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ETHICS & THE LAW

Maybe a Little Too “LinkedIn” p. 6

Honesty, Lawyers, and BP Claims p. 25

Edward Snowden: Contractor with a Cause p. 39

The Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Queues p. 40

Ethics, Trust, and Markets p. 43

Lying to Get into a Top School p. 46

Pumping Up the SAT Scores for a Good Ranking p. 49

Toys Us and Horizontal/Vertical Controls on Distribution p. 76

IRS Employees Who Snoop p. 89

When Addictions Are Off and On Again p. 112

Patenting Genes? p. 168

Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions p. 196

Plumbing Consideration p. 269

Public Policy Issues Regarding Surrogacy Contracts p. 281

Restocking at Overstock p. 415

The $7 Renoir at the Flea Market p. 442

Executive App Promises, App Disclaimers p. 469

The Return Season p. 486

The 30-Day Grace Period That Is Now 120 Days p. 507

Medicaid Eligibility and Article 3 Negotiability p. 528

Having Your Mortgage Set Aside p. 538

The Corner Check Cashing Company and Good Faith p. 560

Getting Hit for SOOO Many Overdraft Fees p. 580

When the Creditors Rule the Debtor p. 612

Getting Into Debt and Getting Debt Relief—from the Same Company p. 635

Women, Children, and the Repo Guys p. 664

Bankruptcy Records p. 673

The Skies Are Not So Friendly to Employee Pensions p. 687

Are Terrorist Attacks an “Act of War?” p. 706

Is It Ethical to Use the Strategy of an Undisclosed Principal? p. 747

The S & L Crisis p. 879

Problem: Conflicts of Interest—Remedy: Commonsense Rules p. 949

The Feeder Fund and the Auditor p. 958

Executive Compensation p. 991

Spreading the Manure a Little Too Thick p. 1029

Screening Tenants for Criminal Records p. 1052

Preparing Your Client’s Will When You’re the Beneficiary p. 1073

THINKING THINGS THROUGH

Why Do We Require Sworn Testimony? p. 24

Corrupt Climates: Good or Bad for Business? p. 37

Freedom of Speech and Our Headlights p. 67

Teeth Whitening and the Antitrust Laws p. 75

Can a Pharmacy’s License Be Revoked for Too Many Cash Sales of Oxycodone? p. 111

Torts and Public Policy p. 148

Access to Medicine versus Patent Protection p. 189

Twelve Years of Litigation p. 215

The Rules of Negotiations p. 226

Legality and Public Policy p. 279

Noncompete Clauses, Cause for Concern? p. 285

Delivering Dirt p. 413

Serving Up Title and Insurance at the Burned Bar p. 441

What’s Foreign to You … p. 467

When a Court Does Not Allow Performance p. 486

The Lululemon Yoga Pants That Were Lemons p. 501

When Your John Hancock Is Enough p. 524

The Minor with an Embezzling Conservator p. 544

The Corner Check Cashing Company and Thieves—Who Wins? p. 567

The Business Law Professor with the Lost Cashier’s Check p. 589

Pro Rata Shares for Co-Sureties p. 605

The Difference in Concussions and Football Helmet Ad Claims p. 626

Repossessing and Replacing Tires p. 664

Means Test Justifying the End of Debt p. 676

Rule No. 1: Take the Safe Course p. 751

Taking Chances or Shortcuts in Violation of OSHA Standards Is Bad Management p. 783

Retaliation – The Number One Risk for Employers p. 807

Don’t Finagle the Bagel! p. 833

How Many Plaintiffs Can There Be in a Class-Action Securities Litigation? How Many Defendants? p. 964

Responsible Corporate Officers—The Park Doctrine Revisited p. 992

The Dryer Vent That Dumped on the Doc p. 1003

Putting the Brakes on Eminent Domain p. 1016

The Leaking Barrels GE Sold p. 1031

The Rotting Balcony p. 1051

Close Enough for a Will? p. 1074

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ANDERSON ’ S

DAVIDP.TWOMEY

ProfessorofLaw

CarrollSchoolofManagement

BostonCollege

MemberoftheMassachusettsandFloridaBars

MARIANNEMOODYJENNINGS

EmeritusProfessorofLegalandEthicalStudies

W.P.CareySchoolofBusiness

ArizonaStateUniversity

MemberoftheArizonaBar

STEPHANIEM.GREENE

Chair,BusinessLawDepartment

ProfessorofBusinessLaw

CarrollSchoolofManagement

BostonCollege

MemberoftheMassachusettsBar

AndersonÕsBusinessLawandTheLegal Environment:ComprehensiveVolume, 23rdEdition

DavidP.Twomey,MarianneMoody Jennings,andStephanieM.Greene

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Prefacexviii Acknowledgmentsxxiv AbouttheAuthorsxxvi

PART1

TheLegalandSocial EnvironmentofBusiness

Chapter1TheNatureandSourcesofLaw3

1-1NatureofLawandLegalRights4

1-1aLegalRights4

1-1bIndividualRights4

1-1cTheRightofPrivacy4

1-1dPrivacyandTechnology5

1-2SourcesofLaw7

1-2aConstitutionalLaw7

1-2bStatutoryLaw7

1-2cAdministrativeLaw7

1-2dPrivateLaw7

1-2eCaseLaw,StatutoryInterpretation,andPrecedent7

1-2fOtherFormsofLaw:TreatiesandExecutive Orders8

1-2gUniformStateLaws8

1-3ClassificationsofLaw9

1-3aSubstantiveLawvs.ProceduralLaw9

1-3bCriminalLawvs.CivilLaw9

1-3cLawvs.Equity10

Chapter2TheCourtSystemandDispute Resolution13

2-1TheCourtSystem14

2-1aTheTypesofCourts14

2-1bTheFederalCourtSystem16

2-1cStateCourtSystems18

2-2CourtProcedure20

2-2aParticipantsintheCourtSystem20

2-2bWhichLawApplies ConflictsofLaw20

2-2cInitialStepsinaLawsuit21

2-2dTheTrial22

2-2ePost-trialProcedures25

2-3AlternativeDisputeResolution(ADR)26

2-3aArbitration26

2-3bMediation27

2-3cMedArb28

2-3dExpertPanel28

2-3eReferencetoaThirdPerson28

2-3fAssociationTribunals28

2-3gSummaryJuryTrial28

2-3hRent-A-Judge29

2-3iMinitrial29

2-3jContractProvisions29

Chapter3BusinessEthics,SocialForces, andtheLaw33

3-1WhatIsBusinessEthics?34

3-1aTheLawastheStandardforBusinessEthics34

3-1bTheNotionofUniversalStandardsforBusiness Ethics34

3-1cEthicalTheoriesandStandards35

3-1dTheBusinessStakeholderStandardofBehavior38

3-2WhyIsBusinessEthicsImportant?39

3-2aTheImportanceofTrust39

3-2bBusinessEthicsandFinancialPerformance39

3-2cTheImportanceofaGoodReputation41

3-2dBusinessEthicsandBusinessRegulation: PublicPolicy,Law,andEthics41

3-3HowtoRecognizeandResolve EthicalDilemmas44

3-3aCategoriesofEthicalBehavior45

3-3bResolvingEthicalDilemmas47

Chapter4TheConstitutionastheFoundation oftheLegalEnvironment54

4-1TheU.S.ConstitutionandtheFederal System55

4-1aWhataConstitutionIs55

4-1bTheBranchesofGovernment55

4-2TheU.S.ConstitutionandtheStates55 4-2aDelegatedandSharedPowers55 4-2bOtherPowers56

4-2cFederalSupremacy57

4-3InterpretingandAmendingtheConstitution58 4-3aConflictingTheories58

4-3bAmendingtheConstitution59

4-3cTheLivingConstitution59

4-4FederalPowers60

4-4aThePowertoRegulateCommerce60 4-4bTheFinancialPowers63

4-5ConstitutionalLimitationsonGovernment64

4-5aDueProcess64

4-5bEqualProtectionoftheLaw65

4-5cPrivilegesandImmunities65

4-5dProtectionofthePerson66

4-5eTheBillofRightsandBusinessesasPersons66

Chapter5GovernmentRegulationof CompetitionandPrices72

5-1PowertoRegulateBusiness73

5-1aRegulation,FreeEnterprise,andDeregulation73

5-1bRegulationofUnfairCompetition73

5-2RegulationofHorizontalMarkets andCompetitors73

5-2aRegulationofPrices74

5-2bMonopolization74

5-2cBoycottsandRefusalstoDeal76

5-2dMergersamongCompetitors76

5-3RegulationoftheSupplyChainandVertical TradeRestraints77

5-3aPriceDiscrimination77

5-3bExclusiveDealingsandTerritories79

5-3cResalePriceMaintenance79

5-3dTying80

5-3eMergersalongtheSupplyChain81

5-4RemediesforAnticompetitiveBehavior82

5-4aCriminalPenalties82

5-4bCivilRemedies82

Chapter6AdministrativeAgencies86

6-1NatureoftheAdministrativeAgency87

6-1aPurposeofAdministrativeAgencies87

6-1bUniquenessofAdministrativeAgencies87

6-1cOpenOperationofAdministrativeAgencies88

6-2LegislativePoweroftheAgency90

6-2aAgency’sRegulationsasLaw90

6-2bAgencyAdoptionofRegulations91

6-3ExecutivePoweroftheAgency94

6-3aEnforcementorExecutionoftheLaw94

6-3bConstitutionalLimitationsonAdministrative Investigation94

6-4JudicialPoweroftheAgency95

6-4aTheAgencyasaSpecializedCourt95

6-4bPunishmentandEnforcementPowersof Agencies97

6-4cExhaustionofAdministrativeRemedies97

6-4dAppealfromanAdministrativeAgencyAction97

Chapter7Crimes104

7-1GeneralPrinciples105

7-1aNatureandClassificationofCrimes105

7-1bBasisofCriminalLiability105

7-1cResponsibilityforCriminalActs106

7-1dIndemnificationofCrimeVictims112

7-2White-CollarCrimes113

7-2aConspiracies113

7-2bMoneyLaundering113

7-2cRacketeering113

7-2dBribery114

7-2eCommercialBribery115

7-2fExtortionandBlackmail115

7-2gCorruptInfluence115

7-2hCounterfeiting116

7-2iForgery116

7-2jPerjury116

7-2kFalseClaimsandPretenses116

7-2lBadChecks117

7-2mCreditCardCrimes118

7-2nEmbezzlement118

7-2oObstructionofJustice:Sarbanes-Oxley(SOX)118

7-2pCorporateFraud:SOX119

7-2qTheCommonLawCrimes119

7-3CriminalLawandtheComputer120

7-3aWhatIsaComputerCrime?120

7-3bTheComputerasVictim120 7-3cUnauthorizedUseofComputers121 7-3dComputerRaiding121

7-3eDivertedDeliverybyComputer122

7-3fEconomicEspionagebyComputer122

7-3gElectronicFundTransferCrimes123

7-3hCircumventingCopyrightProtection DevicesViaComputer123

7-3iSpamming123

7-4CriminalProcedureRightsforBusinesses124

7-4aFourthAmendmentRightsforBusinesses124

7-4bFifthAmendmentSelf-IncriminationRightsfor Businesses126

7-4cDueProcessRightsforBusinesses126

Chapter8Torts131

8-1GeneralPrinciples132

8-1aWhatIsaTort?132

8-1bTortandCrimeDistinguished132 8-1cTypesofTorts132

8-2IntentionalTorts134

8-2aAssault134

8-2bBattery134

8-2cFalseImprisonment134

8-2dIntentionalInflictionofEmotionalDistress135

8-2eInvasionofPrivacy136

8-2fDefamation138

8-2gProductDisparagement141

8-2hWrongfulInterferencewithContracts141

8-2iTrespass141

8-3Negligence142

8-3aElementsofNegligence142

8-3bDefensestoNegligence145

8-4StrictLiability147

8-4aWhatIsStrictLiability?148

8-4bImposingStrictLiability148

Chapter9IntellectualPropertyRightsandthe Internet153

9-1TrademarksandServiceMarks154

9-1aIntroduction154

9-1bInternationalRegistration154

9-1cRegistrableMarks155

9-1dProvingTrademarkInfringement156

9-1eRemediesforImproperUseofMarks157

9-1fAbandonmentofExclusiveRighttoMark157

9-1gTradeDressProtection157

9-1hLimitedLanhamActProtectionofProductDesign158

9-1iPreventionofDilutionofFamousMarks158

9-1jInternetDomainNamesandTrademarkRights159

9-2Copyrights160

9-2aDurationofCopyright161

9-2bCopyrightNotice161

9-2cWhatIsCopyrightable?162

9-2dCopyrightOwnershipandtheInternet162

9-2eRightsofCopyrightHolders162

9-2fLimitationonExclusiveCharacterofCopyright163

9-2gSecondaryLiabilityforInfringement164

9-2hDigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct165

9-3Patents165

9-3aTypes,Duration,andNotice165

9-3bPatentability166

9-3cPatentableBusinessMethods168

9-3dInfringement169

9-4SecretBusinessInformation171

9-4aTradeSecrets171

9-4bLossofProtection172

9-4cDefensiveMeasures172

9-4dCriminalSanctions172

9-5ProtectionofComputerSoftware andMaskWorks173

9-5aCopyrightProtectionofComputer Programs173

9-5bPatentProtectionofPrograms173

9-5cTradeSecrets174

9-5dRestrictiveLicensing174

9-5eSemiconductorChipProtection175

Chapter10TheLegalEnvironmentof InternationalTrade181

10-1ConductingBusinessInternationally182 10-1aFormsofInternationalBusiness182 10-1bTheInternationalContract183 10-2InternationalTrade184

10-2aTariffsandBarrierstoTrade185 10-2bTheWorldTradeOrganization186 10-2cAgreementsAdministeredundertheWTO186 10-2dProtectingTrademarksWorldwide187 10-2eCopyrightProtection189 10-2fPatentProtection189 10-2gTradeSecrets190

10-2hTheDisputeSettlementUnderstanding191 10-2iTheDohaDevelopmentAgenda191 10-2jRegionalTradeAgreements191 10-2kAntidumping,SubsidiesandSafeguards192

10-3IssuesConfrontingCompaniesEngaged inInternationalBusiness194 10-3aExportRegulations194 10-3bTheForeignCorruptPracticesAct194 10-3cAntitrustIssues195 10-3dSecuritiesFraudRegulationinanInternational Environment198

PART2 Contracts

Chapter11NatureandClassesofContracts: ContractingontheInternet205

11-1NatureofContracts206 11-1aDefinitionofaContract206 11-1bElementsofaContract206 11-1cSubjectMatterofContracts206 11-1dPartiestoaContract206 11-1eHowaContractArises207

11-1fIntenttoMakeaBindingAgreement207

11-1gFreedomofContract208

11-2ClassesofContracts208

11-2aFormalandInformalContracts208

11-2bExpressandImpliedContracts208

11-2cValidandVoidableContractsandVoid Agreements209

11-2dExecutedandExecutoryContracts210

11-2eBilateralandUnilateralContracts210

11-2fQuasiContracts211

11-3ContractingontheInternet216

Chapter12FormationofContracts:Offer andAcceptance221

12-1RequirementsofanOffer222

12-1aContractualIntention222

12-1bDefiniteness224

12-1cCommunicationofOffertoOfferee228

12-2TerminationofOffer229

12-2aRevocationofOfferbyOfferor229

12-2bCounterofferbyOfferee230

12-2cRejectionofOfferbyOfferee231

12-2dLapseofTime231

12-2eDeathorDisabilityofEitherParty232

12-2fSubsequentIllegality232

12-3AcceptanceofOffer232

12-3aWhatConstitutesanAcceptance?232

12-3bPrivilegeofOfferee232

12-3cEffectofAcceptance232

12-3dNatureofAcceptance233

12-3eWhoMayAccept?233

12-3fMannerandTimeofAcceptance234

12-3gCommunicationofAcceptance235

12-3hAuctionSales237

Chapter13CapacityandGenuineAssent242

13-1ContractualCapacity243

13-1aContractualCapacityDefined243

13-1bMinors244

13-1cMentallyIncompetentPersons247

13-1dIntoxicatedPersons248

13-2Mistake248

13-2aUnilateralMistake249

13-2bMutualMistake249

13-2cMistakeintheTranscriptionorPrinting oftheContract:Reformation250

13-3Deception250

13-3aIntentionalMisrepresentation251

13-3bFraud251

13-3cNegligentMisrepresentation253 13-3dNondisclosure254

13-4Pressure255 13-4aUndueInfluence255 13-4bDuress256

Chapter14Consideration262

14-1GeneralPrinciples263

14-1aConsiderationDefinedandExplained263 14-1bGifts263

14-1cAdequacyofConsideration264 14-1dForbearanceasConsideration265 14-1eIllusoryPromises265

14-2SpecialSituations266

14-2aPreexistingLegalObligation266 14-2bPastConsideration268 14-2cMoralObligation269

14-3ExceptionstotheLawsofConsideration269 14-3aExceptionstoConsideration269

Chapter15LegalityandPublicPolicy275

15-1GeneralPrinciples276 15-1aEffectofIllegality276 15-1bExceptionstoEffectofIllegality276 15-1cPartialIllegality277 15-1dCrimesandCivilWrongs277 15-1eGoodFaithandFairness277 15-1fUnconscionableClauses278

15-2AgreementsAffectingPublicWelfare280 15-2aAgreementsContrarytoPublicPolicy280 15-2bGambling,Wagers,andLotteries280

15-3RegulationofBusiness281 15-3aEffectofViolation281 15-3bStatutoryRegulationofContracts281 15-3cLicensedCallingsorDealings282 15-3dContractsinRestraintofTrade283 15-3eAgreementsNottoCompete283 15-3fUsuriousAgreements285

Chapter16Writing,ElectronicForms,and InterpretationofContracts291

16-1StatuteofFrauds292 16-1aValidityofOralContracts292 16-1bContractsThatMustBeEvidencedbyaWriting292 16-1cNoteorMemorandum297 16-1dEffectofNoncompliance299

16-2ParolEvidenceRule299

16-2aExclusionofParolEvidence299

16-2bWhentheParolEvidenceRuleDoesNotApply300

16-3RulesofConstructionandInterpretation301

16-3aIntentionoftheParties301 16-3bWholeContract302

16-3cContradictoryandAmbiguousTerms303

16-3dImpliedTerms305

16-3eConductandCustom306 16-3fAvoidanceofHardship306

Chapter17ThirdPersonsandContracts311

17-1Third-PartyBeneficiaryContracts312 17-1aDefinition312

17-1bModificationorTerminationofIntended Third-PartyBeneficiaryContract314 17-1cLimitationsonIntendedThird-PartyBeneficiary314 17-1dIncidentalBeneficiaries314

17-2Assignments315 17-2aDefinitions315 17-2bFormofAssignment316 17-2cNoticeofAssignment316 17-2dAssignmentofRighttoMoney317 17-2eNonassignableRights318 17-2fRightsofAssignee319 17-2gContinuingLiabilityofAssignor320 17-2hLiabilityofAssignee321 17-2iWarrantiesofAssignor321 17-2jDelegationofDuties321

Chapter18DischargeofContracts327

18-1ConditionsRelatingtoPerformance328 18-1aClassificationsofConditions328

18-2DischargebyPerformance330

18-2aNormalDischargeofContracts330 18-2bNatureofPerformance330 18-2cTimeofPerformance331 18-2dAdequacyofPerformance332

18-3DischargebyActionofParties335

18-3aDischargebyUnilateralAction335 18-3bDischargebyAgreement335

18-4DischargebyExternalCauses337

18-4aDischargebyImpossibility337 18-4bDevelopingDoctrines339 18-4cTemporaryImpossibility340 18-4dDischargebyOperationofLaw341

Chapter19BreachofContractand Remedies347

19-1WhatConstitutesaBreachofContract?348 19-1aDefinitionofBreach348 19-1bAnticipatoryBreach348

19-2WaiverofBreach349

19-2aCureofBreachbyWaiver349 19-2bExistenceandScopeofWaiver350 19-2cReservationofRights351

19-3RemediesforBreachofContract351

19-3aRemediesUponAnticipatoryRepudiation351 19-3bRemediesinGeneralandtheMeasure ofDamages351

19-3cMonetaryDamages353

19-3dRescission355

19-3eActionforSpecificPerformance356 19-3fActionforanInjunction356 19-3gReformationofContractbyaCourt357

19-4ContractProvisionsAffectingRemedies andDamages357

19-4aLimitationofRemedies358 19-4bLiquidatedDamages358 19-4cAttorneys’ Fees359 19-4dLimitationofLiabilityClauses359

PART3

SalesandLeasesofGoods

Chapter20PersonalPropertyand Bailments367

20-1PersonalProperty368

20-1aPersonalPropertyinContext368 20-1bTitletoPersonalProperty368 20-1cGifts368 20-1dFindingofLostProperty372 20-1eOccupationofPersonalProperty373 20-1fEscheat375 20-1gMultipleOwnershipofPersonalProperty376 20-1hCommunityProperty377

20-2Bailments378

20-2aDefinition378 20-2bElementsofBailment379 20-2cNatureoftheParties’ Interests379 20-2dClassificationofOrdinaryBailments380

20-2eRentingofSpaceDistinguished380

20-2fDutiesandRightsoftheBailee381

20-2gBreachofDutyofCare:BurdenofProof381

20-2hLiabilityforDefectsinBailedProperty382

20-2iContractModificationofLiability382

Chapter21LegalAspectsofSupplyChain Management387

21-1Warehouses388

21-1aDefinitions388

21-1bRightsandDutiesofWarehouses388

21-1cWarehouseReceipts389

21-1dRightsofHoldersofWarehouseReceipts389

21-1eFieldWarehousing392

21-1fLimitationofLiabilityofWarehouses392

21-2CommonCarriers393

21-2aDefinitions393

21-2bBillsofLading394

21-2cRightsofCommonCarrier395

21-2dDutiesofCommonCarrier396

21-2eLiabilitiesofCommonCarrier396

21-3FactorsandConsignments400

21-3aDefinitions400

21-3bEffectofFactorTransaction401

21-4Hotelkeepers401

21-4aDefinitions401

21-4bDurationofGuestRelationship402

21-4cHotelkeeper’sLiabilityforGuest’sProperty402

21-4dHotelkeeper’sLien403

21-4eBoardersorLodgers403

Chapter22NatureandFormofSales409

22-1NatureoftheSaleofGoods410

22-1aSubjectMatterofSales410

22-1bSaleDistinguishedfromOtherTransactions411

22-1cFormationofSalesContracts412

22-1dTermsintheFormedContract419 22-1eBulkTransfers421

22-2FormofSalesContract421 22-2aAmount421

22-2bNatureoftheWritingRequired422 22-2cEffectofNoncompliance425

22-2dExceptionstoRequirementofaWriting425 22-2eBillofSale427

22-3UniformLawforInternationalSales427 22-3aScopeoftheCISG427

22-4LeasesofGoods428 22-4aTypesofLeases428

22-4bFormofLeaseContract429 22-4cWarranties429 22-4dDefault429

Chapter23TitleandRiskofLoss435

23-1IdentifyingTypesofPotentialProblems andTransactions436

23-1aDamagetoGoods436 23-1bCreditors’ Claims436

23-1cInsurance436

23-2DeterminingRights:IdentificationofGoods437 23-2aExistingGoods437 23-2bFutureGoods437 23-2cFungibleGoods437 23-2dEffectofIdentification438

23-3DeterminingRights:PassageofTitle438 23-3aPassageofTitleUsingDocumentsofTitle438 23-3bPassageofTitleinNonshipmentContracts439 23-3cPassageofTitleinWarehouseArrangements439 23-3dPassageofTitleinBailmentsandOtherForms ofPossession439

23-3eDeliveryandShipmentTerms441 23-3fPassageofTitleinShipmentContracts443

23-4DeterminingRights:RiskofLoss444 23-4aRiskofLossinNonshipmentContracts445 23-4bRiskofLossinShipmentContracts445 23-4cDamagetoorDestructionofGoods446 23-4dEffectofSeller’sBreachinRiskofLoss448

23-5DeterminingRights:SpecialSituations449 23-5aReturnableGoodsTransactions449 23-5bConsignmentsandFactors449 23-5cSelf-ServiceStores450 23-5dAuctionSales450

Chapter24ProductLiability:Warranties andTorts455

24-1GeneralPrinciples456

24-1aTheoriesofLiability456 24-1bNatureofHarm456

24-1cWhoIsLiableinProductLiability456

24-2ExpressWarranties457

24-2aDefinitionofExpressWarranty457 24-2bFormofExpressWarranty458 24-2cSeller’sOpinionorStatementofValue458 24-2dWarrantyofConformitytoDescription, Sample,orModel459

24-2eFederalRegulationofExpressWarranties460 24-2fEffectofBreachofExpressWarranty461

24-3ImpliedWarranties462

24-3aDefinitionofImpliedWarranty462

24-3bImpliedWarrantiesofSellers462

24-3cAdditionalImpliedWarrantiesofMerchant Sellers463

24-3dImpliedWarrantiesinParticularSales465

24-3eNecessityofDefect466

24-3fWarrantiesintheInternationalSaleofGoods466

24-4DisclaimerofWarranties467

24-4aValidityofDisclaimer467

24-4bParticularLanguageforDisclaimers468

24-4cExclusionofWarrantiesbyExamination ofGoods469

24-4dPostsaleDisclaimer469

24-5OtherTheoriesofProductLiability470

24-5aNegligence470

24-5bFraud470

24-5cStrictTortLiability470

24-5dCumulativeTheoriesofLiability471

Chapter25ObligationsandPerformance477

25-1GeneralPrinciples478

25-1aObligationofGoodFaith478

25-1bTimeRequirementsofObligations478

25-1cRepudiationoftheContract478

25-1dAdequateAssuranceofPerformance479

25-2DutiesoftheParties480

25-2aSeller’sDutytoDeliver480

25-2bBuyer’sDutyuponReceiptofGoods481

25-2cBuyer’sDutytoAcceptGoods482

25-2dBuyer’sDutytoPay487

25-2eWhenDutiesAreExcused487

Chapter26RemediesforBreachofSales Contracts495

26-1StatuteofLimitations496

26-1aTimeLimitsforSuitsundertheUCC496

26-1bTimeLimitsforOtherSuits496

26-2RemediesoftheSeller496

26-2aSeller’sLien496

26-2bSeller’sRemedyofStoppingShipment497

26-2cResalebySeller497

26-2dCancellationbySeller497

26-2eSeller’sActionforDamagesundertheMarket PriceFormula497

26-2fSeller’sActionforLostProfits498

26-2gOtherTypesofDamages498

26-2hSeller’sActionforthePurchasePrice498

26-2iSeller’sNonsaleRemedies498

26-3RemediesoftheBuyer500

26-3aRejectionofImproperTender500

26-3bRevocationofAcceptance500

26-3cBuyer’sActionforDamagesforNondelivery Market PriceRecovery501

26-3dBuyer’sActionforDamagesforNondelivery Cover PriceRecovery502

26-3eOtherTypesofDamages503

26-3fActionforBreachofWarranty503

26-3gCancellationbyBuyer504

26-3hBuyer’sResaleofGoods505

26-3iActionforSpecificPerformance505

26-3jNonsaleRemediesoftheBuyer505

26-4ContractProvisionsonRemedies506

26-4aLimitationofDamages506

26-4bLimitationofRemedies508

26-5RemediesintheInternationalSaleofGoods508

26-5aRemediesoftheSeller508

26-5bRemediesoftheBuyer508

PART4

NegotiableInstruments

Chapter27KindsofInstruments,Parties, andNegotiability517

27-1TypesofNegotiableInstrumentsandParties518

27-1aDefinition518

27-1bKindsofInstruments518

27-1cPartiestoInstruments520

27-2Negotiability521

27-2aDefinitionofNegotiability521

27-2bRequirementsofNegotiability522

27-2cFactorsNotAffectingNegotiability529

27-2dAmbiguousLanguage529

27-2eStatuteofLimitations529

Chapter28TransfersofNegotiableInstruments andWarrantiesofParties535

28-1TransferofNegotiableInstruments536

28-1aEffectofTransfer536

28-1bDefinitionofNegotiation536

28-1cHowNegotiationOccurs:TheOrderorBearer CharacterofanInstrument536

28-2HowNegotiationOccurs:BearerInstruments536

28-3HowNegotiationOccurs:OrderInstruments538

28-3aBlankIndorsement538

28-3bSpecialIndorsement539

28-3cQualifiedIndorsement540

28-3dRestrictiveIndorsement541

28-3eCorrectionofNamebyIndorsement541

28-3fBankIndorsement542

28-3gMultiplePayeesandIndorsements542

28-3hAgentorOfficerIndorsement543

28-3iMissingIndorsement543

28-4ProblemsinNegotiationofInstruments544

28-4aForgedandUnauthorizedIndorsements544

28-4bQuasiForgeries:TheImpostorRule545

28-4cEffectofIncapacityorMisconducton Negotiation547

28-4dLostInstruments547

28-5WarrantiesinNegotiation547

28-5aWarrantiesofUnqualifiedIndorser547

28-5bWarrantiesofOtherParties549

Chapter29LiabilityofthePartiesunder NegotiableInstruments555

29-1PartiestoNegotiableInstruments:Rights andLiabilities556

29-1aTypesofParties556

29-1bOrdinaryHoldersandAssignees556

29-1cTheHolder-in-Due-CourseProtections556

29-2DefensestoPaymentofaNegotiable Instrument561

29-2aClassificationofDefenses561

29-2bDefensesagainstAssigneeorOrdinaryHolder561

29-2cLimitedDefensesNotAvailableagainstaHolder inDueCourse561

29-2dUniversalDefensesAvailableagainstAllHolders563

29-2eDenialofHolder-in-Due-CourseProtection565

29-3LiabilityIssues:HowPaymentRightsArise andDefensesAreUsed566

29-3aTheRolesofPartiesandLiability566

29-3bAttachingLiabilityofthePrimaryParties: Presentment566

29-3cDishonorandNoticeofDishonor567

Chapter30ChecksandFundsTransfers573

30-1Checks574

30-1aNatureofaCheck574

30-1bCertifiedChecks576

30-1cPresentmentforObtainingPaymentonaCheck577

30-1dDishonorofaCheck579

30-1eTheCustomer-BankRelationship580

30-1fStoppingPaymentofaCheck581

30-1gWrongfulDishonorofaCheck581

30-1hAgencyStatusofCollectingBank582

30-1iBank’sDutyofCare582

30-2LiabilityofaBank584

30-2aPrematurePaymentofaPostdatedCheck584

30-2bPaymentoveraStopPaymentOrder584

30-2cPaymentonaForgedSignatureofDrawer585

30-2dPaymentonaForgedorMissingIndorsement586

30-2eAlterationofaCheck586

30-2fUnauthorizedCollectionofaCheck586

30-2gTimeLimitations587

30-3ConsumerFundsTransfers589

30-3aElectronicFundsTransferAct589

30-3bTypesofElectronicFundsTransferSystems589

30-3cConsumerLiability590

30-4FundsTransfers590

30-4aWhatLawGoverns?590

30-4bCharacteristicsofFundsTransfers591

30-4cPatternofFundsTransfers591

30-4dScopeofUCCArticle4A591

30-4eDefinitions591

30-4fMannerofTransmittingPaymentOrder592 30-4gRegulationbyAgreementandFundsTransfer SystemRules592

30-4hReimbursementoftheBank593

30-4iErrorinFundsTransfer593

30-4jLiabilityforLoss594

PART5

Debtor-CreditorRelationships

Chapter31NatureoftheDebtor-Creditor Relationship601

31-1CreationoftheCreditRelationship602

31-2SuretyshipandGuaranty602

31-2aDefinitions602

31-2bIndemnityContractDistinguished603 31-2cCreationoftheRelationship603 31-2dRightsofSureties604

31-2eDefensesofSureties605

31-3LettersofCredit608

31-3aDefinition608 31-3bParties611

31-3cDuration611

31-3dForm611

31-3eDutyofIssuer612

31-3fReimbursementofIssuer613

Chapter32ConsumerProtection618

32-1GeneralPrinciples619

32-1aExpansionofConsumerProtection619

32-1bWhoIsaConsumer?619

32-1cWhoIsLiableunderConsumerProtection Statutes?620

32-1dWhenIsThereLiabilityunderConsumer ProtectionStatutes?620

32-1eWhatRemediesDoConsumersHave?622

32-1fWhatAretheCivilandCriminalPenaltiesunder ConsumerProtectionStatutes?623

32-2AreasofConsumerProtection624

32-2aAdvertising624

32-2bLabeling625

32-2cSellingMethods626

32-2dTheConsumerContract628

32-2eCreditDisclosures630

32-2fCreditCards630

32-2gGiftCards632

32-2hPayments632

32-2iPreservationofConsumerDefenses632

32-2jProductSafety633

32-2kCredit,Collection,andBillingMethods633

32-2lProtectionofCreditStandingandReputation634

32-2mOtherConsumerProtections637

Chapter33SecuredTransactionsinPersonal Property642

33-1CreationofSecuredTransactions643

33-1aDefinitions643

33-1bCreationofaSecurityInterest644

33-1cPurchaseMoneySecurityInterest645

33-1dTheNatureandClassificationofCollateral646

33-2PerfectionofSecuredTransactions648

33-2aPerfectionbyCreditor’sPossession649

33-2bPerfectionforConsumerGoods649

33-2cPerfectionforHealthCareInsurance Receivables649

33-2dAutomaticPerfection649

33-2eTemporaryPerfection650

33-2fPerfectionbyControl650

33-2gPerfectionforMotorVehicles650

33-2hPerfectionbyFilingaFinancingStatement650

33-2iLossofPerfection653

33-3RightsofPartiesbeforeDefault654

33-3aStatementofAccount654

33-3bTerminationStatements654

33-3cCorrectionStatements655

33-4Priorities655

33-4aUnsecuredPartyversusUnsecuredParty655

33-4bSecuredPartyversusUnsecuredParty655

33-4cSecuredPartyversusSecuredParty655

33-4dPerfectedSecuredPartyversusSecuredParty656

33-4ePerfectedSecuredPartyversusPerfected SecuredParty656

33-4fSecuredPartyversusBuyerofCollateral fromDebtor658

33-5RightsofPartiesafterDefault662

33-5aCreditor’sPossessionandDisposition ofCollateral662

33-5bCreditor’sRetentionofCollateral663

33-5cDebtor’sRightofRedemption663

33-5dDispositionofCollateral663

33-5ePostdispositionAccounting664

Chapter34Bankruptcy671

34-1BankruptcyLaw672

34-1aTheFederalLaw672

34-1bTypesofBankruptcyProceedings672

34-2HowBankruptcyIsDeclared673

34-2aDeclarationofVoluntaryBankruptcy673

34-2bDeclarationofInvoluntaryBankruptcy676

34-2cAutomaticStay677

34-2dIftheCreditorsAreWrong:RightsofDebtor inanInvoluntaryBankruptcy677

34-3AdministrationoftheBankruptcyEstate678

34-3aTheOrderofRelief678

34-3bListofCreditors678

34-3cTrusteeinBankruptcy679

34-3dTheBankrupt’sEstate679

34-3eVoidablePreferences680

34-3fProofofClaim682

34-3gPriorityofClaims683

34-4Debtor’sDutiesandExemptions684

34-4aDebtor’sDuties684

34-4bDebtor’sExemptions684

34-4cDebtor’sProtectionagainstDiscrimination686

34-5DischargeinBankruptcy686

34-5aDenialofDischarge686

34-6ReorganizationPlansunderChapter11689

34-6aContentsofthePlan689

34-6bConfirmationofthePlan689

34-7PaymentPlansunderChapter13690

34-7aContentsofthePlan690

34-7bConfirmationofthePlan690

34-7cDischargeoftheDebtor690

Chapter35Insurance696

35-1TheInsuranceContract697

35-1aTheParties697

35-1bInsurableInterest697

35-1cTheContract699

35-1dAntilapseandCancellationStatutes andProvisions700

35-1eModificationofContract701

35-1fInterpretationofContract701

35-1gBurdenofProof701

35-1hInsurerBadFaith702

35-1iTimeLimitationsonInsured703

35-1jSubrogationofInsurer703

35-2KindsofInsurance704

35-2aBusinessLiabilityInsurance705

35-2bMarineInsurance707

35-2cFireandHomeownersInsurance708

35-2dAutomobileInsurance709

35-2eLifeInsurance710

PART6

AgencyandEmployment

Chapter36Agency719

36-1NatureoftheAgencyRelationship720

36-1aDefinitionsandDistinctions720

36-1bClassificationofAgents722

36-1cAgencyCoupledwithanInterest722

36-2CreatingtheAgency722

36-2aAuthorizationbyAppointment723

36-2bAuthorizationbyConduct723

36-2cAgencybyRatification724

36-2dProvingtheAgencyRelationship725

36-3Agent’sAuthority725

36-3aScopeofAgent’sAuthority725

36-3bEffectofProperExerciseofAuthority726

36-3cDutytoAscertainExtentofAgent’sAuthority727

36-3dLimitationsonAgent’sAuthority728

36-4DutiesandLiabilitiesofPrincipalandAgent728

36-4aDutiesandLiabilitiesofAgentduringAgency729

36-4bDutiesandLiabilitiesofAgentafterTermination ofAgency731

36-4cDutiesandLiabilitiesofPrincipaltoAgent731

36-5TerminationofAgency732

36-5aTerminationbyActofParties732

36-5bTerminationbyOperationofLaw733

36-5cDisabilityofthePrincipalundertheUDPAA733

36-5dTerminationofAgencyCoupledwithanInterest734

36-5eProtectionofAgentfromTerminationof Authority734

36-5fEffectofTerminationofAuthority735

Chapter37ThirdPersonsinAgency741

37-1LiabilityofAgenttoThirdPerson742

37-1aActionofAuthorizedAgentofDisclosed Principal742

37-1bUnauthorizedAction742

37-1cDisclosureofPrincipal743

37-1dAssumptionofLiability744

37-1eExecutionofContract745

37-1fTortsandCrimes746

37-2LiabilityofPrincipaltoThirdPerson746

37-2aAgent’sContracts746

37-2bPaymenttoAgent747

37-2cAgent’sStatements748

37-2dAgent’sKnowledge749

37-3LiabilityofPrincipalforTorts andCrimesofAgent749

37-3aVicariousLiabilityforTortsandCrimes749

37-3bNegligentHiringandRetentionofEmployees752

37-3cNegligentSupervisionandTraining753

37-3dAgent’sCrimes753

37-3eOwner’sLiabilityforActsofanIndependent Contractor754

37-3fEnforcementofClaimbyThirdPerson756

37-4TransactionswithSalesPersonnel756

37-4aSolicitingandContractingAgents756

Chapter38RegulationofEmployment761

38-1TheEmploymentRelationship762

38-1aCharacteristicsofRelationship762

38-1bCreationofEmploymentRelationship762

38-1cDurationandTerminationofEmployment Contract762

38-1dWhistleblowerProtectionunderthe Sarbanes-OxleyandDodd-FrankActs765

38-1eDutiesoftheEmployee766

38-1fRightsoftheEmployee767

38-2LaborRelationsLaws769

38-2aTheNationalLaborRelationsAct769

38-2bNationalLaborRelationsBoard770

38-2cElectionConduct770

38-2dUnionActivityonPrivateProperty772

38-2eSocialMediaandSection7:ProtectedActivity forUnionandNonunionWorkers772

38-2fFiringEmployeesforUnionActivity773

38-2gDutyofEmployertoBargainCollectively774

38-2hRighttoWork774

38-2iStrikeandPicketingActivity775

38-2jRegulationofInternalUnionAffairs776

38-3PensionPlansandFederalRegulation776

38-3aERISA776

38-4UnemploymentBenefits,FamilyLeaves, andSocialSecurity778

38-4aUnemploymentCompensation778

38-4bFamilyandMedicalLeavesofAbsence779

38-4cLeavesforMilitaryServiceunderUSERRA779

38-4dSocialSecurity781

38-5Employees’ HealthandSafety781

38-5aStandards781

38-5bEmployerDuties781

38-5cEnforcement782

38-5dState “Right-to-Know ” Legislation783

38-6CompensationforEmployees’ Injuries783

38-6aCommonLawStatusofEmployer783

38-6bStatutoryChanges784

38-7EmployeePrivacy785

38-7aSourceofPrivacyRights785

38-7bMonitoringEmployeeTelephoneConversations786

38-7cE-MailMonitoring786

38-7dPropertySearches787

38-7eDrugandAlcoholTesting787

38-8Employment-RelatedImmigrationLaws788

38-8aEmployerLiability788

38-8bEmployerVerification788

Chapter39EqualEmploymentOpportunity Law794

39-1TitleVIIoftheCivilRightsActof1964, asAmended795

39-1aTheoriesofDiscrimination795

39-1bTheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission796

39-1cDefinitionof “Supervisor ” 799

39-2ProtectedClassesandExceptions800

39-2aRaceandColor800

39-2bReligion800

39-2cSex802

39-2dSexualHarassment802

39-2eProtectionagainstRetaliation805

39-2fNationalOrigin806

39-2gTitleVIIExceptions806

39-2hAffirmativeActionandReverseDiscrimination809

39-3OtherEqualEmploymentOpportunity(EEO) Laws810

39-3aEqualPay810

39-3bAgeDiscrimination811

39-3cDiscriminationagainstPersonswith Disabilities812

39-3dGINA815

39-4ExtraterritorialEmployment815

PART7 BusinessOrganizations

Chapter40TypesofBusiness Organizations823

40-1PrincipalFormsofBusinessOrganizations824

40-1aIndividualProprietorships824

40-1bPartnerships,LLPs,andLLCs824

40-1cCorporations825

40-2SpecializedFormsofOrganizations825

40-2aJointVentures825

40-2bUnincorporatedAssociations827

40-2cCooperatives827

40-3TheFranchiseBusinessFormat828

40-3aDefinitionandTypesofFranchises829

40-3bTheFranchiseAgreement829

40-3cSpecialProtectionsunderFederalandState Laws830

40-3dDisclosure831

40-3eVicariousLiabilityClaimsagainstFranchisors832

40-3fFranchisesandEmployeeMisclassifications834

Chapter41Partnerships840

41-1NatureandCreation841

41-1aDefinition841

41-1bCharacteristicsofaPartnership842

41-1cRightsofPartners842

41-1dPartnershipAgreement842

41-1eDeterminingtheExistenceofaPartnership844

41-1fPartnersastoThirdPersons845

41-1gPartnershipProperty846

41-1hTenancyinPartnership846

41-1iAssignmentofaPartner’sInterest847

41-2AuthorityofPartners847

41-2aAuthorityofMajorityofPartners847

41-2bExpressAuthorityofIndividualPartners847

41-2cCustomaryAuthorityofIndividualPartners848

41-2dLimitationsonAuthority848

41-2eProhibitedTransactions849

41-3Duties,Rights,andLiabilitiesofPartners850

41-3aDutiesofPartners850

41-3bRightsofPartnersasOwners851

41-3cLiabilityofPartnersandPartnership853

41-3dEnforcementandSatisfactionofCreditors’ Claims854

41-4DissolutionandTermination855

41-4aEffectofDissolution855

41-4bDissolutionbyActoftheParties855

41-4cDissolutionbyOperationofLaw856

41-4dDissolutionbyDecreeofCourt857

41-4eDissociationundertheRUPA858

41-4fNoticeofDissolution859

41-4gWindingUpPartnershipAffairs860

41-4hDistributionofAssets860

41-4iContinuationofPartnershipBusiness861

Chapter42LPs,LLCs,andLLPs867

42-1TheArrivalofPartnershipLimitedLiability868

42-2LimitedPartnership868

42-2aFormationofLimitedPartnerships868

42-2bCharacteristicsofLimitedPartnerships869

42-3LimitedLiabilityCompanies870

42-3aCharacteristicsofLLCs871

42-3bLLCsandOtherEntities877

42-4LimitedLiabilityPartnerships877

42-4aExtentofLimitedLiability878

42-4bRegistrationandUsage878

Chapter43CorporationFormation883

43-1NatureandClasses884

43-1aTheCorporationasaPerson884

43-1bClassificationsofCorporations885

43-1cCorporationsandGovernments887

43-2CorporatePowers887

43-2aParticularPowers888

43-2b UltraVires Acts890

43-3CreationandTerminationoftheCorporation890

43-3aPromoters890

43-3bIncorporation891

43-3cApplicationforIncorporation891

43-3dTheCertificateofIncorporation891

43-3eProperandDefectiveIncorporation892

43-3fInsolvency,Bankruptcy,andReorganization893

43-3gForfeitureofCharter893

43-3hJudicialDissolution894

43-3iVoluntaryDissolution894

43-4Consolidations,Mergers,andConglomerates894

43-4aDefinitions894

43-4bLegality896

43-4cLiabilityofSuccessorCorporations896

Chapter44ShareholderRightsin Corporations903

44-1CorporateStocksandBonds904

44-1aNatureofStock904

44-1bCertificatesofStockandUncertificatedShares905 44-1cKindsofStock905

44-1dCharacteristicsofBonds906

44-1eTermsandControl906

44-2AcquisitionofShares906 44-2aNatureofAcquisition906 44-2bStatuteofFrauds907

44-2cSubscription907

44-2dTransferofShares907 44-2eMechanicsofTransfer909 44-2fEffectofTransfer909

44-2gLost,Destroyed,andStolenShareCertificates910

44-3RightsofShareholders910 44-3aOwnershipRights910 44-3bRighttoVote911

44-3cPreemptiveOfferofShares912

44-3dInspectionofBooks912

44-3eDividends914

44-3fCapitalDistribution915 44-3gShareholders’ Actions916

44-4LiabilityofShareholders917 44-4aLimitedLiability918 44-4bIgnoringtheCorporateEntity918 44-4cOtherExceptionstoLimitedLiability920 44-4dTheProfessionalCorporation921

Chapter45SecuritiesRegulation927

45-1StateRegulation928

45-2HistoryofFederalRegulationand MarketTrends928

45-2aTheSecuritiesActof1933929

45-2bTheFilingRequirements:Registration Statements930

45-2cTheSecuritiesExchangeActof1934934

45-2dTradingonInsiderInformation941

45-2eDisclosureofOwnershipandShort-SwingProfits945

45-2fTenderOffers945

45-2gSECEnforcementunderthe1934Act946

45-3IndustrySelf-Regulation948

45-3aArbitrationofSecuritiesDisputes949

Chapter46Accountants’ Liabilityand Malpractice955

46-1GeneralPrinciplesofAccountants’ Liability956

46-1aWhatConstitutesMalpractice?956

46-1bChoiceofRemedy957

46-1cTheEnvironmentofAccountants’ Malpractice Liability958

46-1dLimitationofLiability959

46-2Accountants’ LiabilitytoThirdParties: BeyondPrivity960

46-2aStatusoftheAccountant960

46-2bConflictingTheoriesofAccountants’ Third-Party Liability960

46-2cNonliabilityParties965

46-2dDefensestoAccountants ’ Liability:Contributory andComparativeNegligenceoftheClient orThirdParty965

46-2eAccountants’ FraudMalpracticeLiability toThirdParties966

46-3FederalLawsonAuditors,Accounting,and FinancialReporting969

46-3aSOXandAuditorIndependence969

46-3bSOXandAuditCommittees971

46-3cSOXandRecordsRetention971

46-3dDodd-FrankandAccountantsasWhistleblowers972

Chapter47ManagementofCorporations977

47-1Shareholders978

47-1aExtentofManagementControlbyShareholders978

47-1bMeetingsofShareholders978

47-1cActionwithoutMeeting979

47-2Directors979

47-2aQualifications979

47-2bPowersofDirectors979

47-2cConflictofInterest980

47-2dMeetingsofDirectors981

47-2eLiabilityofDirectors981

47-3Officers,Agents,andEmployees985

47-3aPowersofOfficers985

47-3bLiabilityRelatingtoFiduciaryDuties986

47-3cAgentsandEmployees988

47-3dExecutiveCompensationunderDodd-Frank989

47-4Liability990

47-4aLiabilityofManagementtoThirdPersons990

47-4bCriminalLiability991

47-4cIndemnificationofOfficers,Directors,Employees, andAgents993

47-4dLiabilityforCorporateDebts993

47-4eProtectionofShareholders993

47-4fCivilLiabilityoftheCorporation994

PART8

RealPropertyandEstates

Chapter48RealProperty1001

48-1NatureofRealProperty1002

48-1aLand1002

48-1bEasements1002

48-1cProfits1003

48-1dLicenses1004

48-1eLiens1004

48-1fFixtures1004

48-2NatureandFormofRealProperty Ownership1006

48-2aFeeSimpleEstate1007

48-2bLifeEstate1007

48-2cFutureInterests1007

48-3LiabilitytoThirdPersonsforCondition ofRealProperty1007

48-3aCommonLawRule1008

48-4Co-OwnershipofRealProperty1009

48-4aMultipleOwnership1009

48-4bCondominiums1010

48-5TransferofRealPropertybyDeed1010

48-5aDefinitions1010

48-5bClassificationofDeeds1011

48-5cExecutionofDeeds1011

48-5dDeliveryandAcceptanceofDeeds1011

48-5eRecordingofDeeds1011

48-5fAdditionalProtectionofBuyers1013

48-5gGrantor’sWarranties1013

48-5hGrantee’sCovenants1014

48-6OtherMethodsofTransferringRealProperty1014

48-6aEminentDomain1014

48-6bAdversePossession1015

48-7Mortgages1016

48-7aCharacteristicsofaMortgage1016

48-7bPropertySubjecttoMortgage1016

48-7cFormofMortgage1016

48-7dCreativeFormsofFinancing1017

48-7eRecordingorFilingofMortgage1017

48-7fResponsibilitiesoftheParties1018

48-7gTransferofInterest1018

48-7hRightsofMortgageeafterDefault1019

48-7iRightsofMortgagorafterDefault1019

Chapter49EnvironmentalLawandLandUse

Controls1025

49-1StatutoryEnvironmentalLaw1026

49-1aAirPollutionRegulation1026

49-1bWaterPollutionRegulation1027

49-1cSolidWasteDisposalRegulation1029

49-1dEnvironmentalQualityRegulation1032

49-1eOtherEnvironmentalRegulations1032

49-1fStateEnvironmentalRegulation1033

49-2EnforcementofEnvironmentalLaws1033

49-2aPartiesResponsibleforEnforcement1034

49-2bCriminalPenalties1034

49-2cCivilRemedies1034

49-2dPrivateRemedies:Nuisance1034

49-2ePrivateRemedies:DueDiligence1037

49-3LandUseControls1037

49-3aRestrictiveCovenantsinPrivateContracts1037

49-3bPublicZoning1038

Chapter50Leases1045

50-1CreationandTermination1046

50-1aDefinitionandNature1046

50-1bCreationoftheLeaseRelationship1046

50-1cClassificationofTenancies1046

50-1dTerminationofLease1047

50-1eNoticeofTermination1048

50-1fRenewalofLease1048

50-2RightsandDutiesofParties1049

50-2aPossession1049

50-2bUseofPremises1050

50-2cRent1050

50-2dRepairsandConditionofPremises1051

50-2eImprovements1054

50-2fTaxesandAssessments1054

50-2gTenant’sDeposit1054

50-2hProtectionfromRetaliation1054

50-2iRemediesofLandlord1054

50-3LiabilityforInjuryonPremises1055

50-3aLandlord’sLiabilitytoTenant1055

50-3bLandlord’sLiabilitytoThirdPersons1057

50-3cTenant’sLiabilitytoThirdPersons1057

50-4TransferofRights1057

50-4aTenant’sAssignmentofLeaseand Sublease1058

Chapter51Decedents’ Estatesand Trusts1063

51-1Wills1064

51-1aDefinitions1064

51-1bPartiestoWill1064

51-1cTestamentaryIntent1066

51-1dForm1066

51-1eModificationofWill1067

51-1fRevocationofWill1068

51-1gElectiontoTakeagainsttheWill1069

51-1hDisinheritance1069

51-1iSpecialTypesofWills1070

51-2AdministrationofDecedents’ Estates1070

51-2aDefinitions1070

51-2bProbateofWill1070

51-2cWillContest1072

51-2dWhenAdministrationIsNotNecessary1072

51-2eAppointmentofPersonalRepresentative1073

51-2fProofofClaimsagainsttheEstate1073

51-2gConstructionofaWill1073

51-2hTestateDistributionofanEstate1074

51-2iIntestateDistributionofanEstate1075

51-3Trusts1077

51-3aDefinitions1078

51-3bCreationofTrusts1078

51-3cNatureofBeneficiary’sInterest1078

51-3dPowersofTrustee1079

51-3eDutiesofTrustee1079

51-3fRemediesforBreachofTrust1080

51-3gTerminationofTrust1080

Appendices

1.HowtoFindtheLawA–1

2.TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesA–4

3.UniformCommercialCode(SelectedSections)A–15

GlossaryG–1

CaseIndexCI–1

SubjectIndexSI–1

Preface

Regardlessofthedayoftheweek,newspapersandmagazineswillhavestoriesaboutlaw andbusinesstogether.ThedentistsinNorthCarolinalostachallengebytheteethwhiteningindustrytotheprofession’srulesprohibitingwhiteningexceptbylicenseddentists. In2015,BP,theinternationalenergycompany,paid$18billiontosettleallthestateand federalclaimsrelatedtotheexplosionofitsDeepwaterHorizonoff-shoreoilrig.The problemswithmortgagesandforeclosureshaveresultedinanewfederalagencyandsignificantrevisionstotherequirementsfortheformationofcreditcontracts.Securitieslaws havechangedbecausebuyingsharesovertheInternet,so-calledcrowdfundings,has becomeanentrepreneurialtrend.

Thereweremoreinsidertradingconvictionsinthepastthreeyearsthaninanyother eraoffinancialgrowth.Andnowthoseconvictionsarebeingchallengedbecausethedefinitionofwhatisinsideinformationrequiresclarification.

SACCapitalwasoneofthecompaniesthathadalargenumberofformerandcurrentemployeesconvictedorenterguiltypleastoinsidertrading,butyetSAC’sCEOwas notchargedandthecompanypaidcivilfinesrelatedtotheactivitiesofitsbrokers,analysts,andadvisers.

Whoisresponsibleforcrimescommittedbycompanies?IfaminingcompanyCEO closelytracksproduction,canhebeheldcriminallyliablewhentheproblemsatthemine resultinanexplosionanddeathsoftheminers?Asmajorcorporationshavecontinuedto experiencemajorcriminal,legal,andethicaldifficulties,wecanseehowimportantitisfor businessmanagerstounderstandthelawandthefoundationsofethics.Whenamanager hasavoidinknowledgeonlawandethics,runningacompanycanbetrickybusiness. BudweiserandCoronalearnedtheintricaciesofantitrustlawastheyworkedoutthe detailsoftheirproposedmerger.

Whenanentrepreneurisstrugglingwiththedecisionofwhethertoincorporateor createanLLC,ortheshareholdersofDisneyaregrapplingwithissuesabouttheirrights whentheirCEOmakesabaddecision,thelawisthere.Nobusinessormanagercanhope tosucceedwithoutanunderstandingofthelawsandlegalenvironmentofbusiness.Studentsinbusinessmustbepreparedwithbothknowledgeofthelawandtheskillofapplyingitinthebusinesssetting.Welearnprinciplesandapplicationthroughinteractionwith examplesandbyworkingourwaythroughdilemmas,issues,andproblems.This23rd editionof Anderson’sBusinessLawandtheLegalEnvironment enhancesthelearningprocesswhilestillprovidingadetailedandrigorouscaseapproach.

NewtoThisEdition

EnhancedDigitalContent MindTap ™

Ourgoal isforthestudentstolearnthematerial.Withthatsingulargoalinmind,we havecreatedwhatwefeelisanextremelyusefultoolforbothinstructorsandstudents. MindTapTM isafullyonline,highlypersonalizedlearningexperiencecombiningreadings, multimedia,activities,andassessmentsintoasingularLearningPath. MindTap guides studentsthroughtheircoursewitheaseandengagement.Instructorscanpersonalizethe LearningPathbycustomizingCengageLearningresourcesandaddingtheirowncontent viaappsthatintegrateintothe MindTap frameworkseamlesslywithLearningManagementSystems.

Weunderstandthatbusinesslawinstructorswanttohelpstudents Prepare forclass, Engage withthecourseconceptstoreinforcelearning, Apply theseconceptsinreal-world scenarios,anduselegalreasoningandcriticalthinkingto Analyze businesslawcontent.

EachandeveryitemintheLearningPathisassignableandgradable.Thisgives instructorstheknowledgeofclassstandingsandconceptsthatmaybedifficult.Additionally,studentsgainknowledgeaboutwheretheystand bothindividuallyandcompared tothehighestperformersinclass.

Instructorsmayviewademovideoandlearnmoreabout MindTap ,at www.cengage.com/mindtap .

FeaturesoftheText

Thefeaturesofthistextmakethebusinessandlawconnectioneasytounderstandand offerstudentsclarityforgraspingtheoftenchallengingcomplexitiesoflaw.Thefeatures aresummarizedinthefollowingsections,whichofferanoverviewofthisedition.

LearningOutcomes

Studentswillbetterseeandunderstandtherelationshipbetweenlegalconceptsandtheir applicationinreal-lifesituationsbyusingthechapterLearningOutcomes.Thesearefeaturedattheendofeachchapter alongwiththeSummaryandnewKeyTermslist in anall-encompassing “MaketheConnection” section.TheLearningOutcomesalso encouragestudentstoutilizetheexistingtextpedagogybyservingasadirectreference pointforselected “ForExample” call-outs,casesummaries,andfeatureboxes.

SportsandEntertainmentLaw

Usingpopculture,thisfeatureteachesstudentsaboutlawandethicsinawaythatissure toengagethem.WhathappenstothecontractfeesthatLanceArmstrongearnedfromthe U.S.PostalServiceforitssponsorshipofhisraces?Whathappenswhensportsfigures havepersonalproblemsandthecompaniesandproductstheyendorsewanttoendthat relationship?Cancontractsbeterminatedbecauseofpublicbehavior?WasHeathLedger ’swill,onethatwasdrawnupandexecutedbeforehehadachild,stillvalid?What happenstothepersonalpropertythatactorRobinWilliamsfailedtospecifyadistribution for?Whogetshis Mork&Mindy suspenders?TheNewOrleansSaintsandtheirbounty compensationprogrampresentaninterestingseriesofethicalquestionsinafeaturein Chapter3.Studentshavethechancetoexplorethelawthroughtheseexamplesofsports figures’ andentertainers’ brusheswiththelaw.

Clarity

Thewritingstylehasbeenevolvingand,onceagain,wehavechangedmorepassagesthat fellvictimtothepassivevoice.Thewritingisclearandlively.Theexamplesarestudentfriendly,andthediscussionsoflawaregroundedinthebook’sstrongconnectiontobusiness.Theprinciplesoflawaretaughtinthelanguageandexamplesofbusiness.Students canrelatetotheexamples,whichprovidememorableillustrationsofcomplexbutcritical legalconcepts.

CPAHelps

Asalways,thetextprovidescoverageforallthelegaltopicscoveredontheCPAexam. SeveraltopicshavebeeneliminatedfromthecontentfortheCPAexamasofJune2015.

However,theexamlagsbehindthecontentchange,sotheeliminatedtopicsmaycontinue toappearontheexamfor6to18months.Belowisthenewbusinesslaw/regulatorycontentfortheCPAexam.Thetopicsofproperty,bailments,insurance,andestateswillbe eliminatedgoingforwardwithmoreemphasisonfederalregulation,includinginthe areasofantitrustandemploymentlaw.

BusinessLaw(17%–21%)

A.Agency

1. Formationandtermination

2. Authorityofagentsandprincipals

3. Dutiesandliabilitiesofagentsandprincipals

B.Contracts

1. Formation

2. Performance

3. Third-partyassignments

4. Discharge,breach,andremedies

C.UniformCommercialCode

1. Salescontracts

2. Negotiableinstruments

3. Securedtransactions

4. Documentsoftitleandtitletransfer

D.Debtor-CreditorRelationships

1. Rights,duties,andliabilitiesofdebtors,creditors,andguarantors

2. Bankruptcyandinsolvency

E.GovernmentRegulationofBusiness

1. Federalsecuritiesregulation

2. Otherfederallawsandregulations(antitrust,copyright,patents,moneylaundering,labor,employment,andERISA)

F.BusinessStructure(SelectionofaBusinessEntity)

1. Advantages,disadvantages,implications,andconstraints

2. Formation,operation,andtermination

3. Financialstructure,capitalization,profitandlossallocation,anddistributions

4. Rights,duties,legalobligations,andauthorityofownersandmanagement

Businessorganizations,nowasubstantialportionoftheexam,remainafocusofeight chapterswithup-to-datecoverageofDodd-Frankanditsimpactonbusinessformsand disclosures.ThiseditioncontinuestofeaturesampleCPAexamquestionsattheendof thosechaptersthatincludelegalareascoveredontheexam.Thiseditionstillcontainsthe questionsforthetopicsthatwillbeeliminatedbecauseofthetransitionperiodbetween contentadoptionandexamadaptation.Answersfortheodd-numberedCPAexamquestionsineachoftheappropriatechaptersaregivenintheInstructor’sManualalongwith explanationsfortheanswers.ThiseditionofthebookalsocontinuestouseaCPAhighlighticontoalertstudentstothoseareasthatareparticularlycriticalinpreparingforthe lawportionoftheCPAexam.

CaseSummaries

Speciallyselectedcasesummariesappearinabundanceandarestillatthecoreofthistext. Mostchaptersincludethreetofivecasesummaries,andtheyhavebeenupdatedtofeaturethemostcurrentandnewsworthytopics.Landmarkdecisionsalsoappear,including severalfromthe2014–2015U.S.SupremeCourtterm.

e-CommerceandCyberlaw

Thisfeaturecoverse-mailprivacy,Internettaxes,identitytheft,contractformationonthe Internet,e-commerceemploymentrules,electronicsignatures,andmore.Chapter8,the criminallawchapter,includesgreaterdetailonthenewandevolvingcomputercrimes. Chapter9,theintellectualpropertychapter,featuresasectiononProtectionofComputer SoftwareandMaskWorks,coveringcopyrightandpatentprotectionofcomputer programs,restrictivelicensing,semiconductorchipprotection,andmore.Therearefeaturesinchaptersthroughoutthebook,suchasanexampleinChapter2abouthowsocial mediaishavinganimpactonjuryselectionbecauseoftheinformationlawyerscangather aboutpotentialjurorsfromthesesources.TheEdwardSnowdenissuesarecoveredasboth acyberlawandanethicalissueinChapter3.InChapter6,thereisadiscussionofnet neutraility.Chapter29hasafeaturecoveringelectronicpresentmentofinstruments.

ThinkingThingsThrough

Thisfeatureisdesignedtohelpstudentsapplythelawtheyhavelearnedfromthechapter andcasestoahypotheticalscenariooranothercasethatvariesslightlyfromtheexamples inthereading.Withtheseproblemsbuiltintothereading,studentshavethechanceto reallythinkthroughwhattheyhavejustreadandstudiedwithregardtothelawpresented inthatchapter.Thisfeaturecanbeusedtopromoteclassroomdiscussionorasanassignmentforanalysis.Forexample,inChapter29,studentsgettowalkthroughaliability questionwhenthereareforgeriesonachecktodeterminewhoultimatelybearstheloss onafraudulentcheck.InChapter4,studentscanthinkaboutwhetherflashingyour headlightstowarnoncomingdriversofaspeedtrapislegal.Isthisaformofprotected speech?Isitagainstthelawtowarnotherdrivers?

MajorRegulatoryReforms:USAPatriotAct, Dodd-Frank,andtheJOBSAct

Businessescontinuetobedramaticallyaffectednotonlybylawsatthefederallevel,but alsobycomplexandintricatenewfederalregulatoryschemes.Dodd-Frankhaschanged manythingsinmanyareasofthelawfromthebehaviorofanalyststotheprotectionof consumersinmortgageandcredittransactions.TheprovisionsoftheAffordableHealth CareActhavetwicebeenlitigatedtotheleveloftheU.S.SupremeCourt casesthat coverfundamentalquestionsaboutourConstitutionaswellasthebalanceofstateand federalpower.TheJOBSActhasmadeiteasierforsmallercompaniestoraisemoney byeasingsecuritiesregulationrequirements.

EthicalFocus

InadditiontoChapter3,whichisdevotedexclusivelytothecurrentissuesinbusiness ethics,eachchaptercontinuestoprovidestudentswithanethicaldilemmarelatedto thatparticularareaoflaw.TheEthics&theLawfeaturepresentsproblemsineacharea oflaw.Studentswillbeabletoanalyzeethicalissuesandproblemsthatareveryrealand

verychallengingforanyoneinbusiness forexample,theissuesinvolvedincheckcashingcompaniesthattakechecksforafeeknowingthatthereareprobablyissueswiththose checksandthenseekholder-in-due-courseprotection.

CriticalThinking

TheAmericanAssemblyofCollegiateSchoolsofBusiness(AACSB)mandateoncritical thinkingisaddressedbythistext.TheThinkingThingsThroughfeatureasksstudentsto analyzeaproblemthatrequiresapplicationofthelawandexaminationofslightchanges infactualpatternsfromexamplesinthetextandthecases.Forexample,inthenegotiable instrumentschapters,studentscanlookatasampleinstrumentinoneproblemandapply therequirementsfornegotiabilitytodeterminewhethertheinstrumentisindeednegotiable.IntheEthics&theLawfeature,studentsmustconnectethicalthoughtwithlawand publicpolicyandwalkthroughthelogicofapplicationandresults.End-of-chapterproblemsare,forthemostpart,realcasesthatsummarizefactpatternsandaskthestudents tofindtheapplicablelawsinthechapteranddetermineapplicabilityandresults.Thefact patternsinthechapterproblemsaredetailedandrealisticandofferstudentsthechanceto testtheirmasteryofthechapterconcepts.

ForAdditionalHelpinTeachingandLearning

Formoredetailedinformationaboutanyofthefollowingancillaries,contactyourlocal CengageLearningConsultantorvisitthe Anderson’sBusinessLawandtheLegalEnvironment Website.

MindTap

MindTapTM isafullyonline,highlypersonalizedlearningexperiencecombiningreadings, multimedia,activities,andassessmentsintoasingularLearningPath.InstructorscanpersonalizetheLearningPathbycustomizingCengageLearningresourcesandaddingtheir owncontentviaappsthatintegrateintothe MindTap frameworkseamlesslywithLearningManagementSystems.Toviewademovideoandlearnmoreabout MindTap,please visit www.cengage.com/mindtap.

Instructor’sManual

TheInstructor’sManualispreparedbyMarianneJennings,oneofthetextbookauthors. Itprovidesinstructorinsights,chapteroutlines,andteachingstrategiesforeachchapter. DiscussionpointsareprovidedforThinkingThingsThrough,Ethics&theLawvignettes,andforeachcasereferencedinthenewLearningOutcomes.Alsoincludedare answerstoCPAquestions.DownloadtheInstructor ’sManualattheinstructor’ scompanionsiteonline.

CengageLearningTestingPoweredbyCognero

Cogneroisaflexibleonlinesystemthatallowsinstructorstoauthor,edit,andmanagetest bankcontentfrommultipleCengageLearningsolutions;createmultipletestversionsin aninstant;anddelivertestsfromtheinstructor’sLMS,classroom,orwhereverthe instructordesires.Thetestbankincludesthousandsoftrue/false,multiplechoice,and casequestions.

Microsoft® PowerPoint® LectureReviewSlides

PowerPointslidesareavailableforusebyinstructorsforenhancingtheirlectures.Downloadtheseslidesattheinstructor’scompanionsiteonline.

BusinessLawDigitalVideoLibrary

Thisdynamiconlinevideolibraryfeaturesmorethan90videoclipsthatsparkclassdiscussionandclarifycorelegalprinciples.Thelibrary,recentlyupdatedwithnewvideos,is organizedintofiveseriesincludingclassicbusinessandmodernbusinessande-commerce scenarios,straightforwardlecture-styleexplanationsofconceptsforstudentreview,and clipsfrommanypopularfilms.Accessforstudentsisfreewhenbundledwithanewtextbookorcanbepurchasedforanadditionalcharge.Formoreinformationaboutthe DigitalVideoLibrary,visit: www.cengage.com/blaw/dvl .

CengageLearningCustomSolutions

Whetheryouneedprint,digital,orhybridcoursematerials,CengageLearningCustom Solutionscanhelpyoucreateyourperfectlearningsolution.DrawfromCengageLearning ’sextensivelibraryoftextsandcollectio ns,addorcreateyourownoriginalwork, andcreatecustomizedmediaandtechnologytomatchyourlearningandcourseobjectives.Oureditorialteamwillworkwithyouthrougheachstep,allowingyoutoconcentrateonthemostimportantthing yourstudents.Learnmoreaboutallourservicesat www.cengage.com/custom.

Acknowledgments T

hedevelopmentandrevisionofatextbookrepresentsteamworkinitshighest form.Wethanktheinnumerableinstructors,students,attorneys,andmanagers whohaveaddedtothequalityofthistextbookthroughitsmanyeditions.

DeanAlexander

Miami-DadeCommunityCollege

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ToddBarnet

PaceUniversity

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ValenciaCommunityCollege

KennethV.Bevan

ValenciaCommunityCollege

WeldonM.Blake,JD

Bethune-CookmanUniversity

BobBlinderman

WTAMUandAmarilloCollege

RobertBoeke

DeltaCollege

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ItawambaCommunityCollege

NormanBradshaw

AlvinCommunityCollege

ThomasL.Brooks,Jr.

PurdueUniversity

MyraBruegger

SoutheasternCommunityCollege

BarryBunn

ValenciaCommunityCollege

JarrodY.Burch,JD

SaintLeoUniversityandAmerican IntercontinentalUniversity

DeborahCarter

CoahomaCommunityCollege

GregCermigiano

WidenerUniversity

DavidA.Clough

NaugatuckValleyCommunity College

AnneCohen UniversityofMassachusetts

ThomasS.Collins

LorasCollege

JasonCooley

CopiahLincolnCommunityCollege

LawrenceJ.Danks

CamdenCountyCollege

ShoshanaDennis SanDiegoCityCollege

DarrellDies

IllinoisStateUniversity

DeVeeE.Dykstra UniversityofSouthDakota

AdamEpstein UniversityofTennessee

PhillipEvans

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DeborahLynnBundyFerry

MarquetteUniversity

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AndreaFoster

JohnTylerCommunityCollege

LeslieL.Francis

CUNY-YorkCollege

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TeresaR.Gillespie

NorthwestUniversity

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PatrickJ.Griffin,CPA,LL.M,JD

LewisUniversity

DavidGrigg PfeifferUniversity

RonaldGroeber

BallStateUniversity

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Telamone (C.), battaglia (255 a. C.), 141.

Telesia (nel Sannio), distrutta, 333

Temiscira, città del Ponto, 349; assediata da Lucullo, 349, 350.

Tempio della Fede, 242, 243

Tempio di Giove (sul Campidoglio), 19.

Terentilio (C. Arsa), tribuno della plebe; sua legge circa il potere dei consoli, 36; opposizione dei patrizi, 36.

Terenzio (C. Varrone) (cons. 216 a. C.), 158; battuto a Canne (2 agosto 216 a C ), 159-60

Termopili (Le), battaglia (191 a. C.), 190.

Terracina, assediata dai Sanniti (315 a. C.), 80.

Tessaglia, guerra in T. durante la seconda macedonica, 184; invasa da Antioco il Grande (192 a. C.), 190.

Teuta, regina degli Illirii, 134

Teutoni, 274; invadono la Gallia, 279, 284; sono disfatti e distrutti ai Campi Putridi presso Aquae Sextiae (102 a. C.), 284.

Thurii, e i Lucani, 95-96; e Roma, 98, 99

Ticino, battaglia (218 a. C.), 151-52.

Tigrane, re di Armenia, amplia i confini del suo regno, 353; alleato di Mitridate VI, 294, 349; invade la Siria, 342; e la Grande Cappadocia, 342; assume il titolo di Re dei Re, 342; Lucullo e Tigrane, 353; si arrende a Pompeo, 360-61

Tigranocerta, capoluogo della Armenia, 355; assediata da Lucullo (69 a. C.), 355; sua capitolazione, 355.

Tigurini, 274; invadono la Narbonese (107 a C ), 274; si ritirano, 275; invadono di nuovo la Gallia, 276-277; sconfiggono un generale romano ad Arausium (6 ottobre 105 a. C.), 277.

Timoleone, tiranno di Siracusa, 110.

Tities, 9.

Titti, 213, 232

Tivoli, 70.

Tolomei (dinastia regnante in Egitto), nel III sec. a. C., 110. V. Lagidi.

Tolomeo IV, re d’Egitto (morto nel 201 a. C.), 178.

Tolomeo V, Epifane (204 a. C. sgg.), 178.

Tolomeo Apione, re d’Egitto, lascia ai Romani la Cirenaica, 294

Tolosa, nella Narbonese, 274.

Tracia, terre della T soggette ai Tolomei, 110; passano alla Macedonia, che le perde dopo la terza macedonica, 185; i Traci alleati di Mitridate, 281, 312; invadono la Grecia, 310, 342; la T. conquistata da M. Lucullo (72 a. C.), 350.

Trapani (Drepanum), fortezza cartaginese, 128; battaglia (250 a C ), 128; bloccata (242 a C ), 129

Trasimeno (L.), battaglia (217 a. C.), 155-56.

Trebbia (Fl ), battaglia (218 a C ), 152-54

Tresviri agria iudicandis adsignandis, 237, 239; loro lavoro, 243-44.

Triario (C ), ammiraglio di Lucullo, 357; disfatto da Mitridate (67 a C ), 359

Tribù, numero e ufficio, 32; nuove tribù (387 a. C.), 54; riforma di Appio Claudio, 84-85; due nuove tribù istituite nel 242 a. C., 131; 35 tribù, 131; e la riforma del 241 a. C., 131-32; e la scelta dei giudici, 304-5; gli Italici e le tribù, 308.

Tribunali penali, V Quaestiones perpetuae

Tribuni aerarii, nei tribunali, 353.

Tribuni della plebe, 35; numero, 75; eletti prima dai comizi curiati, poi dai tributi, 35, 43, n. 3; poteri, 35-36; agitazioni tribunizie dopo il 334 a. C., 56 sgg.; destituibili, 238-39; il tribunato è iterabile?, 241-42; e la riforma di Silla, 334; abolizione della riforma di Silla, 342-43, 353.

Tribuni militari, 41; in parte elettivi, 85; consulari potestate, 40-41

Trifano, battaglia, 69.

Trifilia, 186

Tromentina, tribù romana, 54.

Tullio (M Cicerone), e la legge Manilia, 360

Tullo Ostilio, 11, 16.

Tuscolo, 70, 198

Tyrii, nel secondo trattato romano-cartaginese, 63.

Umbri, 3; e Celti, 47; insurrezione (308 a. C.), 88; nella terza Guerra sannitica, 92; nella Guerra sociale, 302, 303.

Utica, nel secondo trattato romano-cartaginese, 63; indipendente dopo la terza punica, 223.

Vaccei (in Spagna), 213.

Vadimone (L.), battaglia (283 a. C.), 97.

Valenza, 232.

Valerio (M. Levino), contro Filippo V (214 a. C.), 162.

Valerio (L. Flacco), protettore di Catone, 198.

Valerio (L. Flacco) (cons. 86 a. C.), sua legge sui debiti, 320; inviato contro Silla, 320, 321-22, 337, n 2; in Macedonia e in Asia contro Mitridate (86 a C ), 322

Vario (Q.), (trib. pl. 98 a. C.), 301; esiliato per lesa maestà, 304.

Veio, città etrusca, 4; prime guerre e paci con Roma, 46 sgg ; ultima guerra con Roma, 47 sgg ; distruzione, 49

Velina, tribù romana, 131.

Veneti, 3; e Celti, 47; alleati di Roma nella Grande guerra gallica, 141

Venusia (Venosa), colonia di, (291 a. C.), 93.

Vestali, collegio sacerdotale, 14; Rea Silvia vestale, 7

Vestini, 3; alleati dei Sanniti nella seconda guerra sannitica, 76.

Vetulonia, città etrusca, 4

Veterani, I v. e la legge de coloniis di Saturnino, 289; e la cittadinanza, 289; colonie di v. nel Sannio e in Etruria, 333.

Veturio (T Calvino) (cons 321 a C ), alle Forche Caudine, 77-78

Victumulae (nel Vercellese), 151; centro del commercio dell’oro, 231.

Vie: Appia, 83; Cassia (187 a C ), 96, 194; Emilia (187 a C ), 194; Flaminia (187 a C ), 194; lex viaria sempronia (123 a C ), 251; le vie d’Italia e C Gracco, 251, 252

Villio (P.) (cons. 198), generale romano contro Filippo V, 183-84.

Viminale, 17

Viriato, capo dei Lusitani, 221; suoi successi, 223, 230, 232; ucciso, 232.

Volsci, 3; guerre con Roma, 29, 30; incursioni a mezzo il sec. V a. C., 36; dopo l’incendio gallico, 53.

Volterra, città etrusca, 4.

Zama (in Numidia), battaglia (202 a C ), 171 sgg

INDICE DEI CAPITOLI.

P Pag.

La Monarchia e il primo tentativo mercantile di Roma (754?-510? a. C.) 1

I primi passi della repubblica (sec. VI-V a. C.) 27

La distruzione di Veio e l’incendio di Roma (fine del V sec.-367 a. C.)

La guerra con Taranto e la conquista

La prima guerra punica e il secondo tentativo mercantile di

La seconda guerra punica (218-201)

E C

P. 142, r. 4. Insurbi Insubri

P. 268, r. 3. E qui Edni

P. 339, r. 25. legato legato di

FINITO DI STAMPARE A FIRENZE NELLA TIPOGRAFIA «ENRICO ARIANI» IL XXXI MARZO MCMXXI.

Nota del Trascrittore

Ortografia e punteggiatura originali sono state mantenute, correggendo senza annotazione minimi errori tipografici. Le correzioni indicate a pag. 401 (Errata Corrige) sono state riportate nel testo.

Copertina creata dal trascrittore e posta nel pubblico dominio

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