Modern Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
A Practical Introduction
SECOND EDITION
Rand Wilcox
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, USA
CRC Press
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2.3.1RFunctionfortheTrimmedMean
2.3.2AWinsorizedMean
2.3.3RFunctionwinmean
2.4.5WinsorizedVariance
2.4.6RFunctionwinvar
2.4.7MedianAbsoluteDeviation
2.4.8RFunctionmad
2.4.9AverageAbsoluteDistancefromtheMedian
2.4.10
2.5.1AMethodBasedontheMeanandVariance
2.5.2ABetterOutlierDetectionRule:TheMAD-MedianRule
2.5.3RFunctionout
2.5.4TheBoxplot
2.5.5RFunctionboxplot
2.5.6ModificationsoftheBoxplotRuleforDetectingOutliers
2.6.1RFunctionshistandsplot
2.7.1RFunctionskdplotandakerd
3.8.1ComputingthePopulationCovarianceandPearson’sCorrelation
3.9SOMERULESABOUTEXPECTEDVALUES
4.2.1SamplingDistributionoftheSampleMean
4.2.2ComputingProbabilitiesAssociatedwiththeSampleMean
4.3.2ConfidenceIntervalsWhen σ IsNotKnown
4.3.3RFunctionsptandqt
4.3.4ConfidenceIntervalforthePopulationMeanUsingStudent’sT
4.3.5RFunctiont.test
4.4JUDGINGLOCATIONESTIMATORSBASEDONTHEIRSAMPLINGDISTRIBUTION
4.4.1TrimmingandAccuracy:AnotherPerspective
4.7CONFIDENCEINTERVALSFORTHETRIMMEDMEAN
4.7.1EstimatingtheStandardErrorofaTrimmedMean
4.7.2RFunctiontrimse
4.7.3AConfidenceIntervalforthePopulationTrimmedMean
4.7.4RFunctiontrimci
4.9CONFIDENCEINTERVALFORTHEPOPULATIONMEDIAN
4.9.1RFunctionsint
4.9.2EstimatingtheStandardErroroftheSampleMedian
4.9.3RFunctionmsmedse
4.9.4MoreConcernsAboutTiedValues
4.10AREMARKABOUTMOMANDM-ESTIMATORS
4.11CONFIDENCEINTERVALSFORTHEPROBABILITYOFSUCCESS
4.11.1RFunctionsbinomci,acbinomciandandbinomLCO
4.12BAYESIANMETHODS
5.1.1 p-ValueorSignificanceLevel
5.1.2CriticismsofTwo-SidedHypothesisTestingandp-Values
5.1.3SummaryandGeneralization
5.2POWERANDTYPEIIERRORS
5.2.1UnderstandingHown, α,and σ AreRelatedtoPower
5.3TESTINGHYPOTHESESABOUTTHEMEANWHEN
5.3.1RFunctiont.test
5.4CONTROLLINGPOWERANDDETERMININGTHESAMPLESIZE
5.4.1Choosing n PriortoCollectingData
5.4.2RFunctionpower.t.test
5.4.3Stein’sMethod:JudgingtheSampleSizeWhenDataAreAvailable
5.4.4RFunctionsstein1andstein2
5.5PRACTICALPROBLEMSWITHSTUDENT’STTEST
5.6HYPOTHESISTESTINGBASEDONATRIMMEDMEAN
5.6.1RFunctiontrimci
5.6.2RFunctionsstein1.trandstein2.tr
5.7TESTINGHYPOTHESESABOUTTHEPOPULATIONMEDIAN
5.7.1RFunctionsintv2
5.8MAKINGDECISIONSABOUTWHICHMEASUREOFLOCATIONTOUSE
5.9BOOTSTRAPMETHODS
5.10BOOTSTRAP-TMETHOD
5.10.1SymmetricConfidenceIntervals
5.10.2ExactNonparametricConfidenceIntervalsforMeansAreImpossible
5.11THEPERCENTILEBOOTSTRAPMETHOD
5.12INFERENCESABOUTROBUSTMEASURESOFLOCATION
5.12.1UsingthePercentileMethod
5.12.2RFunctionsonesampb,momci,andtrimpb
5.12.3TheBootstrap-tMethodBasedonTrimmedMeans
5.12.4RFunctiontrimcibt
5.13ESTIMATINGPOWERWHENTESTINGHYPOTHESESABOUTATRIMMED
5.13.1RFunctionspowt1estandpowt1an
5.14ABOOTSTRAPESTIMATEOFSTANDARDERRORS
5.14.1RFunctionbootse
5.15EXERCISES
6.2.1ClassicInferentialTechniques
6.2.2MultipleRegression
6.2.3RFunctionsolsandlm
6.3STANDARDIZEDREGRESSION
6.4PRACTICALCONCERNSABOUTLEASTSQUARESREGRESSIONAND HOWTHEYMIGHTBEADDRESSED
6.4.1TheEffectofOutliersonLeastSquaresRegression
6.4.2BewareofBadLeveragePoints
6.4.3BewareofDiscardingOutliersAmongthe Y Values
6.4.4DoNotAssumeHomoscedasticityorthattheRegressionLineis Straight
6.4.5ViolatingAssumptionsWhenTestingHypotheses 211
6.4.6DealingwithHeteroscedasticity:TheHC4Method
6.4.7RFunctionsolshc4andhc4test
6.4.8IntervalEstimationoftheMeanResponse
6.4.9RFunctionolshc4band
6.5PEARSON’SCORRELATIONANDTHECOEFFICIENTOFDETERMINATION
6.5.1ACloserLookatInterpreting r
6.6TESTING H
6.6.1RFunctioncor.test
6.6.2RFunctionpwr.r.test
6.6.3Testing H0: ρ =0WhenThereisHeteroscedasticity
6.6.4RFunctionpcorhc4
6.6.5WhenIsItSafetoConcludethatTwoVariablesAreIndependent?
6.7AREGRESSIONMETHODFORESTIMATINGTHEMEDIANOF Y AND OTHERQUANTILES
6.7.1RFunctionrqfit
6.8DETECTINGHETEROSCEDASTICITY
6.8.1RFunctionkhomreg
6.9INFERENCESABOUTPEARSON’SCORRELATION:DEALINGWITHHETEROSCEDASTICITY
6.9.1RFunctionpcorb
6.10BOOTSTRAPMETHODSFORLEASTSQUARESREGRESSION
6.10.1RFunctionshc4wtest,olswbtest,andlsfitci
6.11DETECTINGASSOCIATIONSEVENWHENTHEREISCURVATURE
6.11.1RFunctionsindtandmedind
6.12QUANTILEREGRESSION
6.12.1RFunctionsqregciandrqtest
6.12.2ATestforHomoscedasticityUsingaQuantileRegressionApproach
6.12.3RFunctionqhomt
6.13 REGRESSION:WHICHPREDICTORSAREBEST?
6.13.3LeastAngleRegression
6.13.4RFunctionlarsR
6.14COMPARINGCORRELATIONS
6.14.1RFunctionsTWOpovandTWOpNOV
6.15CONCLUDINGREMARKS
6.16EXERCISES
7.1.1 ChoosingtheSampleSizes
7.2RELATIVEMERITSOFSTUDENT’ST
7.3WELCH’SHETEROSCEDASTICMETHODFORMEANS
7.3.1Rfunctiont.test
7.3.2Tukey’sThree-DecisionRule
7.3.3NonnormalityandWelch’sMethod
7.3.4ThreeModernInsightsRegardingMethodsforComparingMeans
7.4METHODSFORCOMPARINGMEDIANSANDTRIMMEDMEANS
7.4.1Yuen’sMethodforTrimmedMeans
7.4.2RFunctionsyuenandfac2list
7.4.3ComparingMedians
7.4.4RFunctionmsmed
7.5PERCENTILEBOOTSTRAPMETHODSFORCOMPARINGMEASURESOF LOCATION
7.5.1UsingOtherMeasuresofLocation
7.5.2ComparingMedians
7.5.3RFunctionmedpb2
7.5.4SomeGuidelinesonWhentoUsethePercentileBootstrapMethod
7.5.5RFunctionstrimpb2,med2g,andpb2gen
7.6BOOTSTRAP-TMETHODSFORCOMPARINGMEASURESOFLOCATION
7.6.1ComparingMeans
7.6.2Bootstrap-tMethodWhenComparingTrimmedMeans
7.6.3RFunctionsyuenbtandyhbt
7.6.4EstimatingPowerandJudgingtheSampleSizes
7.6.5RFunctionspowestandpow2an
7.7PERMUTATIONTESTS
7.8RANK-BASEDANDNONPARAMETRICMETHODS
7.8.1Wilcoxon–Mann–WhitneyTest
7.8.2RFunctionswmwandwilcox.test
7.8.3HandlingTiedValuesandHeteroscedasticity
7.8.4Cliff’sMethod
7.8.5RFunctionscidandcidv2
7.8.6TheBrunner–MunzelMethod
7.8.7RFunctionsbmpandloc2dif.ci
7.8.8TheKolmogorov–SmirnovTest
7.8.9RFunctionks
7.8.10ComparingAllQuantilesSimultaneously:AnExtensionofthe Kolmogorov–SmirnovTest
7.8.11RFunctionsband
7.9GRAPHICALMETHODSFORCOMPARINGGROUPS
7.9.1ErrorBars
7.9.2RFunctionsebarplotandebarplot.med
7.9.3PlottingtheShiftFunction
7.9.4PlottingtheDistributions
7.9.5RFunctionsumplot2g
7.9.6OtherApproaches
7.10COMPARINGMEASURESOFVARIATION
7.10.1RFunctioncomvar2
7.10.2Brown–ForsytheMethod
7.10.3ComparingRobustMeasuresofVariation
7.11.1RFunctionsyuenv2andakp.effect
7.12COMPARINGCORRELATIONSANDREGRESSIONSLOPES
7.12.1RFunctionstwopcor,twolsreg,andtworegwb
7.13COMPARINGTWOBINOMIALS
7.13.1Storer–KimMethod
7.13.2Beal’sMethod
7.13.3RFunctionstwobinom,twobici,bi2KMSv2,andpower.prop.test
7.13.4ComparingTwoDiscreteDistributions
7.13.5RFunctiondisc2com
7.14MAKINGDECISIONSABOUTWHICHMETHODTOUSE
7.15EXERCISES
8.1.1 WhenDoesthePairedTTestPerformWell?
8.2COMPARINGROBUSTMEASURESOFLOCATION
8.2.1RFunctionsyuend,ydbt,anddmedpb
8.2.2ComparingMarginalM-Estimators
8.2.3RFunctionrmmest
8.2.4MeasuringEffectSize
8.2.5RFunctionD.akp.effect
8.3HANDLINGMISSINGVALUES
8.4ADIFFERENTPERSPECTIVEWHENUSINGROBUSTMEASURESOFLOCATION
8.4.1RFunctionsloc2difandl2drmci
8.5THESIGNTEST
8.5.1RFunctionsignt
8.6WILCOXONSIGNEDRANKTEST
8.7COMPARINGVARIANCES
8.8.1RFunctionrmrvar
8.9COMPARINGALLQUANTILES
9.1.1 AConceptualOverview
9.1.2ANOVAviaLeastSquaresRegressionandDummyCoding
9.1.3RFunctionsanova,anova1,aov,andfac2list
9.1.4ControllingPowerandChoosingtheSampleSizes
9.2.1Welch’sTest
9.3JUDGINGSAMPLESIZESANDCONTROLLINGPOWERWHENDATAARE
9.3.1RFunctionsbdanova1andbdanova2
9.4TRIMMEDMEANS
9.4.1RFunctionst1way,t1wayv2,t1wayF,andg5plot
9.4.2ComparingGroupsBasedonMedians
9.4.3RFunctionmed1way
9.5BOOTSTRAPMETHODS
9.5.1ABootstrap-tMethod
9.5.2RFunctionst1waybtandBFBANOVA
9.5.3TwoPercentileBootstrapMethods
9.5.4RFunctionsb1way,pbadepth,andQanova
9.6.1AMeasureofEffectSize
9.6.2AHeteroscedasticMethod
9.6.3AMethodBasedonTrimmedMeans
9.6.4RFunctionrananova
9.7RANK-BASEDMETHODS
9.7.1TheKruskall–WallisTest
9.7.2RFunctionkruskal.test
9.7.3MethodBDM
10.2.2InferencesAboutDisordinalInteractions
10.6.2 ThePatel–HoelApproachtoInteractions
11.1COMPARINGMEANSINAONE-WAYDESIGN
11.1.1 RFunctionaov
11.2COMPARINGTRIMMEDMEANSWHENDEALINGWITHAONE-WAYDESIGN
11.2.1RFunctionsrmanovaandrmdat2mat
11.2.2ABootstrap-tMethodforTrimmedMeans
11.3PERCENTILEBOOTSTRAPMETHODSFORAONE-WAYDESIGN
11.3.1MethodBasedonMarginalMeasuresofLocation
11.3.3InferencesBasedonDifferenceScores
11.6.2RFunctionbwtrimandbw2list
11.6.4RFunctiontsplitbt
11.6.5InferencesBasedonM-estimatorsandOtherRobustMeasuresof Location
11.8.1RFunctionsbbwtrim,bwwtrim,andwwwtrim
11.8.2DataManagement:RFunctionsbw2listandbbw2list
12.1ONE-WAYANOVAANDRELATEDSITUATIONS,INDEPENDENTGROUPS
12.1.1Fisher’s LeastSignificantDifferenceMethod
12.1.2TheTukey–KramerMethod
12.1.3RFunctionTukeyHSD
12.1.4Tukey–KramerandtheANOVAFTest
12.1.5Step-DownMethods
12.1.6Dunnett’sT3
12.1.7Games–HowellMethod
12.1.8ComparingTrimmedMeans
12.1.9RFunctionslincon,stepmcpandtwoKlin
12.1.10AlternativeMethodsforControllingFWE
12.1.11PercentileBootstrapMethodsforComparingTrimmedMeans,Medians,andM-estimators 468
12.1.12RFunctionsmedpb,linconpb,pbmcp,andp.adjust
12.1.13ABootstrap-tMethod
12.1.14RFunctionlinconbt
12.1.15Rank-BasedMethods
12.1.16RFunctionscidmul,cidmulv2,andbmpmul
12.1.17ComparingtheIndividualProbabilitiesofTwoDiscreteDistributions
12.1.18RFunctionsbinband,splotg2,cumrelf,andcumrelfT
12.1.19ComparingtheQuantlilesofTwoIndependentGroups
12.1.20RFunctionsqcomhdandqcomhdMC
12.1.21MultipleComparisonsforBinomialandCategoricalData
12.1.22RFunctionsskmcpanddiscmcp
12.2TWO-WAY,BETWEEN-BY-BETWEENDESIGN
12.2.1Scheff´e’sHomoscedasticMethod
12.2.2HeteroscedasticMethods
12.2.3ExtensionofWelch–˘ Sid´akandKaiser–BowdenMethodstoTrimmed Means 481
12.2.4RFunctionkbcon
12.2.5RFunctionscon2wayandconCON 482
12.2.6LinearContrastsBasedonMedians
12.2.7RFunctionsmsmedandmcp2med
12.2.8BootstrapMethods
12.2.9RFunctionsmcp2a,bbmcppb,bbmcp 487
12.2.10ThePatel–HoelRank-BasedInteractionMethod 487
12.2.11RFunctionrimul 487
12.3JUDGINGSAMPLESIZES
12.3.1 Tamhane’sProcedure
12.3.2RFunctiontamhane
12.3.3Hochberg’sProcedure
12.3.4RFunctionhochberg
12.4METHODSFORDEPENDENTGROUPS
12.4.1LinearContrastsBasedonTrimmedMeans
12.4.2RFunctionrmmcp
12.4.3ComparingM-estimators
12.4.4RFunctionsrmmcppb,dmedpb,dtrimpb,andboxdif
12.4.5Bootstrap-tMethod
12.4.6RFunctionbptd
12.4.7ComparingtheQuantilesoftheMarginalDistributions
12.4.8RFunctionDqcomhd
12.5BETWEEN-BY-WITHINDESIGNS
12.5.1RFunctionsbwmcp,bwamcp,bwbmcp,bwimcp,spmcpa,spmcpb, spmcpi,andbwmcppb 497
12.6WITHIN-BY-WITHINDESIGNS
12.6.1Three-WayDesigns
12.6.2RFunctionscon3way,mcp3atm,andrm3mcp
12.6.3BootstrapMethodsforThree-WayDesigns
12.6.4RFunctionsbbwmcp,bwwmcp,bwwmcppb,bbbmcppb,bbwmcppb, bwwmcppb,andwwwmcppb 502
13.1.1 DetectingOutliersViaRobustMeasuresofLocationandScatter
13.1.2RFunctionscov.mveandcov.mcd
13.1.3MoreMeasuresofLocationandCovariance
13.1.4RFunctionsrmba,tbs,andogk
13.1.5RFunctionout 514
13.1.6AProjection-TypeOutlierDetectionMethod
13.1.7RFunctionsoutpro,outproMC,outproad,outproadMC,andout3d 516
13.1.8SkippedEstimatorsofLocation 517
13.1.9RFunctionsmean 517
13.2ONE-SAMPLEHYPOTHESISTESTING
13.2.1ComparingDependentGroups
13.2.2RFunctionssmeancrv2,hotel1,andrmdzeroOP
13.3TWO-SAMPLECASE 523
13.3.1RFunctionssmean2,mat2grp,matsplit,andmat2list
13.3.2Rfunctionsmatsplit,mat2grp,andmat2list
13.4.1RFunctionmanova
13.4.2RobustMANOVABasedonTrimmedMeans
13.4.3RFunctionsMULtr.anovaandMULAOVp
13.5AMULTIVARIATEEXTENSIONOFTHEWILCOXON–MANN–WHITNEY TEST
13.5.1ExplanatoryMeasureofEffectSize:AProjection-TypeGeneralization
13.6.1TheMunzel–BrunnerMethod
13.6.2RFunctionmulrank
13.6.3TheChoi–MardenMultivariateRankTest 534
13.6.4RFunctioncmanova
13.7MULTIVARIATEREGRESSION
13.7.1MultivariateRegressionUsingR
13.7.2RobustMultivariateRegression
13.8.1RFunctionsprcompandregpca
13.8.2RobustPrincipalComponents
13.8.3RFunctionsoutpca,robpca,robpcaS,Ppca,andPpca.summary 544
14.1.1 TheTheil–SenEstimator
14.1.2RFunctionstsreg,tshdreg,andregplot
14.1.3LeastMedianofSquares 553
14.1.4LeastTrimmedSquaresandLeastTrimmedAbsoluteValueEstimators 553
14.1.5RFunctionslmsreg,ltsreg,andltareg
14.1.6M-estimators
14.1.7RFunctionchreg
14.1.8DeepestRegressionLine 555
14.1.9RFunctionmdepreg 555
14.1.10SkippedEstimators 555
14.1.11RFunctionsopregandopregMC 555
14.1.12S-estimatorsandanE-typeEstimator 555
14.1.13RFunctiontstsreg 556
14.2 COMMENTSONCHOOSINGAREGRESSIONESTIMATOR
14.3INFERENCESBASEDONROBUSTREGRESSIONESTIMATORS
14.3.1TestingHypothesesAbouttheSlopes
14.3.2InferencesAbouttheTypicalValueof Y Given X
14.3.3RFunctionsregtest,regtestMC,regci,regciMC,regYci,andregYband 559
14.3.4ComparingMeasuresofLocationviaDummyCoding
14.4DEALINGWITHCURVATURE:SMOOTHERS
14.4.1Cleveland’sSmoother
14.4.2RFunctionslowess,lplot,lplot.pred,andlplotCI
14.4.3SmoothersBasedonRobustMeasuresofLocation 566
14.4.4RFunctionsrplot,rplotCIS,rplotCI,rplotCIv2,rplotCIM,rplot.pred, qhdsm,andqhdsm.pred 568
14.4.5PredictionWhen X IsDiscrete:TheRFunctionrundis
14.4.6SeeingCurvaturewithMoreThanTwoPredictors
14.4.7RFunctionprplot
14.4.8SomeAlternativeMethods
14.4.9DetectingHeteroscedasticityUsingaSmoother
14.4.10RFunctionrhom
14.5SOMEROBUSTCORRELATIONSANDTESTSOFINDEPENDENCE
14.5.1Kendall’stau
14.5.2Spearman’srho
14.5.3WinsorizedCorrelation
14.5.4RFunctionwincor
14.5.5OPorSkippedCorrelation
14.5.6RFunctionscor
14.5.7InferencesaboutRobustCorrelations:DealingwithHeteroscedasticity
14.5.8RFunctionscorbandscorci
14.6MEASURINGTHESTRENGTHOFANASSOCIATIONBASEDONAROBUSTFIT 577
14.7COMPARINGTHESLOPESOFTWOINDEPENDENTGROUPS
14.7.1RFunctionreg2ci
14.8TESTSFORLINEARITY
14.8.1RFunctionslintest,lintestMC,andlinchk
14.9IDENTIFYINGTHEBESTPREDICTORS
14.9.1InferencesBasedonIndependentVariablesTakeninIsolation
14.9.2RFunctionsregpord,ts2str,andsm2strv7
14.9.3InferencesWhenIndependentVariablesAreTakenTogether 585
14.9.4RFunctionregIVcom
14.10INTERACTIONSANDMODERATORANALYSES
14.10.1 RFunctionsolshc4.inter,ols.plot.inter,regci.inter,reg.plot.interand adtest 590
14.10.2GraphicalMethodsforAssessingInteractions 591
14.10.3RFunctionskercon,runsm2g,regi 592 14.11ANCOVA 593
14.11.1ClassicANCOVA 594
14.11.2RobustANCOVAMethodsBasedonaParametricRegressionModel 596
14.11.3RFunctionsancJN,ancJNmp,anclin,reg2plot,andreg2g.p2plot 597
14.11.4ANCOVABasedontheRunning-intervalSmoother 599
14.11.5RFunctionsancsm,Qancsm,ancova,ancovaWMW,ancpb,ancovaUB,ancboot,ancdet,runmean2g,qhdsm2g,andl2plot 600
14.11.6RFunctionsDancts,Dancols,Dancova,Dancovapb,DancovaUB, andDancdet 604
15.1GOODNESSOFFIT
15.1.1R Functionschisq.testandpwr.chisq.test
15.2.1RFunctionchi.test.ind
15.3DETECTINGDIFFERENCESINTHEMARGINALPROBABILITIES
15.3.1RFunctionscontabandmcnemar.test
15.4.1TheProportionofAgreement
15.4.2Kappa
15.4.3WeightedKappa
15.4.4RFunctionCkappa
15.5LOGISTICREGRESSION 623
15.5.1RFunctionsglmandlogreg
15.5.2AConfidenceIntervalfortheOddsRatio
15.5.3RFunctionODDSR.CI
15.5.4SmoothersforLogisticRegression 626
15.5.5RFunctionslogrsm,rplot.bin,andlogSM 627
15.6EXERCISES 627
INTRODUCTION
Statisticalmethodsthatareusedbyawiderangeofdisciplinesconsistofatleastthreebasic components:
• Experimentaldesign,meaningtheplanningandcarryingoutofastudy.
• Summarizingdata,usingwhatarecalleddescriptivestatistics.
• Inferentialtechniques,whichroughlyaremethodsaimedatmakingpredictionsorgeneralizationsaboutapopulationofindividualsorthingswhennotallindividualsor thingscanbemeasured.
Thefundamentalgoalinthisbookistosummarizethebasicstatisticaltechniquesassociated withthesethreecomponents,withanemphasisonthelattertwocomponents,inamanner thatmakesthemaccessibletostudentsnotmajoringinstatistics.Ofparticularimportance isfosteringtheabilityofthereadertothinkcriticallyabouthowdataaresummarizedand analyzed.
Themathematicalfoundationofthestatisticaltoolsroutinelyusedtodaywasdeveloped abouttwocenturiesagobyPierre-SimonLaplaceandCarlFriedrichGaussinaseriesof remarkableadvances.Aboutacenturyago,importantrefinementsandextensionsweremade byKarlPearson,JerzyNeyman,EgonPearson,WilliamGosset,andSirRonaldFisher.The strategiesandmethodsthattheydevelopedareroutinelyusedtoday.
Duringthelasthalfcentury,however,literallyhundredsofjournalarticleshavemade itabundantlyclearthattherearethreebasicconcernsassociatedwiththeseroutinelyused techniquesthatareoffundamentalimportance.Thisisnottosaythattheyshouldbe abandoned,butitisimportanttounderstandtheirlimitationsaswellashowtheselimitations mightbeaddressedwithmethodsdevelopedduringthelasthalfcentury.Itisevidentthat anyroutinelyusedstatisticalmethodthataddressesbasicissuesneedstobecoveredin anyintroductorystatisticsbookaimedatstudentsandresearcherstryingtounderstand theirdata.Simultaneously,itseemsequallyevidentthatwhenrelevantinsightsaremade regardingtheproperuseandinterpretationofthesemethods,theyshouldbeincludedin anintroductorybookaswell.Omissionofsomemoderninsightsmightbeacceptableif theresultswereatsomelevelcontroversialamongstatisticiansfamiliarwiththeunderlying
principles.Butwhentherearehundredsofpapersacknowledgingaproblemwitharoutinely usedmethod,withnocounterargumentsbeingofferedinareputablestatisticsjournal,surely itisimportanttodiscussthepracticalimplicationsoftheinsightinabookaimedatnonstatisticians.Thisisthepointofviewadoptedhere.
1.1SAMPLESVERSUSPOPULATIONS
Assumingthereaderhasnopriortraininginstatistics,webeginbymakingadistinction betweenapopulationofindividualsofinterestandasampleofindividuals.A population ofparticipantsorobjectsconsistsofallthoseparticipantsorobjectsthatarerelevantina particularstudy.
Definition:A sample isanysubsetofthepopulationofindividualsorthingsunder study.
EXAMPLE
Imagineastudydealingwiththequalityofeducationamonghigh-schoolstudents.One aspectofthisissuemightbethenumberofhoursstudentsspendonhomework.Imaginethat 100studentsareinterviewedataparticularschooland40saytheyspendlessthan1hour onhomework.The100studentsrepresentasample;theyareasubsetofthepopulationof interest,whichisallhigh-schoolstudents.
EXAMPLE
Imagineadevelopmentalpsychologiststudyingthewayschildreninteract.Oneaspect ofinterestmightbethedifferencebetweenmalesandfemalesintermsofhowtheyhandle certainsituations.Forexample,areboysmoreaggressivethangirlsincertainplaysituations? Imaginethatthepsychologistvideotapes4-year-oldchildrenplaying,andthenratersrate eachchildona10-pointscaleintermsoftheamountofaggressivebehaviortheydisplay. Furtherimaginethat30boysgetanaverageratingof5,while25girlsgetanaveragerating of4.The30boysrepresentasamplefromtheentirepopulationof4-year-oldboysandthe 25girlsrepresentasamplefromthepopulationofall4-year-oldgirls.
Inferentialmethodsarebroadlyaimedatassessingtheimplicationsofasampleregarding thecharacteristicsofapopulation.Inthelastexample,the30boyshaveahigheraverage ratingthanthe25girls.Basedonthisresult,isitreasonabletoconcludethatifall4-year-old boyscouldbemeasured,aswellasall4-year-oldgirls,itwouldagainbethecasethatthe averageratingforboyswouldbehigherthantheaverageratingforgirls?Thisisoneofthe manyissuesaddressedinthisbook.
Noticethatinthislastexample,anaveragewasusedwiththegoalofcharacterizingthe typicalboyandgirl.Arethereotherwaysofsummarizingthedatathathavepracticalimportance?Theanswerisanunequivocalyes,aswillbemadeevidentinsubsequentchapters. Indeed,oneofthemajoradvancesduringthelasthalfcenturyisabetterunderstandingof therelativemeritsassociatedwithvariouswaysofsummarizingdata.
1.2SOFTWARE
Thereareanumberofsoftwarepackagesaimedatprovidingeasyaccesstoroutinelyused statisticaltechniques.Thefocusinthisbookisonthefree(opensource)softwarepackage R,whichwithinstatisticsisarguablythemostimportantsoftwaredevelopmentduringthe
lastquarterofa century.Itispowerful,flexible,anditprovidesarelativelysimpleway ofapplyingcutting-edgetechniques.Rpackagesareroutinelywrittenbystatisticiansfor applyingrecentlydevelopedmethods,whichareeasilyinstalledbyanyoneusingR.This isextremelyimportantbecauserelyingoncommercialsoftwarehasproventobehighly unsatisfactorywhenitcomestoapplyingthemanyimportantmethodsdevelopedduringthe lasthalfcentury.Rcanbeinstalledbygoingtothewebsite
www.R-project.org
S-plusisverysimilartoRwithoneimportantdifference:itcanbeexpensive.Allofthe methodsinthisbookcanbeappliedwithR,butthisisnotthecasewhenusingS-plus.
SPSSispopularamongacademics,butgainingaccesstomodernmethodsisdifficult andtypicallyimpossible.Generally,usingSPSSrequiresignoringthethreemajorproblems associatedwithclassicmethodsthataredescribedinthisbook.Moreover,comparedtoR, SPSSishighlyinflexiblewhenitcomestoapplyingthemanynewandimprovedmethods thathaveappearedduringthelasthalfcentury.BecauseSPSSdoesnotupdateitssoftware inanadequatemanner,itwasexcludedfromconsiderationwhenchoosingsoftwareforthis book.
SASisanotherwell-knownsoftwarepackagethatoffershighpowerandafairdegreeof flexibility.SASsoftwarecouldbewrittenforapplyingthemodernmethodsmentionedinthis book,butformanyofthetechniquestobedescribed,thishasnotbeendone.
Anotherwell-knownsoftwarepackageisEXCEL.Itwasexcludedfromconsideration basedonreviewsbyMcCulloughandWilson(2005)aswellasHeiser(2006),whichconclude thatthispackageisnotmaintainedinanadequatemanner.Indeed,evencertainbasicfeatures havefundamentalflaws.
1.3RBASICS
Aspreviouslynoted,Rcanbedownloadedfrom www.R-project.org.Afreeandveryuseful interfaceforR isRStudio(www.rstudio.com).Many booksareavailablethatarefocusedon thebasicsofR(e.g.,Crawley,2007;VenablesandSmith,2002;Verzani,2004;Zuuretal., 2009).ThebookbyVerzani(2004)isavailableonthewebat
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Verzani-SimpleR.pdf
Rcomeswithavastarrayofmethodsforhandlingandanalyzingdata.Explainingallof itsfeaturesandbuilt-infunctionsisimpossiblehereandtoalargeextentnotnecessaryfor presentpurposes.Here,thefocusisonthemorebasicfeaturesneededtoapplystandard statisticalmethods,aswellasthemoremodernmethodscoveredinthisbook. OnceyoustartRyouwillseethisprompt: > Thispromptisnottyped,itmerelymeansthatRiswaitingforacommand.ToquitR,use thecommand > q()
1.3.1EnteringData
Tobeginwiththesimplestcase,imagineyouwanttostorethevalue5inanRvariablecalled dat.Thiscanbedonewiththecommand
Typing dat andhittingEnterwillproducethevalue5onthecomputerscreen. Tostorethevalues2,4,6,8,12intheRvariable dat,usetheccommandwhichstands for“combine.”Thatis,thecommand
dat=c(2,4,6,8,12))
willstorethesevaluesintheRvariable dat
ToreaddatastoredinafileintoanRvariable,usethe scan commandorthe read.table command.BothofthesecommandsassumethedataarestoredinthedirectorywhereR expectstofindthefile.Asimplewayoffindingaparticularfileiswiththethefile.choose, whichwillbeillustrated.The scan commandisconvenientwhenworkingwithasingle variable; read.table isconvenientwhenworkingwithtwoormorevariables.Inthesimplest case,itisassumedthatvaluesareseparatedbyoneormorespaces. Missingvalues are assumedtoberecordedasNAfor“notavailable.”Forexample,imaginethatafilecalled ice.dat contains 631289
Thenthecommand
dat=scan(file=”ice.dat”)
willreadthesevaluesfromthefileandstorethemintheRvariable dat havingwhatis calledavectormode.Roughly,avectorisjustacollectionofvaluesassociatedwithasingle variable.Whenusingthescancommand,thefilenamemustbeinquotes. Ifinsteadafilecalled dis.data thatcontains
1264 7NA8 1182
thenthecommand
dat2=scan(file=”dis.data”)
willstorethedataintheRvariabledat2.Typingdat2andhittingEnterreturns 12647NA81182
WhenyouquitRwiththecommand q(),Rwillaskwhetheryouwanttosavethe workspace.Ifyouenter y,valuesstoredinRvariablesstaythereuntiltheyareremoved.So inthislastexample,ifyouturnoffyourcomputer,andthenturnitbackon,typing dat2 will againreturnthevaluesjustdisplayed.Toremovedata,usethe rm command.Forexample, rm(dat)
wouldremovetheRvariable dat Rvariablesarecasesensitive.So,forexample,thecommand
Dat2=5
wouldstorethevalue5inDat2,buttheRvariabledat2wouldstillcontaintheninevalues listedpreviously,unless,ofcourse,theyhadbeenremoved.
TheRcommand read.table isanothercommonlyusedmethodforreadingdataintoan R.Itisconvenientwhendealingwithtwoormorevariables,withthevaluesforeachvariable storedincolumns.Ithasthegeneralform
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
From Homo Erectus to Neanderthal. 18 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Origins of man) Adapted from the MGM documentary television special The Man hunters. Prev. pub. 17Feb70, LP41140. NM: abridgment. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 14Dec72 (in notice: 1970); MP24742.
MP24743.
Early man in North America. 14 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Origins of man) Adapted from the MGM documentary television special In search of the lost world. Prev. pub. 17Apr72, LP41311. NM: abridgment. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 28Nov72; MP24743.
MP24744.
Civilizations of ancient America. 24 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Origins of man) Adapted from the MGM documentary television special In search of the lost world. Prev. pub. 17Apr72, LP41311. NM: abridgment. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 27Nov72; MP24744.
MP24745.
Apemen of Africa. 21 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Origins of man) Adapted from MGM documentary’s television special The Man hunters. Prev. pub. 17Feb70, LP41140. NM: abridgment. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 14Dec72 (in notice: 1970); MP24745.
MP24746.
I’m no fool with fire. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24746.
MP24747.
You and your eyes. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24747.
MP24748.
I’m no fool having fun. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24748.
MP24749.
Gears and machines. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24749.
MP24750.
The Pedestrian. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24750.
MP24751.
Donald discovers transportation. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24751.
MP24752.
Navajo arts and crafts. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24752.
MP24753.
A Day with a Navajo family. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24753.
MP24754.
You and your sense of smell and taste. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24754.
MP24755.
The Camel. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24755.
MP24756.
The Living Machine at work. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24756.
MP24757.
Assembling a puppet. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24757.
MP24758.
You and your senses. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24758.
MP24759.
You and your food. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24759.
MP24760.
Muskrat family. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24760.
MP24761.
Sea lion colony surfing. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24761.
MP24762.
Food chains in a lake environment. 2 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24762.
MP24763.
Wolf adaptations for defense. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24763.
MP24764.
The Wolf and the badger. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24764.
MP24765.
Silver fox hunting for prey. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24765.
MP24766.
Silver fox — competition among males. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24766.
MP24767.
Silver fox den and pups. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24767.
MP24768.
Bears fishing for salmon. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24768.
MP24769.
Pine marten getting food. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24769.
MP24770.
Coyotes escape from man. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24770.
MP24771.
Coyotes hunting. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24771.
MP24772.
Coyote den and pups. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Add. ti.: Coyote pups and den. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24772.
MP24773.
Coyote pups growing up. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24773.
MP24774.
Gathering information for weather forecasting. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24774.
MP24775.
Raccoon family. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24775.
MP24776.
Camouflage beneath the sea. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24776.
MP24777.
Ocelots — den and cubs. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24777.
MP24778.
Bullfrogs protecting territory. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24778.
MP24779.
Predators and prey of the forest. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24779.
MP24780.
Weather: superstition and facts. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24780.
MP24781.
Weather — storm endangers forest animals. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24781.
MP24782.
Bobcat hunting. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24782.
MP24783.
Bobcat: mother and cubs. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24783.
MP24784.
Weather: high and low pressure areas. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24784.
MP24785.
Raccoon survival techniques. Pt. 1. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24785.
MP24786.
Raccoon survival techniques. Pt. 2. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24786.
MP24787.
Raccoon getting food. 2 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24787.
MP24788.
Pine squirrel: mother and young. 2 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24788.
MP24789.
Don’t feed the bears. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24789.
MP24790.
Autumn in the forest. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24790.
MP24791.
Wolf hunting pronghorn antelope. 2 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24791.
MP24792.
Bird predators of the mountain water world. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24792.
MP24793.
Nesting habits of Canada geese. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24793.
MP24794.
Coyotes and man. 2 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24794.
MP24795.
Forest animals and their young. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & edited footage. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24795.
MP24796.
What’s new in gonorrhea? Primary Medical Communications, Inc. 16 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © E. R. Squibb and Sons, Inc.; 11Nov73; MP24796.
MP24797.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 527. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 13Dec73; MP24797.
MP24798.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 506. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 4Nov73; MP24798.
MP24799.
Patriotic music: its influence on United States history, 1775–1900. A Dana production, a division of Saparoff Films, Inc. 21 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: Albert Saparoff d. b. a. Dana Productions,
division of Saparoff Films, Inc. © Dana Productions, a division of Saparoff Films, Inc.; 2Jan74; MP24799.
MP24800.
Physiological and behavioral effects of noise. 10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center; 21Sep73; MP24800.
MP24801.
Liquids can burn. Alfred Higgins Productions, Inc. 13 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Alfred Higgins Productions, Inc.; 17Dec73; MP24801.
MP24802.
The Maple sugar farmer. 29 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: W. Craig Hinde & Robert E. Davis. © W. Craig Hinde & Robert E. Davis; 1Apr73; MP24802.
MP24803.
Spaced vision. 3 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © ABBA Productions; 11Dec73; MP24803.
MP24804.
Memoirs of a strawberry. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © ABBA Productions; 11Dec73; MP24804.
MP24805.
Elephant seal colony. 2 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 2Feb72; MP24805. MP24806.
Little Red Ridinghood. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24806.
MP24807.
How to make a puppet head. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24807.
MP24808.
History of the bicycle. 3 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. Prev. reg. NM: compilation & editing. © Walt Disney Productions; 20Sep73; MP24808.
MP24809.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 538. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 15Jan74; MP24809.
MP24810.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 507. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 14Nov73; MP24810.
MP24811.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 508. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 19Nov73; MP24811.
MP24812.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 452. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 5Dec73; MP24812.
MP24813.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 453. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 5Dec73; MP24813.
MP24814.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 454. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 5Dec73; MP24814.
MP24815.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 512. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 5Dec73; MP24815.
MP24816.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 513. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 5Dec73; MP24816.
MP24817.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 515. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 5Dec73; MP24817.
MP24818.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 519. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 7Dec73; MP24818.
MP24819.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 520. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 7Dec73; MP24819.
MP24820.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 521. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 10Dec73; MP24820.
MP24821.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 517. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 10Dec73; MP24821.
MP24822.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 509. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 10Dec73; MP24822.
MP24823.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 510. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 10Dec73; MP24823.
MP24824.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 522. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 13Dec73; MP24824.
MP24825.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 523. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 13Dec73; MP24825.
MP24826.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 525. Ambassador College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 13Dec73; MP24826.
MP24827.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 526. Ambassador College. 28 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) in cassette. © Ambassador College; 13Dec73; MP24827.
MP24828.
Stalking the wild cranberry: the making of a T V commercial. George Gage Productions. Produced in cooperation with the Beverage and Breakfast Foods Division of General Foods Corporation, Benton and Bowles, Inc. & Euell Gibbons. 22 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © American Association of Advertising Agencies; 17Oct73; MP24828.
MP24829.
The Baggs. A Solari Carr production. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: Tom Solari, Clark Carr & James F. Griffith. © Tom Solari & Clark Carr; 26Oct73; MP24829.
MP24830.
We’ve come of age. National Council of Senior Citizens. Made by Scad Promotions, Inc. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: Stan Anton. © National Council of Senior Citizens; 1Nov73; MP24830.
MP24831.
Wind raiders of the Sahara. National Geographic Society & Wolper Productions. 50 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © National Geographic Society; 28Aug73; MP24831.
MP24832.
Newspaper story. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 2nd edition. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The World of work) Prev. pub. 10Apr50, M42. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 19Jul73; MP24832.
MP24833.
T V news: behind the scenes. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The World of work) © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 17Aug73; MP24833.
MP24834.
The Mayfly: ecology of an aquatic insect. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 15 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 6Jul73; MP24834.
MP24835.
Starting school. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 14 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 20Jul73; MP24835.
MP24836.
The American Indian speaks. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 23 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 27Jul73; MP24836.
MP24837.
Diffusion and osmosis. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 14 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 24Aug73; MP24837.
MP24838.
Volcanoes: exploring the restless earth. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. Produced in cooperation with the American Geological Institute. 18 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 21Sep73; MP24838.
MP24839.
What do you do while you wait? Maclovia. 11 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 18Jul73; MP24839.
MP24840.
The Farmer in a changing America. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Rise of industrial America) © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 6Jul73; MP24840.
MP24841.
The United States Supreme Court: guardian of the Constitution. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. Made by Concept Films. 2nd edition. 24 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Prev. pub. 9Dec54, 5848. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation; 11Jun73; MP24841.
MP24842.
Say it — moving. 30 sec., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: William Esty Company, Inc. © Colgate Palmolive Company; 12Nov73; MP24842.
MP24843.
Gloriously clean/campus. 30 sec., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: William Esty Company, Inc. © Colgate Palmolive Company; 12Nov73; MP24843.
MP24844.
The Least of these, my brethren. A John R. Gregory production. Produced in cooperation with the University of Southern Missions. 14 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © John R. Gregory; 10Apr72; MP24844.
MP24845.
Stabilization: holding the roads. Engineering Research Institute, Soil Research Laboratory & the Film Production Unit, Iowa State University. 21 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Iowa State University a. a. d. o. Iowa State University of Science and Technology; 20Oct73; MP24845.
MP24846.
Walking with the Master. 22 min., si., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: Mani S. Irani. © Mani S. Irani; 23Jun73; MP24846.
MP24847.
First aid action. The Sidaris Company, a subsidiary of Penn-Pacific Corporation. Produced in cooperation with the American National Red Cross, Los Angeles Chapter. 20 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © The Sidaris Company; 12Nov73; MP24847.
MP24848.
Sexuality in the medical school curriculum. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation. 3 motion pictures (29 min., 35 min., 31 min.), sd., color, 16 mm. © Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation; 21May73 (in notice: 1972); MP24848.
MP24849.
2 guys on 1 girl. 12 min., si., b & w, 8 mm. © Diverse Industries, Inc.; 15Nov73; MP24849.
MP24850.
Teenage pajama party. 12 min., si., b & w, 8 mm. © Diverse Industries, Inc.; 15Nov73; MP24850.
MP24851.
Candy and Dick. 12 min., si., b & w, 8 mm. © Diverse Industries, Inc.; 15Nov73; MP24851.
MP24852.
Tits galore. 12 min., si., b & w, 8 mm. © Diverse Industries, Inc.; 15Nov73; MP24852.
MP24853.
Henry Miller, asleep and awake. Tom Schiller. 35 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Thomas Bennett Schiller d. b. a. Tom Schiller Films; 5Dec73; MP24853.
MP24854.
Miller on special problems in the older diabetic. Science and Medicine Films, a division of Science and Medicine Publishing Company, Inc. 6 min., sd., color. 16 mm. (Upjohn Mini-text series) Prev. reg. 18Jun73. NM: Mini-text prologue. © The Upjohn Company; 8Jan74 (in notice: 1973); MP24854.
MP24855.
Swans of Red Rock Lakes. Pt. 2. A Don Meier production. 23 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Mutual of Omaha’s Wild kingdom) Add. ti.: Swans of Red Rocks Lake. NM: cinematographic work. © Mutual of Omaha; 25Jan74; MP24855.
MP24856.
Swans of Red Rock Lakes. Pt. 1. A Don Meier production. 23 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Mutual of Omaha’s Wild kingdom) Add. ti.:
Swans of Red Rocks Lake. NM: cinematographic work. © Mutual of Omaha; 25Jan74; MP24856.
MP24857.
Adventure above the Arctic Circle. A Don Meier production. 23 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Mutual of Omaha’s Wild kingdom) NM: cinematographic work. © Mutual of Omaha; 31Nov73; MP24857.
MP24858.
Coyote country. A Don Meier production. 23 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Mutual of Omaha’s Wild kingdom) NM: cinematographic work. © Mutual of Omaha; 28Dec73; MP24858.
MP24859.
Isles of enchantment. Pt. 2. A Don Meier production. 23 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Mutual of Omaha’s Wild kingdom) NM: cinematographic work. © Mutual of Omaha: 2Nov73; MP24859.
MP24860.
Bass, U. S. A. A Mort Neff-Francis Carter Wood production. 25 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Francis Carter Wood, Inc.; 15Dec73; MP24860.
MP24861.
Digital computer engineering laboratory. 15 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl. au.: The University of Michigan, Audio Visual Center. © The University of Michigan; 1Dec73; MP24861.
MP24862.
The Energy environment game. A Portafilms production. 22 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Edison Electric Institute; 2Jul73; MP24862.
MP24863.
About candy. 11 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (About) NM: abridgment. © Films, Inc.; 20Mar73 (in notice: 1972); MP24863.
MP24864.
About astronauts. 10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (About) Appl. states copyright not claimed in official NASA films. NM: abridgment. © Films, Inc.: 20Mar73 (in notice: 1972); MP24864.
MP24865.
About horses. 10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (About) Prev. pub. 1967. NM: abridgment. © Films, Inc.; 2Mar73 (in notice: 1972); MP24865.
MP24866.
About dogs. 11 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (About) Prev. pub. 1966. NM: abridgment. © Films, Inc.; 9Jan73 (in notice: 1972); MP24866.
MP24867.
About cats. 11 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (About) Prev. pub. 1968. NM: abridgment. © Films, Inc.; 29Nov72; MP24867.
MP24868.
Two brothers in Greece. 17 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Man and his world) NM: abridgment. © Public Media, Inc.; 25Sep69; MP24868.
MP24869.
Venezuela. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Man and his world) NM: abridgment. © Public Media, Inc.; 23Apr70; MP24869.
MP24870.
