from the second gate of the imperial city north of Chien-men gate, whereupon I directed an attack on the first gate to be made, and in a short while Lieutenant Charles P. Summerall, of Reilly's battery, had opened the door of this gate. Our troops entered, and were met with a severe fire from the next gate, about 600 yards distant. Fire was directed upon the second gate with the battery and such of the infantry as could be elevated on the Tartar wall and side walls of the imperial city and act effectively. In the course of half an hour the Chinese fire was silenced, and Colonel Daggett led forward his regiment to the base of the second gate. Lieutenant Summerall was directed to open this gate with artillery, which he did. The course just indicated was pursued for four gates, the Chinese troops being driven from each gate in succession, the fourth gate being near what is known as the 'palace grounds,' which is surrounded by the 'imperial guards.'
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"At a conference that afternoon it was decided not to occupy the imperial city, and I withdrew my troops into the camp occupied the night before, maintaining my position on the Tartar wall at Chien-men gate. The idea of not occupying the imperial city was not concurred in by the ministers in a conference held by them the next day. In their opinion the imperial city should be occupied. It was later decided by the generals to occupy the imperial grounds, and in consequence of this decision I reoccupied the grounds we had won on the 15th, placing the Ninth Infantry within as guard at the gate where our attack ceased.
"During the 15th and the attack upon the gates referred to our losses were 2 enlisted men killed and 4 wounded, Ninth Infantry; 3 enlisted men killed and 14 wounded, Fourteenth Infantry; 1 enlisted man, Battery F, Fifth Artillery, wounded. At 8.50 o'clock a. m. of this date Captain Henry J. Reilly,
Fifth Artillery, was struck in the mouth and almost instantly killed when standing at my left elbow observing the effect of a shot from one of his guns by his side.
"At a conference of the generals on the afternoon of the 16th the Chinese and Tartar cities were divided to the various forces for police and protection of the inhabitants. The United States troops were assigned to the west half of the Chinese city and to that section of the Tartar city lying between the Chien-men gate and Shun-chin gate of the south wall of the Tartar city and north to the east and west street through the Tartar city, being bounded upon the east by the wall of the imperial city."
United States, Secretary of War, Annual Report, November 30, 1900, pages 61-71.
CHINA: A. D. 1900 (August 5-16).
The horrors of the allied invasion. Barbarity of some divisions of the army in the march from Tien-tsin to Peking. Murder, rape, pillage and destruction.
Of the conduct of some divisions of the allied army which advanced from Tien-tsin, and which represented to "the heathen Chinee" the civilized and Christian nations of Europe and the Western world, a writer in "Scribner's Magazine," who evidently shared the experience and witnessed the scenes of the march, gives the following account: "The dreary stretches through which the Pei-ho flows, never attractive to the Western eye, presented, as the allied armies slowly traversed them, a scene of indescribable desolation. … In a region which usually contained a population of many millions, scarcely a human being, besides those attached to the allied armies, was to be seen. Towns and villages were completely deserted. In China an ordinary town will have from one to three hundred
