Ajit singh of cambridge and chandigarh: an intellectual biography of the radical sikh economist ashw
Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh:
An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist Ashwani Saith
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David Friedrich Strauß, Father Of Unbelief: An Intellectual Biography Frederick C. Beiser
PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh
An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist
Ashwani Saith
Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought
Series Editors
Avi J. Cohen
Department of Economics
York University & University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada
G. C. Harcourt
School of Economics
University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
Peter Kriesler School of Economics
University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jan Toporowski Economics Department
School of Oriental & African
Studies, University of London London, UK
Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Tought publishes contributions by leading scholars, illuminating key events, theories and individuals that have had a lasting impact on the development of modern-day economics. Te topics covered include the development of economies, institutions and theories.
More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14585
Ashwani Saith
Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh
An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist
Ashwani Saith
International Institute of Social Studies
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Te Hague, Te Netherlands
Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Tought
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lest we forget
1Without fear, without malice.
nirbhao, nirvair1
Foreword
Ashwani Saith has written a superb biography of our mutual, muchloved friend, Ajit Singh. Te narrative builds on the author’s thorough knowledge of the cultural environment into which Ajit was born and of the subsequent intellectual environments in which he developed his outstanding skills as an independent-minded, technically gifted, scholarly, all-round political economist.
Ajit made outstanding contributions to our understanding of crucial aspects of both developed and developing economies. His conclusions were always arrived at after facing his conjectures with the most searching empirical evidence, presented at the appropriate levels of sophistication that the data allowed and the latest technical methods made possible. Ashwani analyses in great detail the many criticisms of orthodox theory and conventional wisdoms that made Ajit a foremost heterodox economist who allied his unanswerable fndings with realistic but humane appropriate policy suggestions.
Behind this impressive story lies the equally impressive and moving story of Ajit’s long struggle with illness, the onset of which did not reduce his extraordinary productivity nor his inspiring teaching of undergraduates and Master’s students and supervision of doctoral
students. Ashwani’s account also documents Ajit’s integrity and courage in ongoing debates concerning both economic issues and the most important political events of our time, including Ajit’s early efective part in the protest against the Vietnam War.
I knew Ajit from the early 1960s on, and I am overwhelmed to have such beautifully written and detailed accounts to confrm the views I formed as our long and deep friendship matured over the years. I commend the book as a case study of what proper university and community involvement should be. We are much in Ashwani’s debt for his scholarship.
Sydney, Australia
G. C. Harcourt
Preface
Manuscripts, when completed, become the property of others, as do lives. Te authors of both are silenced, with their intentions and actions, ideas and words, becoming fxed and frozen, passing irredeemably unto the purview of editors of scripts and executors of wills, writers and readers of reviews and obituaries. Te responsibility and stakes for the author are multiplied when the manuscript happens to be a biography, a posthumous narrative on the stilled life of another. Chris Bayly, writing on his mentor Eric Stokes—both eminent historians of India and contemporaries of Ajit in Cambridge—observed: “biography is easier when the subject retains a straightforward and predictable moral or political position throughout his life” (Bayly 1998, p. 477).2 Tat may well be so, and the dictum would indeed apply in Ajit’s case, but there are other challenges to negotiate. For one, I did not set out to write a biography and am far from being tutored in that form of narration. But an unfnished obituary grew into an extended appreciation of his work in development
2Christopher Bayly, ‘Eric Tomas Stokes, 1924–1981’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 97. https://www.britac.ac.uk/sites/default/fles/97p467.pdf.
economics, which then escaped control and evolved into this tract. So without ever wishing to, I fnd myself at the end accidentally wearing the hat of the biographer without having the requisite skills.
I should emphasise that what follows is an intellectual, not a personal biography. Unavoidably‚ the two domains are not entirely separable, and it would be as pointless as futile to attempt to make them so. Tat said, there is a choice of emphasis and balance; thus, while this remains predominantly an intellectual appreciation, I take the liberty frequently of wandering into the historical contexts and cultural milieus within which Ajit’s Weltanschauung, his radical imaginaries, were fashioned, where perhaps the questions were set that became his pathfnders into the future. His works cannot be adequately explicated without delving into his worlds, of which there were many. While Ajit did indeed maintain a rock steady moral and political compass through his life, his intellectual and political energies found expression on multiple planes, not all mutually well ordered. Juxtapose on to this his extra-curricular passions, of which again there were more than just a few, and it adds up to a multifaceted life that almost defes being packed into the fnite time granted to it.
Ajit was seven years older than me–old enough to be a mentor, young enough to be a friend—and from the beginning till the end, he was both. I frst encountered him upon arriving in Cambridge in 1972. By then, he had been there for seven years during which he had been a Research Ofcer at the DAE, a Lecturer on the Faculty, an ofcial Fellow, and Director of Studies in Economics of Queens’ College; he had published two of his major works with Cambridge University Press (both edited there by Jo Bradley, then to be his life partner for over four decades), the frst (jointly with his friend and colleague Geof Whittington) in 1968, and the second, based on his doctoral research in 1971, having obtained his Ph.D. from Berkeley just the year before. He was already fying high, academically speaking. And by then, he had also acquired an impressive street cred of a diferent kind: he had been prominently active in the anti-Vietnam War protests since his Berkeley days; he was a live wire on the Faculty left; he was a central fgure in the students’ sit-in at the Faculty of Economics and had been greatly supportive of student demands for democratisation at his college, and beyond—after all, till 1970, he was a doctoral student himself. With his charming personality
and exotic visage—colourful turban, fowing beard and all—he certainly cut a dashing larger-than-life fgure, much liked and respected by most but unsurprisingly not by all. He was then all of 32 years of age.
For reasons unknown, I found the formal and somewhat distant Charles Feinstein to be my assigned Ph.D. supervisor—a mutually unsatisfactory arrangement since I could neither fathom nor follow the need to compose fortnightly essays on odd topics, and so, having been there and done enough of all that in Delhi, I desisted, and the hierarchical equation atrophied into disrepair (with a touch of despair) until Charles left for York, and Ajit took over as my formal supervisor. Te styles could not have been more diferent: Ajit left me to my devices, but monitored my morale, more than my progress, on a fairly regular basis not at the Faculty but at the Curry Queen, his favoured Pakistani joint on Mill Road, or at home when he would get into the kitchen himself. I believe I was his frst doctoral student, certainly on a development theme. Punjab and the green revolution fgured prominently in my thesis, and of course in Ajit’s imagination (but not then in his work), and though my implicit political stance and interpretations were sometimes quite diferent from his, he never once went beyond raising a question about alternative perspectives. I recall an extended exchange on my use of the term “kulak” to describe the rich Punjab peasants who were prime benefciaries of the green revolution; Ajit would wish me to refer to them as a sterling yeomanry that was producing surplus food for the industrialisation project of the nation. Freedom, a perceived equality in intellectual exchange, wide-ranging tours and detours into pleasurable extra-curricular topics, gossip, with good dollops of econometric methods occasionally thrown in—that was the way “supervision” went. And of course, there were the other, rather more serious, interactions across a table-tennis table, on the cricket feld, or more frivolous ones of it.
Everyone is an amalgam of multiple facets and so was Ajit, though perhaps more than most. First, he had two kinds of economics: for the frst ffteen years from Berkeley, his research was predominantly on the corporate sector of advanced market economies, with not a single paper on development, or India, or his beloved Punjab; then, he progressively shifted into research on development, mostly within an international frame, and this allowed him to bridge his earlier work on corporate
strategies, fnance, banking and stock markets and integrate it with the emerging challenges in developing economies in the era of unregulated globalisation. On the one side, he became a trenchant critic and scourge of the Bretton Woods institutions; on the positive side, he took over from Nicky Kaldor the mantle of the apostle of industrialisation, in particular in the post-colonial setting of the third world. Tere was also a continuum from his anti-imperialist activist incarnation—as fully manifested in the anti-Vietnam War protests of which he was a key part—to his defence of economic nationalism as part of the right to self-determination of the late industrialising, but aspiring, ex-colonies, whether in Asia, Africa or Latin America. Ten there was his deep engagement, professional, cultural and emotional, with his imagined original Punjab, far more inclusive than its shrinking and repeatedly truncated boundaries. Tere was the paradox of being an ardent Sikh, and yet being not at all religious and being utterly secular; not to mention the related paradox of being simultaneously faithful to (his own readings of) Sikhism and socialism. I could add to this another seeming incongruity: while he was a sustained supporter, and often the organiser of various protest actions, he was a stickler for keeping to the rule book in all adversarial interactions; justice by the book was his way, leavened by direct action if justice and the book were being violated by arbitrary authoritarianism— in this sense, he was a true constitutionalist in the footsteps of his father the High Court judge. Add to this his love of food, of “the opium of the Indian petty bourgeoisie”3 called cricket, of friendships, arguments and gossip, his sartorial addictions, not to mention the assiduous pursuit of beings and doings more personal, and you begin to approach the genuine, quite unique article. Perhaps none of his immediate colleagues and comrades in Cambridge would have had an awareness, afnity or appreciation of Ajit’s passions beyond those visibly manifest in Cambridge: very few would tick all these boxes. In that sense, I felt better equipped, even if by chance, than most to ofer this biographical refection on Ajit though this might not refect in the quality of narration.
For a couple of years before fnishing my thesis, I had a Faculty position with the lowest rank and status, Faculty Assistant in Research,
3A phraseology memorably employed by a protagonist in Pratidwandi, a Satyajit Ray flm.
primarily a dogsbody to the professoriate, but in reality working as an assistant to Brian Reddaway and Ajit, tasked to produce their weekly lecture handouts in the course on applied statistics. A lowly subaltern position is an excellent observation post to discreetly view the shenanigans of the high and mighty and I became a keen observer and occasional participant in the drama that engulfed Cambridge economics from the 1970s, that intensely signifcant and fraught period when control over Cambridge, as a site of knowledge production, was ceded by, and wrested from the heterodox and radical tradition, and came under the command of the orthodox neoclassical camp with all the predictable consequences that followed, as Cambridge neoclassicals set about adopting the sanskritisation rituals to reinvent themselves as more faithful imitations and followers of mainstream US orthodoxy. Ajit was an absolutely central player in this saga of conficts, and thus, one part of the intellectual biography of Ajit inexorably becomes a proxy history of the Faculty of Economics in perhaps its nastiest period, in some ways memorialising a collective experience even if from one side of the battle lines. I should immediately dispel any notion that Ajit, while acknowledged as the political commissar of the Cambridge left, was a leader directing operations from some high pedestal; he could perhaps more rightly be regarded as being the frst amongst equals, but he was always a part, and at the heart, of a close band of comrades, a loose inclusive brotherhood (including some fery sisters) of left heterodox economists of the rising generation.4 Tat said, his leadership roles were often
4Te reader might encounter the terms “radical”, “left” and “heterodox” being used seemingly interchangeably. Under these umbrellas were clustered original Keynesians or post-Keynesians, socialists, communists, Maoists or Marxists, Srafans, Robinsonians, the odd neo-Ricardian, or artisanal groups of applied microeconomists (including Ajit himself) or macroeconomic modellers of structures or policies; the weakest descriptive term as common denominator could be “dissenting” in the specifc sense that they all rejected orthodox free market economics whether in its local General Equilibrium incarnation or in its diverse mainstream policy manifestations. But these overlapping groups were not united merely by a negation: each sub-group had afnities and loyalties vested in some specifc version of one or other of the circulating gospels of the sages of Cambridge heterodoxy including Srafa, or Joan Robinson, or Nicky Kaldor or some other inspirer, past or present. Even though the terms appear interchangeably, they can usually be distinguished or nuanced by the contexts in which they are used; as one illustration, some caution is necessary to avoid quick judgements confating a religious faith in neoclassicism with hostility towards a redistributionist policy agenda in daily practice, but one way or another, all such conficted personages somehow lined up with the mainstream, orthodox camp in the Faculty wars.
critical and irreplaceable. At several points, then, “Ajit” should be read as a collective noun—embracing his group of fellow protagonists of various radical causes: of Cambridge heterodox traditions; or for students’ democratic rights; or for Vietnam against US aggression. I am reminded of the famboyant Khaliq Naqvi’s entertaining lectures on Classical Political Economy at the Delhi School of Economics when I was studying there for my M.A.: “whenever I refer to Marx”, he was wont to say and then, after a theatrical pause, to continue, “I also include Engels”, and this convenient, though not entirely accurate device has some applicability in the present context. If Ajit, appropriately with his beard, played Marx, Bob Rowthorn could credibly be cast as his Engels—until the time when Bob turned away from Marx. Of course, Ajit seemed virtually omnipresent, with his W. G. Grace-like beard, revolution-red turban and equally red, battered Cortina with the back seats stacked up to the windows with committee papers, books, essays and what not. Tough he was never alone, he was indeed far more often than not the leader of the pack, the one most continually and consistently working out the left strategy and tactics, assigning tasks and roles for upcoming skirmishes, elections or committees. For this reason, apart from the value of triangulation in the telling and nuancing of events, I imposed my drafts on an unusually large group that had lived through those shared times. But each storyteller might have a diferent rendition, as in Kurosawa’s Roshomon, or Lawrence Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet. Te Faculty wars, linked intimately with Ajit, are now part of history and folklore, as is Ajit himself; since then, much water has fowed under the Mathematical Bridge that he crossed several times a day at his beloved Queens’ College, but it is unlikely to dilute or wash away the indelible mark left by him on his academic discipline, his institutional environments, on his band of colleagues, and his myriad friends and students.
Te Hague, Te Netherlands
Ashwani Saith
Acknowledgements
I have incurred more debts than Greece, though my benefactors have been far more generous with their resources—time, memories, refections, advice, appreciation and encouragement, and I can only hope that this output will repay some part of my indebtedness. Te writing process itself took on the character of a serial wake extended over scores of interviews and meetings; conversations over lunches and dinners or in Skype calls stretching over hours and continents; endless strings of emails; comments and feedback on earlier drafts of the entire or specifc parts of the manuscript. Ajit was collectively remembered and celebrated, the stock of memories and anecdotes shared and enjoyed; a difcult period of the recent history of Cambridge economics was taken apart, reassembled and put under the microscope; and in the process everyone, bar none, uncovered, recovered and discovered something new about Ajit. But valuable and pleasurable as these exchanges were, they remain ephemeral, easy prey to the depredations of time. All the more reason then to register my gratitude for this generosity, of more
than I can list,5 in enabling this intellectual biography of Ajit, as a more lasting record spanning his multiple worlds and multitude of works. Te richness of the responses surely bears testimony to the personal afection and high professional regard in which his seniors, peers and students held Ajit. Needless to say, none of those mentioned in the acknowledgements bear any responsibility for any errors of omission and commission.
A vote of deep gratitude is due to Geof Harcourt, the senior most guru, walking, talking (and sometimes kicking) encyclopaedia and master scribe of the warring tribes of Cambridge economics. He expressed a wish to see an early draft; I sent it across with much trepidation, but was delighted to receive his positive reactions, alongside his deft suggestions that have been most useful in revising the text. I feel honoured, and also think it very appropriate, that he agreed to contribute the Foreword to this intellectual biography of his dear friend and comradein-arms on various battlefronts.
Sincere appreciation is due to the very many who went through the frst full draft of October 2017 and provided valuable comments and information, often followed up with extensive conversations and interviews, and I trust they will realise the worth of their inputs in reading the fnal text: Rashid Amjad, Terry Barker, Vani Borooah, Jo Bradley, Jan Breman, Ha-Joon Chang, Amrita Chhachhi, Andy Cosh, Ken Coutts, Francis Cripps, Sukti Dasgupta, Michael Ellman, Shailaja Fennell, Jean Gardiner, Ajit Ghose, Manohar Singh Gill, Sucha Singh Gill, Akhil Gupta, Geof Harcourt, Alan Hughes, Jane Humphries, Alex Izurieta, Anjali Kumar, Tony Lawson, Wahiduddin Mahmud, Peter Nolan, José Gabriel Palma, Prabhat Patnaik, Atiqur Rahman, Ramana Ramaswamy, Rajah Rasiah, Sheila Rowbotham, P. M. Manmohan Singh, Pritam Singh, Shamsher Singh, Ron Smith, Servaas Storm, John Toye, Parveen “Biba” Kaur Tuli, Brian Van Arkadie, Frank Wilkinson and Ann Zammit. For help on specifc questions, thanks are due to John Eatwell, E. V. K. Valpy FitzGerald and Narinder Singh Kapany.
5I respect the choice of those that did not or could not respond with feedback for any of many possible reasons. As a second best option, I tried to refect on their possible constraints and concerns when writing the text.
Anne Hayward, Diana Kazemi and Lyn Parry provided administrative and personal support to Ajit for nearly three decades, and I am deeply grateful for the insights variously gained from them.
Te entire process was initiated by Servaas Storm who persisted in his editorial demand, coupled with encouragement and occasional emotional blackmail, that I write a piece on Ajit’s intellectual legacy for Development and Change. We were both on the editorial board at the time, and I would like to thank the journal, its Editorial Board and referees for their editorial feedback and publication of a generously lengthy article, focussing exclusively on Ajit’s economics, in the journal—of which he was an international advisory editor, and to which he had contributed half a dozen signifcant articles over thirty years.
For valuable facilitative inputs, gratitude is due to Andy Cosh on several counts; to Maha Abdelrahman for tracking down elusive material in the King’s College Archives; to Servaas Storm for sharing a copy of a signifcant unpublished joint paper by Ajit with Sukhamoy Chakravarty; to Atiqur Rahman, Quazi Shahabuddin, Peter Nolan, Wahiddudin Mahmud, Christina Sathyamala and Shachi Amdekar for help in tracking down details of some of Ajit’s publications; to Matthew Fright for his generosity in sharing research materials on the Department of Applied Economics; to Simon Frost for his efcient and pleasant accommodation of my library requests in the midst of an annual stock-taking at the Marshall Library Archives, Cambridge; to Katrina Dean and Jill Whitelock for kindly facilitating quick access to archival materials at the University Library, Cambridge; to Terry Barker for his sustained help with materials relating to the Cambridge Growth Project in the Marshall Library Archives and for permission to use these in the book; to Sanjeev Saith, Murat Arsel, Friedl Marincowitz and Grace Ong for very useful interactions on copyright issues, and to Caroline Roldanus for administrative support; to Upinder Singh and to Wendy Harcourt for their help; to Louise Allcock of the J. Paul Getty Photo Archives and to the communications ofcers of the Economic and Social Research Council UK, for their quick responses to my queries. I am very grateful to Ann Zammit for permission to reproduce documents written by Ajit. Parveen “Biba” Kaur pulled out some gems from the family photo albums; Andy Cosh facilitated contact
with Brian Callingham who generously made available some wonderful photographs of Ajit in the late years; and jointly to Andy and Brian for pointing me to the bronze bust of Ajit sculpted by their and Ajit’s friend, Jim Prentis, also a Fellow of Queens’ College; Gauri Gill hunted out old images she had of Ajit with permission for their use; and Ann pulled out a vintage photo of a dapper Ajit when he arrived in Cambridge; my sincere thanks to all of them for making these images available for inclusion in the book. A special thanks is due to the talented young artist Shikha Sharma for responding so creatively and with such alacrity in producing the impressive caricature of Ajit as intellectual warrior, a picture worth well more than the proverbial thousand words; to Paula Bownas for her extremely precise and timely editorial preparation of a challenging manuscript for the publishers; and then to the Palgrave team, Laura Pacey, Rachel Sangster and Joseph Johnson for dealing so smoothly and pleasantly with the entire publication process, and likewise to Meera Mithran and Yuvaraj Krishnan at Springer Nature for guiding it seamlessly through the fnal stages. I have personally known all members of Ajit’s family other than his father. Rani, the younger of his sisters, was almost the frst Indian I encountered upon arriving in Cambridge—a few weeks before I found Ajit sitting across the table at the induction meeting of the Board of Graduate Studies that welcomed new Ph.D. scholars. I frst met Ajit’s sister Biba some decades ago at the home of Rani and Sanjaya in Oxford and then had the beneft of her sad as well as funny and loving recollections of her older brother, in hours of conversation on the telephone. Jo, for long his life partner and frst wife, has been a friendly afectionate presence for me over decades, and she could provide information, insights and corrections none others could, and separately, I have known Ann over a long stretch from the time she was a consulting researcher with UN development agencies in Geneva. Rani knew all about Ajit once she arrived in the UK around 1970, but knew nothing of Ajit’s growing up in Punjab as she was then too little; on the other side, Biba, younger to Ajit by just a couple of years, knew all about him (or thought she did!) for the frst eighteen years of his time in Punjab, but then she was married and left home and knew little about his subsequent life in the USA or in Cambridge. It would have been nigh
impossible to write about Ajit without the insights that I had gained over the years from all these interactions, and I can only hope that the outcome minimally succeeds in conveying a sense of the very special man Ajit was.
And so from Ajit’s family to my own. For my wife Rekha as well, Ajit’s had been a household name for forty years; as I ventured out, she whispered some words of wisdom, “write it with love”. I must acknowledge that this work might never have got done but for her ways of keeping me in good cheer and, more importantly, in good time; long years ago, a palmist gravely informed me that he could spot my headline, but fnd absolutely no deadline; I told him not to worry, and I had a swarn rekha in lieu.
Te Hague, Te Netherlands November 2018
Ashwani Saith
Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh
“Brilliant! Tis is not only an excellent extremely well written biography of Ajit but also a tour de force on the debates amongst Cambridge economists over the last ffty years. Essential reading for post-graduate economics and development studies students in developed and developing countries.”
—Rashid Amjad, Professor and Director of the Graduate School, Lahore School of Economics; formerly: Director and Senior Economist, ILO, Geneva; Chief Economist, Pakistan Planning Commission; Vice-Chancellor, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)
“Ashwani Saith has written the literary equivalent of a triptych by brilliantly fusing together three narrative strands. Te frst concerns the fascinating events surrounding the eminent economist, Ajit Singh’s journey as a young man from the Punjab to the USA and, from there, to England, culminating in him being appointed Professor at the University of Cambridge. Te second strand follows from Ajit Singh’s presence in Cambridge and involves the machinations of Faculty politics with supporters of a Manichean economics orthodoxy, grounded
xxiv Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh
in the formalism of mathematics, seeking to root out the followers of a more heterodox creed, of which Ajit Singh was a leading light, which practiced the heresy of doubting the usefulness of formal mathematical models for understanding economic reality. Te third strand locates the political maneuvering of Cambridge’s Economics Faculty in a more general discussion of the purpose of Economics and the structure and scope of the subject that might be most useful to society. Here the debate is between those who regard economics as a “science” and who mistake, through the use of elegant formalism, beauty for truth—indeed, often preferring the former over the latter—and those, who feel, that truth comes in inconvenient forms which are not always amenable to being prettily packaged. It is this clear and coherent account of the tensions that exist in the subject of economics through a fusion of the personal, the institutional, and the philosophical that makes this book a compelling read.”
—Vani Borooah, Emeritus Professor and former Chair in Applied Economics, University of Ulster; formerly: Senior Research Ofcer, Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge; Fellow of Queens’ College, Cambridge; Past President, Irish Economic Association; Member and Secretary, Royal Irish Academy
“Ajit Singh richly deserves an intellectual portrait but this biography discusses much more than his life and work. Te contributions of the eminent political economist are highlighted in the context of globalization and the rivalries among its theoreticians and practitioners, rooted in their divergent schools of thought. Te segments of Ajit’s passage through his life and career are chronicled, from his formative years in Punjab, through Washington and Berkeley, and then to Cambridge, his permanent intellectual home. His life has been transcribed by an author who is intimately familiar with both the milieu of origin and the travails of its main fgure. Ajit could not have found a more suitable biographer than Ashwani who, hailing from similar moorings, followed in the
Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh xxv
footsteps of the scholar he has portrayed in this elegant memoir. felicitously documented in an imaginative and engaging style of writing.”
—Jan Breman, Emeritus Professor University of Amsterdam, Honorary Fellow of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. On Jan Breman: ‘A Footloose Scholar’, New Left Review 94 (July–August 2015) and ‘A Defant Sociologist and His Craft’, Development and Change, vol. 47/4, July 2016
“Tis book is an intellectually sophisticated, beautifully written, and moving account of the life of Ajit Singh, one of the most extraordinary economists in history. However, the book is much more than a biography of a person. It is also a biography of economics—especially how it has degenerated into an arrogant pseudo-science that has ruined so many economies and so many people’s lives—and how one brilliant and courageous economist fought against that corruption against all odds, even though he could do only so much to stop it. A remarkable book.”
—Ha-Joon Chang, Director, Centre for Development Studies, and Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, Author of Economics: Te User’s Guide, Bloomsbury Press 2014, Kicking Away the Ladder, Anthem Press, 2002
“Tis is an excellent book. Trough the focus on Ajit it tells the story of Cambridge applied economics in a new way—much better than writeups that place the story in the context of economics as an academic subject.”
—Francis Cripps, Director Alphametrics, Bangkok; formerly Deputy Director, Cambridge Economic Policy Group, Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge Author of Macroeconomics (with Wynne Godley)
“Tis book is an intellectually rich and beautifully written tribute to Ajit Singh—an eminent thinker, and a courageous and charismatic
xxvi Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh
person. Ashwani Saith traces the evolution of development economics in the Faculty of Economics and Politics in Cambridge through Ajit Singh’s life and works in a most engaging and original way. Te narrative weaves Ajit Singh’s intellectual contributions to economics and the political economy of development along with many details of Ajit’s life, his passions, his relentless search for ideas and policies that promote growth and distribution in developing economies, his radical politics, and his immense dignity. Tis book is as fascinating and unorthodox as Ajit himself.”
—Sukti Dasgupta, Chief, Employment and Labour Market Policies Branch International Labour Ofce, Geneva
“An excellent book on the range and signifcance of Ajit Singh’s initial work on corporations and the stock market, and his later work on development. It also describes his struggles in the Cambridge economics faculty and against the IMF & World Bank. Te book is exceptionally well informed about all manner of things, ranging from his early life and Cambridge faculty politics, to his relationship with the Sikh community and the Punjab, and the help he received from those closest to him. A biography worthy of its subject.”
—Michael Ellman, Emeritus Professor of Economic Systems with Special Reference to Transition Economies, University of Amsterdam, Te Netherlands
“In my Cambridge, two remarkable human beings go together: Stephen Hawking and Ajit Singh. Both courageously fought overwhelming odds and achieved much. Hawking took us to the stars and beyond, Ajit relentlessly peeled bare the western world of corporate capitalism, layer by layer; he never stopped, let alone give up. Ajit passionately believed in the good fght for a larger cause in the world of economics. It is no wonder that his Cambridge colleagues and his students remember him with such fervour; and then, in the divided world of India and Pakistan, Ajit was the sole solid bond, mentor to all students from both sides of the barbed wire. Ashwani’s intellectual biography of Ajit Singh is a labour of love, and linkage; apart from economics and Cambridge, they shared Punjab origins and afnities; Ajit was his friend, teacher
Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh xxvii
and mentor. In writing this biography, he contacted each and every one around the world who could possibly add insights on Ajit and his work. Tis fascinating book goes beyond Ajit’s inspiring life and career and provides an incisive treatment of the many economic controversies that Ajit engaged with in Cambridge and beyond over those many productive decades, and will also serve as an invaluable resource for students of development economics.”
—Manohar Singh Gill, Member of Rajya Sabha, India; Honorary Fellow, Queens’ College, Cambridge; formerly: Indian Administrative Service; Chief Election Commissioner, India; Cabinet Minister, Government of India; Author of An Indian Success Story: Agriculture and Cooperatives
“Trough this fascinating biography of Ajit Singh, Saith has given us a rich history of the Cambridge School as well as a compelling narrative of the institutional politics of development that relegated to the margins the heterodox perspectives of postcolonial intellectuals. A maverick even within the Cambridge school, Ajit Singh’s insistence on empirical research led him to question the positions of the Washington Consensus. Te colorful personalities that inhabit these pages are a perfect vehicle to demonstrate how key economic ideas emerge in the crucible of global politics. Saith has given us a very richly layered, complex history of ideas that deserves to be read by a wide multidisciplinary audience.”
—Akhil Gupta, Professor, Department of Anthropology & Director, Center for India and South Asia (CISA), University of California, Los Angeles; President-Elect, American Anthropological Association
“Tis is a brilliant, beautifully written, account of the intellectual contributions of a major Cambridge economist, also doubling as a history of signifcant developments in Cambridge economics over a lengthy period. Although I have been a long-term friend of Ajit and member of
xxviii Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh
the Cambridge faculty, I have learnt much about both from this book. A work of true scholarship and a very enjoyable read.”
—Tony Lawson, Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge; Co-Editor, Cambridge Journal of Economics; Co-Founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group; Author of Essays on the Nature and State of Modern Economics, London: Routledge, 2015
“Ajit Singh’s intellectual biography is of the greatest interest to anyone wishing to understand the evolution of economic ideas since the 1950s. Ajit Singh’s intellectual range was remarkable. His writings had a major infuence across a wide range of subjects within the discipline. Tis book deserves to be warmly welcomed as a major contribution to the history of modern economic thought.”
—Peter Nolan, Chong Hua Chair in Chinese Development, former Sin Yi Professor at Judge Business School, Fellow of Jesus College, & former Director, Centre for Development Studies, University of Cambridge, UK
“Tis is a great book by a superb analyst of the works and politics of academia. It is about someone with a passion for the study of the intricacies of the real world. Ajit Singh also had a special interest with engaging the self-serving story-telling that mainstream economics likes to develop to idealise the rich, unfettered markets and speculative fnance—and to demonise governments and workers. He had memorable things to say about the pain and challenges of development, of its dreams and obstacles, disappointments and desires. In this book the author has successfully brought together the life and work of a key member of the great classical Cambridge tradition of brilliant analytical minds never losing sight of the real world and people, and of doing rigorous theoretical and empirical work to grasp the complexities of
Praise for Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh xxix
economic life. Ashwani Saith has written an inspired and inspiring book.”
—Jose Gabriel Palma, Senior Lecturer Emeritus, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge & Professor of Economics, University of Santiago, Chile; Joint Editor, Cambridge Journal of Economics
“I cannot fnd words to express my immense appreciation for the labour you have put into the work. It is wonderful, moving and also extremely enlightening. In fact it should be compulsory reading for any student of development economics and I have learned much from it, apart from being moved by your excellent tribute. It also reads very well, certainly unputdownable for someone like me.”
—Prabhat Patnaik, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Author of A Teory of Imperialism, Tulika Books, 2016
“Tis intellectual biography undoubtedly does justice to Ajit Singh. Lucidly written, Ashwani’s incisive unravelling of the empirical threads behind the panoramic fabric woven by Ajit is masterful. Having known Ajit Singh for so long, and read so many of his works, this outstanding book is a great tribute to him that students, scholars and policy makers will fnd rare and useful in their works.”
—Rajah Rasiah, Distinguished Professor of Economics, Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya Awarded the Celso Furtado Prize (Economics) by the World Academy of Sciences, 2014
“Ashwani Saith’s account of the life and ideas of the economist, Ajit Singh, combines the personal warmth of Ajit’s personality with the intellectual rigour of his economic thinking. Tis alone is a rare feat. However this book also achieves something more: it documents half a century of debates among economists within Cambridge and beyond over global inequality and social justice. Te man from Chandigarh understood how power for good and for ill lay cloaked within the
knowledge he sought to communicate, and the clarity of this biography takes the urgency and excitement of Ajit’s quest out to a new audience. Read it.”
—Sheila Rowbotham, Socialist, feminist historian; Honorary Research Fellow, and former Professor, University of Manchester; Winner of an Eccles British Library Writers, 2016
“It would be an understatement to say that I thoroughly enjoyed going through the biography. It was like a journey—historical, personal and theoretical. What extraordinary resources you have unearthed and collected—true labour of love! Ajit was the most renowned Sikh academic outside India. He brought his enormous knowledge of fnancial and development economics to refect on the challenges facing his beloved Punjab. We both were infuenced by Marxism but also proud of our Sikh heritage especially the egalitarian teachings and practices of its founders. We shared our ideas, dreams, visions and perspectives of seeing Punjab and the Sikh faith move in the direction of egalitarian development, sometimes talking for hours on these issues. His death has been a terrible loss—personally, politically and intellectually. Tere is no one who can fll in this loss for me but your marvellous book is like having a permanent companionship of Ajit. Tank you for this!”
—Pritam Singh, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
“Ajit Singh was a fascinating and infuential unorthodox economist. Ashwani Saith’s fne biography provides an engaging account of Ajit’s eventful life. In recounting Ajit’s life and times, Ashwani provides the context; in particular the Indian heritage which informed his struggles, and the discordant history of Cambridge Economics, where so many of those struggles took place. Ajit’s intellectual journey took him from corporate fnance, the theory of the frm and the role of stock markets; through transformative industrialisation in the South and de-industrialisation in the North; to many anti-imperialist battles with neo-liberalism and the IMF. In the process he had a major impact not only on economic thought but also on economic policy in many parts of the world and made a deep impact on those who knew him, particularly
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Kuvaukset Kullervon voimatöistä tavataan myöskin LänsiSuomessa satuina Kalevan pojista. Miltei ympäri Suomenhan on levinnyt satu, miten metsä taikomalla kaatuu ensi kirveeniskusta tai vain huudon kajahtaessa. Kertomus, miten emäntä leipoi kiven Kullervon leipään on ehkä ollut alkuaan lyhyt paimenlaulu.
Alkuaan ei ole arveltu Kullervorunoon kuuluneen kertomuksien sisaren turmeluksesta. Se on Inkerissä ja Karjalan kannaksella aivan itsenäisenä runona ja liittyy vasta Vienan läänissä Kullervotarustoon. Eteläisellä laulualueella on sisaren turmelijana Turo, Turon poika tai Tuiretuinen. Nimi Turo on ehkä laina skandinavilaisesta Thor, Ture, josta on niinikään olemassa jonkun verran samansisältöisiä balladeja. Sisällöltään lähempänä on venäläinen laulu yhdeksästä ryöväristä ja heidän sisarestaan sekä laulu papin pojasta Aljoshkasta, jonka aiheena niinikään on tuntemattoman sisarensa naiminen.
Kuvauksen Kullervon sodanhalusta on Lönnrot saanut alkuaan aivan itsenäisistä runoista, joita jo laulajat kumminkin useissa tapauksissa yhdistivät olennaisena piirteenä Kullervon luonteeseen.
Sampsa Pellervoisen arvellaan saaneen alkunsa germaanisesta jumalaistarustosta. Nimi Sampsa eli Sämpsä johtunee sämpsykkänimisestä metsäkaislasta, joka on kevään ensimäiseksi vihreänä esiin puhkeavia kasveja. Sampsa Pellervoinen on alkuaan kuulunut kylvörunoon, jossa kerrotaan, miten hänet äitinsä, maanemon, rinnalta makaamasta kesä houkuttelee ulos kylvämään.
Aino nimeä ei kansanrunoissa tavata. Kun muutamat runot alkavat säkeellä: Anni tytti, aino tytti, muodosti Lönnrot aino-sanasta ominaisnimen siten että kirjoitti sen isolla alkukirjaimella. Aino-runo Kalevalassa on pääasiallisesti kokoonpantu venäjänkarjalaisista
toisinnoista. Niissä kerrotaan, miten Anni menee metsään vastaksia taittamaan, jolloin Osmoinen tai Kalevainen tulee häntä kosintaaikeissa mairittelemaan. Anni juokse silloin pahastuneena itkien kotiin eikä ilmoita itkunsa todellista syytä muille kuin äidilleen. Äiti lohduttelee tytärtään ja neuvoo häntä aitassa pukeutumaan koristeihin ja helyihin. Mutta tyttö hirttäytyykin aittaan. Kun äiti itkee tytärpoloistaan muodostuu kyyneleistä kolme jokea, jokiin luotoja ja luodoille käkiä kukkumaan. Tämä vienankarjalainen runo taas on kehittynyt kolmesta itsenäisestä laulusta, nimittäin runoista: Katri ja Riion poika, Koristeensa kadottanut tyttö ja kyyneleiden vierinnästä ynnä tytölle kukkuvasta kolmesta käestä. Eteläiseltä runoalueelta on saatu kuvaukset että nuo kirstussa olevat koristeet, joihin Aino pukeutuu ovat päivättären ja kuuttaren lahjoittamia, miten neito riisuutuu rannalla ja että metsän eläimet vievät sanan hukuttautumisesta tytön kotiin. Ainon aaltoihin hukuttautuminen on Lönnrotin muovailema, hänestä tuntui aittaan hirttäytyminen liian epärunolliselta.
Salaperäiseen Sampoon on Kalevalassa liittynyt niin suuri osa toiminnasta, että sen ovat muutamat katsoneet olevan ikäänkuin koko eepoksen koossapitävän keskuksen. Ja eniten kaikista Kalevalan aiheista ovat tutkijainkin mielikuvitukset kiertyneet tämän tarun ympärille. Minkäänlaista varmaa selitystä, jota yleiseen olisi pidetty pätevänä, ei ole vielä olemassa. Itse runojen kokoonpanon on Kaarle Krohnin kylläkin onnistunut osoittaa ja sampo-sanan on hän johtanut sampi-kalasta, joka sittemmin olisi saanut hyvän saaliin merkityksen. Nimityksestä ei ole päästy yksimielisyyteen, mutta runojen kehityksen tutkimuksesta on käynyt selville, että runon ytimenä on ollut legendan-tapainen Päivänpäästöruno.
Krohn on huomauttanut laulajain selitysten, että ellei
Väinämöiseltä olisi hajotettu Sampoa, ei täällä olisi halloja eikä Pohjan tuulia, eikä maa köyhä, meri pohatta, olevan »itse luonnon opettamia Pohjan perän asukkaille. Kansamme kova kokemus, ettei täyttä eheätä onnea täällä ei ole saavutettavissa, on Sampo-virteen leimansa painanut. Onhan Suomen kansa kaikissa suhteissa saanut tyytyä ikäänkuin Sammon muruihin. Mutta se on myös oppinut näistä sirpaleista elämän mahdollisuutta luomaan.»
Ja sirpaleistahan kansamme on luonut merkillisen eepoksensakin. Monesta on ehkä tuntunu ikävältä kun tutkijat ovat noista runoista ja niiden sankareista poistaneet tarunomaisen muinaisuuden hohteen osoittaessaan vain osan olevan puhdasta perua esi-isiemme pakanallisesta jumalaistarustosta ja kotimaisista historiallisista aiheista ja melkoisen osan olevan lainaa kristillisestä aatepiiristä sekä muutamien naapurikansoilta. Mutta tulee ottaa huomioon, että vaikkakin muutamat muilta lainatut tarut ovat olleet sinä alkuaiheena, joka on saanut suomalaisen mielikuvituksen liikkeelle, niin on tuloksena ollut aivan omintakeinen runous, jossa kansamme omaperäisellä tavalla ja sävyllä, niinkuin mikään muu heimo maailmassa ei olisi sitä tehnyt, on antanut kuvan itsestään, siitä mitkä mielikuvitukset, haaveet, harhaluulot ja vaistot vuosituhansien kuluessa ovat syöpyneet tämän mietiskelevän metsien heimon veriin.
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