Rare metal technology 2019 gisele azimi - Explore the complete ebook content with the fastest downlo

Page 1


Rare Metal Technology 2019 Gisele Azimi

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://textbookfull.com/product/rare-metal-technology-2019-gisele-azimi/

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

Rare metal technology 2016 1st Edition Shafiq Alam

https://textbookfull.com/product/rare-metal-technology-2016-1stedition-shafiq-alam/

Rare Metal Technology 2017 1st Edition Hojong Kim

https://textbookfull.com/product/rare-metal-technology-2017-1stedition-hojong-kim/

Rare Metal Technology 2018 1st Edition Hojong Kim

https://textbookfull.com/product/rare-metal-technology-2018-1stedition-hojong-kim/

Introduction to Metal Ceramic Technology W. Patrick Naylor

https://textbookfull.com/product/introduction-to-metal-ceramictechnology-w-patrick-naylor/

Rare earth and transition metal doping of semiconductor materials synthesis magnetic properties and room temperature spintronics 1st Edition Dierolf

https://textbookfull.com/product/rare-earth-and-transition-metaldoping-of-semiconductor-materials-synthesis-magnetic-propertiesand-room-temperature-spintronics-1st-edition-dierolf/

Theoretical Spectroscopy of Transition Metal and Rare Earth Ions From Free State to Crystal Field 1st Edition

Mikhail G. Brik (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/theoretical-spectroscopy-oftransition-metal-and-rare-earth-ions-from-free-state-to-crystalfield-1st-edition-mikhail-g-brik-editor/

QDT 2019 Quintessence of Dental Technology 2019 2019th Edition Duarte

https://textbookfull.com/product/qdt-2019-quintessence-of-dentaltechnology-2019-2019th-edition-duarte/

Magnesium Technology 2019 Vineet V. Joshi

https://textbookfull.com/product/magnesiumtechnology-2019-vineet-v-joshi/

Feedstock

Technology for Reactive Metal Injection

Molding: Process, Design, and Application 1st Edition Peng Cao

https://textbookfull.com/product/feedstock-technology-forreactive-metal-injection-molding-process-design-andapplication-1st-edition-peng-cao/

Editors

Gisele Azimi

Hojong Kim Shafiq Alam

Takanari Ouchi

Neale R. Neelameggham

Alafara Abdullahi Baba

TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSeries

GiseleAzimi • HojongKim

ShafiqAlam • TakanariOuchi

NealeR.Neelameggham

Editors

RareMetalTechnology2019

Editors GiseleAzimi

UniversityofToronto Toronto,ON,Canada

HojongKim ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity UniversityPark,PA,USA

ShafiqAlam UniversityofSaskatchewan Saskatoon,SK,Canada

TakanariOuchi UniversityofTokyo Tokyo,Japan

NealeR.Neelameggham INDLLC SouthJordan,UT,USA

AlafaraAbdullahiBaba UniversityofIlorin Ilorin,Nigeria

ISSN2367-1181ISSN2367-1696(electronic)

TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSeries

ISBN978-3-030-05739-8ISBN978-3-030-05740-4(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05740-4

LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964007

© TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety2019

Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart ofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.

Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.

Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardto jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.

ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland

Preface

RareMetalTechnology2019 istheproceedingsofthesymposiumonRareMetal Extraction&ProcessingsponsoredbytheHydrometallurgyandElectrometallurgy CommitteeoftheTMSExtractionandProcessingDivision.Thesymposiumhas beenorganizedtoencompasstheextractionofraremetalsaswellasrareextraction processingtechniquesusedinmetalproductionandmineralprocessing.Thisisthe sixthsymposiumsince2014.

Thissymposiumintendstocoverresearchanddevelopmentsintheextraction andprocessingoflesscommon,raremetalsthatarenotcoveredbyotherTMS symposia.Theseelementsincludeantimony,bismuth,barium,beryllium,boron, calcium,chromium,gallium,germanium,hafnium,indium,manganese,molybdenum,platinumgroupmetals,rareearthmetals,rhenium,scandium,selenium, sodium,strontium,tantalum,tellurium,gold,andtungsten.Theseareraremetalsof lowtonnagesalescomparedwithhightonnagemetals,suchasiron,copper,nickel, lead,tin,zinc,orlightmetals,suchasaluminium,magnesium,ortitaniumand electronicmetalloidsilicon.Rareprocessingincludesbiometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,electrometallurgy,supercritical fluidextraction,aswellasextractionof valuesfromelectricarcfurnace(EAF)dusts,wasteelectricalandelectronic equipment(WEEE)andlesscommonwastestreamsnotdiscussedinrecycling symposia.Rarehigh-temperatureprocessesincludemicrowaveheating,solar–thermalreactionsynthesis,moltensaltelectrochemicalprocesses,coldcrucible synthesisoftheraremetals,andthedesignofextractionequipmentusedinthese processesaswellaslaboratoryandpilotplantstudies.

Thisvolumecoversextractionandprocessingtechniquesofplatinumgroup metals,rareearthelementsaswellasotherlesscommonmetals,suchaslead, antimony,molybdenum,tungsten,chromium,titanium,andvanadium,including electrochemicalprocessing,aqueousprocessing,biologicalseparation,microwave heating,andsupercriticalextraction.

Weacknowledgetheeffortsofthesymposiumorganizersandproceedings editors:GiseleAzimi,HojongKim,ShafiqAlam,TakanariOuchi, NealeR.Neelameggham,andAlafaraAbdullahiBaba.ThesupportfromTMSstaff membersMattBakerandPatriciaWarrenisgreatlyappreciatedinassemblingand publishingtheproceedings.Wesincerelythankalltheauthors,speakers,and participantsandlookforwardtocontinuedcollaborationintheadvancementof scienceandtechnologyintheareaofraremetalextractionandprocessing.

GiseleAzimi LeadOrganizer

PartIRareMetalsI

FeasibilityofCopperRecoveryfromSpentDepositedSludge ofTransformerOil(DSTO)forIndustrialApplications 3 AlafaraAbdullahiBaba,JoshuaS.Ayodele,OloduowoM.Ameen, AbdulrasaqJimoh,FolahanA.Adekola,AbdulG.F.Alabi, MariliF.Zubair,KurangaI.Ayinla,AbdullahS.Ibrahim, MustaphaA.Raji,DaudT.Olaoluwa,AishatY.Abdulkareem andFausatT.Olasinde

LeachingandRecoveryofanOxideGoldConcentrateUsing AmmoniacalThiosulfateSolutions ............................. 11 ZhonglinDong,TaoJiang,BinXu,YongbinYangandQianLi

AMulti-stepProcessfortheCleanerUtilizationofVanadium-Bearing ConverterSlag 21 JunyiXiang,GuishangPei,QingyunHuang,WeiLv,MingruiYang, KaiHuandXueweiLv

EfficientExtractionofV(V)inAqueousSolution byMicroemulsionSystem 31 YunGuo,DanqingLi,BingXieandHong-YiLi

ANovelApproachforPre-concentratingVanadium fromStoneCoal ........................................... 39 DayaWangandBaijunYan

StudyontheRoastingMechanismofVanadium–ChromiumSlag withSodiumHydroxide ..................................... 51 MinminLin,ChengjieWang,BingXieandHong-YiLi

PartIIRareMetalsII

SupercriticalFluidExtractionforUrbanMiningofRare EarthElements 63 JiakaiZhang,JohnAnawati,YuxiangYaoandGiseleAzimi

RecoveryofScandiumbyLeachingProcessfromBrazilian RedMud ................................................

AmiltonBarbosaBotelhoJunior,RaquelHúngaroCosta, DeniseCrocceRomanoEspinosaandJorgeAlbertoSoaresTenório

SelectivePrecipitationofThandRare-EarthElements fromHClLeachLiquor .....................................

HaydarGüneş,HüseyinErenObuzandMuratAlkan

PartIIIRareMetalsIII

73

81

ExperimentalStudyontheTreatmentofZinc-ContainingRotary HearthFurnaceDust 89 ShileiRen,XiaopingLiang,ZhongbingTu,QianTang,XiangguanYang andYuWang

RecoveryofManganesebyRoasting-AmmoniaLeaching fromLow-GradeManganeseCarbonateOres .................... 99 ZhongbingTu,XiaopingLiang,XiangguanYang,ShileiRen, ChengboWuandYuWang

GeneralRulesforDeepPurifi cationofLow-Grade MolybdeniteConcentrates ...................................

JunjieYu,HuSun,JunLuo,GuanghuiLiandTaoJiang

ProductionofHigh-PurityTitaniumDioxidefromSpentSelective CatalyticReduction(SCR)Catalyst

GyeonghyeMoon,Jin-HyungKim,Yeon-ChulCho,In-hyeokChoi, Hee-NamKang,Tae-HyukLee,Jin-YoungLeeandJungshinKang

ReductionofTiCl4 toTiH2 withCaH2 inPresenceofNiPowder

109

119

131 MohammadRezaeiArdani,AwsSadoonMohammedAlJanabi, SanjithUdayakumar,SheikhAbdulRezanSheikhAbdulHamid, AbdulRahmanMohamed,H.L.LeeandIsmailIbrahim

NephelineSyenite AnAlternativeSourceforPotassium andAluminium ...........................................

JayashreeSamantray,AmitAnand,BarshaDash,MalayK.Ghosh andAjayK.Behera

145

PartIVRareMetalsIV

RecoveryVanadiumfromVanadium-Bearing HazardousResidues 163 ZhiganDeng,XingbinLi,ChangWei,GangFan,CunxiongLi andMintingLi

StudyonThiosulfateLeachingofGoldbyCycling BarrenSolution ........................................... 173 YongbinYang,MeixiangLai,QiangZhong,QianLi,BinXu andTaoJiang

PartVPosterSession

LeachingofTelluriumandBismuthfromtheDashuigouTellurium DepositinH2SO4 andFeCl3 Media

Li-XiongShao,JiangDiao,LiangLiuandBingXie NewDissolutionProcessofIridiumtoHydrochloricAcid

YutoKobayashi,ShotaYamadaandTakashiNagai

ResearchontheCarbothermicReductionProcedureofSrSO4 withCarbon ..............................................

Si-mingChen,Dong-pingDuanandXing-wuZou

AbouttheEditors

GiseleAzimi isanAssistantProfessorcross-appointed betweentheDepartmentsofChemicalEngineeringand AppliedChemistryandMaterialsScienceand EngineeringattheUniversityofToronto(UofT).She isalsoaregisteredprofessionalengineerinOntario.Her researchprogramisalignedwellwiththe “Sustainability” and “AdvancedMaterialsand Manufacturing” researchthemes.Inherresearchprogram,shestrivesforachievingasustainablefutureand mitigatingtheadverseeffectsofclimatechangethrough: (1)advancedrecyclingandurbanminingofwaste electricalandelectronicequipment(WEEE)utilizing innovativerecyclingprocessesbasedonsupercritical fluids;(2)industrialsolidwastereductionthroughwaste valorizationtoproducestrategicmaterialslikerareearth elements;(3)developmentofinnovativematerialswith uniquepropertieswithfar-reachingapplicationsin structuralandenergymaterialsectors;and(4)energy storagefocusingonthedevelopmentofanewgenerationofrechargeablebatteriesmadeofaluminium.She receivedherPh.D.intheDepartmentofChemical EngineeringandAppliedChemistryfromUofTin2010. BeforereturningtoUofTasfacultyin2014,she completedtwopostdoctoralappointmentsatMITinthe DepartmentsofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringand MechanicalEngineering.Shehasreceivedanumberof awardsincludingDean’sSparkProfessorship,Early ResearcherAward,TMSLightMetals/Extractionand ProcessingSubjectAward Recycling,andConnaught NewResearcherAward.

xiiAbouttheEditors

HojongKim isanAssistantProfessorofMaterials ScienceandEngineering,andNorrisB.McFarlane FacultyProfessoratthePennsylvaniaStateUniversity. HereceivedhisB.S.fromSeoulNationalUniversityin SouthKoreain2000andPh.D.atMassachusetts InstituteofTechnology(MIT)in2004bothin MaterialsScienceandEngineering.Hisdoctoral researchsoughttoidentifythecorrosionmechanisms ofconstructionalalloysinhigh-temperatureand high-pressuresteamenvironmentsunderProf.Ronald LatanisionintheUhligCorrosionLaboratoryatMIT. Aftergraduateresearch,heworkedasaSeniorResearch ScientistatSamsungCorningPrecisionGlassCo.Ltd. andasaprojectleadtoimprovetheprocessyieldfor TFT-LCDglassmeltingprocesses.After fiveyearsof industrialexperience,hereturnedtoMITasapostdoctoralassociatetocontributetothegrowingneedfor sustainabletechnology.Heconductedresearchon high-temperatureelectrochemicalprocesses,including moltenoxideelectrolysisforcarbon-freesteelproductionwithafocusondevelopinginertanodematerialsin moltenslagsaswellasmoltensalt–liquidmetalbatteries forlarge-scaleenergystorage.

Hiscurrentresearchinterestsembracethedevelopmentofenvironment-friendlyelectrochemicalprocesses forresourceextraction/recycling,corrosion-resistant materials,andenergystoragesystems.Hewasawarded TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety(TMS) YoungLeadersProfessionalDevelopmentAwardin 2013fromtheExtractionandProcessingDivision.In 2015,hewaschosentoreceiveaDoctoralNew InvestigatorAwardfromtheAmericanChemical SocietyPetroleumResearchFund.Heiscurrently leadingeffortstoseparate fissionproducts(rareearth andalkali/alkalineearthelements)frommoltensalt electrolytesusedforrecyclingusednuclearfuel.Hewas theleadorganizerofpastRareMetalExtraction& ProcessingSymposiumsattheTMSAnnualMeeting (2017–2018)andistheChairoftheHydrometallurgy andElectrometallurgyCommitteeoftheExtractionand ProcessingDivision.

Shafi qAlam isanAssociateProfessoratthe UniversityofSaskatchewan,Canada.Heisanexpert intheareasofminingandmineralprocessingwith extensiveexperienceinindustrialoperations,management,engineering,design,consulting,teaching, research,andprofessionalservices.Asaproductive researcher,hehassecuredtwopatentsandhas producedover160peer-reviewedresearchpublications. Heistheco-editorofsevenbooksandisanassociate editorofthe InternationalJournalofMining,Materials andMetallurgicalEngineering (IJMMME).Heisthe winnerofthe2014TMSExtractionandProcessing Division’sTechnologyAward.

Withextensiverelevantindustryexperienceasa registeredprofessionalengineer,hehasworkedon projectswithmanydifferentminingindustries.Heisan ExecutiveCommitteeMemberoftheHydrometallurgy SectionoftheCanadianInstituteofMining,Metallurgy andPetroleum(CIM).During2015–2017,heservedas theChairoftheHydrometallurgyandElectrometallurgy CommitteeoftheExtractionandProcessingDivision (EPD)ofTheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety (TMS).Heisaco-organizerofmanysymposiaatthe internationalconferencesthroughCIMandTMS.Heis oneofthefoundingorganizersoftheRareMetal Extraction&ProcessingSymposiumatTMS.

TakanariOuchi isaResearchAssociateinthe InstituteofIndustrialScienceattheUniversityof Tokyo.HereceivedhisPh.D.inNano-Scienceand Nano-EngineeringfromWasedaUniversityin2011.In thistenure,hedevelopedelectrochemicaldeposition processestofabricatemetalnano-structureswithboth well-controlledcrystallinityanduniformityatthesingle nano-meterscale,anddemonstratedtheapplicability oftheseprocessesforthefabricationofbit-patterned magneticrecordingmediaforfutureharddiskdrives. Aftercompletinghisdoctoraldegree,hejoinedMIT, wherehedevelopedliquidmetalbatteries,whichare,in principle,bidirectionalelectrolysis(electro-re fining) cells,forapplicationingrid-scaleenergystorage.Asa researchscientist,heledthesystematicinvestigation oftheelectrochemicalpropertiesofliquidmetalelectrodesinmoltensaltelectrolytesanddevelopednovel

lithium,calcium,andsodiumliquidmetalbatteries. SincehebeganworkasaResearchAssociateatthe UniversityofTokyoin2017,hehasdevelopednew recyclingprocessesforraremetalsandpreciousmetals usingpyrometallurgicalandelectrometallurgicalmethods.AsamemberoftheHydrometallurgyand ElectrometallurgyCommitteeofTMS,hehasconstantlycontributedtothedevelopmentofthevibrant fieldofmetalextraction,organizedtechnicalsymposia atTMSmeetings,andsolicitedpapersasaguest editorof JOM.Hehasearnedseveralawardsand honors,suchastheTMSEPDYoungLeaders ProfessionalDevelopmentAwardin2015,basedon hiscontributionstoelectrometallurgicalprocessing.

NealeR.Neelameggham is “TheGuru” atINDLLC, involvedininternationaltechnologyandmanagement consultinginthe fieldofcriticalmetalsandassociated chemicals,thiometallurgy,energytechnologies,soil biochemicalreactordesign,lithium-ionbatterydesign, andagriculturalusesofcoal.HewasaVisitingExpert atBeihangUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics, Beijing,China,andaplenaryspeakerattheLightMetal SymposiuminSouthAfricaonthetopicoflowcarbon dioxideemissionprocessesformagnesium.

Hehasmorethan38yearsofexpertiseinmagnesium productionandwasinvolvedinprocessdevelopment ofthestartupcompanyNLMagnesiumthroughthe presentUSMagnesiumLLC,UT,until2011.Heand BrianDavisauthoredtheICE-JNMEaward-winning (2016)article “21stCenturyGlobalAnthropogenic WarmingConvectiveModel.” Heispresentlydeveloping “storedrenewableenergyincoal” Agricoal ™ for greeningaridsoilsandhasauthoredane-book Eco-stoichiometryofAnthropogenicCO2ThatReturns toEarth onanewdiscoveryofquanti ficationof increasingCO2returnstoEarth.

Heholds16patentsandpatentapplications,andhas publishedseveraltechnicalpapers.Hehasservedinthe MagnesiumCommitteeoftheTMSLightMetalsDivision (LMD)sinceitsinceptionin2000andchaireditin2005, andin2007hewasmadeapermanentco-organizerforthe MagnesiumTechnologySymposium.Hehasbeena

memberoftheReactiveMetalsCommittee,Recycling Committee,andTitaniumCommittee,andwasaProgram CommitteeRepresentativeforLMD.

Hewastheinauguralchair,whenin2008,LMDandthe ExtractionandProcessingDivisioncreatedtheEnergy Committee,andhehasbeenacoeditoroftheEnergy TechnologySymposiumthroughthepresent.Hereceived theLMDDistinguishedServiceAwardin2010.Whilehe wastheChairofHydrometallurgyandElectrometallurgy Committee,heinitiatedtheRareMetalTechnology Symposiumin2014.Heisthecoeditorforthe2019 symposiaonMagnesiumTechnology,Energy Technology,RareMetalTechnology,REWAS2019, andSolarCellSilicon.

AlafaraAbdullahiBaba isaProfessorofAnalytical/ IndustrialandMaterialsChemistryintheFacultyof PhysicalSciences,UniversityofIlorin,Nigeria.Heholds aPh.D.inChemistryfromtheUniversityofIlorinin 2008.Hisdissertationtitled “RecoveryofZincandLead fromSphalerite,GalenaandWasteMaterialsby HydrometallurgicalTreatments” wasjudgedthebestin theareaofPhysicalSciences,UniversityofIlorin, Nigeria,in2010.UntilhiscurrentappointmentasHead, DepartmentofIndustrialChemistryin2017,hewasthe DeputyDirectorofCentralResearchLaboratories, UniversityofIlorin(2014–2017).HeisaFellowofthe ChemicalSocietyofNigeria(FCSN),aFellowof MaterialsScience&TechnologySocietyofNigeria (FMSN),andcurrentlyamemberoftheHydrometallurgyandElectrometallurgyCommitteeofThe Minerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety(TMS).Hehasa keeninterestinteaching,communityservice,and researchcoveringsolidmineralsandmaterialprocessing throughhydrometallurgicalroutes,preparationofphyllosilicates,porousandbio-ceramicmaterialsforindustrialvalueadditions.Hehasmorethanhundred (100)publicationsspreadingthroughnationalandinternationalacclaimedjournalsofhighimpactandhas attendedmanynationalandinternationalworkshops, conferences,andresearchexhibitionstolaunchcampaignsofhisresearch.Heistherecipientofseveral awardsandhonorsincluding2015MISRAAWARD oftheIndianInstituteofMineralEngineers(IIME)for thebestpaperonElectro-/Hydro-Bio-Processingatthe

IIMEInternationalSeminaronMineralProcessing Technology 2014heldatAndhraUniversity, Visakhapatnam,India;2015MTNSeasonofSurprise PrizeasBestLecturerintheUniversityofIlorin,Nigeria, category;AwardofMeritoriousServiceinrecognitionof immensecontributionstothedevelopmentoftheCentral ResearchLaboratories,UniversityofIlorin,Nigeria (2014–2017);andExceptionalAwardinRecognitionof Outstanding,SelflessService,Contributionand PerformancetowardHumanitarianServicesbyNigeria AssociationofPhysicalScienceStudentsamongothers. Hehassupervisedandisstillsupervisingundergraduate andpostgraduateresearchworkandcurrentlyisserving asanexternalexaminertopostgraduateresearchersin universitieswithinandoutsideNigeria.

FeasibilityofCopperRecovery fromSpentDepositedSludge ofTransformerOil(DSTO)forIndustrial

Applications

AlafaraAbdullahiBaba,JoshuaS.Ayodele,OloduowoM.Ameen, AbdulrasaqJimoh,FolahanA.Adekola,AbdulG.F.Alabi,MariliF.Zubair, KurangaI.Ayinla,AbdullahS.Ibrahim,MustaphaA.Raji, DaudT.Olaoluwa,AishatY.AbdulkareemandFausatT.Olasinde

Abstract DuetofluctuatingcrudeoilpricesandawidespreaddesiretodiversifyNigeria’seconomy,recyclinginitiativesarepreferredwhenaddressingeconomicdownfall.Withincreasingdemandsformetalsandgradualdepletionofnonrenewableresources,thereisagrowingneedtorecovermetalsfromsecondary sources.Therecyclingfrommetalwastesisnecessaryasthecostofsafedisposalof hazardouscomponentsisquitehighcomparedtotheamountofwasteproducedand limitedstoragecapacity.Dependingonthetypeandcapacity,typicaltransformer oilcontains90–1485kgofoilwithavaryingdegreeofrecoverablesludgecontainingpreciousmetalsafterdegradation.Inthiswork,leachingandsolventextraction techniqueswereadoptedtotreatspentDSTOobtainedfromAyetoroIII300kVADis-

A.A.Baba(B) J.S.Ayodele F.A.Adekola M.F.Zubair K.I.Ayinla A.S.Ibrahim

M.A.Raji D.T.Olaoluwa A.Y.Abdulkareem F.T.Olasinde

DepartmentofIndustrialChemistry,UniversityofIlorin,P.M.B1515,Ilorin240003,Nigeria e-mail: baalafara@yahoo.com

O.M.Ameen

DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofIlorin,P.M.B1515,Ilorin240003,Nigeria

A.Jimoh

DepartmentofTechnicalOperations,MoleteBusinessHub,OluyoleIndustrialEstate,Ibadan, Nigeria

A.G.F.Alabi

DepartmentofMaterialsandMetallurgicalEngineering,UniversityofIlorin,P.M.B1515,Ilorin 240003,Nigeria

A.G.F.Alabi

DepartmentofMaterialScienceandEngineering,KwaraStateUniversity,P.M.B1530,Malete, Nigeria

A.Y.Abdulkareem

NationalMathematicalCentre,Sheda-Kwali,P.M.B118,Abuja,Nigeria

F.T.Olasinde

ChemistryAdvanceResearchCentre,ShedaScienceandTechnologyComplex, FCT,P.M.B186,Garki,Abuja,Nigeria

©TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety2019

G.Azimietal.(eds.), RareMetalTechnology2019,TheMinerals,Metals&Materials Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05740-4_1

tributionTransformerhaving245-kgoilweightcapacitywith25kgofrecoverable combinedsludgeoilmixture.Atoptimalconditions,theleachliquorwasaccordingly treatedandbeneficiatedtoachieve96.8%copperrecoveryefficiency.

Keywords Transformeroil · Depositedsludge · Solventextraction · Leaching Regeneration · Copper · Cyanex® 272

Introduction

Formanydecadesandspecificallysince1926,transformeroilhasbeenamajorthreat totheenvironmentduetoitshighcontentinpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)[1]. Globally,30–40billionlitresofmineraloilispresentlyutilizedintransformersand thedemandwilltremendouslyincreaseastimegoeson[2].Thetransformeroilserves asaninsulatorandcoolantwithinthetransformer.Consequently,bothgovernment andenvironmentalregulatorybodiescurrentlyenforcestrictenvironmentallawsto drasticallyreducebothaccidentalandnon-accidentalhazardsassociatedwithmineral transformeroilutilization[3].However,thespacebetweenthefibrousinsulation coilsfilledupwithinsulatingoilenhancesthedielectriccapacitiesoftheinsulation dependingonthedielectricstrength,viscosity,specificgravityandpourpointindices. Thedegradationordeteriorationoftransformeroilwithoxygentakesplaceas soonastheequipmentisenergizedwhichcausesachemicalreactiontooccurwhen theoilisexposedtomixturesofheat,oxygen,coreandcoilcomponents.Asthe oxidationreactionoccurs,mineralacidsandpolarcompoundssuchasketones,alcoholsandperoxidesareliberatedandsubsequentlyresultinsludgeformation[4].The damagetotheoilinsulationinthetransformerisintensifiedbythetransformerage, inwhichtheinsulatingpaperappliedwilldeterioratecontinuouslywhilethetransformeroiloxidizesprogressivelyduetothepresenceofoxygeninthetransformer oil.Inordertominimizethevolumeofhigh-voltagepowerwithinthetransformer asitcompromisesoperationalreliability,thegoalistodevelopanewtechniquewith higherdielectricandthermalconductivitycapacitiesasareplacementforconventionalmethodsbeingused[5].Itisthereforepertinentthatoiltestsshouldbecarried outatregularintervalstoascertainitsbreakdownvoltageasthesludgecontentsare madeupofpreciousheavymetals,suchasNi,Zn,Au,CuandCowhichmaybe toxic,butcouldserveasavaluableindustrialproductifrecoveredandpurified[4]. Hence,forexcellentenvironmental,societalandeconomicbenefits,oxidizedoilscan bere-appliedafterathoroughregenerationwhereallunwantedpollutantsincluding water,acidiccomponentsandotherassociatedgangueswillbesignificantlyreduced andpotentiallyeliminated[6].

Theenrichmentoftransformeroilisachievedandcategorizedthrough:filtering, purificationandregenerationmethods.The filtering processtakesplaceat40°Cand involvesoilfiltering; purification withadryingprocesscommencedbyheatingthe oiltoamaximumof90°C;and regeneration bydegassingachievedcombiningthe secondmethodwithadditionaloxidantadditives[6].Currently,thetransformeroil

regenerationisagreentechnologyandadsorptiontechniqueseemstobeakeystepin regeneration[7],butduetothelargevolumeofwastesgeneratedviaadsorption[8], considerableattentionisgiventothedevelopmentofasimple,low-waste,low-cost andeco-friendlyrouteinthepurificationandregeneration.Themetalextractionand purificationprocessesofsomesecondarywastesincludingspenttransformeroilcan beemployedbyeitherpyroorhydrometallurgicaltechniquesorcombinationofthe two.However,thehydrometallurgicalroutehasbeenestablishedtobeofalow-cost, lesswastegenerationandeco-friendlytechniqueforenrichingmaterialswithlow metalcontents[9–12].Consideringtheaforementionedreasons,thecharacterization, treatmentandextractionofcopperfromspentdepositedsludgeoftransformeroil wastreatedinchloridemediabytheCYANEX® 272extractantinkerosenediluent. Thepurifiedcoppersolutionobtainedwasfurtherbeneficiatedascopperoxide,a valuableindustrialcoppercompoundwithwidearraysofindustrialapplications suchas p-typesemiconductorindicators[13].

MaterialsandMethod

ThespentsludgeoftransformeroilusedforthisstudywassourcedfromAyetoroIII 300kVA,11/0.415kVDistributionTransformerunderBabokoBusinessHub,Ibadan ElectricityDistributionCompany,IlorinKwaraState,Nigeria.Thistransformerhas 245-kgoilweightcapacitywith25kgofrecoverablecombinedsludgeoilmixture[4].Allreagentsusedwereofanalytical(BDH)grade.Deionizedwaterand doublydistilledkerosenewereusedinthepreparationofallaqueousandorganic solutions.

PhysicochemicalandchemicalcharacterizationsoftheDSTO,includingselected productsatoptimizedleachingcondition,werecarriedoutusingBuckScientific ACCUSYS211Atomicabsorptionspectrometry(AAS),Agilent19091S–4HP–5MSGaschromatography/massspectrometry(GC-MS),EMPY6000X-raydiffraction(XRD),X-rayfluorescence(XRF),andLeo1450withLab6Filamentscanning electronmicroscopy(SEM)techniques[4, 13].

LeachingTests

Leachingexperimentswerecarriedoutin250mlglassreactorwithamechanicalstirrerandtemperaturecontrolunit.10g/Lofthedried/processeddepositedsludgewas reactedindependentlywithahydrochloricacidsolutionofvaryingconcentrations (0.1,0.2,0.5,1.0and2.0mol/L).Thereactiontimewaskeptconstantat120minfor eachexperiment.Thesolutioninthereactoraftereachleachingwasfiltered;both residueandleachateswerecollectedforfurthercharacterization[12].Theextent ofdissolutionshowed28.29,45.22,74.56,92.83and90.21%reactionefficiencies.

However,thepregnantleachsolution(PLS)collectedatoptimalleachingwasused forthesolventextractionstudies[4].

SolventExtraction/BeneficiationTests

SolventextractionexperimentwasperformedusingthePLSobtainedattheoptimized conditionandthenequilibratedwithanequalvolumeoforganicsolutioncontaining aknownconcentrationoftheCYANEX® 272extractantinkerosenediluentatroom temperature(27 ± 2°C)andshakenfor25min.EquilibriumpHwasadjustedbythe directadditionofconcentratedHCl(0.1mol/L)andNaOH(0.1mol/L)solutionswith HANNAHpHmetre.Theaqueoussolutionswereanalyzedformetalconcentrations byBuckScientificACCUSYS211atomicabsorptionspectrophotometer.Thefree acidcontentwasdeterminedbythetitrationmethodwithpHcontrol.Theconcentrationofcopperintheorganicphasewascalculatedfromadifferencebetweenthe initialconcentrationinPLSandtheconcentrationinraffinateatfixedorganic/aqueous (O/A)phaseratio[14].TheextractionmechanismbyCyanex® 272wasexaminedat optimalconditions,priortobeneficiationactivities.

ResultsandDiscussion

CharacterizationInvestigations

Theresultsofthecharacterizationofthespentdepositedsludgetransformeroilbefore acidleachingaresummarizedinTable 1.Thisdefinesthecurrentstateofdeposited spenttransformeroil(DSTO)comparedtoASTMstandardvalues(Table 1).

TheelementalcompositionsoftheDSTObyEDXRFgaveSiO2 (17.07%),TiO2 (0.37%),P2 O5 (4.1%),Fe2 O3 (54.53%),CaO(6.75%),MgO(0.04%),Na2 O(0.3%), K2 O(0.23),V2 O5 (0.03%),Cr2 O3 (0.055%),CuO(13.14%),ZnO(0.77%)and Eu2 O3 (0.6%),respectively.However,thecompositionsofthePLSusedforsolvent extractionstudiescontain:1243.4mg/LCu2+ ,789.2mg/LFe2+ /Fe3+ ,110.7mg/L Ca2+ and23.5mg/LAl3+ .Priorsolventextractioninvestigationsshowedtheiron formingmajorganguesintheleachliquorwasmaskedbyadjustingthepHofthe solutionfrom1.2to3.6withammoniacalsolution[15]toobtainthefollowingresults: 1239.6mg/LCu2+ ,0.6mg/LFe2+ /Fe3+ ,2.1mg/LCa2+ ,and1.2mg/LAl3+ [4].

TheGC-MSresultsofDSTOinTable 2 indicatethepresenceofcompoundssuch asTridecane,Heptadecane,Nonadecane,2-Bromodecane,2-Buten-1-one,Octadecane,4H-1,3-Benzochoxin-4-one,PentadecaneandButylatedhydroxytoluene.

Table1 PhysicochemicalpropertiesofDSTOascomparedwithASTMD1816[4]

Property Experimentalvalue ASTMD1816STANDARD

Density 0.82gcm 3

0.55–0.89gcm 3

Viscosity| 9.7cSt 3.0–12cSt(max)

Flashpoint 140°C 145°C(max)

pH 4.27 5.5–8.2(min–max)

Specificgravity 0.86 0.91(max)

Cloudpoint 9°C 7–15°C

Watercontent 1.32 × 105 mgL 1 30mgL 1

Freefattyacid 0.04mgKOHq 1 oil

Acidnumber 0.8mgKOHg 1 oil

0.01–0.08mgKOHq 1 oil (min–max)

0.01–0.03KOHg 1 oil(min–max)

Pourpoint 7°C 8to 6°C(min–max)

Boilingpoint 220°C 120–230°C(min–max)

Table2 Compositionsof organiccompoundspresentin theprocessedspent transformeroil(%)[4]

H28 )

H36 )

H20 O)

H88 )

H38 )

H30 )

H32 )

ExtractionInvestigations

H10 O5 )

H24 O)

Thesolventextractionstudiesrevealedthattheextentofcopperextractedforspent sludgeliquorincreasesrapidlywithincreasingCyanex® 272concentrationandequilibriumpHatroomtemperatureasfollows:

(i) EffectofequilibriumpH:TheeffectofpHontheextractionofCufrom itsaqueoussolutionby0.2mol/LCyanex® 272inkerosene,experimentswere performedintheequilibriumpHrangesof1–5at27 ± 2°Cfor25min.The resultsofthepercentextractionofcopperfrom34.6to91.66%withincreasing pHfrom1to4aresummarizedinFig. 1.

Fig.1 EquilibriumpH variationonthepercentof Cuextractedby0.2mol/L Cyanex® 272inkerosene

Fig.2 PercentofCu extractedbydifferent CyanexconcentrationsatpH 4.0

IncreasingtheequilibriumpHabove4decreasesthepercentofCuextractedto 91.50%atpH5.Thus,thedrasticreductionwithincreasingsolutionpHmaybe duetothefactthatathighpHandapartfrompossibleprecipitationphenomena, thereisaconsiderableincreaseindistributioncoefficientindices[4, 16].

(ii) EffectofCyanexconcentration :TheeffectofCyanex® 272concentrationson copperextractionintheprocessedDSTOatoptimalleachingatpH4.0was examined.ThepercentofCopperextractedincreasesfrom43.7to91.7%with increasingCyanexconcentrationfrom0.05to0.2mol/L.Also,increasingthe extractantconcentrationbeyond0.2mol/Lshowedadecreasingextractionto 90.1%by0.25mol/LCyanexsolution(Fig. 2)[4].

Furtherpurificationofthecoppersolutionatoptimalextractionconditionswas examinedthroughcombinationsofprecipitationandcrystallizationtechniques toobtainahigh-gradecopperoxide(CuO:96-900-9471;meltingpoint 1309°C/1326°C industrialstandard )amenableforuseas p-typesemiconductor.Theoperationalhydrometallurgicalschemesummarizingtheanalytical techniquesfortheenrichmentofspentdepositedsludgefortherecoveryofpure coppersolutionbeneficiatedasCuOisshowninFig. 3.

Fig.3 AhydrometallurgicalschemeforpurecopperextractionfromspentDSTO[4]

Conclusion

Astheoilpurificationisrequiredforkeepingthetransformerpowervoltageoperating atoptimalcapacity,successfulregenerationofpureoxidizedtransformeroilsby combinationofleachingandsolventextractionviahydrometallurgicalroutewas examinedinthisstudyleadingtothefollowingconclusions:

(i)ThedetailedcharacterizationofDSTOresultsgavevariationofthetransformer oilpotencywithrespecttotheASTMD1819regulations,indicatingthatthe transformeroilissuitableforre-refiningforindustrialvalueaddition;

(ii)ThedissolutionofheavymetalsespeciallycopperfromspentDSTObyacid leachingandsolventextractionispossible;

(iii)Atoptimalleachingconditions,about93%ofinitial10g/LDSTOsamplewas reactedwithin120min.Also,extractionofcopperbyCyanex® 272increased withincreasingextractantconcentrationandequilibriumpH.A0.1mol/L HClsolutionwasfoundtobeefficientlystrippedofabout94.8%copperfrom organicloadedDSTOcontainingcopper[4];

(iv)Thetechniqueemployedinthisworkproposedanefficientpurificationand regenerationofpreciousmetalsfromspentDSTO,supportingrecyclinginitiativesandemploymentcreation.

Acknowledgements Theauthorswishtothank:

1.Dr.OliverRouherandMrs.ChristineSalomonofCytecIndustries,RungisCedex,Francefor theirbenevolencebysupplyingCyanex® 272;

2.TheCentralResearchLaboratories(CRL),UniversityofIlorin,Nigeriaforassistinginaqueous metalanalysesbyAAS;and

3.TertiaryEducationTrustFund(TETFund),Nigeriaforsponsorshiptoattendthe2019TMS AnnualMeeting&ExhibitioninSanAntonio,Texas,USA.

References

1.HutzingerO,SafeS,ZitcoV(1974)ThechemistryofPCBs.CRCPress,Cleveland,pp7–39

2.ChoiS,HuhC(2013)Thelightningimpulsepropertiesandbreakdownvoltageofnaturalester fluidsnearthepourpoint.JElectrEngTechnol8(3):524–529

3.USEnvironmentalPollutionAgency(USEPA)publiclaw(1976).Toxicsubstancecontrolact, pp94–469

4.BabaAA,AyodeleJS,AmeenOM,JimohBA,LawalA(2018)Characterisationandtreatment ofspentdepositedsludgeoftransformeroil(DSTO)byacidleachingandsolventextraction. MinerProcessExtrMetall127(4):228–235

5.LiuD,ZhouY,Yang,ZhangL(2016)CharacterizationofhighperformanceAINnano-particlebasedtransformeroilnanofluids.IEEETransDielectrElectrInsul23(5):2757–2767

6.SafiddineL,ZafourAH,FofanaI,SkenderA,GuerbasF,BoucheritA(2017)Transformer oilreclamationbycombiningseveralstrategiesenhancedbytheuseoffouradsorbents.IET GenerTransmDistrib11:2912–2920

7.GavrilousG,BorscevkisO(2011)Insulationoiltreatmentandits’necessityinpowertransformers,pp23–27

8.LaurentinoAC,ParizeAL,LaranjeiraMCM,MartinsAR,MayerNM,DeFa’vereVT(2007) Regenerationofinsulatingmineraloilbycarbonatedamorphouscalciumphosphate-chitosan adsorbent.ProcessSafEnvironProt85(B4):327–331

9.LeclercYN,MenxE,WangYG(2003)Hydrometallurgicalextractionofzincferrites. Hydrometallurgy75:169–176

10.TuranMD,HundoganHS,TumenF(2004)Recoveryofzincandleadfromzincplantresidue. Hydrometallurgy75:169–176

11.BabaAA,AdekolaFA(2011)BeneficiationofaNigeriansphaleritemineral:solventextraction ofzincbyCyanex® 272inhydrochloricacid.Hydrometallurgy109:187–193

12.SomerG,NakisciUnluA(2006)Theeffectofaciddigestionontherecoveriesoftraceelements: recommendedpoliciesfortheeliminationoflosses.TurkJChem30:745–753

13.BabaAA,AyinlaIK,AdekolaFA,GhoshMK,PradeepCR,AmosIA(2015)Extractionand purificationofcopperfromaNigerianchalcopyriteoreleachliquorbydithizoneinkerosene. SolventExtrResDevJapan22(2):2135–2146

14.OchromowiczK,ChmielewskiT(2013)Solventextractionofcopper(II)fromconcentrated leachliquors.PhysicochemProblMinerProcess49(1):357–367

15.BabaAA,AdekolaFA,BaleRB(2009)Developmentofacombinedpyro—andhydrometallurgicalroutetotreatzinc—carbonbatteries.JHazardMater181(34):837–844

16.HosseiniT,MostoufiN,DanesphpayehM,RashichiF(2011)Modellingandoptimizationof synergisticeffectofCyanex302andD2EHPAonseparationofzincandmanganese.Hydrometallurgy105:227–283

LeachingandRecoveryofanOxideGold ConcentrateUsingAmmoniacal

ThiosulfateSolutions

Abstract Thiosulfateleaching-resinadsorptionrecovery,anenvironmentally friendlyprocess,hasbeendevelopedtoefficientlyextractgoldfromanoxidegold concentrate.80.5%ofgoldextractioncouldbeachievedbythiosulfateleachingunder theconditionsof(NH4 )2 S2 O3 0.2mol/L,CuSO4 0.025mol/L,NH3 1.5mol/Land leachingtime8h,andthethiosulfateconsumptionwas53.6kg/t-concentrate.IRA400anionexchangeresinwasusedtorecovergoldfromtheleachsolution,andan adsorptionefficiencyof99.3%goldand39.4%copperwasattained.Two-stepelutionprocess,includingpre-elutionofcopperwith0.5mol/L(NH4 )2 S2 O3 followed bygoldelutionwith2mol/LNaCl+0.5mol/LNa2 SO3 wasadopted,and98.6%of copperand99.1%ofgoldcouldbesuccessfullyelutedfromtheresin.

Keywords Gold · Thiosulfateleaching · Recovery · Ion-exchangeresin

Introduction

Forthepastcentury,cyanidationhasbeenthepredominantmethodforgoldleachingfromoresowingtoitssimpleprocessandlowcost[1].However,therehas beenincreasingpublicconcernovertheuseofcyanideduetoitsstrongtoxicity. Inaddition,cyanideleachingshowsunsatisfactoryperformanceonrefractorygold oresespeciallyforthosecontainingcopperor“preg-robbing”carbon[2].Thus,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtothealternativelixiviants,themostpromisingof whichisthiosulfate.Comparedwithconventionalcyanidation,thiosulfateleaching hastheadvantagesoflowertoxicity,lowerreagentcostsandfasterleachingrate, particularlyforsomerefractoryores,e.g.somecarbonaceousgoldores[3].

Z.Dong T.Jiang B.Xu(B) Y.Yang Q.Li

SchoolofMineralsProcessingandBioengineering,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410083, China

e-mail: xubincsu@csu.edu.cn

©TheMinerals,Metals&MaterialsSociety2019 G.Azimietal.(eds.), RareMetalTechnology2019,TheMinerals,Metals&Materials Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05740-4_2

However,thesuccessfulcommercialapplicationofthiosulfateleachingisstill rare,exceptforthedevelopmentofanammonia-freethiosulfateleachingprocess byBarrickGoldCorporationtotreatacarbon-bearingsulfidegoldorepretreated withacidicoralkalinepressureoxidation[4].Mostofthepastresearcheshave concentratedonthegoldleachingfromitsoresusingthiosulfatesolutionsover thepastseveraldecades[5–11].However,limitedstudiesongoldrecoveryfrom theleachsolutionshavebeenconductedandthereisalackofasuitablerecovery process.Paststudieshavepointedthatitisdifficulttorecovergoldfromthiosulfate solutionsusingthecommontechniquesofactivatedcarbonadsorption,cementation, electrowinning,andsolventextraction.Thiscanbeattributedtotheweakaffinity ofactivatedcarbonfor[Au(S2 O3 )2 ]3 complexorthepresenceoflargeamountof undesirableanionsparticularlycopper(I)thiosulfatecomplexesandsulfur-oxygen anions.Incomparison,resinadsorptiontechniqueismoresuitablebecauseofitsfast adsorptionspeed,highloadingcapacity,lowrequirementsontheclarityofsolutions, simultaneouselutionandregenerationatambienttemperaturethroughtheelaborate choiceofeluent.Inaddition,ion-exchangeresinscanbecustom-madetoselectively extractgoldbecausethefunctionalgroupscanbedesignedtohavehighaffinityfor objectiveionsinthesolution[1, 2].

Inthispaper,adetailedstudyonthefactorsaffectingthethiosulfateleachingof goldwascarriedout.Afterwards,theadsorptionofgoldandcopperontheresinand theirelutionfromtheloadedresinwereinvestigated.Basedonthesestudies,the environmentallyfriendlyprocessconsistingofthiosulfateleaching-resinadsorption recoverywasdevelopedtoefficientlyextractgoldfromanoxidegoldconcentrate.

ExperimentalWork

MaterialsandReagents

Theoriginalgoldconcentrateusedinthisstudyhadtheparticlesizeof95%lessthan 0.074mm,anditschemicalcompositionisindicatedinTable 1.Thegoldcontentwas 3.3g/t,whilstthetotalcontentofacidganguesincludingSiO2 andAl2 O3 was72.16%. ThemineralogicalphasesoftheconcentrateweredeterminedbyquantitativeX-ray diffractionanalysis,andtheresultshowedthatthemainmineralswerequartzand muscovite.Table 2 showstheresultofchemicalphaseanalysisofgold.Asindicated, 90.9%ofthegoldwasexposed,andtheothersweremainlyencapsulatedinoxides andsulfides

Table1 Chemicalcompositionoftheoxidegoldconcentrate(%)

a Unitg/t

Table2 Thechemicalphasesofgoldintheoxidegoldconcentrate

Thereagentsusedinthisstudy,suchasammoniumthiosulfate,coppersulfate, ammonia,sodiumchloride,sodiumsulfite,sodiumhydroxideandsulfuricacidwere ofanalyticallygrade.Ultrapurewaterwasusedthroughoutallexperiments.

LeachingandRecoveryTests

Allthiosulfateleachingtestswereperformedin1LbaffledPVCreactorusingan overheadstirrerwithaflat-bladedimpeller,whichwasopentoairthroughasampling port.Foreachleachingtest,0.5Lofdistilledwatercontainingdesiredquantitiesof requisitereagentswasfirstlytransferredintothereactor,andthenagivenmassof thegoldconcentratewasaddedandtheformedpulpwassimultaneouslyagitated ataconstantspeedof300rpm.Allofthesetestswereperformedataliquid-tosolidratioof3.PulppHwasadjustedtoapresetvaluewiththeadditionofNaOH (1mol/Lsolution)andwaskeptsteadybyreadjustmenteveryhalfanhour.Pulp temperaturewaskeptat25 ± 0.5°Cwithawaterbathduringleaching.Whenthe reactionwascompleted,pulpwasvacuumfiltrated.Theobtainedsolutionsamples wereimmediatelysubjectedtothiosulfateconcentrationassaysandgoldrecovery tests,andtheresiduesampleswereanalyzedforgoldcontenttocalculatethegold extraction.

Strong-baseanionexchangeresinAmberliteIRA-400wasadoptedtorecover goldfromtheleachsolutions.First,acertainamountofresin(wetbasevalue)was addedinto100mLofleachsolution,whichwasagitatedina250mLbeakerat 200rpm.A1mLofthesample,ifnecessary,wasconsecutivelytakentoobserve theconcentrationchangesofgoldandcopper.Whentheadsorptionwasfinished,the leachsolutionwasfiltratedbyavacuumfilterandtheobtainedresinwasadequately rinsedwithultrapurewater.Then,thegold-loadedresinwastransferredtoanionexchangecolumnwhichwasconstructedwitha10mLburettewithsmallwoolplugs bothonthetopandatthebottomoftheresinbed.Finally,theeluantswerepumped intothecolumnthrougharubberstopperonthetopoftheburetteusingaperistaltic. Theflowrateofeluantswas3BV/h(bedvolumeperhour)inthisexperimentwhere 1BVwasthevolumeoftheburetteoccupiedbytheresinbed.Duringtheelution stage,consecutive1mLofeluatewascollectedfromthetipatthebottomofthe buretteforgoldandcopperassays.Theelutionefficienciesofcopperandgoldwere

calculatedbasedonthecontentdifferencesofthesetwometalsontheloadedresin andintheeluate.

AnalyticalMethods

Sulfurandcarboncontentsinsolidweredeterminedusingahigh-frequencyIRcarbon andsulfuranalyzer(HW2000B,WuxiYingzhicheng).Theotherelementsinsolid wereanalyzedusingaciddigestionandanatomicabsorptionspectrometer(AA6800,SHIMADZU).Elementconcentrationsinsolutionwereallmeasuredbyan inductivelycoupledplasma-atomicemissionspectrometer(PS-6,Baird).Thiosulfate concentrationwasdeterminedbyaniodometricmethodwiththeindicatorVitex,and certainamountsofEDTA-2Naandformaldehydewereaddedbeforethetitrationin ordertoeliminatetheinterferencesofcuprictetra-aminecomplexandsulfite.

MineralogicalcompositionsofsampleswereobtainedbyanX-raydiffractometer (D/Max2500,Rigaku).Chemicalphaseconstitutionanalysishasbeenwidelyutilized inChinatodeterminethedistributionpercentageofanelementforitseveryphasein researchsample,whichisusuallycarriedoutbyprofessionalsinresearchinstitutes ofminingandmetallurgy.Inthispaper,theanalysisprocedurewasasfollows:At first,thephasesofelementwerediscoveredusinganopticalmicroscopecombined withanelectronprobemicro-analyzer.Afterthat,selectivedissolutionwascarried outtodetermineelementcontentsinidentifiedphasesbyappropriateprocessflow andchemicalreagents.

ResultsandDiscussion

Cupric-AmmoniaCatalyzedThiosulfateLeaching

EffectofInitialThiosulfateConcentration

Figure 1 showstheeffectofinitialthiosulfateconcentrationongoldextractionand thiosulfateconsumption.Only44.2%ofgoldextractionwasobtainedwhenthethiosulfateconcentrationwas0.05mol/L,thethiosulfateconsumptionwasalsoonly 21kg/t-concentrate.Increasingtheinitialthiosulfateconcentrationfrom0.05to 0.15mol/Levidentlyincreasedgoldextractionaswellasthiosulfateconsumption. However,whenthethiosulfateconcentrationincreasedto0.25mol/L,therewasno evidentincreaseingoldextraction,butthiosulfateconsumptioncontinuedtoincrease to52.3kg/t-concentrate.Therefore,theoptimumthiosulfateconcentrationisaround 0.20mol/L.

Fig.1 Effectofinitial thiosulfateconcentrationon goldextractionand thiosulfateconsumption undertheconditions:Cu2+ 0.02M,NH3 1.5Mand leachingtime8h

Fig.2 Effectofinitial cupricconcentrationongold extractionandthiosulfate consumptionunderthe conditions:S2 O3 2 0.2M, NH3 1.5Mandleaching time8h

EffectofInitialCupricConcentration

Figure 2 presentstheeffectofinitialcupricconcentrationongoldextractionand thiosulfateconsumption.Goldextractionincreasedwiththeincreaseofinitialcupric concentrationintheinitialrangeof0.01–0.025mol/L.However,whentheconcentrationwasbeyondtherange,goldextractionbegantodecrease.Thepossiblereason forthisisthatthehighthiosulfateconsumptionledtothepassivationofgoldsurface [1].Thiosulfateconsumptionincreasedastheconcentrationincreasedintheentire abscissarange.Thus,theoptimumcupricconcentrationisabout0.025mol/L.

EffectofInitialAmmoniaConcentration

Figure 3 showstheeffectofinitialammoniaconcentrationongoldextractionand thiosulfateconsumption.Goldextractionincreasedwithincreasingammoniaconcentrationuntilitreachedmaximumat1.5mol/Landthendecreasedgraduallyuntil

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

Reviewed by Lyman Abbott

Outlook 125:124 My 19 ’20 750w

“It is sound common sense doctrine that he preaches, and for that reason it will be popular with but few people in these days of emotional ‘thinking.’”

Review 2:234 Mr 6 ’20 750w

R of Rs 61:447 Ap ’20 40w

“Professor Leacock’s book is an appeal to pure reason; it is argumentative, but not quarrelsome; it is progressive in its aims, but it is not revolutionary. His picture may be overdrawn and too highly coloured, but it substantially represents what many thoughtful and clear-sighted men see today when gazing upon the eastern and western worlds.”

Sat R 129:501 My 29 ’20 950w

“There is much good sense in this attractive book.”

Spec 124:526 Ap 17 ’20 250w

“His solution may seem to be inadequate; but without doubt Mr Leacock has written a valuable popular analysis and has stated sane and forward-looking remedies.”

Springf’d Republican p10 F 19 ’20 180w

“Mr Leacock’s treatment of the problem is not intentionally humorous or flippant, but it is surprisingly superficial. As soon as he comes to a discussion of the social thought that governs the demands of large masses at the present time, he becomes positively absurd. Mr Leacock is most successful where he pricks current misconceptions.” B. L.

Survey 43:782 Mr 20 ’20 220w

“He does not overload his subject with the useless ballast of philosophic jargon, or obscure a poverty of thought by abundance of words. His book is short, lucid, always to the point, and sometimes witty.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p175 Mr 11 ’20 350w

LEACOCK, STEPHEN BUTLER. Winsome

Winnie, and other new nonsense novels. *$1.50 Lane 817 20–21990

This is a sequel to “Nonsense novels,” published in 1911. Again the author parodies the style of various popular types of fiction. Among the numbers in this second series are Winsome Winnie: or, Trial and temptation, narrated after the best models of 1875; The split in the cabinet: or, The fate of England, a political novel of the days that were; Who do you think did it? or, The mixed-up murder mystery; Broken barriers, or Red love on a blue island; and Buggam Grange, a

good old ghost story. The stories have appeared in Harper’s Magazine.

“While this later volume lacks to a slight degree the fresh spontaneity of Mr Leacock’s older books, there are plenty of sincere laughs left.” S. M. R.

Bookm

52:371 D ’20 140w

“The great majority of readers will find ‘Winsome Winnie’ almost as good as the author’s best books. In other words: the work of a man who, in the silence of Mr Dooley, is the most amusing writer in North America.” E. L. P.

Boston Transcript p4 D 24 ’20 490w

“Despite his delicious drolleries, Mr Leacock’s book of verbal cartoons contains an amazing amount of truthful criticism—doubly effective because its form and oblique method of delivery rob it of all malice.”

N Y Times p11 D 19 ’20 670w

“A book of parodies which is as amusing as the first series. ‘Winsome Winnie’ and ‘Who do you think did it?’ are as good as any of the sketches which Professor Leacock has ever written.” E. L. Pearson

Review 3:558 D 8 ’20 540w

“It will be a very superior person who does not laugh the first time he reads Mr Leacock’s version of these jocular subjects. But as the laugh comes from the verbal surprise or from the technical improvement in an established joke, it is not likely to be repeated.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p795 D 2 ’20 600w

LEADBITTER, ERIC. Rain before seven. *$2 (2c) Jacobs

20–9473

Michael Lawson was an awkward, shy and colorless youth, the fourth and youngest in a family of waning fortunes. As a gawky boy of fifteen he falls in love with the daughter of his tutor, Vicar Hargrieves. Some years later, Isobel’s heartless flirtations give him his first deep emotional experience. At school he discovers his love and talent for music and finds a patron who finances his musical education. But funds fail before he has launched upon a career, and he is reduced to playing in a picture-drome. He meets with a succession of failures and becomes a tramp. As such he is discovered by his sister Rosie—his family having been ignorant of his whereabouts for years. His brother, a successful scientist and inventor, takes him on in business. Michael makes good, drops music altogether, achieves tranquillity of heart and wins the love of a dear quiet girl, who had adored him even as a child.

“The first novel of a very grave and very garrulous young Englishman who has not yet discovered how many things have been said before. The trail of his story is lost under an underbrush of

Dial 69:211 Ag ’20 100w

“It is rather more than a good example of the usual thing.” H. W. Boynton

+ + truisms, though through the brambles one catches glimpses of landscape not unlike some of Mr Mackenzie’s milder panoramas. ”

Review 3:561 D 8 ’20 270w

LEARY, JOHN J., Jr. Talks with

T. R. il *$3.50 (4c) Houghton

20–11574

Extracts from the diaries of a veteran newspaper man who had been for many years in the habit of recording carefully his conversations with Theodore Roosevelt. These are now arranged under appropriate headings, some few of which are: Roosevelt and 1920; Dewey and Fighting Bob; The break with Taft; The attempt on his life; Clashes with the Kaiser; On election eve, 1916; Senator Lodge’s fist fight; Roosevelt’s one talk with Mr Wilson; Roosevelt on labor; Loyalty; Germans in America; Colonel Roosevelt on boys; Pershing and Wood. There are a number of illustrations.

“The picture is less attractive than that of the writer of the letters to his children, or of the state papers that have been included in Mr Bishop’s selection, but it seems to present with fidelity one of the poses of the most versatile statesmen of our day. The absence of an index makes the book more difficult to use than it need have been.”

F: L. Paxson

Am Hist R 26:149 O ’20 400w

“A wonderful readable book about a wonderful personality.” E. J. C.

Boston Transcript p8 Je 12 ’20 450w

“The volume is a racy, authentic, well-considered work, but instead of revealing the inner springs of motive, instead of a transvaluation of strenuous values, it merely adds to the sum total of current impressions.” L. B.

Freeman 2:118 O 13 ’20 280w

“Better than any photograph or any biography I know, they give you the feeling of having talked with the man in the flesh.”

Ind 104:242 N 13 ’20 110w

“It is in all respects one of the best Roosevelt books we have ever seen, and in some respects the best.”

N Y Times p19 Ag 15 ’20 1700w

“It is all vastly entertaining, though one wonders whether the obligation of discretion which private conversation implies has not in certain cases been prematurely sacrificed in the interest of impartial history.”

Outlook 126:292 O 13 ’20 580w

“‘Talks with T. R.’ is an unusually interesting book. It is a really valuable book. It is certain to be read; it deserves to be read. The author of the book had done well to omit certain virulent assaults on living Americans, notably President Wilson.”

Review 2:656 Je 23 ’20 350w

R of Rs 62:111 Jl ’20 100w

“It is a readable and informing book. The principal criticism that may be made concerns the typography and make-up of the volume. It could be condensed nearly fifty per cent without detracting from its readableness.”

Springf’d Republican p8 Je 24 ’20 550w

LEBLANC, MAURICE. Secret of Sarek. il *$1.75 Macaulay co.

20–5586

“To put into his narrative the right degree of thrill, the correct dose of horror, M. Leblanc takes us to the gloomy island of Sarek, off the coast of Brittany, which has the cheerful nickname of ‘Island of the coffins,’ and there plunges his characters into a welter of murder, mystery and terror that has few parallels in this kind of fiction. Strange figures robed in white, flitting in and out of the woods on the island, make one suspect that the ghosts of the druids of ancient times, or else descendants of theirs dwelling in caves beneath the island, have got on the rampage in the modern world. Arsène Lupin, the peerless solver of mysteries, arrives on the island in his little private submarine. He takes the situation in hand with his usual

combination of ability, bravery and luck. Things move fast from the moment that he sets foot on the old stamping ground of the druids. It would be unfair to tell the series of strokes of genius, combined with strokes of the incredible luck, whereby Arsène Lupin circumvents the atrocious Vorski and makes it possible for ‘The secret of Sarek’ to have a happy ending.” N Y Times

Ath p495 Ap 9 ’20 100w

Reviewed by H. W. Boynton

Bookman 51:584 Jl ’20 230w

“Suffice it to say that it is an enthralling story, carried forward breathlessly amid a whirl of shooting, stabbing, crucifying and general bloodshed, cleverly raised above most of its kind by a really baffling atmosphere of mystery, a genuine thriller among thrillers.”

N Y Times 25:199 Ap 18 ’20 700w

Reviewed by E. C. Webb

Pub W 97:996 Mr 20 ’20 250w

“The book is full of eerie mysteries and disasters violent enough to merit honourable mention in a competition with Greek tragedies and tinged with a suggestion of archaic survivals and black magic which will pleasantly thrill even a jaded reader.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p242 Ap 15 ’20 180w

LEDWIDGE, FRANCIS. Complete poems of Francis Ledwidge. *$2.50 Brentano’s 821

20–2931

Francis Ledwidge, the young Irish poet, lost his life in the war. His poems are brought together in this volume, with an introduction by Lord Dunsany. “Readers familiar with his work will find all of the favorites in this volume June, To my best friend, Desire in spring, and others. They will find also his poems written during the great war. It is interesting to note that he did not write much of battle and all that went with it, but made his songs out of memories or out of new glimpses of beauty.” (N Y Times)

“His scope was limited. Trees, flowers and the recurring seasons were his theme. But he evidently believed in these things, and did not write of nature because since Wordsworth’s day, it is the correct thing to do. Ledwidge was a countryman and loved the country; the desire to express himself came, and he moulded into what are often exquisite forms, the simple country thoughts which were natural in him.”

Ath p1255 N 28 ’19 340w

Booklist 16:234 Ap ’20

“A book which many lovers of modern Irish poetry will rejoice to possess. In many of the poems there is evidence of a delicate and fragrant talent, but one refuses to speak, as the editor so confidently does, of Ledwidge’s genius.” H: A. Lappin

Bookm 51:215 Ap ’20 160w

“It is difficult to predict what his future development might have been, but at least there is nothing in this collection to justify the editor in speaking so confidently of his protégé as a genius. Although there is here a great deal of fragrant and delicate imagination, and much keen and intimate observation of sky and tree and field and bird, there is nothing quite so full of Irish reality as any one of a dozen lyrics one might mention by Joseph Campbell or Padraic Colum, for example.”

Cath World 110:827 Mr ’20 260w

“There is little in the slight evidence before us to indicate that he would have made his place by sheer power; his success, had he lived, and had he obtained it, would have been of the idiosyncratic sort. And success of this sort he would, I think, no doubt have obtained. For through all his work runs a strain of lyric magic.” Conrad Aiken

Dial

68:376 Mr ’20 1900w

“Francis Ledwidge was an honest songster, a poet of the blackbird in a time of hawks and vultures. He was in no sense an important poet, it must be said.” Mark Van Doren

Nation 111:sup415 O 13 ’20 60w

“When it is said that he is somewhat unvarying and that he is sometimes immature it remains to be said that in everything Francis Ledwidge wrote there is the shapely and the imaginative phrase.” Padraic Colum

New Repub 22:190 Ap 7 ’20 680w

“He knew the simplicities and austerities of wild life in fields and woods so well that he could borrow from them a little sternness to go with the sweetness of his song. ”

N Y Times 25:27 Ja 18 ’20 500w

“It is simple, sincere, beautiful. Yet it is always quiet and restful. It is not emotional, it soothes. The pictures are gems. ”

Springf’d Republican p10 Ap 27 ’20 900w

“It is true that he is ‘the poet of the blackbird,’ that his ‘small circle of readers’ will turn to his work for its mildness, sweetness, and serenity, ‘ as to a very still lake ... on a very cloudless evening.’ But that small circle must not be disappointed to discover that his limpidity and naturalness are often blurred with the derivative, that his taste is uncertain, ... that his imagination is less active than his fancy. Complete poems, unflawed by inequalities of tone and workmanship are therefore rare. ” The Times [London] Lit Sup p607 O 30 ’19 1700w

“It is impossible to read these again without realizing that Ledwidge is Ireland’s foremost poet of landscape, a poet who will undoubtedly win lasting recognition.” N. J. O’Conor

Yale R n s 10:207 O ’20 130w

LEE, GERALD STANLEY. Ghost in the White House. *$2 Dutton 342.7

20–8716

“‘The White House is haunted by a vague helpless abstraction, by a kind of ghost of the nation, called the People.’ Gerald Stanley Lee gives expression to what he regards as the common aspiration of the people a yearning to emerge from the ghost stage and to take on tangible shape and substance through which to give expression and to render service. This transformation must be wrought through the organization of the people the consumers into a large club or league with branches and chapters. Thus organized, the individual would have a channel for the expression and application of their constructive thought. On the individual is the responsibility of arming himself with knowledge adequate for good judgment, with perspective for sound progress, with vision for comprehensive planning. Then shall the President be simply the chief of a practical religion.” Survey.

“Mr Lee writes for the most part in words of one syllable, a style admirably suited to reflect his own mental processes. ” H. K.

Freeman 2:333 D 15. ’20 190w

Ind 103:292 S 4 ’20 80w

“The author has thought, or mused, a lot, but he has hardly studied the problems at all. He fancies that economics is a very simple science and so it is, his economics. He has not the faintest conception of the real forces that are now reshaping the industrial world.”

Nation 111:276 S 4 ’20 430w

“Mr Lee’s book is thought provoking, stimulating, and much of it is true. It will provoke thought in persons who do not habitually think. One is not quite sure whether a good book like this helps or hinders one. ” M. F. Egan

N Y Times 25:5 Jl 4 ’20 3000w

“It is a remarkably successful attempt to formulate the definite, practical desires of the plain people.”

R of Rs 42:109 Jl ’20 120w

Springf’d Republican p6 O 4 ’20 670w

“It deserves to be widely read. It deals in a fascinating way with a common experience and a serious problem. While it does not solve this old problem, it serves a good purpose by stimulating new interest and new thought.” A. J. Lien

Survey 44:591 Ag 2 ’20 200w

LEE, HARRY SHERIDAN. High company. *$1.50 Stokes

811

20–16183

A collection of war poems under the subtitle “sketches of courage and comradeship,” mostly hospital scenes full of pathos and touches of humor. Contents: The upper room; The pipe and the fire; Angeline; April hearts; The hidden wound; Trees; Baldur the bright god; Winged heels; Ninette and Rintintin; Deferred payment; “Soldiers three”; Biddle’s kid; The good brown earth; The roll of honour; Pudgyfist visits the hospital; Lights out; The pie lady; “Every dog has his day”; “All in the blue unclouded weather”; Buddies; The shadow of the cloud; “Men of good will.”

Cath World 112:402 D ’20 170w

“The wounded doughboys are depicted with humor, sympathy, and originality, but the free verse form often degenerates into literal and banal prose. ”

N Y Evening Post p13 N 6 ’ 20 90w

“The tribute is beautiful in spirit, beautiful in expression.”

N Y Times p24 D 19 ’20 380w

LEE, JAMES MELVIN, ed. Business writing.

(Language for men of affairs) il $4 Ronald 808

20–9490

This volume has been prepared by a number of writers connected with the business department of colleges, and with business periodicals and is intended to help business men to write reports, articles for trade papers, make effective speeches at dinners, conventions or clubs, and to instruct advertising writers. The seven divisions of the book are headed: Essentials of writing; The reinforcement of reading; Letter for men of affairs; Report-writing; Advertising copy; The journalism of business; Mechanical and incidental. The appendices consist of bibliographies for both volumes and there is an index. The companion volume on “Talking business” is by John Mantle Clapp.

Booklist 16:334 Jl ’20 R of Rs 62:672 D ’20 70w School R 28:636 O ’20 130w LEE, JENNETTE BARBOUR (PERRY) (MRS GERALD STANLEY LEE). Chinese coat. *$1.75 (6c) Scribner 20–14288

To Eleanor More and her husband, Richard, a blue Chinese coat that she could not afford to buy became a kind of a symbol. The desire to give it to her stayed with her husband all thru their early married life while their family was growing up and even after the children were men and women. Their pilgrimage to a far country to at last gain possession of the coat is the climax of a story which is part allegory and part romance.

“A quiet tale of married life told with a charming simplicity and a touch of symbolism.”

Booklist 17:71 N ’20

“Companionable, sweet and comfortable, filling the mind with dreams of times when, unwillingly and under pressure, we were forced to let the great desire go. ”

Bookm 52:175 O ’20 60w

“A sweet little story, charmingly told, and illustrating the lovable qualities of husband and wife.”

Cath World 112:271 N ’20 60w

“A story that is remarkably compact and sustained in interest throughout. Throughout it is woven the glimmering web of poetry, and this is due partly to the theme itself and partly to the simplicity of the prose. One feels upon reading the story that Mrs Lee possesses unsuspected talents. The idealism and symbolic qualities of ‘The Chinese coat’ are never in doubt. It is a book to be read.”

“A charmingly simple story that has just enough of a plot to hold it together.”

+ + N Y Times p23 S 26 ’20 480w

Springf’d Republican p11a S 26 ’20

230w

Wis Lib Bul 16:194 N ’20 80w

LEE, VERNON, pseud. (VIOLET PAGET).

Satan the waster. *$2.50 Lane 822

20–16301

Vernon Lee’s satirical allegory, “The ballet of the nations,” was published in 1915 and was reviewed in the Book Review Digest at that time. It is now reprinted here, with prologue and epilogue which take account of the deeper causes leading to the war and of the chaos that has followed it. In the trilogy thus completed Satan appears as “the waster of human virtues.” And since the greater and more useless the waste, the greater his delight, he finds his chief joy in selfsacrifice which is vain, and the author, who in the furnace of the war has come to doubt and question all accepted values, suggests that what the world needs in place of self-sacrifice is that altruism “which is respect for the other rather than renunciation of the self.” This and other philosophical aspects of the war are discussed in the Introduction and in the notes which follow the play.

Ath p846 Je 25 ’20 190w

“We are casting about for a reason why a book so honest, intelligent, well-written, clever, should not stimulate but depress, should be a tiresome book. We may mention that the masque, ‘Satan the waster,’ occupies 110 pages out of about 340; the remainder consists of introduction and notes. That is a damning or at least a damnable fact.” F. W. S.

Ath p299 S 3 ’20 640w

Booklist 17:106 D ’20

“It is an interesting discussion of our international imbecilities and sets forth with pomp those precise opinions whose less elegant expression recently sent several hundred Americans to jail.”

Dial 70:232 F ’21 70w

“Enormously stimulating and quickening book. It ought to be one of the real factors in that spiritual re-adjustment which is now a major democratic necessity.” F. H.

New Repub 24:244 N 3 ’20 3650w

“Her satire fails because never from beginning to end can the reader believe in it. It is merely an expression of her opinions in a very artificial form; and, whether or no we agree with them, we would rather have them expressed in the natural form of argument.”

24 ’20 3200w

“It embodies the reaction to the world war of one of the sanest minds and most finished stylists of her day. One who compares Romain Rolland’s dramatic satire ‘Liluli’ with this work, is struck with the similarity in purpose, in point of view, in fundamental concept, and even in their common form of cosmic burlesque. Neither the great Frenchman nor the great Englishwoman has written a ‘play’ in the ordinary sense, but each has made an uncommon contribution to literature.” Theatre Arts Magazine 5:85 Ja ’21 320w

LEES, GEORGE ROBINSON. Life of Christ. il *$5

Dodd 232

20–18310

Considering it of supreme importance to be able to visualize the scenery amid which the life of Christ was laid, the writer of this volume spent six years in Palestine during which he learned “how real was the life of Christ in the scenes depicted in the records of the Evangelist.” Thus with much local and historic coloring the life of Jesus is reinterpreted from the accounts of the apostles which are closely followed. The book is indexed and has one hundred and twenty-five full page illustrations.

“Inevitably it provokes comparison with Renan in point of literary style, if not in actual treatment, for Mr Lees is a convinced believer.

His style fails badly by the test. Though a book of this kind is not greatly to our taste, we cannot but acknowledge the author’s devotion.”

Ath p868 D 24 ’20 90w

“His narrative is plain, simple, understandable, but not marked by either remarkable scholarship or remarkable insight.”

Outlook 126:767 D 29 ’20 100w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p687 O 21 ’20 90w

LE

GALLIENNE,

RICHARD. Junk-man,

and other poems. *$1.75 Doubleday 811

20–17992

With a wealth of imagery and a poet’s wisdom all life is mirrored in these poems in the time-honored garb of rhyme and metre. The first line of the poem “On re-reading Le morte d’Arthur,” “Here learn who will the art of noble words” can be applied to this collection, the author’s first since the war.

Booklist 17:105 D ’20

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.