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NCLEX-RN Prep Plus 2018: 2 Practice Tests + Proven Strategies + Online + Video Kaplan Nursing
Advanced Problem Solving Practice Set: Answers and Explanations
Advanced Data Sufficiency Practice Set
Advanced Data Sufficiency Practice Set: Answers and
Explanations
Part Five: Analytical Writing and Integrated Reasoning Sections
Chapter 20: Analytical Writing Assessment
Essay Format and Structure
The Basic Principles of Analytical Writing
How the AWA Is Scored
The Kaplan Method for Analytical Writing
Breakdown: Analysis of an Argument
GMAT Style Checklist
Practice Essays
Chapter 21: Integrated Reasoning
Section Format And Structure
The Integrated Reasoning Question Types
Conclusion
Part Six: Test Day and Business School
Chapter 22: Take Control of Test Day
Mental Conditioning
Stress Management
Stress Management Quiz
The Week Before Test Day
The Day Before Test Day
On Test Day
Cancellation and Multiple Scores Policy
Chapter 23: Business School Admissions Myths Destroyed (Before They Destroy You!)
Myth #1: The Admissions Committee Wants a Specific Type
Myth #2: My High GMAT Score Will Get Me In
Myth #3: My Supervisor Graduated From HBS—He Knows
Myth #4: If I Did Not Go To An IVY, I’m Not Getting In
Myth #5: If I Have A Gap In My History, I’m Not Getting In
Myth #6: If I Have No Managerial Experience, I’m Not Getting In
Myth #7: I Must Submit In Round 1
Myth #8: Writing My Own Recommendation Puts Me In The Driver’S Seat
Myth #9: HBS Is For Everyone
Myth #10: If My Application Has A Typo, I’m Not Getting In
Part Seven: Appendices
Appendix A: How Much Can a GMAT Score Change? How Much Scores Vary
Having a “Bad Day”
The “Gamble Retake”
Improving Your Score
Appendix B: A Closer Look at GMAT Scoring Every Question Has a Curve Fair and Unfair Questions
Not All Questions Are Worth the Same
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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
WELCOME TO KAPLAN’S GMAT PREP PLUS
2019
Congratulations on your decision to pursue an MBA or other graduate management degree and thank you for choosing Kaplan for your GMAT preparation.
You’ve made the right choice in acquiring this book—you’re now armed with a comprehensive GMAT program that is the result of decades of researching the GMAT and teaching many thousands of students the skills they need to succeed. You have what you need to score higher; the next step is to make the commitment to your study plan, which, according to the GMAT test maker, averages about 100 hours of preparation for 600+ and 700+ scorers.
Let’s start by walking you through everything you need to know to take advantage of this book and your online resources.
YOUR BOOK
There are two main components to your GMAT Prep Plus study package: your book and your online resources. This book contains:
Detailed instruction covering the essential verbal, math, and writing concepts
Time-tested and effective Kaplan Methods and strategies for every question type
A pretest (Chapter 3) featuring full-length Quantitative and Verbal sections, designed to help you diagnose your strengths and weaknesses
Over 350 practice questions, followed by detailed answer explanations
YOUR ONLINE RESOURCES
Your Kaplan online resources give you access to additional instruction and practice materials to reinforce key concepts and sharpen your GMAT skills. The following list summarizes the resources available to you:
Five full-length computer-adaptive practice tests (CATs)
Analysis of your performance on each practice test, including detailed answer explanations
Practice sets for the Verbal, Quantitative, Analytical Writing, and Integrated Reasoning sections of the GMAT
A 200-question Qbank for additional targeted practice
Video workshops featuring veteran GMAT instructors
The GMAT Strategy Sheet
GETTING STARTED
Studying for the GMAT can be daunting, and with so many resources available to you, it may not be clear where to begin. Don’t worry; we’ll break it down one step at a time, just as we'll do with the GMAT questions that you will soon be on your way to mastering.
Getting Started
Register your online resources.
Sign up for a free Live Online event.
Take a GMAT practice test to identify your strengths and weaknesses.
Create a study plan.
Learn and practice using this book and your online resources.
Work through the five computer-adaptive practice tests to gauge your progress.
STEP 1: REGISTER YOUR ONLINE RESOURCES
Register your online resources using these simple steps:
Go to kaptest.com/booksonline.
Follow the on-screen instructions. Please have a copy of your book available.
Access to the online resources is limited to the original owner of this book and is nontransferable. Kaplan is not responsible for providing access to the online resources to customers who purchase or borrow used copies of this book. Access to the online resources expires one year a er you register.
STEP 2: SIGN UP FOR A FREE LIVE ONLINE EVENT
Kaplan’s GMAT Live Online events are interactive, instructor-led GMAT training sessions that you can join from anywhere you can access the Internet.
Live Online events are held in a state-of-the-art virtual classroom in real time, just like a physical classroom experience. You’ll interact with your teacher and other classmates using audio, instant chat, whiteboard, polling, and screen sharing. And just like in-person courses, a GMAT Live Online event is led by an experienced Kaplan instructor.
To register for a free GMAT Live Online event, go to KaplanGMAT.com and search for a free event. Look for events such as GMAT Bootcamps and GMAT Lessons. (The free GMAT practice tests draw from the same question pool as the tests in your online resources, so you should use the online tests that come with this book.) Live Online events are available for all locations.
STEP 3: TAKE A GMAT PRACTICE TEST
It’s essential to take a practice test early on. Doing so will give you the initial feedback and diagnostic information that you will need to achieve your maximum score. Taking a full-length test right at the start can be intimidating, but remember: your practice test scores don’t count. During your first practice test—and all of your practice tests turn off your cell phone, give the test your full attention, and learn from your performance.
Your diagnostic test is Practice Test 1, which is found in your online resources. Practice Test 1, like all of Kaplan’s online full-length tests, is a computer-adaptive test (CAT), which is the same format as the actual GMAT. The computer-adaptive format feels and scores differently than a paper test, so the more you practice with CATs, the better off you’ll be. However, for your convenience, we’ve also included a pretest in Chapter 3 of this book. The pretest includes full-length Quantitative and Verbal sections and will give you a chance to familiarize yourself with the various question types. It will also allow you to gauge the content you know and identify areas for practice and review.
Review the detailed answer explanations to better understand your performance. Our explanations label each question according to its question type and topic; these labels align with the material covered throughout this book. Look for patterns in the questions you answered correctly and incorrectly. Were you stronger in some areas than others? This analysis will help you target your practice time to specific concepts.
STEP 4: CREATE A STUDY PLAN
Use what you’ve learned from your initial practice test to identify areas for closer study and practice. Take time to familiarize yourself with the key components of your book and online resources. Think about how many hours you can consistently devote to GMAT study. We have found that most students have success with about three months of committed preparation before Test Day.
Consider the following statistic as you build your study plan: according to the GMAT test makers, the average 600+ or 700+ scorer prepares for the GMAT for about 100 hours. We recommend you add 20 percent to this figure and plan to put in 120 total hours of practice before Test Day. Roughly estimated, if you spend an average of 2 hours per chapter in this book, that gets you to 40 hours. The five computer-adaptive practice tests are each (about 3.0 hours, if you do the writing section and Integrated Reasoning), followed by about 1.5 hours of review. All told, that gets you to about 60 hours of preparation. That 60 hours may be enough for some test takers, and it will be more than enough to give you an indication of where you stand relative to your GMAT goals. The most convenient way to bulk up your study plan is to enroll in Kaplan’s GMAT Self-Paced course, which includes approximately 160 hours of preparation. For more information on GMAT Self-Paced and the other preparation options (including instructorled courses) available from Kaplan, visit KaplanGMAT.com.
Schedule time for study, practice, and review. One of the most frequent mistakes is to take practice tests and not review them thoroughly—review time is your best chance to gain points. Many people find it works best to block out short, frequent periods of study time throughout the week.
Check in with yourself o en to make sure you’re not falling behind your plan or forgetting about any of your resources.
STEP 5: LEARN AND PRACTICE
Your book and online resources come with many opportunities to develop and practice the skills you’ll need on Test Day. Read each chapter of this book and complete the practice questions. Depending on how much time you have to study, you can do this work methodically, covering every chapter, or you can focus your study on those question types and content areas that are most challenging for you. You will inevitably need more work in some areas than in others, but know that the more thoroughly you prepare, the better your score will be.
Remember also to take and review the practice sets in your online resources. These additional test-like questions allow you to put into practice the skills you are learning. As always, review the explanations closely. Initially, your practice should focus on mastering the needed skills and not on timing. Add timing to your practice as you improve fundamental proficiency.
STEP 6: WORK THROUGH THE FIVE
COMPUTER-ADAPTIVE PRACTICE TESTS
As you move through your GMAT studies, take advantage of the five fulllength practice tests available in your online resources. You will learn more about CATs in Chapters 1 and 2 of this book. The Kaplan CATs are realistic practice tests, and taking full-length tests is the best way to prepare fully for what you will face on the real GMAT. Take your first computer-adaptive test relatively early in your prep and continue taking practice tests at regular intervals until your Test Day.
Always review your practice test results thoroughly to make sure you are addressing the areas that are most important to your score. Allot time to review the detailed explanations so that you can learn from your mistakes before taking your next practice test.
If you find that you would like access to more of Kaplan’s CATs and quizzes, as well as in-depth instruction on the question types and strategies, look into the variety of practice resources and course options available at KaplanGMAT.com.
Thanks for choosing Kaplan. We wish you the best of luck on your journey to business school.
The material in this book is accurate and up-to-date at the time of printing. However, the Graduate Management Admission Council may have instituted changes in the tests or test registration process a er this book was published. Be sure to read carefully the materials you receive when you register for the test.
If there are any important late-breaking developments, we will post that information online at KaplanGMAT.com.
kaptest.com/publishing
If there are changes or corrections to the materials in this book, these can be found at kaptest.com/publishing.
Part One THE GMAT
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the GMAT
GMAT Format
GMAT Scoring
GMAT Attitude
GMAT Checklist
Let’s start with the basics. The GMAT is, among other things, an endurance test. It is a computerized test consisting of 127 minutes of multiple-choice math and verbal questions, a 30-minute reasoning section, and a 30minute analytical essay. Add in the administrative details, plus two 8minute breaks, and you can count on being in the testing center for about 3.5 hours.
It’s a grueling experience, to say the least. And if you don’t approach it with confidence and rigor, you’ll quickly lose your composure. That’s why it’s so important that you take control of the test, just as you take control of the rest of your business school application process.
Here are the basics.
GMAT FORMAT
The GMAT consists of four sections, and you can choose your section order on Test Day. Before you begin your test, you’ll be presented with three orders and asked to select one:
If you do not choose an order, then a er 1 minute, the first order beginning with Analytical Writing—will be chosen for you.
The order you take the sections in will not appear on your score report, and the test maker’s research has not shown section order gives one test taker a statistical advantage over another. If you are especially concerned about a particular section and want to take it when you are mentally freshest, then choose the order that puts that section first. If you want to build confidence by completing other sections first, then choose an order that puts that section later. And if you don’t care what order you take the sections in, that’s perfectly okay—just choose whichever order you have practiced most.
The Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) requires you to complete an essay, typing it into the computer using a simple word processing program. You are given 30 minutes for this essay, during which you have to analyze the flawed reasoning behind a given argument and recommend how to improve the argument.
The Integrated Reasoning section is 30 minutes long. This section has 12 questions, each of which may require more than one response. The questions in this section ask you to draw conclusions based on information in tables, interpret graphs, understand information presented across different layouts, and find two answers that lead to a single solution.
The Quantitative section contains 31 questions in two formats, Problem Solving and Data Sufficiency, which are mixed together throughout the section. The Verbal section contains 36 questions in three formats, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Correction, and Critical Reasoning, which are also mixed throughout the section.
Length of Sections on the GMAT
You will also get two optional 8-minute breaks between sections. Also, note that a few “experimental” questions will be scattered throughout; they look just like the other questions but won't contribute to your score.
8-minute
Breaks on the GMAT by Section Order
We’ll talk more about each of the question types in later chapters. For now, note the following: you’ll be answering 79 multiple-choice questions in 2.5 hours. Clearly, you’ll have to move fast. But you can’t let yourself get careless. Taking control of the GMAT means increasing the speed of your work without sacrificing accuracy.
GMAT SCORING
The most important score on the GMAT is the total score, which ranges from 200 to 800. This score is the GMAT result that schools look at primarily. More than half of all GMAT test takers score within 100 points of 556, the approximate mean. Pulling yourself out of that cluster is an important part of distinguishing your application.
The total score is calculated from “scaled scores” from the Quantitative section and Verbal section. These scores are meant to provide a timeless, absolute measure of skill. For example, a Quant score of 40 in 2008 represents the same level of ability as does a Quant score of 40 in 2018.
While the scaled scores haven’t changed over time, the population of test takers has. Quant performance has gone up, and Verbal performance has gone down. While Verbal section scores still follow a fairly even distribution, Quantitative scaled scores now skew high. Thus, percentiles have shi ed.
Schools view your percentile performance (which is the same thing as a “percent ranking”) overall and on each section of the GMAT. The relationship between the section percentiles and the overall percentile is not simple. We’re frequently asked, “One of my scaled scores is 83rd percentile and the other is 84th percentile. How can my overall score be 87th percentile?” An example shows how this works. Imagine that of 100 students taking the test, 50 people got a 51 Quant and an 11 Verbal, while the other 50 people got an 11 Quant and a 51 Verbal. You take the same test and get 40 Quant and 40 Verbal. You’d be 50th percentile on each section, because 50 percent of test takers in this sample group scored worse than you. However, your total score would put you higher than anyone else on the test—99th percentile.
Quantitative
Verbal
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American Red Cross Bulletin (Vol. IV, No. 1, January 1909)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The American Red Cross Bulletin (Vol. IV, No. 1, January 1909)
Author: American National Red Cross
Release date: June 14, 2022 [eBook #68310]
Language: English
Original publication: United States: The American Red Cross, 1909
Credits: hekula03 and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN RED CROSS BULLETIN (VOL. IV, NO. 1, JANUARY 1909) ***
The American Red Cross Bulletin (Vol. IV, No. 1)
VOL. IV. JANUARY, 1909. No. 1.
BULLETIN
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
The American Red Cross
WASHINGTON, D. C.
National Headquarters Room 341, State, War and Navy Building
Washington, D. C.
Entered at the Post Office, Washington, D. C., as second-class matter
N . R C I S P W B S H B O .
THE AMERICAN RED CROSS
Officers
President, HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT
Treasurer, HON. BEEKMAN WINTHROP
Counselor, HON. HENRY M. HOYT
Secretary, CHARLES L. MAGEE.
Chairman of Central Committee, MAJOR-GENERAL GEO. W. DAVIS, U. S. A. (Ret.)
National Director, ERNEST P. BICKNELL.
Board of Consultation
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ROBERT M. O’REILLY, Surgeon-General, U. S. Army.
REAR ADMIRAL PRESLEY M. RIXEY, Surgeon-General, U. S. Navy.
SURGEON-GENERAL WALTER WYMAN, U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.
Central Committee 1908-1909
Major-General G W. D , U. S. A. (ret.), Chairman.
Brigadier-General R M. O’R , Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, War Department, Washington, D. C.
Hon. R B , Assistant Secretary of State, Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Hon. B W , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, U. S. Treasury Dept., Washington, D. C.
Medical Director J C. W , U. S. N., Navy Department, Washington, D. C.
Hon. H M. H , Solicitor-General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C.
President B I W , University of California.
Mr. J M. G , 105 East 22d street, New York, N. Y.
Miss M T. B , Washington, D. C.
Hon. J R. G , Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
Hon. A. C. K , Charleston, S. C.
Hon. H. K P , 1600 I street, Washington, D. C.
Mr. J C. P , Providence, R. I.
General C B , U. S. A., Wilmington, Del.
Col. W C S , Sangerfield, N. Y.
Judge L T , 70 La Salle street, Chicago, Ill.
Hon. J T , Washington, D. C.
Mr. W. W. F , New Haven, Conn.
PREFACE
With its January issue the R C B begins its fourth year. The fact that it is becoming of more general interest has led those in charge of the publication to increase its size that it may conform more to the appearance of other magazines. A new cover, symbolical of Red Cross work, will be provided for the April issue. As the expense of publishing the B has been a heavy drain upon the limited income of the Society, it has also been decided to accept advertisements, so that the B may in part pay for itself.
That, though elected President of the United States, Mr. Taft consented to be re-elected President of the American Red Cross is a fact upon which the Society is to be not only heartily congratulated, but for which it is most deeply grateful; that, while assuming the great duties and responsibilities of the highest office in the government, Mr. Taft still desires to associate himself in an active way with the American Red Cross is but another proof of his constant desire to be of service to his country and also testifies to his belief in the usefulness of the Society. The Red Cross has also been most fortunate in obtaining the consent of Mr. Robert W. de Forest to act as the Vice-President.
This issue contains reports and illustrations of the last two fields of Red Cross relief. A short sketch of the Russian Red Cross has kindly been prepared by a member of the Russian Embassy in Washington. The complete story of the Red Cross Christmas stamp can be told only in the April B . Its remarkable success is a great satisfaction.
We trust our members will read the officer’s reports, the articles on the Endowment Fund and the First-Aid Text-Books. The next problem that our National Society has to meet, and must meet successfully, for it is still young enough to have no such word as
“Fail” in its lexicon, is the raising of such an Endowment Fund as will put our Society on a permanent basis and make it the equal of the great societies of the other countries of the world.
The First-Aid Text-Book cannot be too highly commended. We know too little what to do in case of accidents. When statistics show that one person out of every seven of the inhabitants of the United States is injured annually, and that in New York alone during the last three years the annual average of accidents on the surface, elevated and subway traction system has been 34,000, the necessity of the valuable information and instruction this book contains should be realized by everyone. Mr. William E. Curtis has kindly written for the B a review of the Text-Book, and a further notice in regard to it is contained in the advertising department.
Just as the B goes to press the Executive Committee learned, through press reports and official channels, of the occurrence of an earthquake in Southern Italy of unprecedented severity, and started its relief machinery into motion by telegraphing the Red Cross Branches and the Governors of several States, requesting that an appeal be issued and contributions received for the relief of the sufferers. Reports of the work of relief and a financial statement will be printed in the April B .
W H T , P A R C , P U S , M 4, 1909.
H .
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
On February 8th, 1905, on call of the Secretary of War, the Incorporators of the re-incorporated American National Red Cross held their first meeting for re-organization in the diplomatic reception room of the State Department. At this meeting William Howard Taft was elected the first president of the re-organized Society. At each of the four subsequent annual meetings Mr. Taft has presided, save in 1907, when absence in the Philippines prevented his attendance, and at each of those meetings has been re-elected president.
The active duties of the Society are delegated by its Charter to a Central Committee, the Chairman being appointed by the President of the United States; therefore, the duties devolving upon the President of the Society are supposedly of an honorary nature, but with a man of Mr Taft’s character, duty becomes honorable rather than honorary.
Shortly after its re-organization and while in its very infancy, there came upon the Society the storm and stress of the San Francisco disaster. A great pressure of work fell also upon the War Department, but in spite of this, and, though no by-law required his presence, Mr. Taft came to the meetings of the Executive Committee, listened to the reports, counseled and advised, and by his wisdom and clear judgment brought order and result out of confusion and indecision. Whenever and however he could be of help, he has given his assistance gladly, and only those who have struggled through the problems of its re-organization can know the pillar of strength he has been to the American Red Cross.
Since Mr. Taft’s nomination and election to the Presidency of the United States, so much has been written of his life and his achievements, it has not seemed necessary to repeat it here. The people of this country have set the seal of their approval upon the labors of his past. The wonderful fidelity of his work for the far-away
Philippines has led his country-men to paraphrase scripture—“Thou hast been faithful over a few people; I will make thee ruler over many people.”
In spite of the great and many new duties that the Presidency of the United States will bring upon Mr. Taft, he consented again to be elected president of the American Red Cross. Moreover, he declined an election to honorary membership, saying that he desired to consider himself an active member of the Society. In thus continuing as president of the Red Cross, the official organization for volunteer aid, Mr. Taft, who as President, becomes Chief of the Army and Navy, will be able to bring into close association these departments and the Red Cross, so that in case of the misfortune of war or of great calamities, harmonious and systematic relief work will result.
With such a man for President as William Howard Taft, the American Red Cross must live up to the thought he has, himself, expressed:
“I say to you that there are rewards that are unknown to him who seeks only what he regards as the substantial ones. The best of all is the pure joy of service—to do things that are worth doing, to be in the thick of it; ah! That is to live!”
R W. F , V -P
ROBERT W. de FOREST
The Red Cross has been most fortunate in the acceptance of its Vice-Presidency by Mr. Robert W. de Forest, of New York City. There are few residents of that city so widely known for their philanthropic and public spirit and work as Mr. de Forest.
Mr. de Forest is a graduate of Yale, a lawyer by profession, having received his LL. B. from Columbia, and having also studied at Bonn University. In 1904 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Yale University. Since 1874 he has been counsel, and since 1902 Vice-President, of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. For twenty years he has been President of the Charity Organization of New York City; he was a founder and first president of the Provident Loan Society, the first philanthropic pawn-broker, the Chairman of the Tenement House Commission of New York State in 1900, trustee and secretary of the Metropolitan Art Museum, manager of the Presbyterian Hospital, a trustee and director in various business institutions, was the first Tenement House Commissioner of New York City, the President of the National Conference of Charities and Correction in 1903, President of the Municipal Art Commission of New York in 1905, and is Vice-President and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Sage Foundation.
This brief statement of the important positions Mr. de Forest has occupied, or does occupy, is strongly indicative of the character and ability of the man, and the Red Cross is heartily to be congratulated not only upon its President, but upon its second officer, the VicePresident of the Society.
THE FOREST FIRE DISASTERS
BY ERNEST P. BICKNELL
All the country knows of the forest fires which caused loss of life and property in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York and other States, in September and October, 1908. It has been estimated that the losses to property amounted to $50,000,000, most of which lay in the destruction of forests, of which thousands of square miles were swept by fire.
In their progress the fires destroyed several towns and villages and many farm houses. Chisholm, Minnesota, a town of probably 5,000 population, seventy-five miles north of Duluth, was destroyed in an hour. At 5:30 o’clock in the afternoon of September 6, a sudden shift of wind deluged the place in a moment with an overwhelming rain of burning leaves and embers. Almost every building in the town took fire at once. The surprised and panic-stricken people could do nothing but seize a few valuables and run for their lives. When the fire died out it was found that only sixty-five structures of any kind remained standing, but that not a life had been lost. Prompt relief measures were taken, with a state commission in charge. A relief fund of about $130,000 was contributed. Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell, National Director of the Red Cross, visited Chisholm and inspected the progress and methods of relief October 13 to 16, and reported that the methods were good and that normal conditions were being restored rapidly. Hundreds of men were employed in rebuilding the town and houses were going up like magic. Eighty-seven cottages have been built by the relief committee. Employment in the iron mines surrounding the town was not interrupted by the fire. This fact greatly simplified the work of relief, as the usual income of that part of the population least able to endure loss, was preserved.
M F F S H
While in Duluth on October 16, the National Director of the Red Cross learned of a disastrous forest fire, which had occurred in the northern part of the southern peninsula of Michigan on the preceding day. He hurried to the scene, reaching there on the 17th, and for two weeks devoted his time to the work of relief in that State. Following are extracts from the report of the National Director covering this work:—E .
“The summer and fall had been excessively dry here, as elsewhere, and there had been little wind. Farmers had been clearing up their lands, burning logs and stumps and accumulated rubbish, as is their custom at the end of the summer. In thousands of places fire was smouldering in log heaps, and in the roots of stumps and in the peaty soil which, when dry, will burn without flame and with little smoke until extinguished by rain.
“Early in the afternoon of October 15, a strong wind from the southwest sprang up and almost in a moment these smouldering fires burst into flames. The effect was as though the entire country had taken fire at once. The wind, whose velocity is estimated to have been fifty miles an hour, carried a vast wave of flame which
destroyed everything combustible in its path. Several men whose homes were destroyed assured me, with entire seriousness, that the air was on fire. The area damaged extends approximately seventyfive miles along the northeastern shore of the lower peninsula and reaches back inland from fifteen to twenty-five miles. The center and worst of the fire covered an area perhaps twenty-five miles long and ten miles wide. Within this smaller area were the villages of Metz, Posen and Bolton, surrounded by an agricultural country occupied by Polish and German families in moderate circumstances. The Detroit and Mackinac Railroad passes through this district and each of the villages named is upon the line of the road.
“The village of Metz was completely destroyed, not a structure of any character remaining. The village of Bolton was also completely destroyed with the exception of a small church. Posen was saved by a desperate fight. The open farming country offered little hindrance to the progress of the fire, which in many instances leaped across treeless spaces of a quarter of a mile or more, destroying all buildings and fences between. The number of homes destroyed in an area ten miles square was 177. The number of persons made homeless and temporarily destitute by the fire in an area twenty-five miles long and ten miles wide was about 2,000.
