Overview of the Book
The first three chapters of this book provide an orientation to the nonprofit sector and a theoretical foundation for the more applied topics considered later Chapter 1 provides an introduction to nonprofit management, both as a profession and as an academic field of study, and offers a justification for studying the topic as distinct from management in government or business. Chapter 2 offers a look at the structure, boundaries, and characteristics of the nonprofit sector and establishes some basic definitions. Chapter 3 expands our understanding of the nonprofit sector by reviewing theories that explain its existence and its role in relation to government and business. That chapter also examines selected theories that describe the nature of nonprofit organizations and explain their behavior.
The next two chapters, Chapters 4 and 5, consider the roles and responsibilities of governing boards and nonprofit chief executive officers (CEOs) and the ways in which these two vital actors interact in leading organizations. The nonprofit governing board has functional, moral, and legal responsibilities. Nonprofit chief executives, whether titled “executive director,” “president,” “CEO,” or something else, lead their organizations in a complex and dynamic environment that will be described. The partnership between the CEO and the board is critical to a well-operating and effective organization
The next six chapters focus on applied aspects of nonprofit management. Chapter 6 reviews the increasing demands for nonprofit accountability and various approaches to measuring the performance of nonprofit organizations Chapter 7 discusses the development of organizational strategy and the tools of strategic planning and strategic management now employed by many nonprofits Strategic planning is often the first step in the larger undertaking of building the organization’s capacity or its ability to achieve the goals identified in the plan; thus capacity building also is considered in this chapter. Chapter 8 explores collaborations and partnerships among nonprofit organizations and those that cross the sectors. In addition, recent years have brought mergers of nonprofit organizations, a topic that is also considered in Chapter 8 Chapter 9 discusses both the theory and the practice of human resource management in nonprofit organizations. One of the significant differences between many nonprofits and business or government is the substantial employment of volunteers to provide the organization’s core services. Management of an unpaid workforce requires an understanding of human motivation and skill in managing effective relationships between an organization’s volunteers and its paid professional staff Chapter 10 considers the management of programs for communication and marketing, essential for organizations that are highly interactive with and dependent on the world around them. This section concludes with Chapter 11, which discusses advocacy and lobbying, important activities for many nonprofit organizations that seek to affect social change
The next section of the book, encompassing four chapters, is concerned with the acquisition and management of resources. The securing of revenue and the management of financial resources are interrelated activities. Like many of the topics covered in this book, financial management is large, complex, and important. Chapter 12 provides a few basic concepts and directs students to additional sources from which they can obtain the more detailed understanding they may seek Chapter 13 discusses principles of raising philanthropic funds from individual, corporate, and foundation donors. Chapter 14 explores the subject of nonprofits’ earned income that is, efforts to generate revenue through activities other than traditional philanthropy. That chapter explores the myriad and growing commercial partnerships between nonprofit organizations and corporations, including cause-related marketing, sponsorships, licensing agreements, joint ventures, and others. It also considers nonprofit business ventures, the development of revenue-generating activities that provide a stream of revenue to support mission programs Chapter 15 considers principles involved in securing and managing grants and contracts from government, a significant source of revenue for many nonprofits.
The final section of the book includes two chapters that expand our perspective Chapter 16 examines social entrepreneurship and social innovation. As discussed later in the text, this topic is not necessarily synonymous with the generation of earned income revenue or even with the adoption of business methods by nonprofit organizations. Nor is it always synonymous with the founding of new organizations. Rather, by the definition used in this book, it includes innovations that lead to “wide-scale change at the systemic level” (Leviner, Crutchfield, & Wells, 2006, p. 89). In other words, social entrepreneurship is related to social innovation, regardless of the specific methods or financial sources that may be involved. Chapter 17 looks beyond the United States to discuss the work of nonprofit organizations internationally. The Conclusion offers some of my final reflections and observations
Students may observe that the book does not include a chapter on nonprofit law. Nonprofits are subject to a large and growing body of law at the local, state, and federal levels. However, I decided to discuss aspects of nonprofit law in the various chapters where they are most relevant rather than in a separate chapter. The book provides references to other resources for students who may want to know more The book also does not include a separate chapter on ethics; rather, ethical issues are addressed at relevant points throughout the text, for example, in the discussion of Chapter 6 concerning accountability and in the ethical scenarios proposed for discussion at the end of Chapter 13 on philanthropic fundraising. At least one reviewer of the third edition suggested adding a chapter on risk management, an important topic in nonprofit management Given the limitations of length, it was not practical to do so, but a discussion of risk management is included in relevant sections of other chapters
Again, all the following chapters draw on the theoretical and academic literature as well as the writing of experienced practitioners and consultants. Key points are illustrated with
actual cases, some drawn from the daily headlines Students are encouraged to include the cases in their reading of each chapter, to consider the questions suggested for discussion of the cases, to consider the broader Questions for Discussion provided at the end of each chapter, and to think about the relevance of what they are reading to any nonprofit organizations with which they may have personal experience. Most also will find that the daily news within the span of almost any semester or academic year includes stories that relate to nonprofit organizations and provide real-time cases that illustrate points discussed in this book.
Ancillaries
Ancillary materials further support and enhance the learning goals of the fourth edition of Nonprofit Management These ancillary materials include:
Instructor Resources
Test banks with multiple choice, true/false and essay questions for each chapter
Editable chapter-specific PowerPoint slides
Sample course syllabi
Chapter outlines
Case activities
Discussion questions for each chapter
Student Resources
Video and multimedia links
EXCLUSIVE! Access to certain full-text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected for each chapter
Visit study sagepub com/worth4e to access the support materials for Nonprofit Management, Fourth Edition.
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A . Contract, curtail, condense, restrict, attenuate.
Expanse. Extent, stretch, expansion; firmament, sky, canopy, vault, welkin; vast, void, space, breadth.
A . Limit, enclosure, confine, bound.
Expatiate. Rove, range; dilate, enlarge, descant, be copious, launch out, amplify.
A . Contract, summarize, condense, epitomize.
Expect. Await, look for; anticipate, rely upon, count upon, reckon or calculate upon, look forward to; look for, forecast, forebode, foresee.
A . Welcome, greet, hail, recognize; realize.
Expectation. Anticipation, expectance, prospect, expectancy; reliance, confidence, assurance, presumption; trust, hope.
A . Recollection, remembrance, retrospect; distrust, despair, discouragement.
Expediency. Fitness, propriety, suitableness, desirableness, advisability; advantage, utility, profit, usefulness; profitableness, advantageousness; interest.
A . Disadvantage, detriment, inutility, inexpediency.
Expedition. Haste, speed, celerity, despatch, alertness, promptness, alacrity, quickness; enterprise, undertaking; march, voyage.
A . Delay, tardiness, procrastination.
Expend. Disburse, spend, lay out; use, exert, consume, employ; waste, exhaust, spread, scatter, dissipate.
A . Save, economize, husband.
Expense. Expenditure, outgo, cost, outlay; price, charge, payment.
A . Income, gain, proceeds, return, profit, product, receipts.
Expensive. Dear, costly, high-priced; lavish, wasteful, extravagant; valuable, rich.
A . Cheap, worthless, poor; economical.
Experience, n. Actual observation, feeling, or presentation; practice, experimental knowledge; experiment, trial, proof, test, knowledge, habit.
Ant. Anticipation, expectation.
Experience, v. Feel, undergo, prove by trial, endure, suffer, be subject to; try, encounter.
A . Evade, escape, lose, miss.
Experienced. Practiced, versed, accomplished, able, qualified, instructed, thoroughbred; familiar, skilled, accustomed, conversant.
A . Inexperienced, strange, unpracticed.
Experiment. Trial, test, assay, examination, proof, touchstone, ordeal; observation, investigation, experimentation; illustration, exemplification.
A . Hypothesis, conjecture, assumption.
Explain. Elucidate, expound, interpret, unfold, clear up, make plain; account for, make intelligible, give the reasons for, solve, warrant, trace to causes, justify; teach, decipher.
A . Mystify, bewilder, obscure, darken, misinterpret.
Explanation. Elucidation, interpretation, exposition, illustration, description, explication; solution, warrant, justification, account, key; mutual understanding; sense.
A . Confusion, misinterpretation, mystification, obscuration.
Explicit. Express, clear, plain, definite, positive, unambiguous, unreserved, categorical, determinate; detailed, declaratory, unobscure, stated.
A . Ambiguous, doubtful, indefinite, uncertain, vague, implied, implicit, indeterminate; hinted, suggestive, obscure.
Exponent. Index, indication, example, type, representative, illustration, specimen; advocate, interpreter, propounder.
A . System, creed, principle, opinion.
Export, v. Send out, carry out, send abroad, ship, produce.
A . Import; consume.
Exposed. Unprotected, defenseless, unguarded, endangered.
A . Guarded, defended, protected.
Expostulate. Object, dissuade, remonstrate.
A . Abet, coincide, agree, confirm.
Express, v. Squeeze out; utter, declare, assert, speak; represent, indicate, show, signify, exhibit, denote, intimate; send by express.
A . Suppress, repress, conceal.
Express, a. Explicit, clear, definite, plain, determinate, positive, categorical; exact, accurate, faithful, true, close, precise; special, particular; swift, rapid, fast; specific, pointed, direct.
A . General; vague; leisurely; inaccurate, inexact, approximate.
Expression. Squeezing out; assertion, statement, utterance, declaration; phrase, mode of speech, term; general tone, pervading effect, look, cast of countenance; lively representation; modulation, feeling, execution; indication.
A . Suppression, restraint, repression; face, features, lineament; falsification, misstatement, solecism, enigma.
Expunge. Erase, efface, obliterate, cancel, blot out, delete.
A . Mark, write, trace, delineate.
Exquisite. Nice, accurate, delicate, discriminating, exact, refined; precious, valuable, select, choice, rare, excellent; perfect, complete, matchless, consummate; keen, poignant, acute, intense; delicious.
A . Common, coarse, ordinary; unrefined.
Extemporaneous. Improvised, unpremeditated, extempore, impromptu, extemporary, offhand.
A . Prepared, studied, premeditated, read, written, elaborated; rehearsed, recited.
Extend. Stretch, reach; prolong, continue, lengthen, protract; expand, dilate, enlarge, widen, augment, increase; diffuse; impart, give, offer, yield; amplify, avail, apply.
A . Contract, restrict, curtail, limit, narrow, reduce, condense; miss, fail.
Extent. Expanse, amplitude, extension; volume, bulk, magnitude, size; stretch, reach, compass, length; degree, distance, quantity.
A . Limitation, diminution, restriction.
Extenuate. Lessen, diminish, reduce; palliate, mitigate, excuse, qualify, apologize for.
A . Enhance, aggravate, heighten.
Exterior, a. Outward, external, outer, outside, superficial; foreign, extrinsic, from without.
A . Inner, internal, domestic, inward.
Exterminate. Eradicate, overthrow, uproot, expel, extirpate, annihilate, banish, destroy, remove, root out, wipe out.
A . Augment, breed, cherish, develop, increase, populate, replenish, settle, plant, foster, propagate, colonize, build up, beget.
Extermination. Extirpation, annihilation, eradication, abolition, destruction, extinction, excision, elimination.
A . Settlement, replenishment, augmentation, colonization, population, propagation, increase.
External. Outward, outer, exterior, outside, superficial; foreign, extrinsic; visible, apparent; manifest, palpable.
A . Inner, internal, intestine, inmost, hidden, non-apparent.
Extinction. Destruction, annihilation, extirpation, extermination, abolition; extinguishment; stifling, death, suffocation, cessation, obsolescence.
A . Inception, origination, birth, course, life, operation, action, exercise, continuance, prosperity, survival.
Extinguish. Quench; destroy, suppress, put down; extirpate, abolish, eradicate, kill, annihilate, put out.
A . Replenish, replant, implant, cherish, propagate, promote, invigorate, establish, confirm, secure.
Extort. Exact, wrest, wrench, wring out, force; despoil, express, fleece, squeeze out, extract.
A . Coax, cheat, wheedle, cajole.
Extortionate. Oppressive, exacting, severe, hard, harsh; exorbitant, close-fisted, rigorous, monstrous, preposterous.
A . Liberal, bountiful, indulgent, fair, moderate, reasonable.
Extract, n. Selection, excerpt, passage, citation, quotation.
Extract, v. Draw, pull, take out; derive, select, quote, cite; determine, find; educe, elicit, gather, collect, extort.
A . Insert, replace, incorporate, restore, reinsert, impose.
Extraneous. Foreign, extrinsic; non-pertinent, not germane, unessential, superfluous; unconnected, alien, unrelated, adventitious, ascititious.
A . Intrinsic, vital, internal, connected, essential.
Extraordinary. Unusual, remarkable, uncommon, singular, signal, egregious, rare, extra; unwonted, peculiar, wonderful, unprecedented, marvelous, prodigious, monstrous, preposterous, strange.
A . Common, usual, frequent, wonted, unremarkable, unimportant, ordinary.
Extravagance. Excess, exorbitance, enormity, unreasonableness, preposterousness; wildness, folly, absurdity, irregularity; prodigality, lavish expenditure, profusion, waste.
A . Carefulness, economy, frugality, saving, provision, prudence, foresight.
Extravagant. Excessive, inordinate, unreasonable, preposterous, exorbitant; wild, foolish, absurd, irregular; lavish, profuse, wasteful, spendthrift, prodigal.
A . Sound, sober, consistent, fair, rational, economical, frugal, careful, regular, usual.
Extreme. Utmost, farthest, uttermost, outermost; greatest, highest; last, final, ultimate; extravagant, immoderate, excessive, unreasonable; remote, terminal, distant, most violent.
A . Initial, primal, judicious, moderate.
Extremity. End, verge, termination, edge, border, extreme, utmost point; close, conclusion.
A . Beginning, commencement, opening, center, origin, bulk, body.
Exudation. Ooze, drip, percolation, excretion, secretion.
A . Absorption, parching, aridity.
Exultant. Exulting, jubilant, triumphant, elated, joyous, transported.
A . Mournful, dispirited, depressed.
Exultation. Elation, joy, triumph, delight, transport, ecstasy.
A . Mourning, depression.
FFable. Story, myth, legend, allegory, apologue; plot, action, series of events; fiction, falsehood, lie, untruth, fabrication, forgery, invention, figment; romance, parable, novel.
A . History, fact, narrative.
Fabric. Building, structure, edifice, pile; texture, make, workmanship, conformation; manufactured cloth, woven stuff; work, construction, tissue, web.
A . Destruction, dismantlement, demolition, fragment, wreck, tatters, ruin, shreds, rags.
Fabricate. Build, frame, construct; make, manufacture; forge, invent, coin, feign; form, falsify, produce, devise, misrepresent.
A . Demolish, tear, spoil, dismember, destroy, narrate, lacerate, copy, represent, repeat, portray.
Fabulous. Invented, fabricated, feigned, unreal, coined, fictitious; incredible, pretended, imaginary, false, monstrous.
A . Real, actual, historic, authentic, fair, true, reasonable.
Facetious. Witty, jocose, jocular, humorous, waggish, funny, comical, pleasant, droll; gay, merry, sportive, lively, entertaining, sprightly; playful.
A . Matter-of-fact, heavy, dull, grave, serious, saturnine, somber, lugubrious.
Facile. Docile, easy, mild, courteous, affable, complaisant, approachable; pliant, pliable, ductile, flexible, yielding, tractable, manageable, compliant; ready, dexterous; indulgent, weak, irresolute, characterless.
A . Resolute, sturdy, obstinate, determined, inflexible, crusty, self-willed, self-reliant, independent.
Facility. Easiness, ease; readiness, dexterity, expertness, ability, knack; condescension, urbanity, affability, civility, complaisance, politeness; pliancy, flexibility, ductility; appliance, convenience, means, advantage, resource; quickness, adroitness.
A . Effort, awkwardness, labor, difficulty.
Fact. Occurrence, event, deed, incident, act, performance, circumstance; reality, actuality, certainty, truth.
A . Fiction, supposition, unreality, falsehood, chimera, lie, delusion, invention, hallucination, romance.
Factious. Turbulent, refractory, seditious, rebellious, recalcitrant, litigious, adversative, malcontent.
A . Genial, complaisant, agreeable, loyal, harmonious, publicspirited, sympathetic, cooperative, auxiliary.
Factitious. Artificial; euphuistic, affected, finical, cramped, conventional, spurious.
A . Natural, genial, unaffected, pure, genuine, truthful.
Fade. Vanish, evanesce, disappear, pass away; decline, languish, droop, decay, wither; lose color, grow dim, blanch, bleach, fall, sink, dwindle, pale, change, set, etiolate, fail.
A . Rise, increase, bloom, grow, flourish, endure, abide, last, stand.
Fag. Droop, sink, grow weary, flag; drudge, toil; do menial service, tire, fatigue, jade, exhaust; work, slave.
A . Idle, lounge, dawdle; strike; bask.
Fail. Fall short, be insufficient, be deficient; decline, sink, decay, wane, fade, break, give out; cease, disappear, become extinct; miss, miscarry, be unsuccessful, miss fire, be frustrated; omit, neglect; break, become insolvent, suspend payment; trip, lose.
A . Succeed, exceed, surpass, achieve, abound, yield, excel.
Faint. Weak, exhausted, worn, listless, languid, wearied, dim, feeble, fatigued, faint-hearted, faded, faltering, half-hearted, irresolute, purposeless, timid, ill-defined, indistinct; unenergetic; obscure, inconspicuous.
A . Prominent, marked, glaring; resolute, sturdy, vigorous, strong, fresh, hearty, daring, energetic; clear, brilliant, bright,
conspicuous.
Fair. Spotless, unspotted, unblemished, unstained, untarnished; white, light, blond; handsome, comely, beautiful; pleasant, clear, cloudless, unclouded; favorable, prosperous; promising, hopeful; open, distinct, plain, unobstructed, unencumbered; frank, honest, ingenuous, candid, noble, honorable, upright, impartial; reasonable, proper, equitable, just; passable, tolerable, above mediocrity; serene.
A . Lowering, dull, foul, ugly, disfigured, fraudulent, unfair, dishonorable.
Faith. Creed, doctrine, assurance, belief, confidence, assent, credence, opinion, trust, credit, reliance.
A . Distrust, disbelief, dissent, doubt, incredulity, infidelity, misgiving, skepticism, unbelief, suspicion, rejection.
Faithful. Firm, loyal, devoted, stanch, sure, true, trustworthy, trusty, unwavering, incorruptible; attached; accurate, close, consistent, correspondent, exact, equivalent.
A . Inaccurate, inexact; faithless, false, fickle, untrue, wavering, untrustworthy, capricious.
Fall. Drop, descend, sink; lapse, droop, gravitate; fall down, be prostrated; be lowered, be depressed; decrease, decline, be diminished, die away, sin, err, transgress, trip, trespass; die, perish; empty, be discharged, flow; happen, befall, come; become, get; pass, be transferred; be dropped, be uttered carelessly.
A . Rise, soar, mount, recover, climb, ascend.
Fallacy. Illusion, deception, deceit, delusion, mistake, misapprehension, error, misconception; sophism, sophistry, paralogism, deceitful argument.
A . Truth, logic, proof, postulate, argument, verity, fact, axiom, soundness.
Fallible. Erring, uncertain, ignorant, weak, frail, imperfect.
A . Certain, infallible, unerring, omniscient.
Fallow. Pale red or pale yellow; untilled, unsowed, neglected; inert, inactive, dormant; quiescent, idle, uncultivated, unproductive.
A . Cultivated, tilled, productive, worked, sown, prolific, operative, fruitful.
False. Untrue, mendacious, unveracious, lying; dishonest, perfidious, treacherous, faithless, disloyal, dishonorable, disingenuous, double-tongued, false-hearted, double-faced, twofaced; untrustworthy, untruthful, unreliable, truthless; spurious, counterfeit, forged, not genuine, feigned, sham, hypocritical, makebelieve; incorrect, improper, erroneous, unfounded, wrong; fallacious, deceptive, deceiving, deceitful, delusive, misleading, disappointing; sophistical, mock, bogus, fabricated, unfaithful.
A . True, sound, correct, authentic, real, genuine, candid, conclusive, honorable, faithful.
Falsehood. Falsity, lie, fabrication, untruth, fiction, fib; imposture, counterfeit, cheat; fallacy, error, sophistry, forgery, deception.
A . Truth, verity, correctness, fact, genuineness, honesty, honor, reality, authenticity.
Falsify. Misrepresent, counterfeit, belie, misstate, garble; disprove, show unsound; violate; mistake, misinterpret, betray.
A . Verify, rectify, correct, check, certify, justify, expose, declare, exhibit, publish.
Falter. Hesitate, stutter, stammer; fail, quiver, tremble, totter; waver, be undecided, show weakness; halt, slip, dubitate, demur, flinch, vacillate.
A . Proceed, speed, flow, run, discourse, determine, persevere, resolve.
Fame. Celebrity, honor, laurels, distinction, notoriety, renown, reputation, repute, glory, eminence, credit; report, tidings, rumor, bruit, news.
A . Silence, suppression, hush; dishonor, discredit, humiliation, infamy, shame, obscurity, contempt, contumely, disgrace, disrepute, ignominy, oblivion.
Familiar. Conversant, well-acquainted, well-versed; intimate, close, near, friendly, fraternal, cordial, amicable; social, accessible, sociable, affable, kindly, courteous, civil, companionable, conversible; unceremonious, unconstrained, free, easy, informal; well-known; household, frank, everyday, accustomed.
A . Uncommon, rare, extraordinary, strange, unaccustomed, unacquainted, new, unfamiliar, inconversant.
Famous. Celebrated, renowned, distinguished, remarkable, farfamed, eminent, noted, illustrious, glorious.
A . Unknown, unsung, inglorious, obscure, forgotten.
Fanatic. Enthusiast, zealot, visionary, bigot.
A . Skeptic, unbeliever, cynic.
Fanaticism. Intolerance, superstition, bigotry, credulity; enthusiasm, frenzy.
A . Skepticism, cynicism, indifference, freethinking, latitudinarianism; disbelief, profanity; disregard, coldness.
Fanciful. Fantastic, grotesque, visionary, imaginative, chimerical; unreal, eccentric, quaint, imaginary, freakish, erroneous, humorsome, capricious, fitful, erratic, whimsical, absurd.
A . Ordinary, usual, regular, commonplace, real, accurate, literal, prosaic, reasonable, sensible, solid, sure, true, sound, calculable, calculated; natural, sober, truthful, correct.
Fancy. Imagination, whim, vagary, caprice, belief, conceit, conception, desire, humor, idea, image, inclination, mood, liking, predilection, supposition; thought, notion.
A . Certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity, actuality; object, subject, thought, law, order; aversion, horror.
Farcical. Droll, absurd, ridiculous, ludicrous; comic, funny, nonsensical, pantomimic.
A . Grave, serious, tragic, solemn, dismal, ghastly, funereal.
Fare. Go, travel, journey, pass; prosper, be treated, prove, happen, turn out, be situated; be entertained, feed; live, speed, do.
A . Toil, fast, fail, droop, sink, faint, drop, falter, halt.
Farewell. Adieu, good-by, valedictory, leave-taking, congé, departure, parting.
A . Salutation, welcome, greeting.
Fashion. Form, shape, figure, cut, make, model, cast, mold, pattern, appearance, configuration, conformation; way, manner, sort, method; usage, custom, style, mode, conventionality; gentility; guise, character, practice, ceremony.
A . Person, work, speech, dress; derangement, formlessness, shapelessness; outlandishness, strangeness, eccentricity.
Fast, a. Fixed, fastened, close, tight; firm, immovable; steadfast, constant, stanch; fortified, strong, impregnable; profound, sound, deep; swift, quick, fleet, rapid; wild, reckless, thriftless, dissipated, thoughtless, extravagant; secure, stable, unyielding, unswerving; accelerated; gay.
A . Insecure, loose, slow, tardy, steady, sober, virtuous.
Fasten. Secure, bind, tie, attach; join, unite, connect, hold together; hold compact, affix, annex, grapple, fix.
A . Undo, loose, sever, relax, remove, unfasten, detach.
Fastidious. Dainty, squeamish, difficult, overnice, overdelicate, queasy, critical; overrefined, censorious, particular, punctilious.
A . Indulgent, uncritical, easy; coarse; omnivorous.
Fat. Unctuous, greasy, fatty, oily; plump, fleshy, obese, corpulent, portly, pursy; coarse, heavy, dull, sluggish, stupid; rich, profitable, lucrative; productive, fertile, fruitful; luxuriant, brawny; stout; oleaginous.
A . Lean, slender, attenuated, emaciated, barren, poor, scant; marrowless; anatomical.
Fatal. Deadly, mortal, lethal; destructive, calamitous, baleful, ruinous, mischievous, baneful, pernicious; fateful.
A . Beneficial, wholesome, vitalizing, restorative, salubrious, nutritious, slight, superficial, harmless.
Fate. Destiny, destination, inevitable necessity, fatality; lot, doom, predetermined event; destruction, death; final event, ultimate destruction; fortune, end.
A . Will, choice, decision, independence, freedom.
Fathom, v. Sound; divine, penetrate, reach, comprehend, understand; gage, pierce, measure, probe.
A . Survey, glance, scan, miss, skin, graze, overlook.
Fathomless. Bottomless, profound, abysmal.
A . Superficial, shallow, skin-deep.
Fatigue, n. Weariness, exhaustion, lassitude; labor, hardship, toil; languor, enervation.
A . Freshness, vigor, indefatigability, activity.
Fatigue, v. Harass, weary, tire, jade, exhaust, fag.
A . Inspirit, refresh, enliven, animate.
Fatuity. Foolishness, imbecility, idiocy; folly, madness, absurdity, infatuation.
A . Wisdom, sense, soundness, sobriety, discernment.
Fault. Defect, blemish, imperfection, flaw, weakness, failing, frailty; misdeed, misdemeanor, offense, trespass, wrong, transgression, delinquency, indiscretion; slip, error, lapse; failure, omission, want, drawback.
A . Perfection, sufficiency, correctness, completeness.
Faultless. Without blemish, perfect; innocent, guileless, blameless, sinless, spotless, immaculate, guiltless, stainless; complete, correct, accurate.
A . Incomplete, imperfect, incorrect, defective, inaccurate, corrupt, faulty, erroneous.
Faulty. Bad, defective, imperfect; blamable, blameworthy, culpable, reprehensible.
A . Correct, complete, perfect, accurate; irreproachable, blameless, unassailable.
Favor, n. Kindness, grace, countenance, friendliness, good will; benefit, good deed, friendly turn; patronage, championship, support; letter, communication, epistle; gift, present; decoration, knot, rosette; permission, leave, pardon; advantage, preference, boon; concession, predilection, civility, regard, condescension.
A . Refusal, denial, prohibition, disfavor, withholding, withdrawal, frown, disapproval, injury, discountenance.
Favor, v. Befriend, countenance, patronize, encourage; approve, regard with favor; facilitate, be propitious to; support, help, aid, assist; humor, indulge, extenuate, palliate, ease, spare; resemble, look like.
A . Refuse, deny, disapprove, withdraw, withhold, prohibit, discountenance, injure, harm.
Favorable. Kind, friendly, propitious, willing, auspicious; conducive, contributing; beneficial, advantageous, convenient,
suitable, fit; permissive, indulgent, concessive, partial, fond, liberal.
A . Reluctant, unpropitious, unfavorable, impartial.
Favorite. Dear, beloved, pet, darling.
Favoritism. Partiality, invidiousness.
A . Odium, prejudice; impartiality.
Fawn upon. Flatter, wheedle, cajole, cringe, palaver, slaver.
A . Insult, deride, defy, censure, dare, satirize, rebuke, reprimand.
Fealty. Homage, loyalty, allegiance; fidelity, faithfulness, honor, good faith, devotion.
A . Disloyalty, treachery, infidelity, disaffection, shame, dishonor.
Fear. Dismay, alarm, horror, awe, apprehension, dread, terror, fright, panic, tremor, timidity, trepidation, trembling, affright, consternation, disquietude, misgiving, anxiety, solicitude, concern; veneration, reverence.
A . Courage, confidence, assurance, fearlessness; trust, boldness; fortitude.
Fearful. Afraid, apprehensive; timid, nervous, timorous, fainthearted, cowardly; dreadful, terrible, frightful, dire; awful; shocking, terrific, horrible; hesitating.
A . Venturesome, audacious, bold, confident, consolatory, inspiriting, assuring; attractive, alluring, hopeful, inviting.
Feasible. Manageable, possible, permissible, practicable, contrivable.
A . Impossible, unallowable, impracticable.
Feast. Treat, banquet, regalement, entertainment, carousal; festival, holiday; delight, enjoyment.
A . Starvation, scarcity, want, lack, bareness, scantiness.
Featly. Neatly, cleverly, dexterously, adroitly.
A . Clumsily, bunglingly, hardly.
Feature. Lineament, cast of the face; fashion, make, aspect, appearance, conformation; prominent part, outline; characteristic,
trait, point, mark, item, component, element, indication, portion, sign.
A . Whole, system, countenance; arrangement, case; misindication, misinformation, falsification; blind, mask, disguise; excrescence.
Federation. Uniting, federating, confederation, union, league, allying, alliance, coalition, federal compact, confederacy, combination.
A . Secession, disunion, sedition, mutiny, disruption.
Fee. Pay, reward, recompense, compensation, remuneration; feud, fief, fee-simple, unconditional tenure.
Feeble. Weak, not strong, enervated, debilitated, infirm, languid, sickly, languishing, declining, frail, drooping; faint, imperfect, dim; without vigor, lacking intensity; wretched, poor, dull, forceless, puny, enfeebled, nerveless; incomplete, vain, fruitless; scanty, pitiable.
A . Strong, robust, active, successful, effective; abundant; powerful, muscular; forcible, cogent, telling; violent, vehement, ardent; lusty, hale, vigorous, hearty.
Feed. Give food to, supply, contribute to, provide for; nourish, cherish, sustain; eat, take food, take nourishment; sustain life, subsist.
A . Starve, refuse, deny, withhold, take away; impoverish, steal from; diet, abstain, refrain.
Feel. Perceive, have feeling; be perceived; be moved, be excited, be stirred, be wrought up, be impressed; touch, handle; experience, suffer, or enjoy; be affected by, be moved by; prove, sound, try, put to the test.
A . Be hard or callous, insensate, apathetic, dull, numb, imperceivable, indifferent, unsusceptible, or stoical.
Feeling. Sense of touch; sensation, perception by touch; sensibility, emotion, sentiment, affection, passion, impression; tenderness, susceptibility; contact; pathos; consciousness, sensitiveness.
A . Callousness, insensibility, imperturbability, inexcitability, coldness, insensateness.
Feign. Invent, imagine, devise, forge, fabricate; counterfeit, affect, assume, simulate, pretend to.
A . Detect, test, unmask, refute, verify, substantiate.
Felicitous. Fit, appropriate, apt, pertinent, seasonable, opportune, well-timed, happy, skilful, ingenious; prosperous, successful, fortunate, lucky, auspicious, propitious; timely, joyous.
A . Unhappy, unfortunate, inauspicious, untimely, inopportune, disastrous, sad.
Felicity. Bliss, blessedness, happiness; aptness, aptitude, fitness, propriety, felicitousness, suitableness; success, luck, fortune.
A . Ill luck, bad fortune, sorrow, unhappiness, disaster, misfortune; sadness, mourning, melancholy.
Fell, a. Inhuman, cruel, barbarous, relentless, ruthless, implacable, unrelenting, pitiless, malignant, malicious, malign, savage, ferocious, bloody, blood-thirsty; direful, merciless, remorseless, fierce, truculent.
A . Generous, chivalrous, lenient, humane, propitious.
Fell, v. Prostrate, level, bring to the ground, hurl down, knock down; cut down, hew down, lay low; hem; demolish, subvert, waste, bare.
A . Plant, erect, support; stock, upraise, rear, propagate.
Fellow. Associate, companion, comrade; equal, peer, compeer; mate, match, counterpart; adherent, colleague, member; correlative, tally; partner, friend.
A . Foe, opponent, antagonist, stranger, mismatch, opposite. Fellowship. Companionship, familiarity, intimacy, brotherhood, acquaintance; participation, partnership, joint interest; converse, intercourse, communion; sociability, affability, kindliness; association, company; membership, society.
A . Severance, disconnection, dismemberment; nonintercourse.
Felonious. Malignant, malign, malicious, nefarious, infamous, heinous, atrocious, cruel, felon; perfidious, traitorous, disloyal, base.
A . Legal, constitutional, rightful, regular; legitimate, legalized; permissible, allowable; just, proper.
Feminine. Female, womanish, womanly, effeminate; delicate, tender, modest, soft.
A . Robust, manly; indelicate, unfeminine; rough, rude; masculine.
Fen. Marsh, swamp, bog, moor, morass, quagmire.
Fence, v. Enclose, guard, fortify, defend, circumscribe, protect; elude, parry, stave.
A . Open, disenclose; receive, catch, suffer.
Ferment, n. Yeast, leaven, fermentation; agitation, commotion, tumult; fever, heat, glow.
Ferment, v. Set in fermentation; excite, agitate, heat; seethe, concoct, brew; warm, chafe; effervesce, rankle, fester.
A . Damp, cool; dissipate; subside, evaporate, disperse; heal.
Fertile. Prolific, fecund, breeding, bearing; fruitful, productive, rich, plenteous, luxuriant, exuberant, teeming; causative, conducive; pregnant; fraught, ingenious, inventive.
A . Poor, sterile, barren, unproductive, ineffective, inconducive, fruitless, inoperative, uninventive, unimaginative.
Festive. Convivial, jovial, joyous, gay, merry, mirthful, festival.
A . Solitary, deserted, ascetic, gloomy.
Fetid. Stinking, offensive, rank, rancid, malodorous, mephitic, noisome, foul, strong-smelling, corrupt.
A . Inodorous, fresh, perfumed, scented, balmy.
Fetter, n. Chains, bondage, custody, durance, duress, manacles, irons, shackles, imprisonment, handcuffs, gyves, bonds.
Fetter, v. Shackle, clog, hamper, trammel; chain, bind, tie, confine, restrain, encumber; manacle, hinder, impede.
A . Free, liberate, accelerate, expedite.
Feud. Contest, controversy, dispute, enmity, hostility, quarrel, strife, dissension, affray, animosity, bitterness, broil, contention, brawl, fray; antipathy.
A . Friendliness, congeniality, sympathy, clanship, pacification, reconciliation, sociality, neighborliness.
Fever. Heat, flush, excitement, agitation, ferment; ardor, fervor, broil, passion.
A . Coolness, iciness, frigidity; composure, indifference.
Few. Not many, small in number, hardly any, scarcely any; scant, rare, lacking.
A . Many, abundant, numerous.
Fiber. Strength, sinews, thews, toughness; thread, staple, pile, filament.
A . Laxity, debility, flabbiness.
Fickle. Wavering, unsteady, unstable, inconstant, variable, vacillating, volatile, mercurial, fitful, changeable, irresolute, unsettled, capricious, fanciful, unreliable, mutable; veering, restless, shifting.
A . Sober, orderly, reliable, calculable, well-regulated, uniform, steady, trustworthy.
Fiction. Fable, falsehood, myth, invention, novel, romance, figment, story, fabrication, legend, allegory, apologue; creation.
A . History, fact, literalness, reality, truth, verity, certainty.
Fictitious. Feigned, imaginary, invented, unreal, purely ideal, fanciful; false, counterfeit, spurious, supposititious.
A . Real, true, historical, genuine, authentic, veritable.
Fidelity. Faithfulness, devotedness, devotion, truth, loyalty, trueheartedness, fealty, adherence to duty; accuracy, closeness, exactness, truthfulness, precision, attachment, honesty, allegiance, integrity.
A . Disloyalty, treachery, untruthfulness, disaffection, inaccuracy, infidelity, inexactness.
Field. Tract of land; battle-field, scene of war; surface, expanse, range, scope; province, department, region, realm, domain; ground, arena; room, opportunity.
A . Circumscription, constraint; interdiction, exclusion, debarment.
Fierce. Ravenous, infuriate, barbarous, fell; vehement, turbulent, passionate, uncurbed, untamed, raging; furious, savage, ferocious, fiery, violent, wild, impetuous; uncultivated, untrained.
A . Gentle, harmless, kind, patient, submissive, sweet, tender, docile, affectionate, mild, peaceful, tame; calm.
Fiery. Hot, ardent, heated, fervid, flaming, glowing; impetuous, vehement, fierce, passionate, impassioned; irascible, choleric, excited, enkindled, hot-blooded, irritable.
A . Cold, icy, frigid, chilly; indifferent, phlegmatic, passionless, unimpassioned, mild, tame; extinguished, quenched.
Fight, n. Combat, conflict, contest, battle, struggle, engagement, encounter, action, affair, fray, affray, brush; broil, riot; spirit, fighting temper; resistance, disposition to struggle, contention.
A . Pacification, reconciliation.
Figurative. Typical, representative, emblematical; metaphorical, tropical; flowery, florid, ornate; poetical, rhetorical, symbolical.
A . Literal, prosaic, unpoetical, unmetaphorical.
Figure, n. Form, shape, configuration, conformation, outline; image, likeness, representation, effigy; appearance; pattern, design; metaphor, trope; diagram, drawing; price; symbol, type, emblem; digit, number, numeral, character; aspect, delineation, condition, illustration.
A . Misrepresentation, deformity, disfigurement.
Figure, v. Adorn, variegate, diversify; represent, signify, typify, symbolize; imagine, image, conceive, picture, represent; calculate, compute, cipher; appear, act, perform; show off, cut a dash.
A . Disfigure, harm, destroy; miscalculate, mistake.
File. Rasp, smooth, finish; place on file; polish; perfect, refine, improve.
A . Roughen, jag, acuminate, denticulate, barb, notch, cusp.
Fill. Make full, fill up; pervade, occupy; dilate, expand, stretch, distend; store, supply, furnish, replenish, stock; satisfy, content, sate, satiate, cloy, pall; occupy, hold, fulfil, perform; become full, be filled; gorge, appoint, glut; stuff; rise; swell, grow, increase.
A . Exhaust, drain, dissatisfy, deprive, stint, vacate; misappoint; subside, ebb, evaporate, shrink, diminish.
Filter. Strain, ooze, percolate, exude, transude; refine, distil, leak; purify, cleanse, depurate, defecate, clarify.
A . Muddle, disturb, befoul, thicken.
Filthy. Dirty, nasty, foul, defiled, unclean, squalid; impure, corrupt, gross; dingy, unsanitary, unwholesome.
A . Pure, sweet, healthy, clean, sanitary, wholesome.
Final. Latest, last, eventual, ultimate; decisive, conclusive, definitive; terminal; definite, developed.
A . Initiative, open, progressive, continuous, incipient, current, unconcluded, inchoate, inaugural, nascent, rudimental.
Find. Discover, fall upon, light upon, meet; obtain, get, procure, gain, arrive at, attain to; observe, remark, perceive, notice, discover; detect, catch; supply, furnish, provide, contribute; determine judicially, declare by verdict; confront, ascertain, experience, invent.
A . Withdraw; miss, lose, elude, withhold, overlook, miscontrive.
Fine, n. Forfeit, penalty, forfeiture, mulct, amercement.
Fine, a. Minute, small, comminuted, little; slender, capillary, delicate; thin, tenuous, subtile, attenuated; light, keen, sharp; exquisite, nice, refined; excellent, superior, very good; brilliant, accomplished; beautiful, handsome, splendid, elegant; clear, pure, unadulterated; gay, showy, garish, flashy, filmy, artistic, choice, finished, high, grand, noble, generous, honorable, pretentious, pretty, ostentatious; presumptuous, casuistical.
A . Rough, mean, petty, unfinished; illiberal, unimposing, paltry; modest, unaffected, affable; plain-spoken, categorical; unanalytical, unreflective; coarse, great, heavy, huge, immense, large, rude, stout, thick, blunt, big, clumsy.
Finery. Gewgaws, trinkets, ornaments, trimmings, tawdriness, decorations, trappings, bedizenment, tinsel, trash, dressiness.
A . Ornament, dress, decoration, adornment; chasteness, sobriety, simplicity.
Finical. Fastidious, dainty, overparticular, squeamish, overnice, affected, elegant; dandyish, foppish, spruce.
A . Effective, unaffected, practical, energetic, real, genuine, natural; outspoken, blunt, coarse, rude.
Finish, v. Accomplish, execute, complete, perform, achieve, do, get done; perfect, polish, elaborate; end, terminate, close, conclude, put an end to; shape.
A . Start, commence, begin; fail, undertake; miscontrive, botch, mar, mismanage.
Finished. Perfect, artistic, refined, high.
A . Inartistic, incomplete, poor, rude, coarse, unfinished.
Finite. Bounded, limited, conditioned, contracted, restricted, terminated.
A . Infinite, unlimited, unbounded.
Fire. Blaze, burning, conflagration, flame, combustion; discharge; heat, ardor, fervor, violence, force, passion, impetuosity, fervency, intensity, animation, vigor, spirit, enthusiasm; light, luster, radiance, splendor; vivacity, inspiration, imagination; torture, affliction, trouble, bitter trial, persecution.
First. Foremost, leading; chief, highest, principal, capital; elementary, primary, rudimentary; earliest; primitive, primeval, pristine; in the first place, at the outset, in the beginning, first and foremost; original, onmost.
A . Subsequent, secondary, subordinate, subservient, lowest, unimportant, last, hindmost.
Fit, a. Competent, fitted, qualified; suitable, appropriate, apt, apposite, meet, seemly, becoming, befitting, proper, good, decent, convenient, fitting, decorous, adapted, congruous, peculiar, particular, prepared, adequate, calculated, ripe, right, contrived, expedient.
A . Awkward, misfitting, ungainly, ill-suited, inappropriate, unseemly, unprepared, unsuitable, inadequate, miscalculated, miscontrived, improper, unfit, inexpedient.
Fitful. Variable, irregular, impulsive, spasmodic, unstable, fickle, whimsical, fanciful, capricious, fantastic, humorsome, odd;
