FREEDOM FOR ALL
AN ATTORNEY’S GUIDE TO FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING
KELLY HYLAND KAVITHA SREEHARSHA
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Glossary
Introduction
Chapter 1: What Is Human Trafficking?
DefiningTrafficking
TheScaleoftheProblem
TraffickedPersonsintheUnitedStates
TheIndustriesWhereHumanTraffickingIsFound Agriculture
Manufacturing DomesticServitude
Prostitution
ElderCare
CountryClubsandHotels
Restaurants
JanitorialServices
RootCauses
Traffickers’Tactics
Force
Fraud
Coercion
MisconceptionsAbouttheTermHumanTrafficking
TheImpactonTraffickedPersons
FinancialConsequences
PhysicalHealth
MentalHealth
Conclusion
Chapter 2: The Criminal Justice Response HumanTraffickingTaskForces FederalLaws
TraffickingVictimProtectionAct
RelatedFederalStatutes
StateAnti-TraffickingCriminalStatutes
DefinitionofHumanTrafficking
EquityinLaborandSexTraffickingProsecutions
AVictim-CenteredProsecution
TheProactiveProsecution
TrustBuilding
LawEnforcementCoordination
CoordinationwithServiceProviders
ProsecutorsandVictimServicesAttorneysCollaboratingforImmigrantVictims
RestitutionandAssetForfeiture
Restitution
AssetForfeiture
Counterpart:VictimServicesAttorneys
CivilLitigation
TheCriminalizationofVictims
ArrestingVictims
Post-convictionRelief
TheRoleofJudges
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Corporate Law
RiskMitigation
DamageControl
ComplianceandRiskMitigation
CaliforniaTransparencyinSupplyChainsAct
ForeignCorruptPracticesAct
SECRegulationonConflictMinerals
FederalAcquisitionRegulation(FAR)
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Labor and Employment Law Approaches to Human Trafficking
MythsandMisconceptionsintheLaborContext
TheCaseforProactiveIdentification
ImplementingaScreeningProcess
OutreachandCollaboration
BuildingCivilLitigationCasesandPractices
CivilCausesofAction
FairLaborStandardsAct
DiscriminationLaws
RacketeerInfluencedandCorruptOrganizationsAct
AlienTortClaimsAct
StateCivilLaws
ThePracticeofCivilAnti-TraffickingLitigation
BuildingTrustwithTraffickedPersons
SafetyPlanning
CoordinationwithaCriminalCase
FinancialImplicationsofaCivilJudgment
DiplomaticImmunity
ImmigrationExposure
MitigatingAgainstHumanTraffickingandResultingLawsuits
BeyondtheLawsuit
CoordinationwithLegalandSocialServiceProviders
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Access to Immigration Protections
TheNexusBetweenImmigrationandHumanTrafficking
TheStateofPlayforTraffickedImmigrants
IdentifyingTraffickedImmigrants
ImmigrationReliefandProtections
ImmediateAccesstoContinuedPresence
TNonimmigrantStatus(TVisa)forVictimsofTrafficking
TVisaAdjustmentofStatus
UVisaforVictimsofCrime
AdjustmentofStatus
VAWASelf-PetitionandCancellation
SpecialImmigrantJuvenileStatus
Asylum
ConsiderationsinRepresentingTraffickedImmigrants
LanguageConsiderations
CulturallyAppropriateServices
ImmigrationEnforcementVictimsProtections
CoordinatingwithLawEnforcement
InvestigationandProsecution
Conclusion
Chapter 6: International Law
ABriefHistory
InternationalCriminalLaw
ThePalermoProtocol
Today’sLawyering
InternationalHumanRightsandHumanitarianLaw
Women
Children
BusinessandHumanRights
Migrants
InternationalRefugeeLaw
Asylum
UNHCRRole
IOsandNGOs
InternationalLaborLaw
InPractice
Conclusion
Chapter 7: A Call to Public Interest Advocates and Attorneys
UnderstandingtheIntersectionswithHumanTrafficking
OvercomingMisconceptions
Identification:TheFirstStepsinTakingAction
TheBenefitsofExpandedIdentification
LeveragingthePublicInterestExpertise
TraditionalPublicInterestLawyering
DomesticViolenceandSexualAssaultAttorneys
ImmigrationAttorneys
JuvenileJusticeAttorneys
LaborandEmploymentLawAttorneys
DesigningLegalPrograms
ProvidingLegalRepresentation
FundingforPrimaryServices
AncillaryLegalServices
Collaboration
TheRoleoftheProBonoAttorney
Conclusion
Epilogue Resources for Attorneys
U.S.Government
LocalResources
OtherResources
Appendix PalermoProtocol
TVPAandReauthorizations
TheAthensEthicalPrincipals
LuxorImplementationGuidelinestotheAthensEthicalPrinciples
SB657CaliforniaTransparencyinSupplyChainsAct
About the Authors
Notes
Index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thisbookinmanywaysrepresentsourcollectiveexperiencewithintherangeofanti-traffickinglegalpracticeover thepastfifteenyears Ourbroaderworkandthisbookhavebeenalaboroflove,whichcouldnothavebeen accomplishedwithoutthegenerosity,wisdom,andcollaborationofsomanytalentedcolleagues
LaurelBellowsmadehumantraffickingthefocusofhertermaspresidentoftheAmericanBarAssociation, andtheresultingworkoftheABAHumanTraffickingTaskForcehasbroughttheissuetotheattentionof attorneysnationwide Thisbookisanextensionofthateffort,andwearegratefulforthesupportthathasbrought ittofruition,particularlyfromJonMalysiak,ExecutiveEditoratABAPublishing,andVivanHuelgo,Chief CounseltotheABAHumanTraffickingTaskForce
Overtheyears,wehavehadthegreatprivilegetoworkwithsomanycolleaguesinsocialservices,advocacy, legalservices,corporatesocialresponsibility,philanthropy,government,andlawenforcementwhohavesharedour samegoal toidentifyandpreventhumantrafficking.Manyofthemhavelenttheirownvoicesinthisbook throughinterviewsandquotations Theyhaveallenrichedourworkwiththeirtremendouscontributionsand perspectives,andforthemwearethankful Specifically,ChristaStewart,SuzanneTomatore,E Christopher Johnson,KathleenKim,BridgetteCarrandAbigailPriceallcontributedtheirtimeandtalentstoreviewing variouschaptersofthisbook;theirinsightswere,asever,insightfulandspoton
WealsogratefullyacknowledgeeveryonewhohassupportedtheGlobalFreedomCenter,eitherascorporate partners,clientsforourconsultingandtraining,socialmediafollowers,donors,ormoralsupporters.
ACRONYMS
ABA AmericanBarAssociation
ABAROLI AmericanBarAssociationRuleofLawInitiative
ARTIP AsiaRegionalTraffickinginPersonsProject
ATCA AlienTortClaimsAct
CGRS CenterforGenderandRefugeeStudies,UniversityofCaliforniaHastingsSchoolofLaw
CSR Corporatesocialresponsibility
DOJ U.S.DepartmentofJustice
DRC DemocraticRepublicofCongo
DRL US DepartmentofState’sBureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor
EICC ElectronicsIndustryCitizenshipCoalition
FAR FederalAcquisitionsRegulation
FCPA ForeignCorruptPracticesAct
ICE US DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sImmigrationandCustomsEnforcement
ILAB U.S.DepartmentofLabor’sBureauofInternationalLaborAffairs
ILO InternationalLabourOrganization
ILRF InternationalLaborRightsForum
INGO Internationalnongovernmentalorganization
NGO Nongovernmentalorganization
OSCE OrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEurope
SEC U.S.SecuritiesandExchangeCommission
TIPReport TraffickinginPersonsReport
TVPA TraffickingVictimsProtectionActof2000
UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees
UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sFund
UNODC UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime
USCIS U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCitizenshipandImmigrationServices
USG US government
GLOSSARY
Adjustment of Status thechangeofimmigrationstatustolawfulpermanentresident.
Alien Tort Claims Act afederallawprovidingfederaljurisdictionovercertaintortcasesviolatingalawof nationorUS treaty
Asylum aprotectionunderU.S.immigrationlawavailabletocertainimmigrantswhohaveexperiencedor fearpersecutionintheircountryoforigin
Continued Presence temporaryUS immigrationstatusgrantedtovictimsofasevereformoftrafficking inpersons.
Human Trafficking holdinganotherincompelledserviceusingwhatevermeansnecessary,beitphysical orpsychological
Lawful Permanent Residence animmigrationstatusaffordedtonon-citizenslawfullypermittedto permanentlyresideintheUnitedStates.
Limited English Proficient (LEP) individualswhohavealimitedabilitytospeak,understand,read,and writeEnglish
Mann Act afederallawcreatedtocriminalizetheinterstateorforeigntransportationofindividualsfor commercialsexpurposes
Palermo Protocol SupplementingtheTransnationalCrimeConventionin2000,itistheseminal internationallawinstrumentthatdefineshumantraffickingandledtomorethan140countries’criminalizing trafficking
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) afederalstatutecriminalizingracketeering andorganizedcrime.
Special Immigrant Juvenile Status animmigrationstatusaffordedtocertainimmigrantminorsforwhom parentalreunificationwithoneorbothparentsisnotviablebecauseofabuse,neglect,orabandonment
T visa anonimmigrantvisaavailabletocertainvictimsofasevereformoftraffickinginpersons.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 afederallawprohibitingdiscriminationbythosereceiving federalfinancialassistance,basedoncriteriaincludingnationalorigin,whichhasbeeninterpretedbyexecutive orderandcourtstoincludelanguagediscrimination.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 afederallawprohibitingemploymentdiscrimination
TVPA (Trafficking Victims Protection Act) Enactedin2000andreauthorizedin2003,2005,2008and 2013,afederallawthatcreatesthemodernanti-traffickinginfrastructureintheUnitedStates,includingcriminal provisionsforinvestigationsandprosecutions,benefitsandservicesforvictims,andpreventionmeasures
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) aDepartmentofHomelandSecurity agencyoverseeinglawfulimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.
U visa anonimmigrantvisaavailabletocertainvictimsofqualifyingcriminalactivity.
Uniform Act on Prevention of and Remedies for Human Trafficking (Uniform Act) Actpassedin 2013bytheUniformLawCommission(NationalConferenceofCommissionersonUniformStateLaws)to provideaframeworkforstateanti-traffickinglaws.
VAWA Confidentiality asetoffederallawsprotectingimmigrantvictimsofcrimefromtheirperpetrators seekingtouseimmigrationasatoolintheirvictimization
VAWA Self-Petition and Cancellation federalimmigrationprovisionsintendedtoassistcertainabused immigrantstoobtainlawfulimmigrationstatus
[S]ocialscientistsestimatethatasmanyas27millionmen,womenandchildrenaretraffickingvictimsat anygiventime Thatmeanswe’rebringingtolightonlyamerefractionofthosewhoareexploitedin modernslavery Thatnumberandthemillionswhoremainunidentifiedarethenumbersthatdeserveour focus.
2013TraffickinginPersonsReport,US DepartmentofState
Rightnow,anestimated21to30millionpeopleareenslavedaroundtheworld.Theyareinminesinthe DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,fishingvesselsoffthecoastofNewZealand,garmentfactoriesinJordan,the forestsofBrazil,carpetfactoriesinNepal,agriculturalfieldsinFlorida,andeverywhereinbetween Thatmeans thatslaveryishappeningacrosstheglobeanditisinourbackyard.Itiswithintheproductswebuyandthe servicesinourcommunities Itcouldinbethejewelryyouarewearing,theshrimpyouatefordinner,theshoes onyourfeet,thephoneinyourpocket,thenannydownthestreet,thenightjanitoratwork,orthelandscaperin yourneighborhood.Itiseverywhere,touchingeveryoneinverytangiblewayswhetherweseeitornot.
Wehaveseenitfirsthand.Weweretwoofthefirstattorneysprovidinglegalservicestotraffickedpersonsin theUnitedStates Initially,whenaskedaboutourwork,weoftenhadtoexplainwhathumantraffickingisasthe startingpoint Noonehadevenheardofit Mostpeoplethoughtitwasanewtermforsmuggling Onmorethan onehumorousoccasion,someonethoughtweweretalkingaboutcrowdcontrolaftersportingeventsandconcerts.
Whatalongwaywehavecome Fifteenyearslater,itisrathertellingthatwenolongerneedtoofferthat explanation Therearestillassumptionsandmisconceptionstorectify Butonthewhole,theissueofhuman traffickingisnowfamiliartomanymore.Fromthoseearlydaystonow,aplethoraoforganizationshaveemerged andhavesuccessfullyraisedawareness Theseorganizationsfocusondifferentaspectsofhumantrafficking includingchildsextourism,domesticservitude,andsextraffickingofUS citizengirlsandboys,ortheytreatthe issuebroadly.Theymaybeworkingintheirlocalcommunities,oncollegecampusesornationally.Additionally, numerouscitieshaveundertakenawarenesscampaignscompletewithbusads,publicserviceannouncements,and highwaybillboards Inroughlyfifteenyearswehavegonefromhavingvirtuallynoinformationandknowledge abouthumantraffickingtorecognizingitasthetophumanrightsissue.
Despitetheapparentsuccessofpublicawarenessefforts,wearestillnotfindingtraffickedpersons Ofthe millionsenslavedglobally,overthesesamefifteenyearsofbroadpublicawareness,wehaveconsistentlyfoundless thanonepercentoftraffickedpersons.Putanotherway,thatisonlyonepersonidentifiedforevery2000estimated tobeenslaved Thenumberofvictimsidentifiedhasnotrisenalongwiththerateofpublicawareness Whydowecontinuetoidentifyatsuchalowrate?
Apersoncanonlylearnsomuchfromabillboardora30-secondpublicserviceannouncement.Inthatshort amountoftime,apersonmaybeexposedtotheexistenceofhumantrafficking,butlighttouchawarenessand mainstreammediaeffortsareinadequatetoconveyhowtoidentifyoneofthemosthiddencrimes
Asidefromalimitednumberofdocumentariesthatdeeplydelveintothemultipleformsoftrafficking, mainstreamnews,televisionshows,andpublicawarenessmaterialsfocusonsextrafficking Thisfocussucceedsin shockvalueandattention,butitalsodistancespeoplefromtheissuepersonallybecausetheydonotseehow commercialsexandsextraffickingintersectswiththeirlives.Consequently,itbecomesharderforthemto understandwhattheycandoaboutit.Wethereforeneedmuchmorebeyondpublicawarenesstoincrease identification
Thereisalsoaninformationandtraininggapamongthosewhounknowinglyinteractwithtrafficked persons;traffickingstudiesroutinelycitetrainingasanoutstandingneed.Fewexpectthattheyarelikelyto interactwithtraffickedpersons,andasaresult,donotknowhowtorecognizeorpreventtrafficking What knowledgetheyhavemaybebasedonstereotypesandmisconceptions,whichcanmisguideoutreachanddivert
attentionresultinginmissedopportunitiesforidentificationoftraffickedpersonsrightinfrontofthem Identificationrequirestrainingonwhen,where,andwhattolookforandwhattodonext,especiallymindfulthat traffickedpersonsfearspeakingoutandarelikelytobedistrustful Evenabrieftrainingtargetedfortheprofession androleoftheaudiencewillpreparetheprofessionaltobetterrespond.
Identificationisalsodismallylowbecauseofthehiddennatureofhumantraffickingwhichweoutlinein greatdetailinChapter1 Traffickedpersonsareledtobelievetherewillbeseriousconsequencesiftheyleavetheir job,runaway,speakwithanyone,orseekhelp Theyaremanipulated,shamed,misled,degraded,andthreatened Sometimestheyarephysicallyconfinedoutofsight.Othertimestheyarerestrainedbyinvisiblebutstrong psychologicalbonds,allowingthemtointeractwithmanypeopleunawareoftheirplight Still,inbothcases, traffickedpersonsarelargelyunabletoreachoutforhelp,soweneedtoreachouttothem
Anotherlimitingfactoristhatwehavebeenrelyingprimarilyononesectortoaddresstheissuewhen,in fact,manysectorshaveanimportantroletoplay Traffickinghasbeenframedprimarilyasacriminaljusticeissue intheUnitedStatesandperhapsevenmoresoglobally Togivesomesenseofthescopeofthecriminaljustice effort,globally,roughly4,000traffickersareconvictedannually.LastreportedintheUnitedStates,approximately 138traffickerswereconvictedfederallyandanunknownnumber,butperhapsdozens,wereconvictedatthestate level;sextraffickerscomprisethevastmajorityoftheseconvictions Thisisobviouslybarelyscratchingthesurface giventheestimatesoftheissue.Onereasonisthatcriminaljusticeprofessionalsaremoreequippedtoandadeptat identifyingsextraffickingthanlabortrafficking;existingcriminallawsandinfrastructurealreadyrespondto prostitutionbutnottolaborviolations Thismeansthereisagreatneedforacomplimentaryenforcementeffort andfundingtoaddresslabortrafficking,whichisestimatedtocomprise78%ofalltrafficking.Additionally, criminaljusticeeffortsarelimitedbecauselawenforcementlacksthefinancial,linguistic,orculturalcapacityto interactwiththemajorityoftraffickedpersons.1 Traffickedpersonstypicallydonottrustlawenforcement thereforetheyarereluctanttoreporttraffickingorseekhelp,leavingthemunawareoftheprotectionsavailableto themunderthelaw
Overall,acriminaljusticeresponseiscritical,butitisjustonepieceofthepuzzle.Toexpandidentification, weneedtoincrease(neededadifferentword)thenumberandtypesofprofessionalswhoarelookingandequip themthroughtraining Thebesthopeistotrainthepeoplewhonaturallyinteractwithtraffickedpersonswithout knowingit.Studiesshowthattraffickedpersonsencounterarangeofadditionalprofessionalsinthehealth, education,immigration,laborandemployment,socialservices,andcorporatesectors Thegoodnewsisthatthere arenascenteffortsineachoftheseprofessionstoaddresstrafficking AhospitalinNewYorkCityimplemented identificationandresponseprotocolsforallemployees.Educators,inlimitedareas,arebeginningtorecognizethe signsoftraffickingamongtheirstudentsinmiddleandhighschools Moreandmoreprovidersofsocialservices arelearninghowtoidentifytraffickedpersonsamongtheirownclienteleandcommunities Thisisthetypeof expansionthatneedstobefueledforevengreaterresults.
Wehavemetsomanystudentsandprofessionalswhowanttoworkonhumantraffickinginsomeway, someofwhomarereadytoleavetheircurrentjobsandstartanorganizationorjoinananti-traffickingNGO But wehavefoundthatthemajority,eventhoughtheywouldliketocontributeinsomeway,simplydonotseehow traffickingisrelevanttotheirworkandwheretheirskillscanbeappliedtomakeadifferenceeitherin identification,services,orprevention Ourgoalinthisbookistodemonstratethatrelevanceinadditiontothe intersectionbetweenmultipleareasofthelawandanti-traffickinginterventions.
Forinstance,incriminallaw,despitethemajorityofeffortstodatehappeningwithincriminaljustice,we havestillonlyscratchedthesurface Modernfederalcriminallawsareonlyasoldastheyear2000,andstatelaws haveslowlyemergedintheyearsthatfollowed.Manystatelawsarestillcompletelyuntested.Thereismore legislativeworktodoaswellasimplementationofexistinglawstoensurethatinvestigators,prosecutors,and judgeshavetheresourcesandtrainingtheyneedtotakeonthesecases
Inthecorporatesector,yearsofvoluntarycorporatecodesofconductaregivingwaytoregulationsand legislationthatrequirecorporationstomaintainslavery-freesupplychains.Corporatesocialresponsibility(CSR) professionalsaswellascorporateattorneysseethesefirsteffortsasthetipoftheiceberg Beyondcompliance issues,however,riskmitigationisnecessarygivenconcernsoverlitigation,NGOactivism,risingconsumer interest,andthepossibilityofapublicrelationsdisaster.Firmsandin-housecounselarebecomingengagedonall ofthesefronts Giventheextentofglobalsupplychainstoday,whereonebrandcanhavethousandsofsuppliers worldwide,thereisanincredibleopportunitytopreventhumantraffickingonamassivescalewiththeright
policiesandprocedures.
Employmentlawattorneysarealsowell-positionedtoscreenpotentialclientsforhumantrafficking.Justasa discriminationclaimmaybehidingbehindacontractviolation,humantraffickingmayfirstpresentasarather straightforwardwageandhourissueorworkplaceinjury.Legalaidattorneysworkingwithimmigrants, farmworkers,andtheworkingpoorcanalsoidentifyhumantrafficking.Aciviljudgmentprovidesatrafficked personwithtremendousrestorativeeffects Traffickedpersonshaveafederalprivaterightofaction,butregardless ofwhetheraclaimisbroughtatthefederalorstatelevel,bothprovideanopportunitytorecoversometimesan incredibleamountoflostwagesandadditionaldamages.Whenbasedondiscrimination,theseclaimsmaybe takenupbystatefairemploymentagenciesandtheUS EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission Aneven broaderefforttoidentifylabortraffickingcanoccurthroughafullyengagedUS DepartmentofLabor,with trainedsafetyandhealthinspectors,wageandhourinvestigators,andinspectorgeneralfraudinvestigatorslooking intotemporaryworkerprograms Moreover,theUS DepartmentofLaborhastremendouspotentialtoprevent traffickingthroughmultipleregulationsitissuestoprotectworkers,includingthoseatriskoftrafficking
Yetanotherexampleofattorneyscriticaltoanti-traffickinginvolvesthoseworkinginimmigrationlaw. Identificationcanhappeninanynumberofwaysincludingcrediblefeardeterminationsatanairport,assessments ofunaccompaniedchildrenattheborder,intakesatimmigrationdetentioncenters,inremovalproceedingsbefore animmigrationjudge,andwithincommunity-basedorganizationsservingimmigrants.Immigrationenforcement officersareinthepositiontocomeacrosstraffickinginthecourseofotherinvestigations;theirtraining,standard operatingprocedures,andpoliciescanallmakeadifferenceineffectivetraffickingidentificationandassistance Private,publicinterest,andprobonoimmigrationattorneyscanaddtheTvisaandUvisatotheirrepertoireof servicesoncehumantraffickingisidentified Advocatescandocumenthowtheirtraffickedclientswererecruited andcompelledintoserviceasaresultofrestrictionsorvulnerabilitiesofcertainvisacategories Inturn, governmentattorneyscandeterminehowtoreducethelikelihoodthatthosevisacategorieswillbemisused.There areanumberofgovernmentattorneysdevelopingandimplementinganti-traffickingeffortsintheimmigration contextfromtheUS DepartmentsofHomelandSecurity,Justice,State,andHealthandHumanServicesaswell asarangeofNGOs.
Ontheinternationalfront,attorneyspracticingintransnationalcriminallaw,refugeeandasylumlaw, humanrightslaw,ruleoflaw,andinternationallaborlawhaveallfoundthattheirworkintersectswithhuman trafficking Ithasbeenanexcitingtimeforlawyersintheseareassincethenegotiationin2000oftheProtocolto Prevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons,EspeciallyWomenandChildren(PalermoProtocol) supplementingUnitedNationsConventionAgainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime TheyworkwithinUnited Nationsagencies,regionalentities,internationalNGOs,andtheUS Governmentimplementingprojects worldwide,strengtheninggovernmentinstitutionsandresponsestotrafficking,andprotectingtraffickedpersons’ rights
Ofcoursethereareanumberofotherpublicinterestattorneyswithincivilsocietyandthepublicsectorthat canidentifytraffickedpersons,provideservices,orcreatepoliciesgearedtowardhelpingvictimsandpreventing humantrafficking Tonamejustafew,anyoneworkingonchildwelfarereform,comprehensiveimmigration reform,sexualassaultanddomesticviolence,housing,andhomelessnesscanallincorporateanti-traffickinginto theirissues,services,andpolicies.
Amongalloftheseareasoflaw,thecommonalityisthatworkingonhumantraffickingisrathercutting edge,affordinganopportunitytodevelopareasofthelaw,employcreativeargumentsandthinking,and implementnewpoliciesandprograms.Nationwideandgrassroots,internationalanddomestic,publicandprivate, governmentandnonprofit,lawfirmandlegalaid,litigationandpolicy,studentsandpracticingattorneys efforts atalllevelsaresorelyneededtoincreaseidentification,services,andprevention
Throughoutthebookwehaveinfusedourownexperiencesaswellasthoseofotherattorneys.Wepresent therelevantareasofthelawaswellaswhereattorneyeffortsarerequiredmost Itisbynomeansapracticemanual orhow-toguide,butanintroductiongearedtohelpyoutakethefirststeptoseehowandwhereyourlegalskills areneeded.Forlawstudents,wehopeitisacareerguide,demonstratingthebreadthofopportunitiesthatexist andhelpingyouseethepathyoucancarveforyourself
Weareoftenaskedhowitispossibletoworkeverydayonsuchadifficultissue Itistruethatsecondary traumaoccurstomanyserviceprovidersaidingtraffickedpersons,butitwasminimizedbecausewehadthehonor toaccompanytraffickedpersonsontheirjourneyofrebuilding.Wesharedourclients’joywhentheyreceived
theirTvisasandcelebratedwiththemastheyreunitedwithspousesandchildrenafteryearsapart.Wehaveseen howourpolicyworkaffordedtraffickedpersonsbetterprotections.Morerecently,wehaveseenhowcorporate practicestopreventtraffickingresultfromthesuppliertrainingwedeliver Therehasbeenprogress,butthe opportunitiestomakeadifferenceareendless.Thehumantraffickingresponsemustbescaledtomatchthescale oftheproblem.Legalskillsareacriticalpartofthatresponse.Youarethesolution.
CHAPTER 1
What Is Human Trafficking?
ThepainissomethingIwillneverforget Inthemidstofyourverbalandphysicalassaults,youworkedthe fourofustodeath
TeenageboydomesticworkerinMichigan
DomesticWork
Jean-Claude(Kodjo)Toviave,aTogonative,wassentencedtoelevenyearsinprisonforenslavingandabusing fourWestAfricanboysinhishomeforfiveyears,pretendingtheywerehisownchildrenaftersneakingtheminto thecountrywithfakedocuments.Healsofalselyclaimedtheywerehisownbiologicalchildrenandenrolledthe threeyoungestinapublicmiddleschool Duringthesix-daytrial,thejuryheardfromthefourvictims,who testifiedthatToviaveregularlybeatthemwithbroomsticks,atoiletplunger,sticks,icescrapers,andphone chargersiftheyfailedtoobeyorderstodotheirhousechores.Toviavealsowithheldfoodandsleepas punishment.1
GarmentManufacturing
Recruiterspromisednearly250VietnameseandChineselaborerssunnybeaches,lifeintheUnitedStates,and steadyworkinagarmentfactoryforawagetheycouldneverearnathome Instead,thelaborersfoundthemselves inadingycompoundsurroundedbybarbedwireinAmericanSamoawheretheybothlivedandworked They livedincrampeddirtyquartersandwerefedonlybrothandrice.Therewasverylittleworkorpay.Managersalso confiscatedtheirpassports Whentheworkersspokeup,askingabouttheirpayandfreedom,theywerebeaten andthreatenedwithdeportation Theowner,KilSooLee,wassentencedtofortyyearsinfederalprisonand orderedtopay$1.8millioninrestitution.Todate,itisthelargestsuccessfulhumantraffickingprosecutioninthe UnitedStates 2
CommercialSex
JustinStrom,agetwenty-seven,ofLorton,Virginia,wassentencedtofortyyearsinprisonforleadingtheCrips ganginthesextraffickingofhighschoolgirls Oversixyears,gangmembersattemptedtorecruitmorethaneight hundredteenagegirlsusingfakesocialmediaprofiles,contactswithinhighschools,andpromisesthegirlswould earnalotofmoneyfromstripping.Oncerecruited,thegirlswereforcedintoprostitutionthroughphysicalforce, includingchokings,beatings,andrape;bodyguardsaccompanyingthemtoappointmentsthroughoutNorthern Virginia;anddrugsandalcoholtokeepthemcompliant.3
Defining Trafficking
Humantraffickingisalsoreferredtoasforcedlabor,labortrafficking,forcedprostitution,sextrafficking,slavery, andmodernslavery Wetendtousethetermhumantraffickingunlessthereisneedtodistinguishbetweenlabor traffickingandsextrafficking.Controllingdefinitionsvarydependinguponyourwork forexample,whetheryou workasadistrictattorney,US attorney,InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)advisor,civilattorney, immigrationattorney,orpolicyadvisor Thosespecificdefinitionsareincludedthroughoutthebookasnecessary Asanalternativetoformal,legaldefinitions,itmaybehelpfultobeginwithaneasilyunderstandable,good workingdefinition:
Humantraffickingisholdinganotherincompelledserviceusingwhatevermeansnecessary,beitphysicalor
psychological
Sometimeshumantraffickingisusedasanumbrellatermbrokendownintodistinctcategories:
Forcedlabororlabortraffickingofteninvolvestheuseofascheme,plan,orpattern,creatingaclimateof feartomakepeoplebelievetherewouldbeseriousconsequencesiftheyattemptedtoleavetheirworkplace Domesticservitudeistheforcedlaborofdomesticworkers,performingdutiessuchascleaningthehome, cooking,andcaringforchildren
Sextraffickingistheuseofforce,fraud,orcoerciontocompelanindividualintocommercialsex Under U.S.law,iftheindividualisunderageeighteen,force,fraud,orcoercionisnotrequired.Itismanifested instreetprostitution,brothels,massageparlors,andescortservices
Debtbondage,debtservitude,orbondedlaborisholdingapersonincompelledservicebyarealoralleged debt.Traffickersusedebtasacoerciveschemetotraptheirvictims theycreatetheinitialdebtthrough inflatedrecruitmentandtransportationfees Theymayaddtoitbychargingunreasonableamountsfor roomandboardandotherneeds Theymayalsosupposedlyapplywagesdirectlytothisseeminglyneverendingdebtthatmustbepaidbeforetheworkercanbereleased.InpartsofAfricaandSoutheastAsia, peoplearealsoenslavedbyancestraldebts
Childsoldieringcomprisesboysandgirlsrecruitedorusedbyanarmedforceorarmedgroupinany capacity,includingasfighters,cooks,porters,messengers,spies,orforsexualpurposesandmarriage.In somecountries,theuseofchildsoldiersissystematicandpervasive
The Scale of the Problem Humantraffickingclaimsanestimatedtwenty-onemillionpeopleworldwideaccordingtotheILO;other estimatesrangeuptothirtymillion 4
BecausetheILOstatisticistheonemostoftensupportedbygovernmentsandcivilsocietyalikeasbeingthe mostrigorouslyproducedandreliableestimatesoftraffickingmadetodate,wechoosetorelyonthetwenty-one millionestimate
Anestimated78percentofthosebeingtraffickedareheldinlabortraffickingand22percentinsex trafficking 5 Thisstatisticisenormouslyimportantgiventhewidelyheldimpressionthatallhumantraffickingis sextrafficking,wheninfactsextraffickingclaimslessthanone-quarteroftraffickingvictims,whilelabor traffickingclaimsmorethanthree-quarters Statisticsguidepolicy,resources,andidentificationefforts Therefore, abeliefthatsextraffickingismoreprevalentmeansthree-quartersofthevictimsremainhiddenandunassisted
AccordingtotheILO,55percentofalltraffickedpersonsarewomenandgirls,and45percentaremenand boys Womenandgirlscomprisethevastmajorityofsextraffickingvictimsat98percent,though2percentare menandboys Womenconstitute42percentoflabortraffickingvictimscomparedto58percentformen These statisticscontradictthegeneralimpressionofhumantrafficking;however,theiruseiscriticaltoallocateresources anddesignidentificationefforts
TherearenoreliablefiguresestimatingthenumberofvictimsintheUnitedStates TheILOdidnot providestatisticsbycountry;theUnitedStatesisgroupedwiththeotherdevelopedeconomies,including Australia,Canada,andtheEuropeanUnion,withanestimatedtotalof15millionenslaved TheUS governmentnolongerpublishesorstandsbehinditsearlierestimates Unfortunately,thoseandotheroldand disavowedestimatesarestillincirculation.Tomakemattersmoreconfusing,mediaandnongovernmental
organization(NGO)reportssometimesmakeclaimsthataparticularstateorcityhasthelargesthumantrafficking problemorhighestnumberofvictims Notallcitiesandstatesmeasurehumantrafficking,andcertainlyeven thosethatattempttomeasureitdonotuseaconsistentdefinitionorthesamemetrics Therefore,theseassertions areunreliable Otherestimateshavebeenbasedondecades-oldpublications Thebestdatafromwhichwecan gleananynumbersofhumantraffickingintheUnitedStatescomeslargelyfromserviceproviders,whoinFiscal Year2013assistedjustoveronethousandconfirmedtraffickedpersons.6 Considerwhattheestimatecouldbe knowingthatweidentifylessthanone-tenthofapercentannually
Trafficked Persons in the United States TraffickedpersonsidentifiedintheUnitedStateshavebeenmale,female,andtransgender;childandadult;U.S. citizenandforeignnational;undocumentedanddocumented Theireducationhasrangedfromnoschoolingto master ’sdegreesandspecializedcertificationssuchasnursingandteaching Justasvariedaretheirsocioeconomic background,religion,andrace.
Suchdiversebackgroundspaintsuchabroadpicturethatitmayseemdifficulttonarrowinonaprofilethat wouldaidinidentification Butthatispreciselythepoint Iftheprofileofatraffickedpersonisnarrow,wewill continuetomissfindingandassistingthevastmajorityofthem.
Federalandstatedatacontinuetoindicateadisproportionatenumberofinvestigationsandprosecutionsfor sextrafficking,inspiteoffargreaternumbersofvictimsinlabortraffickingcases Onereasonforthisdisparityis thatonelabortraffickingcaseinagricultureorafactorycanhavehundredsofvictims,whereassextraffickingcases tendtohavesmallernumbersofvictims Forexample,sixfederallyprosecutedcasesoveradecade,allinvolving Floridaagriculture,identifiedatotalofmorethanonethousandvictims
AhandfuloftrendscanbeobservedabouthumantraffickingintheUnitedStates 7 Awordofcautionon thesetrends theyarebasedonextremelylimitedlawenforcementdata.Weknowthatlessthan1percentof victimsareidentifiedandfewcomeforwardtolawenforcement,sothisdataisnotnecessarilyrepresentativeofthe extentoftheproblem,butonlywhatlawenforcementhasbeenabletouncoversofar However,itistheonlydata wehave.LabortraffickersofU.S.citizenshavesuccessfullyrecruitedpeoplewhoarehomeless,mentallyill,or drugaddicted,allofwhichlendthemselvestodependenceonthetrafficker.SextraffickingofU.S.citizenshas primarilyinvolvedminorswhoarerunaways,homeless,gangrecruited,orinfostercare;NativeAmericanminors havealsobeensextraffickedand,aswithothercrimes,encounterjurisdictionalbarriersinidentificationand prosecution.ForeignnationalvictimsarebothundocumentedandvisaholderswithpermissiontobeintheUnited Statesasdomesticworkersfordiplomats,temporaryskilledandagriculturalworkers,studentexchangevisitors, andworkersonoverseasgovernmentcontracts Mostrecently,thetopcountriesoforiginforforeignvictimswere Mexico,thePhilippines,Thailand,Honduras,Guatemala,India,andElSalvador,buttodatevictimsidentifiedin theUnitedStateshavehailedfrommorethanseventy-fivedifferentcountries.8
The Industries Where Human Trafficking Is Found
Confirmedhumantraffickingcasesworldwidehaveoccurredprimarilywithinthreebroadareas:
1 Rawmaterialsextractionandharvesting,includingmining;fishing;andagriculturalplanting,picking, andpackaging;
2. Manufacturing,includingconvertingtherawmaterialsintoproductssuchasgarments,electronics, andbricks;and
3 Services,includingchildcare,cleaning,landscaping,andcommercialsex
Thesecategoriesarequiteexpansive,meaningthattraffickinghasbeenuncoveredinnearlyeveryindustry imaginable HereareafewillustrativeexamplesfromtheUnitedStates
Agriculture
Florida Fiveindividuals,fourofwhomwererelated,transportedundocumentedMexicanandGuatemalan nationalstoagriculturalfieldsinImmokalee,Florida.Thesetraffickersforcedthefarmworkersintoharvestingin tomatofieldsthroughbeatingsandongoingthreatsoffurtherphysicalharmandbycreatingandescalatingtheir debtwhilepayingthemverylittle Topreventtheirescape,traffickerslockedtheworkersintrucksatnightinthe swelteringFloridaheat.Twotraffickersweresentencedtotwelveyearsinprisonandowemorethan$240,000in restitutiontothevictims.9
Manufacturing
Oklahoma JohnPickle,Inc,aTulsa,Oklahoma–basedoilindustrypartsmanufacturer,recruitedfifty-two skilledlaborersfromIndia Thesewelders,engineers,andelectricianswerepromisedcertainwagesandwork conditions,butsoonfoundthemselvestreateddifferentlyfromthenon-Indianlaborers.TheIndianworkers received$100to$317perhour,whilenon-Indianemployeesmade$14perhourforthesamework Pickle managersconfiscatedtheIndianworkers’passportsandforcedtheseworkerstoliveinamakeshiftwarehouse dormitory,watchedbyanarmedguard.ManagerssubjectedtheIndianworkerstoethnicslurs,foodrationing, intimidation,anddegradingtasks Afederaljudgeordered$124millioninrestitutioninthiscasebroughtbythe US EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC) 10
DomesticServitude
Washington,DC AlanMzengi,aTanzaniandiplomat,andhiswife,Stella,recruitedadomesticworkertolivein andcleantheirWashington,DC,homeformonthlywagesof$900 Theworker’scontractalsostatedshewould workeight-hourdaysandwouldhavetwodaysoffperweek,receivetwoweeks’paidvacationannually,and collectovertimepayforadditionalhoursworked However,upontheworker’sarrival,theMzengisseizedher passportandcontractandforcedhertoworkseventeen-hourdayswithoutadayoff TheMzengisemotionally andphysicallyabusedher,failedtopayher,preventedherfromaccessingmedicalcare,andalwaysaccompanied her TheMzengisfailedtoansweracivilcomplaint,andadefaultjudgmentwasenteredfortheplaintiff 11
Prostitution
Illinois AlexCampbellranseveralmassageparlorsinChicago,Illinois.Herecruitedundocumentedforeign womenfromUkraineandBelarusbyclaiminghecouldprovidethemwithajobinhismassageparlors,givethem aplacetolive,andhelpthemtoobtainimmigrationstatus Healsofeignedromanticrelationshipswiththem He thenbrandedthemwithatattoo,tooktheirpassports,forcedthemtoworklonghours,didnotpaythem,and gavethemlittletonofood.Heforcedoneintoprostitutionandextorted$25,000fromanotherbythreateningto sendasexuallyexplicitvideotoherparentsinBelarus Campbellwassentencedtolifeinprison,havingbeen foundguiltyofforcedlabor,harboringillegalaliensforfinancialgain,confiscatingpassportsandother immigrationdocumentstoforcethevictimstowork,andsextraffickingbyforceandextortion 12
ElderCare
California EvelynPelayorecruitedworkersinthePhilippinesfortwoeldercarefacilitiessheownedinLong Beach,California Shepaid$6,000foreachpersonshehadsmuggledintothecountrybutthenchargedeachof themsmugglingfeesof$12,000tobepaidoffthroughtheirworkoveratleasttenyears Sheconfiscatedtheir
passportsandthreatenedtocontactimmigrationofficialstohavethemdeportediftheytriedtoescapeortold anyoneabouttheirworkingconditions.Theyworkeduptotwenty-fourhourseveryday,onlyreceivingminimal wages 13
CountryClubsandHotels
Florida SophiaManuelandAlfonsoBaldonadoJr.,ownersofQualityStaffingServicesCorporation,recruited thirty-nineFilipinonationalsforworkatcountryclubsandhotelsthroughoutSouthFlorida Thecompany managersforcedtheworkerstoliveinovercrowded,unsanitaryconditionswithinsufficientfoodandwater, confiscatedtheirpassportsandthenthreatenedthemwitharrestanddeportation,andaccompaniedthematall times IndebtedbeforetheyevenarrivedintheUnitedStates,theworkersreceivedlittletonopayforthework theydidatthecountryclubsandhotels Aftertheirguiltypleas,Manuelwassentencedtosixyearsandsixmonths andBaldonadotofouryearsandthreemonths 14
Restaurants
California TransBaySteel,Inc.,sponsoredforty-eightskilledThaiweldersonH-2BvisastoretrofittheSan Francisco–OaklandBayBridge ContractorsKotaManpowerCompanyandHiCap,Inc,managedtheprocess ThecontractorspromisedtheworkerswagessixtimeshigherthanwhattheworkerscouldearninThailand In ordertoacceptthejob,theworkerspaidexorbitantfeestorecruitingcompanies,creatingacrushingindebtedness. Uponarrival,onlynineworkedaswelders TheremainingworkersinsteadworkedinKotaandHiCap–owned restaurantsandothermenialjobs Thecontractorsconfiscatedworkers’passportsandthreatenedtheworkerswith arrestiftheyleft.Theworkerswereconfinedtosmall,shabbyapartmentswithoutelectricity,gas,orwaterand wereforcedtoworkwithoutpay TheEEOCsettledthecasewithTransBaySteel,Inc,foranestimated$14 million 15
JanitorialServices
MultipleMid-AtlanticStates TheBotsvynyukbrothersrecruitedvillagersfromtheirnativeUkraine,promising themasalaryof$700to$800permonth,freeroomandboard,andfreetransportation Uponarrival,themen andwomenweretoldthatinsteadtheywouldhavetoworkwithoutpaytocovertheirrecruitmentand transportationdebtofupto$50,000cleaningWal-Mart,Target,Kmart,Safeway,andotherretailstores,along withhomesandofficesinPennsylvania,Maryland,Delaware,NewYork,andNewJersey Workerstestifiedthat thebrothersraped,threatened,andbeatthem.Whensomeworkersescaped,thebrothersthreatenedfamily membersinUkrainewithmutilation,rape,anddeathiftheworkersdidnotreturnorpayofftheirdebts One brotherreceivedalifesentenceandtheotherwassentencedtotwentyyearsinprison.16
The Numbers17
Estimatesofhumantraffickingworldwiderangefrom20.9to30millionpeople. Ofthemillionsenslaved,44,758wereidentifiedin2013,lessthan1percent In2013,thenumberofvictimsidentifiedgloballydecreasedfrom46,570to44,758 Themostever identifiedinagivenyearis49,105in2009.
TheILOestimatesthatofalltraffickedpersons68percentareheldinforcedlaborexploitation,22percent inforcedsexualexploitation,and10percentinstate-imposedforcedlabor In2013,thenumberofcriminalconvictionsoftraffickersgloballyincreasedslightlyfrom4,746to5,776. Morepeopleareheldinlabortraffickingthaninsextrafficking,yetofthe5,776globalcriminalconvictions oftraffickers,5,306weresextraffickersandjust470werelabortraffickers
TheILOestimatesthatwomenandgirlsconstitute44percentofallthoseinforcedlaborand98percentof allthoseinsextrafficking,whereasmenandboysmakeup56percentofthoseinforcedlaborand2percent ofthoseinsextrafficking
AccordingtotheILO,74percentoftraffickedpersonsareadultsand26percentarechildren,definedas undertheageofeighteen
Globally,56percentoftraffickedpersonsareenslavedinacountryotherthantheirown;29percentare enslavedintheareawheretheynormallyreside;and15percentareenslavedelsewherewithintheirown country
Morethan140countriescriminalizeallformsofhumantrafficking.
Root Causes
Determiningcausationofaproblemisessentialtoaddressingit.Thatisthereasonformanyeffortstodefinethe “ rootcauses ”ofhumantrafficking.Dependingonyourframeofreference,thereareafewdifferentwaystoview whattherootcausesare Oneisthattraffickersaretherootcausebecausetheyseekprofitviaexploitation;they employspecifictacticstorecruitandthencompellabororcommercialsex Thisputstheblamesquarelyonthe responsibleindividuals.Itdoesnotblamethevictimsforhavingacharacteristicthatmadethemvulnerableand withoutwhichthetraffickerwouldnothavetargetedthem Italsodemandsacriminaljusticeresponseto investigateandprosecutethetraffickers
Anotherviewisthattherearebroad,globalsystemicissuesthatcreatecircumstancesthatmakepeoplemore susceptibletohumantrafficking Certainfactorsbothpushanddrawanindividualtomigrateacrossaborderor acrossthecountry Themajorpushfactorofcourseisalackofemploymentopportunities,andthemajorpull factoristheavailabilityofajobelsewhere,whichmakesindividualstothinkaboutruraltourbanmigrationor movingfromdevelopingtodevelopedeconomies Particularlywhenstoriesarecirculatingaboutafriendor neighborwhomigratedandisdoingwellandsendingmoneyhome,thepullbecomesstronger Theseare economicmigrants.Pushingotherindividualsarewidespreadpoverty,unavailabilityofeducation,armedconflict, climateinstability,politicalrepression,discriminationinvariousforms,orgender-basedviolence Thelureorpull ofmigration economicopportunity,education,safety,self-determination,andpeace thenistheoppositeof thepushfactors.
Theseissuesarecomplex Wecannotblame,forexample,migrationforhumantraffickingorlimitmigration inordertoaddresstrafficking,althoughwecantakestepstoensuresafe,educatedmigration Forexample, approvedU.S.visaapplicantsreceiveabookletthatdescribestheirrightsasvisaholdersandprovidesahotline numberiftheyneedanyassistancewhileintheUnitedStates;hundredshavecalledthehotlinenumbertoreport contractviolationsandsomehavereportedhumantrafficking Similarly,wecannotclaimthatifweendwar, globalwarming,anddiscrimination,wewillendhumantrafficking,butwecanlooktoseewhatadditional protectionswecanprovidetorefugees,internallydisplacedpersons,andstatelesspersons.
Inotherwords,traffickingpreventionrequiresnarrower,targetedresponses Forexample,traffickerscan easilythreatentemporaryforeignworkersonH-2Bvisaswithdeportationbecauseiftheworkersleavetheir employer,theyareoutofimmigrationstatus;theyaretiedtotheironeemployer.Thepreventionresponse requiresustolookforthevulnerabilityofvariousvisacategoriesbasedonhowtraffickersareabusingthemand thentorespondappropriately Asanotherexample,traffickedgirlsareoftenrecruitedwhileinfostercare Understandingthatfostercaremaybeapushfactor,theIllinoisstategovernmentrevampeditschildwelfare system Becauserootcausesoftraffickingoverlapwithsomanyotherissues,anyoneworkingwithinanyofthese intersectingfields,suchaschildwelfareprofessionals,canlooktointegrateanti-trafficking-specificsolutionswhere possible.
Onesystemicissuegivingrisetohumantraffickingisthewidespreadconsumerdemandforinexpensive goodsandthecorrespondingsupplyofthosegoods,fuelingtheneedforsustained,cheaplabor,sometimesonly achievableattheexpenseoftheworkers.Anotherfactoristhenearlyimpossibleproductionschedulesdemanded bybrandsthatsupplierscanonlymeet,again,attheexpenseoftheworkers.18 Inordertomaintainanoften razor ’sedgeprofitmargin,brandsselectsuppliersandmaintainfactoriesincountrieswherewagesarelow,among otherthings Intheselocations,workerprotectioncanbeweak,andregulationandoversightcanbeminimal The bestexamplesaretheconcentrationofelectronicsfactoriesinChinaandacrossAsiaaswellasgarmentfactoriesin Bangladesh.
Anotherformofdemandstemsfromtheneedforlargenumbersofmigrantlaborersforbigprojectsin locationswithoutsufficientworkerprotections.Nowhereisthismoreevidentthanthesituationofmigrant workersinQatar,broughttobuildtheinfrastructureforthe2022FIFAWorldCup.Qatar’sworkforceisalready madeupof94percentmigrantworkers,andanadditionalonemillionworkersarerequiredtocompletethe
massiveconstructionandinfrastructureprojectsfortheWorldCup 19 HumanRightsWatchhasbeenclosely followingandreportingontheabuses,exploitation,andclaimsoftraffickinglinkedtoexorbitantrecruitmentfees andarestrictiveimmigrationprogram.20 Inanotherexample,theplannedU.S.militarybuildupinGuamwill bringthousandsofforeignmigrantlaborerstotheislandforconstructionandtheriskofhumantrafficking becausethereisnoexistinginfrastructurethatcansupportthatnumberofworkers Prevention,therefore,isinthe planningforeverythingfromhousingtosocialservicesandimmigrationtolaborrecruitment
Rootcausesarecomplicatedandnuanced,sheddinglightonwhytraffickingoccursandwhattargeted preventionresponsesarerequired Aslawyers,weareconsumers,corporatecounsel,policymakers,legalservice providers,prosecutors,andmore allwiththeabilitytocraftsolutionstoaddressthesecauses
Traffickers’ Tactics
PopularculturewouldhaveusbelievethattraffickersaresheiksabductingAmericanteenagersinPariswithLiam Neesonchargingintosavetheday Asdiscussedbefore,justasthereisnosingleprofileofatraffickedperson, thereisnosingleprofileofatrafficker Asindicatedbythefewexamplespresentedinthischapteralone,traffickers arecitizensandforeignnationals,pimps,intimatepartners,laborbrokers,gangmembers,diplomats, subcontractors,companyowners,andtheneighboringfamilynextdoor
Traffickersmaybecontractorsandsubcontractorsinthecorporatesupplychain,whetheratconstruction sites,atafarmorminewheretherawmaterialsoriginate,orinafactorythatmanufactures,assembles,and packagesthegoodsandproducts Theymaybecontractorsprovidingservicestobusinesses,suchas landscaping,janitorial,andmoving.
Theymaybepartofalargeandsophisticatedtransnationalorganizedcrimesyndicate,asmalllocal businessowner,oraprivatecitizenwithadomesticworkerinhisorherhome Traffickersmaybemembersofatraffickedperson’sfamily,haveaclosepersonalrelationship,orcome fromthesamecommunity.
Theymaybebrokersorotherintermediariesassistingintherecruitment,documentforging,smuggling, supervision,ortransportationofworkers Theymayberegulatedandunregulatedlaborrecruitment agencies,evenincludinggovernment-runagencies.
Commonamongthisdiversesetofindividualsisthedesiretomakeaprofitthroughfreeorlow-costlabor withoutcareorconsiderationfortheworker Whethertheychargefeesleadingtoindebtedness,undercompensate forservices,provideinadequatehousingandfood,ordenyaccesstohealthcare,thesetraffickersusethesetactics tomakemoremoneyattheexpenseofanother.
Oneofthemorecommonquestionswehearis,“Whydidn’tsheorhejustleave?”Atfirstitcanseemso implausiblethatsomeonecouldwithstandhorrendoustreatmentandnotseekhelpatthefirstchanceorrunaway Yettheanswerunlocksanunderstandingofwhathumantraffickingreallyisaswellasitsdevastatingeffects. Traffickersuseforce,fraud,andcoercion
Force
Especiallywhenreferredtoasmodernslavery,humantraffickingconjuresimagesofchains,handcuffs,locked doors,barbedwire,andbeatings Thosearethemostvividexamplesofforcebecausetheyarephysicallyconfining apersontoacertainspaceorphysicallyharmingthatperson.IntheUnitedStates,wehaveseenmanyexamplesof forceusedtocompelservice
PhysicalAssaults Traffickershaveusedbeatings,dislocatingorbreakingbones,stabbing,strangling,burns, andmoretocompellaborandservices.Theseassaultsservethesamepurposeasbarbedwireandchains, conveyingatrafficker’sovertcontroloverworkers,makingthemfearanotherassault,andbreakingtheworkers’ spirit Inoneparticularlybrutalcase,sextrafficker“T-rex”Yarbroughwouldviolentlyattackanyvictimwho refusedtoperformacommercialsexact,includingbeatingthemwithcrowbars,padlocksandchains,belts,and woodencoathangers,throwingthemdownstairs,smashingtheirheadsincardoors,burningtheirlegswithirons, andscaldingthemwithhotwater.21 Heevenbeatonevictim,pregnantwithhischild,sobadlythatheinduced herprematurelabor Inothertraffickingcases,pimpshavebrandedtheirvictimswithtattoostodemonstrate
ownership;theyhaveforcedbirthcontrolandabortions.Theyhaveforceddrugusetoovercomeresistanceand facilitateaddictionsthatmustbepaidforthroughtheirservices AndrewBlaneFieldsfirstenabledhisvictims’ addictiontooxycodoneandmorphineandthenpurposefullysubjectedthemtothephysicalwithdrawal symptomsinordertoforcethemtoperformmorecommercialsexacts 22
SexualViolence Traffickersusesexualviolenceasinitiationintoprostitution,punishment,orbreakingthe spirittoensurecontinualcompliance.Theexamplesusedtocompellaborabound womenindomesticservitude whoendureintrudersintheirroomeverynight,farmworkersinthefieldsorinemployer-ownedhousing,men andwomeninmanufacturing,womeninentertainmentclubs,andmenatseaformonthsonfishingvessels
ThreatsofForce Threatsofphysicalforcecanbejustaspowerful.Whenrapeorphysicalassaultisusedto punishoneworker,itintimidatesotherworkersandthetraffickerneverhastoutteraword Othertraffickersare quiteexplicitthatifapersonseekshelp,triestoescape,contactsfamily,refusestowork,orotherwisedisobeysa rule,therewillbephysicalconsequences.Traffickersconvincinglythreatenharmtoothers,eitheranotherworker orafamilymember Forthosewithfamilymemberswholivefarawayandwhoselocationisknowntoatrafficker, suchthreatsofharmcanbeparticularlyeffective:atraffickedpersonisalreadylikelyisolatedandhasnowayto warnorprotectthefamilymemberfromthisrisk.Inmanyofourcases,thetraffickerthreatenedtoharmafamily memberbackinthecountryoforigin Thesethreatsarecrediblebecausetraffickersmayworkwithrecruiters overseasandmaybefamiliarwiththelocalcommunityandfamilymembers
Surveillance Justaseffectiveasbarbedwirecanbethesenseandoftentherealitythatsomeoneisalways watching.Thecrewbossesinagriculture.Armedguardsaroundafactoryperimeter.Bouncersatastripclub. Securitycameras,whetheroperationalornot AtonemassageparlorraidinWashington,DC,therewasavideo cameraateveryexitandinthesmallroomwithmattressesonthefloorwherethewomenslept;thewomenlater explainedthattheywerewatchedallthetimeandneverpermittedtogooutsidealone.Sometraffickedpersons maynotbephysicallyisolatedbutifpermittedinpublicarealwaysaccompaniedandtransported Oneofour domesticservitudeclientsaccompaniedthefamilytoreligiousservicesandthatwastheonlytimeshewasever outsidethefamilyhome.Evenwhenallowedtogohome,somevictimsarecontinuallymonitored.
PhysicalLabor Sometypesofstrenuousphysicallaborcanbeamanifestationofforce,whichanumberof ourclientsexperienced Someworkisextremelyarduous Othertimes,workinglonghours,oftenwithoutbreaks oradayoff,canbegruelingandphysicallydebilitating.Oneclientdescribedtousworkingeighteen-hourdays, cleaningahouse,preppingforandcleaningafterdinnerparties,andbeingoncallthroughthenightforaninfant Traffickersalsousethedurationornatureoftheworkasbothapunishmentandareward harder,longer,or morehazardousworkforanyoneresistingandeasierworkwithbreaksforanyonefollowingtherules.
Malnutrition Traffickershavealsousedfoodaspunishmentandreward Therearecasesinwhich traffickersdenyfoodfordaystoweakentheirvictimssotheywillfinallysubmit,offeringthemfoodonlyafter We haverepresentedclientswhoworkedinfactoriessubsistingformorethanayearonnothingbutvegetablebroth andoccasionallyrice Wehavealsorepresenteddomesticworkerswhowereonlypermittedtoeatthefamily’s leftovers
Fraud
Asweknow,fraudisthemisrepresentationofamaterialfact Traffickersusefraudanddeceptionprimarilyasa recruitmenttool.Remember,forexample,theVietnamesegarmentworkerswhowerepromisedsunnybeaches andthenwerefacedwithanenclosedcompound
Whilesometraffickedpersonsareabducted,thevastmajorityarelookingforeconomicopportunityintheir hometown,anearbytown,acrossthecountry,orinanothercountry.Theyusetraditionalrecruitmentmethods: newspapers,internetlistings,andwordofmouth Inmanyareasoftheworld,laborrecruitersorlaborbrokers recruitworkersforspecificprojects Theseintermediariespresentalloftheinformationaboutthejobopportunity, includingthetypeofwork,location,pay,daysoff,workingconditions,housing,immigrationrequirements,and fees
Unfortunately,baitandswitchisacommontactic Peopleagreeandsignonforneweconomic opportunitiesbasedonoralpromisesandevensignedcontracts,butaftercommitting,adifferentrealityawaits:
ARussiancompanyoperatingicecreamtrucksnearKansasCity,Missouri,promisedagroupofUkrainian collegestudents$10,000to$15,000fortheirsummerwork.Instead,thestudentsearnedlessthan
minimumwageandwereforcedtoworkthirteenhoursaday,sevendaysaweek 23
AnIndonesiandomesticworkerheldacontractstatingshewouldbepaid$1,300monthlyforherworksix daysaweek,eighthoursperday,butafterarrivingintheUnitedStatesworkedeverydayforfarmorethan eighthoursandheronlypaywas$160wiredtoherfamilyinIndonesiamonthly.24
MorethansixVietnamesemenandwomenwerepromisededucationandmarriagestoUS citizensbut wereputtoworkinaweddingboutiqueinArizona.25
Innumerouscases,youngwomenarepromisedworkaswaitresses,dancers,ormasseuses,onlytolaterbe toldthattheymustperformsexualservicesinbrothels.Othersarerecruitedforcommercialsexbut compensationandlivingcircumstancesaremisrepresented.
Relyingonwhattheythinkisalegitimateopportunity,traffickedpersonsmayalsonotrealizethattheyhave beenprovidedfalseidentificationdocuments Theymayalsonotanticipateunsafebordercrossings,differingjob conditions,andanexpectationthattheywillperformunlawfulorcriminalacts
Sextraffickershaveoftenposedasaboyfriendoraparentalfigurewholavishesattention,gifts,and promises IncasesofUS citizenminors,thetraffickermaybearecruiterposingasaboyfriendorgirlfriend,who thendeliverstheminortoapimporalargercrimesyndicateboss InmultiplecasesinvolvingyoungMexican women,thetraffickerspromisedmarriage,wealth,andlifetogetherintheUnitedStates 26 Thesegirlsandwomen areoftenintroducedintoprostitution,presentedinsomecasesastheonlywaythewomenandtheirtraffickercan financiallymaketheirstarttogether,andinothercasesthetraffickerusesviolence
Oncedefrauded,traffickedpersonsfeelcompelledtostayforarangeofreasons,includingthecostof returninghome,fearofviolatingacontract,shamefrombeingdupedorbecauseoftheindustryinwhichthey havebeenworkingandactstheyhaveperformed,andtheeconomicandotherbarriersthatpersistathome, potentiallyputtingatraffickedpersoninaworseconditionuponreturn Theinitialfraudthatensnaredthemcan thenbecoupledwithphysicalforceandcoerciontoensuretheircontinuedlabor
Coercion
Psychologicalcoercionhasproventobejustaspowerfulasphysicalforceandusedmoreoften,creatinginvisible barrierstoatraffickedperson’sescape Itcontributestothetraffickedperson’sfeelingcompletelyhelpless, ashamed,havingnocontrol,andhavingnochoicebuttodowhatthetraffickersays Thetrafficker’sgoalisto breakthepsycheofthetraffickedpersonandcreateaclimateoffearthatkeepstheindividualtrapped,hopeless, andwithouthelp.
WithholdingIdentityDocumentsandMakingThreats Traffickersconfiscateidentitydocuments, includingpassportsandotherimmigrationdocuments,requiredforworkerstoprovetheirlawfulworkstatusin thecountryandtolegallyexitthecountry.Documentwithholdingcanbecoupledwithrelatedthreats:
“Ifyouleavethisjob,youwillhavenolegalstatusinthiscountry Youcanbepickedup,jailed,and deported.”
“OnephonecalltoimmigrationofficialsandIcanhaveyouarrested,jailed,anddeported” “Doyouknowwhatlawenforcementdoestoillegalimmigrants?”
Traffickedpersonsoftenseeimplicitthreatsintheactofwithholdingdocuments,notevenrequiringa verbalthreat.MostdonotknowthatintheUnitedStates,itisacrimeforsomeonetowithholdanother’s documentation Traffickedpersonsfearthatlawenforcementwillseethem,insteadofthetrafficker,asthe criminal
UsingCriminalorUnlawfulActsAgainstThem Traffickersmayhavesmuggledtheirvictimsintothe countryorobtainedfakepassportsorfraudulentvisas,withorwithouttheirknowledgeandpotentiallyin violationofimmigrationlaws Theyalsomayhaveforcedtheirvictimstocarrydrugswiththemacrosstheborder, engageinprostitution,orperformothercriminalacts.Traffickerscanthenholdtheirvictims’performanceof criminalorunlawfulactsagainstthemtoensuretheywillnotseekhelpfromlawenforcement Traffickersmay threatentotellyoungwomen’sparentssothatthewomenareafraidtoreachoutforhelp Theymaycontinually threatentoreporttheirvictimstolawenforcementforarrestandimprisonmentiftheytalktoanyoneortryto escape.Oneofourclientsenteredonatouristvisabelievingshehadtoworkforaninterimperiodbeforeshe
couldearnanemployment-basedvisa,onlytolaterbetoldthatshewasinviolationofthevisaforworkingand couldbereportedtoimmigrationauthoritiesatanytime.Manyclientsinsextraffickingbelievedtheywere comingtoworkinrestaurantsandbars OncetheywereintheUnitedStates,theyknewiftheyreportedtheir experience,theywouldbearrestedforprostitution.
InhumaneTreatment Traffickersdemeantheirvictimsinordertoreinforceapowerdynamic.Two NigeriandomesticworkersinGeorgiawereforcedtobatheoutofabucket,eatspoiledfood,hand-washclothing, andcutthelawnwithalongknife allthisdespitehavingappliancesavailable 27
Malnutrition Therearemultipledomesticservitudecasesinwhichtheworkerwasonlyallowedtoeatthe family’sleftoverscrapsfromtheirplatesandafactorycasewhereworkerswereonlyeverfedbroth Unsafelivingconditions Condemnedstructures,inadequateventilationorheatingandcooling,and infestationscanallleadtoseriousphysicalharmandailmentsinadditiontothereinforcementthat traffickedpersonsarenotworthyofadecentlivingspace
Inadequateprotectionfromhazards Insextrafficking,lackofcondomscanleadtoSTDsandHIV/AIDS. Inothersituations,traffickersdonotprovideadequateclothingforextremetemperaturesorprotection fromworkingconditionssuchaspesticides
Verbalabuse Traffickersalsobreakdowntheirvictimsthroughderogatoryslurs,insults,andname calling.
Shaming Thefearofrejectionbyfamilyorcommunitycanbesostrongthattraffickedpersonswill continuetowork,notcomplain,nottrytoescape,andbecomeresignedtoalifeofexploitationortrafficking. Exploitingthesefeelings,traffickerssometimesmakeovertshamingcomments,like“Whatwillyourfamilythink ofyouafterwetellthemyouhavehadsexwithallofthesemen?”Inotherinstances,traffickersknowtheyneed notevensayanythingtoimplicitlysuggestthatexposingthetruthwouldbringshametothemandtheirfamilies. Nearlyallofoursextraffickingclientswereterrifiedoftheirfamilies’learningaboutthecommercialsex Othersin bothlaborandsextraffickingfeeltheshameofreturninghomeempty-handedafterfillingtheirfamily’sheads withhopesanddreams.Familymemberswhowereexpectingdebtstobepaidoff,kidstogotoschool,and generallyabetterlifewillbebitterlydisappointedandthatweighsheavilyonthemindofthetraffickedperson Blackmail Particularlyinsextraffickingcases,traffickersmayhavephotographedorvideoedtheirvictims performingcommercialsexacts,whetherforprostitutionorpornography.Withphotosandvideosinhand,they maythreatentosendthemtofamilyandfriendsorpublishthempublicly
SocialIsolation Isolation,whetherphysical,cultural,orlinguistic,createsabarrierthatpreventstrafficked peoplefromevenexploringthepossibilityofgettinghelpoutofthesituation.Furthermore,itcanmaketrafficked peoplebelievethatnoonefromtheirearlierlifecaresandhasthecapacitytohelp Traffickerspurposefullycutoff theirvictims’accesstothecommunity
Communication Sometimestraffickedpersonshavenoaccesstoradio,television,ornewspapers They maynothaveaccesstophones,mail,orinternettocommunicatewithfamilyandfriends.
Physical Traffickersuseanumberoftacticstophysicallyisolateindividuals.Initially,theymaytransport traffickedpersonstounknownlocations Traffickersalsocontroltransportation,shuttlingindividualsfrom livingquarterstoworksitesandevenaccompanyingthemoffsite Especiallywhentraffickedpersonsare newtothearea,theymaynotknowwheretheyareorhowtogetaround.Traffickersalsoplacetrafficked personsinruralandremotelocations,makinganescapeimprobable Traffickersmayevenmovelocations periodicallytokeepvictimsdisorientedandtopreventtraffickedpersonsfromdevelopingtrusting relationshipsorresourcesintheregion.Theymayprohibitattendanceatreligiousservices,accessto medicalcare,oragrocerystorevisit,unlessaccompanied Culturalandlinguistic Simplybeinginaforeigncountrycanbeoverwhelminganddaunting Atrafficked personmaynothavethelanguageskillsorknowledgeabouthisorhernewcountrytoknowhowtoaccess help Inonecase,thetraffickerofaforeigndomesticworkertoldherthatAmericanswouldpretendto helpherandthenkillherandsellherorgans 28 Manyofourforeign-bornclientstoldusthattheyhaveno 911orfreeassistancefromnonprofitorganizationsintheircountry,soitneveroccurredtothemtoseek helpinthatway.Theyalsoconsistentlysaidthattheycouldnotrelyonpoliceprotectionintheirown
country,sotheyhadnoexpectationthatUS lawenforcementwouldrespondanydifferently
ReligiousandCulturalBeliefs Insomeinstances,traffickerstakeadvantageofaperson’sreligionand culture,whicharesointrinsictoouridentities.MorethantwentyWestAfricangirlswereforcedtoworkupto fourteen-hourdaysinhairandnailsalonsinNewJerseybytraffickerswhothreatenedtoputvoodoocurseson them,whichwasaverycrediblethreataccordingtotheirculturaltraditions 29 Sextraffickersusedwitchdoctorsto threatenGuatemalangirlswithacurseonthemandtheirfamilymembersiftheytriedtoescape 30 Considera trafficker’sshamingofdeeplyreligiouspeoplewhomightbecondemnedforparticipatingincommercialsexby theirreligiousleadersandcommunity.
EconomicCoercion Traffickersmosteasilycompelthosewhosesavingsaredepleted,whosehousesare mortgaged,andwhosepersonaldebtswereincurredtopayforrecruitmentfees Theyseizeonthosewithfamilies financiallydependentontheworkerandimposeexcessivefeesandcoststoacceleratedebt.Imagineyouarean agriculturalworkerinaremoteareaforcedtobuyeverythingfromthecompanystoreatinflatedprices,which addstothedebt.31 Whatifyouwerethreatenedwitha$25,000penaltyifyouleftyouremployment?32 Inwhatis acommonscenario,traffickersinwesternNewYorkdeductedsupposedchargesforfood,housing,transportation, andotheritemsfrommigrantlaborers’paychecks,leavingtheworkerswithalmostnothingandcontinually indebted;theyweretoldtheycouldnotleaveuntiltheirdebtswerepaid 33 Playingonthepowerandcultural dynamic,traffickersmanagetovalidatethesedebts,despitetheirbeingunlawful.Manytraffickedpersonsbelieve theywillbekilledorarrestediftheytrytoleavewithoutpayingthedebt Asaresult,economiccoercion,primarily throughdebtbondage,canpreventtraffickedpersonsfromseekingalternativeemployment
BondingandDependency Emotionalconnectionsthatdevelopbetweentraffickersandtheirvictimsare yetanotherreasonvictimsfeeltheycannotleaveorseekhelp.SomewhatakintotheStockholmsyndrome, wherebyvictimsbondwiththeircaptorinhostagesituations,traffickerscreatesimilarbondswithtrafficked persons Inothersituations,traffickersrecruitgirlsbyfeigningromanticrelationshipsandthenthegirlsperform serviceswiththeexpectationofloveorsupportinexchange.Itcanbeverydifficultforthegirlstolateracceptthat therelationshipwasfake,sotheydefendtheirtrafficker,notwantinganyharmtocometotheallegedboyfriend Wehavealsohadclientswhowererecruitedorheldbyfamilymembers,andtherewasstillfierceloyaltytothe familyandanextremereluctancetopursueanylegalresourcethatwouldbedetrimentaltothatfamilymember. Domesticworkersoftenfeelveryresponsibleforanychildrenintheircare,notwantingtobeawitnessforthe prosecutionifthatmeanstakingachild’smotherorfatheraway
Misconceptions About the Term HumanTrafficking
Throughoutthischapterwehavedescribedandprovidedexamplesofhumantraffickingasonepersoncompelling anotherphysicallyorpsychologically throughforce,fraud,andcoercion toworkortoperformacommercial sexact Itisequallyhelpfultounderstandwhattraffickingisnotandwherelinesareblurredandcontested, especiallybecausetraffickinghaslongbeenconfusedwithothercrimesandformsofexploitation Misconceptions andmisunderstandingsdivertourattention,efforts,andresources.Inthisbook,weareparticularlymotivatedto improveyourabilitytoidentifyhumantrafficking,sothemorequestionswecananticipateandthemore potentialconfusionwecanaddress,themoresuccessfulyoureffortsmaybe
Movement Thetermtraffickingmakesusthinkofarmsanddrugs,whereitdoesindeedmeanthe movementandsaleofthosegoods However,humantraffickingdoesnotmeanorrequiremovementortravel Globally,29percentoftraffickedpersonsareenslavedintheareawheretheynormallyreside 34 Again,thefocusis onthecompelledlabororservice
Smuggling Humantraffickingisalsonotsmuggling.Humansmugglingistheunlawfultransportationofa personacrossaninternationalborder,potentiallyacriminalandimmigrationviolation Anestimated56percent oftraffickedpersonsareenslavedinacountryotherthantheirown,sotheycrossedaborderatsomepointeither lawfullyorunlawfully.Howtheycrossedtheborderisnotrelevanttotrafficking,onlywhethertheywere compelledtoworkorperformacommercialsexact Theconfusionliesinthefactsofcaseswhentraffickers smugglepeopleaspartofalargerhumantraffickingcrime Forexample,theSotobrothersandfouraccomplices engagedinbothsmugglingandforcedlabor 35 TheybroughtundocumentedpersonsacrosstheRioGrandeRiver, transportingthemtoHouston,Texas,thenextortedmoneyfromtheirfamiliesbeforereleasingthem However,
theyalsoheldfourwomenatasafehouse,forcingthemtoworkasdomesticservantsbydayandrapedandbeat thematnight.
Prostitution US lawmakesadistinctionbetweenprostitutionandsextrafficking,withsextrafficking requiringtheuseofforce,fraud,orcoerciontocompeltheperformanceofacommercialsexactorinvolvinga personunderageeighteen.Becausetherearemanyadultsincommercialsexnotexperiencingforce,fraud,or coercion,raidsofcommercialsexestablishmentsoftenfailtouncoversextrafficking
ChildLabor Worldwide,thereareanestimated215millionchildlaborers Thesearechildrenunderthe ageofeighteenperformingworkthatisdangerousorharmfulinsomewayandthatinterfereswiththeir schooling Withoutaneducation,thecycleofpovertycontinues Aportionofthis215million approximately 45million constitutesforcedchildlabor Mostchildrenwhofallwithinthechildlabordefinitionarenot compelledintolaborandarethereforenottrafficked.
Low-WageLabor Lowwagesmaybeanindicatorofhumantraffickingbutalonedonotconstitute trafficking Sometraffickedpersonsarepaidtheircontractedsalary,evenalivingwage;othertraffickedpersonsare paidnothing.Conversely,manypeopleworkintheformalandinformaleconomyinlow-wagejobs;someofthem arecompelledintoserviceandthereforetrafficked;manymorearenot Buttheamountofwagesisnotthe determiningfactorforhumantrafficking Manypeopleoutofeconomicnecessityacceptjobsthatarelowpaying, unsafe,orphysicallydemanding.Itmaybedifficultforthemtofindanotherjob,butifonewereavailable,they wouldbefree Thisfreedomandmobilitydifferentiatesthemfromtraffickedworkers,whowouldbeunableto seekandacceptanotherjob
The Impact on Trafficked Persons
Itishardtoimaginewhattraffickedpersonsexperienceandhowitaffectsthemfortherestoftheirlives.Human traffickingisdevastatingtoanindividualphysically,financially,andemotionally Puttingyourselfintheirshoes canhelpyouprovidebetterservices,seekadditionalservicesandreferralsasneeded,andevenhelpidentify traffickedpersons.Thereareserviceorganizationsthroughoutthecountrythatcanprovidecasemanagementand additionalservices
FinancialConsequences
Manytraffickedpersonswereinitiallylookingforjobsandopportunitiestoearnmoney,sendchildrentoschool, andpaydowndebt Theirfinancialneedsremainandmayevenbemoreacuteafterthetraffickingexperience Securingemployment,therefore,becomesapriorityoutoffinancialnecessity,tomakeanewstart,andtorebuild self-esteem
Yetformanytraffickedpersons,thiscanbeadifficultprocess Theymaylackeducational,vocational,and languageskills.Foreign-borntraffickedpersonsmaylacklegalpermissiontoworkorEnglishlanguageskillsto earnafairwage Evenpriortothetrafficking,traffickedpersonsmayhavebeenhomeless,indebt,orlacking education Sex-traffickedpersonsmaynothaveanyviableworkexperienceasanalternativetocommercialsex Additionally,arrestrecordsrelatedtothetraffickingcouldlimitemploymentoptions.Giventhesedifficult circumstances,jobtrainingandeducationalprogramsarethereforecriticaltoassisttraffickedpersonstobuild skillstobecomeeconomicallyself-sufficient
PhysicalHealth
Tosavemoneyandavoidthepubliceye,notsurprisingly,traffickerstypicallydonotprovidetraffickedpersons withaccesstohealthcare.Injuriesinflictedbythetraffickersgountreated,theachesandpainsofphysicallabor areendured,brokenboneshealincorrectly,andinfectionsfromimpropermedicalcaremayoccur Unlessthe conditionsbecomeparticularlyacute,traffickersrarelyallowahospitalvisit
Traffickersarealsoextremelyunlikelytoprovideaccesstoothertypesofhealthcare,sotraffickedpersons havenoregularcheck-upsandnopreventive,vision,dental,orreproductivecare Oneformerclientwhohadbeen recentlyfreedfromtraffickingsufferedtremendousheadacheseveryday Asimpleeyeexamrevealedthatglasses wouldrelievethispainthatsheenduredformorethanayear.Anotherformerclientalsosufferingfromheadaches hadfourteethpulledtofinallyrelievehispain Yetanotherformerclientlearnedshehadtwosexuallytransmitted infections(STIs)butwasabletobegintreatmentimmediatelyoncefreefromthetrafficker Pregnancy, HIV/AIDS,andSTIsmayhaveallgoneuntreated.
Chronicconditionsmaymanifest,suchasarthritisandbackpainfromrepetitivemotionorasthmafrom poorventilation.Otherillnessessuchashepatitis,tuberculosis,anddiabetesmayworsenordevelopandgo undiagnosed Ahostofillnessesmayarisefromsubstandardlivingconditions,basedonexposuretosewage,unsafe drinkingwater,andmold.
Substanceabusetreatmentissometimesalsorequiredwhentraffickershaveforcedorencourageddrugand alcoholuse Drugsandalcoholmayhavebeenthevictims’onlypayment Othervictimsmayhavehada preexistingdependencyissuethatinitiallymadethemthetrafficker’starget
MentalHealth
Everytraffickingexperienceisunique,asisthewayeachpersonprocessesandinternalizesit.Somevictimsmay feeloverwhelmed,embarrassedandashamed,helpless,fearful,orhopeless Theymayhavecompletelackoftrust inothersbecausetheyweresobetrayedandmayhaveextremefearofothersbecauseoftheharmtheyexperienced Thewaysinwhichthesefeelingsmanifestcanbequitevariedandmaysurfacewhenworkingwithatrafficked person.
Memoryproblems Recountingthetraffickingmaybenecessaryforacriminalinvestigation,civilsuit,or immigrationbenefits However,somevictimsmayhavedifficultyrecountingthedetailsofwhathappened Gapsinthestoryfrommemorylossmaybethebrainprotectingitselffromretraumatization
Avoidance Thisisanotherwayinwhichthebrainprotectsitself.Certaintopics,places,andpeoplemay betriggersforthetraumatoresurface,sotheyareavoided
Flashbacks Whennegativememoriesaretriggered,thetraffickedpersonislikelytohaveaflashback The feelingissointenseandreal,itisasiftheactualeventisrelived,whichcanbedebilitatinginthemoment andthereafter
Overwhelmingsadness Manysufferfromanxiety,depression,andevenpost-traumaticstressdisorder It canbecomesoincapacitatingthatitinterfereswithdailyactivitiesandcancausesuicidalideation.
Sleepissues Wehavehadclientswhodidnotwanttogetoutofbedaswellasclientsfearfultogotosleep becauseofnightmaresandthepotentialforthetraffickers’retaliation Physicalsymptoms Mentalhealthissuescanoftenmanifestphysically,forinstance,withhighblood pressure,increasedheartrate,headaches,bodypains,andulcers
Thetreatmentisjustasvaried.Somevictimsmayrequiremedication,individualcounseling,and hospitalization Othersmayprefersupportfromtheirreligiouscommunityorasmallsupportgroup
Conclusion
Undoubtedlyyoucametothisbookwithsomeknowledgeofhumantraffickingalready,butwehopetohave addedtoyourknowledgebybrieflyillustratinghow,why,andwhereithappensthroughexamplesandreliable statisticsandinformation Whatwehaveprovidedisaglimpseintothedevastatingcrimeandhumanrightsabuse thatishumantrafficking Hiddeninplainsight,men,women,andchildrenarephysicallyandpsychologically compelledintoworkinfactories,agriculture,andotherindustriesandintoprostitution.Traffickedpersonslive andworkinourcommunities,producingthegoodsandservicesweuseeveryday Thescaleismassivewithan estimatedtwenty-onemillionpeopleenslavedworldwide,78percentheldinlabortraffickingand22percentin sextrafficking.Itaffectseverycontinent,race,age,industry,andsex.
Familiaritywithtraffickers’methodsofforce,fraud,andcoercionnowpositionsyoutobetterunderstand bothwhatcompelsatraffickedperson’slaborandservicesandwhatkeepssuchpersonshiddeninplainsight Traffickedpersonscannotleavebecauseofthreats,physicalandsexualabuse,imposeddebts,fearoflaw enforcementandimmigrationconsequences,unpaidwages,andshame.Thesemethodsarewhatprevent traffickedpersonsfromcomingforward self-identifying evenwhentheyinteractwithcommunitymembersor serviceprovidersanddespitelegalprotectionsandservicesbeingavailabletothem Thisaccountsforwhy identificationiscurrentlysolowaswellaswhymorepeoplemustlearnhowtoidentifytrafficking.
Asanattorney,readingthroughthisfirstchapteryoumayhavealreadyseenafirstglimpseatwhereyour practiceareaintersectswithtrafficking Criminal,corporate,employment,immigration,international,andpublic interest theseareasoflawareallpartoftherequiredresponse.
Civil Actions
CivilLitigation
Restitution
FederalCircuitCourtImmigrationAppeals
CivilAppellateCases
Administrative
PublicBenefitsClaimsandAppeals
CrimeVictimCompensationClaimsandAppeals
DisabilityBenefitsClaimsandAppeals
FederalTraffickingVictimCertificationRequests
UnemploymentCompensationClaimsandAppeals
WorkersCompensationClaimsandAppeals
EmploymentorLaborAdministrativeClaims
SchoolExpulsionDefense
Bankruptcy
Criminal
StateandFederalProsecution
VictimWitnessAdvocacy
DefenseofVictimsChargedasPerpetrators
Appeals
Post-convictionRelief
Family Law
JuvenileDependencyActions
Emancipation
Adoption
ChildCustody
Divorce
NameChange
ProtectiveOrder
Immigration Law
HumanitarianParole
ContinuedPresenceRequest
UVisa
TVisa
VAWASelf-PetitionorCancellation
SpecialImmigrantJuvenileStatus
Asylum
LawfulPermanentResidence
RemovalDefense
BoardofImmigrationAppeals
Repatriation
FamilyReunification
Corporate
RiskAssessments
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 02 (of 10)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 02 (of 10)
Author: Frank E. Beddard
W. B. Benham
F. W. Gamble
Marcus Hartog
Lilian Sheldon
Editor: S. F. Harmer
Sir A. E. Shipley
Release date: October 16, 2023 [eBook #71891]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: MacMillan and Co, 1901
Credits: Keith Edkins, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
EDITED
BY
S. F. HARMER, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology AND
A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates
VOLUME II
