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Advanced Myofascial Techniques

Til Luchau

Volume 2

Neck, head, spine and ribs

2 Advanced Myofascial Techniques

Neck, head, spine and ribs

HANDSPRING PUBLISHING LIMITED

The Old Manse, Fountainhall, Pencaitland, East Lothian

EH34 5EY, Scotland

Tel: +44 1875 341 859

Website: www.handspringpublishing.com

First published 2016 in the United Kingdom by Handspring Publishing

Copyright © Til Luchau 2016

Illustration copyrights as indicated at the end of each chapter

All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

ISBN 978-1-909141-17-9

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Notice

Neither the Publisher nor the Author assumes any responsibility for any loss or injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or relating to any use of the material contained in this book. It is the responsibility of the treating practitioner, relying on independent expertise and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best treatment and method of application for the patient.

Commissioning Editor Sarena Wolfaard

Design direction and Cover design by Bruce Hogarth, KinesisCreative

Artwork by PrimalPictures unless otherwise indicated

Project Management by NPM Ltd

Index by Aptara

Typeset by DSM Soft

Printed in the Czech Republic by FINIDR

The Publisher’s

policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests |

Foreword

It is perhaps unfair to invoke the author’s younger self when introducing a book from his later years, but I remember so vividly the impression Til Luchau made when first I met him more than 20 years ago. Whip-thin, with such an offhand air of quiet and calm surrounding his movements, his low and understated voice it all suggested someone, one might infer from a first glance, not quite up to the energetic job of teaching for which he was auditioning. A second look, however, into the probing assessment emanating from his clear green eyes was enough to reveal that the first laconic impression is merely a veneer, a gentle Gen X presentation covering for a fiercely inquiring and stubbornly thorough Renaissance mind. A mind willing to generously entertain the intuitions and inclusiveness of ‘alternative’ medicine, but unwilling to settle for complacent halftruths that too often take the place of the complex totality of clinical experience.

Also in his favor, following the example of Buckminster Fuller and John Lilly, Til has always used himself as his own scientific guinea pig, living out his questions into the answers so clearly presented here. From deep yoga practice to juggling devil sticks, Til has played with his own mind and body, constantly using himself to test the edges of flexibility and coordination, practicing the preparation, differentiation, and integration fractals so integral to mastering the processes described in this book.

Needless to say, Til was definitely up to the job of teaching, and I subsequently bequeathed the entire program to his competent hands. In the intervening years, his native skills have been further honed by continual and varietal practice. The detailed research underlying these volumes is testimony to his assembly and careful sifting over time of the evidence around the questions that surround contemporary manual therapy.

In this series, Til makes liberal and salient use of the un-traditional views of anatomy now available through electronic media, exposing relationships not evident in the standard texts. The photographs included not only show the techniques as they apply to the client, but also where the intent is directed vis-a-vis the client’s skeleton a boon to accurate application across different body types. Charts, summaries, and study guides only add to the clarity of the presentation for the mid-level or advanced manual therapist.

I am very happy to see that this second volume covers the vestibular system, which is sadly underserved elsewhere, as well as dealing openly and fairly with the controversies surrounding the psoas major and environs. Other corners at the edge of manual therapy’s reach, such as the diaphragm, rib heads, mesentery and deeper structures of the neck are dealt with in a practical but sophisticated manner.

As Til states, a book is a good but limited tool, so augment the information from here with his video presentations, or enjoy the mature version of the unique man I saw so many years ago by going to Til’s classes. You can rely on what you find, because his innate confidence is such that he feels no ned to overstate his case or claim ‘cures’ or causation. The spirit of this book is exploration, an informed exploration that encourages the client’s body to heal itself, and evokes the client’s desire to retain the renewed access to movement.

And most of all, Til’s work requires the practitioner to stay awake and aware, the single most important factor in a long and satisfying practice.

Clarks Cove, Maine

January 2016

Acknowledgements

The acknowledgements in this book’s first volume thanked 37 people, and yet still didn’t manage to include everyone who had helped that book’s creation. Because these two volumes were written together, each of the people listed there should, by rights, be thanked once more.

Author, practitioner, and fascial researcher Robert Schleip PhD should again receive special mention for the inspiration, encouragement, and support he has so freely given to me, and to so many others in our field. Thomas Myers, Jan Sultan, Art Riggs, Erik Dalton, and many other mentors and colleagues have also lent invaluable and direct support.

Leslie Young PhD and Darren Buford hosted many of the first drafts of this material in Massage & Bodywork magazine, as did Anne Williams via ABMP’s online webinar series.

I am deeply indebted to the many who generously gave permission or granted license to use their images. Primal Pictures deserves special mention. They are listed in each chapter’s image credits, but all deserve a special thanks for sharing their vision and hard work.

Kate Dennington and Patrick Dorsey both worked especially hard on the first-draft versions of the study guide questions and key points, and helped make the work applicable to day-to-day practice.

Advanced-Trainings.com faculty Bethany Ward, Larry Koliha, George Sullivan, Chris Pohowsky, and Ellyn Vandenberg all contributed

important ideas, editing, dialog, and support, as did the international community of colleagues, teaching assistants, hosts, and students engaged in this work, such as Carmen Rivera in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Bibiana Badenes in Benicassim, Spain, Cheryl LoCicero in Edmonton Alberta, Canada, Simone Baianu in San Francisco, California, Jasmine Blue and East West College in Portland, Oregon, as well as many others.

I am most grateful to the many hospitable people who very graciously provided a few days or a few weeks of quiet writing-time refuge on my itinerant teaching circuit. Anna Maria Gregorini in Zurich; Wendy Hooker in Fairbanks; Poh Yap in London; Wojtek Cackowski in Poland; Bruce Nelson in Anchorage; Budiman Minasney in Sydney; Finnbogi Gunnlaugsson in Reykjavik: all went above and beyond.

Special thanks to Andrew Stevenson, Sarena Wolfaard, Bruce Hogarth, and Katja Abbott at Handspring Publishing for their collaborative spirit. And to my family Loretta Carridan Luchau and Ansel Luchau, for their understanding and heartwarming care.

Til Luchau

Boulder, Colorado, 2016

Introduction

This book continues the theme begun in Volume I of Advanced Myofascial Techniques (Handspring Publishing, 2015). In Volume I, you will find a discussion of essential background information about the goals of this style of work; the nature of the tissues we are affecting with this modality; and descriptions of a selection of handson techniques for conditions of the appendicular skeleton, specifically the upper and lower limbs, and the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

This second volume takes this discussion deeper, presenting manual therapy approaches for client complaints related to the axial skeleton: the spine, abdomen, ribcage, neck, and head; concludes with some considerations relevant to sequencing these techniques into sessions or a series of sessions.

The techniques in these volumes have been specially selected for their accessibility, relevance, and effectiveness, from amongst the more than 350 assessments, techniques, and procedures that constitute the curriculum of the ever-expanding Advanced Myofascial Techniques series of seminars and videos. This repertory of techniques has been clarified and refined over the course of more than 30 years of clinical practice, professional continuing education trainings, and practitioner supervision. They will be natural additions to a wide range of therapeutic, rehabilitative, and educational methods, including structural integration (to which they owe their primary inspiration), physical and physiotherapy, occupational

therapy, massage therapy (both rehabilitative and restorative), chiropractic, osteopathic manipulation, craniosacral therapy, speech therapy, orthodontics, sports and conditioning training, movement therapy, yoga, and many other methodologies concerned with the health and functioning of the physical body.

Using this book

This book can be used on its own, or alongside the full Advanced Myofascial Techniques video series, or as a complement to the certification programs and in-person professional continuing education trainings of the same name.

Whether you’re using this book as a part of a systematic course of study, or meandering through it on your own, you will get the most out of it if you actually do the techniques. Don’t wait until you’ve gone through the entire book to try them out. Even if you begin by just looking at the images, or watching a video link, put a friend or a colleague on the table as soon as you can, so that your hands and body can learn the material as you go through it. Once you’ve actually tried a technique, go back and take in another aspect of the material, perhaps reading the key point summaries, or the text, or reviewing the study guide questions and their online answer keys. When you work through the material in this way, you will learn the material more fully, and will have begun the process of making these techniques your own.

The techniques in these volumes can be incorporated one-by-one into your existing work and protocols, à la carte fashion, according to the indications and purposes listed in each technique’s Key Points section, or as you see fit. If you’re a big-picture learner, skip ahead to the final chapter, Sequencing, early in your reading. This will give you a context for the way these techniques can be organized into sequences, sessions, or series. If you prefer to just start working, go right ahead: dig into the techniques themselves, and visit Chapter 20 on sequencing when you’re ready.

Together with Volume I, this book provides effective ways to work with some of the most common client complaints. It is designed to significantly expand your skillset and get you thinking differently about ways to help your clients. It is not intended to be a comprehensive pathology text, nor does it cover everything you need to know about the conditions discussed. As a book of techniques for professionals and advanced students, it is assumed that the reader has familiarity with the basic contraindications and cautions related to hands-on work, as well as in-person training in the sensitive application of pressure, and as well as the therapeutic relationship, bedside manner, the ethical and legal considerations related to hands-on work, etc.

Of course, no book, even with video supplementation like this one has, can take the place of live training. A book is no substitute for the real-time coaching and mentoring that occurs during an inperson course, nor can it replace the crucial experiential knowledge gained by receiving the work yourself—at a minimum, find a colleague or friend to work on you, so that you can experience the most important aspect of this approach—receiving it.

Boulder, Colorado, 2016

Reviewers

Bibiana Badenes, P.T.

Physical Therapist, Certified Advanced Rolfer™, Certified Rolf Movement® Teacher; Director, Kinesis Center and Movement Therapy; President, BodyWisdom Foundation Spain Benicàssim,Spain.

Erik Dalton, Ph.D.

Certified Advanced Rolfer™; Author; Executive Director, Freedom From Pain Institute OklahomaCity,Oklahoma,UnitedStates.

Rachel Fairweather BA, LMT, AOS Massage therapy, CQSW Director, Jing Advanced Massage Training; Author Brighton,UnitedKingdom.

Cheryl LoCicero, B.Sc. R.M.T

Certified Advanced Rolfer™, Certified Rolf Movement® Teacher, Fascial Integration: Structural-Visceral approaches

Consultant, Center for Complementary and Alternative Research and Education, University of Alberta Edmonton,Alberta,Canada.

Budiman Minasny, Ph.D.

Researcher, University of Sydney

Sydney,Australia.

Peter B. Pruett, M.D.

Physician - Board Certified in Emergency Medicine

DeltaCountyMemorialHospital

UnitedStatesAirForceAcademy;UniversityofColorado,Denver Hotchkiss,Colorado,UnitedStates.

Art Riggs

Certified Advanced Rolfer™; Author Director, Art Riggs Deep Tissue and Manual Therapy Educational Systems

Berkeley,California,UnitedStates.

Susan G. Salvo, M.Ed., L.M.T.

Author - Educator - Massage Therapist

Louisiana Institute of Massage Therapy

LakeCharles,Louisiana,UnitedStates.

Robert Schleip, Ph.D. M.A.

Visiting Professor (IUCSAL)

Director, Fascia Research Group

Division of Neurophysiology, Ulm University Ulm,Germany.

Bethany M. Ward, M.B.A., L.M.B.T.

Certified Advanced Rolfer™, Rolf Movement® Practitioner

Faculty, Rolf Institute® of Structural Integration

Advisor and Past President, Ida P. Rolf Research Foundation

Director, ActionPotential, Inc. Durham,NorthCarolina,UnitedStates.

Ruth Werner, B.C.T.M.B.

Continuing Education Provider, Author Director, Werner Workshops

Waldport,Oregon,UnitedStates.

Online Resources

Scan the code or visit http://advancedtrainings.com/amt1/ for supplementary online resources, including:

• Online video library

• Professional Continuing Education and CMA credit options

• Teacher and student classroom resources

• Free myofascial webinars

• Forum and social media links for questions and dialog about Advanced Myofascial Techniques

• Offers and discounts from Primal Pictures, AdvancedTrainings.com, and others mentioned in this book.

Back Pain

1 Vertebral Mobility

2 The Thoracolumbar Fascia

3 The Iliolumbar Ligament & 12th Rib

4 The Mesentery and Abdomen

5 The Psoas

The erector spinae’s fascial wrappings (green) constitute part of the thoracolumbar fascia.

Primal pictures, used by permission.

Vertebral Mobility 1

There is nothing in the body that quite compares to the spine. Its centrality, size, and crucial role in support and movement, as well as its integral relationship with the central and peripheral nervous systems all mean that when we work with the spine, we have our hands on one of the most important structures in our work. The importance of the spine is reflected in the way we use its name in everyday speech. Roget’s lists the word spine as a synonym for “core,” “foundation,” “basis” (as in the spine of his philosophy), as well as for “perseverance,” “decisiveness,” “nerve,” and “fearlessness” (1). Think about what it means to “have a backbone,” or to be “spineless”; linguistically, we relate our spine to our very character, strength, and human resilience.

Embryologically and evolutionarily, the spine’s precursor (the notochord) is one of the first structures to distinguish itself from the matrix of rapidly dividing cells in a developing vertebrate (Figure 1.1). After just 20 days, a human embryo has segmented its midline into the somites that will become our individual vertebrae. These proto-vertebrae give rise to other structures as well: many of our musculoskeletal and connective tissue structures develop outward from this longitudinal arrangement of cells as we grow, making the spine the root structure for much of our musculoskeletal form (2).

Figure 1.1

The somites (or segments) of the emerging spine in an embryo at about 20 days of development; 1/12” (2.11mm) in length. Not only do somites become the individual vertebrae, but they also give rise to much of the musculoskeletal and connective tissues at their corresponding level of the body.

The spine and vertebrae are directly involved in several of the most common client complaints, including:

• Rib pain (since the ribs articulate directly with the vertebrae at the ligamentous costovertebral joints).

• Neck pain or injury, including whiplash (the neck being the uppermost section of the spine, and thus dependent on the supporting sections below for its stability and ease).

• Sacroiliac issues (the sacrum and its paired sacroiliac joints being the base of support for the entire spine, and in turn subject to the forces of flexing, extending, bending, and twisting coming from the long lever of the spine above).

• Sciatic pain (especially axial sciatic pain, as discussed in “Sciatic Pain,” AdvancedMyofascialTechniques,Volume1, p 107).

• And of course, back pain itself (which affects nine in ten people at some point in their lives (3)), as well as other spine-related issues such as scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, etc.

Figures 1.2/1.3

Normal vertebral mobility can be diminished by inelastic or undifferentiated soft tissues around the spine and ribs. In addition to the spinal ligaments and joint capsules shown in Figure 1.2, muscles and myofascial structures of the spine (such as the thoracolumbar fascia, the multifidi, erectors, etc.) can also affect vertebral mobility.

The mobility of the spine, both of individual vertebra and of the entire structure, plays a role in each of these issues. Since “increased options for movement” is one of the primary goals of our

Advanced Myofascial Techniques work (4), we can often play a helpful role for our clients with these spine-related issues.

Vertebral motion disparities

Coupled-motion biomechanics is a set of principles that have influenced numerous manual therapy disciplines (5), including osteopathic manipulation, physical therapy, Rolfing, structural integration, rehabilitative massage, and other manual therapy modalities.

At the risk of oversimplification, I’ll attempt a brief overview. The spine’s overall mobility is determined by the combined smaller motions between individual vertebrae. This motion between vertebrae can be restricted by their surrounding ligaments and myofascia (Figure 1.2), and in the thoracic spine, by soft tissues surrounding the costovertebral joints (Figure 1.3). When these soft tissues are elastic and differentiated enough to allow unrestricted vertebral motion, normal activities like breathing, walking, and bending will cause the vertebrae to move in all three dimensions in relationship to their neighbors.

Most biomechanics authors (though not all) agree that due to their bony shapes and complex soft-tissue interconnections, these movements are often coupled, so that movement in one plane is automatically accompanied by motions in the other two planes (Figure 1.4) (6). According to one moderately large study (n = 369) physiotherapists of diverse backgrounds view coupling biomechanics as an important part of their hands-on approach, with more than 85 percent of therapists surveyed indicating that lumbar coupling biomechanics were “very important” or “important” in their application of manual therapy (7).

Figure 1.4

One model of lumbar vertebral motion, illustrating the coupled relationship of sidebending (A) with rotation around an oblique axis (B). While it is generally accepted that motion of a vertebra in one dimension is coupled with motion in all dimensions, there is a lack of agreement between different theoretical models (and between different 3D studies) about the normal direction of coupling.

Interestingly, in spite of the importance placed on biomechanical coupling by many practitioners, there is little agreement about the optimal direction of this coupling, with several conflicting models of “normal” spinal biomechanics in existence. For example, some models (such as Fryette’s Laws) assert that in a neutrally positioned spine, when the lumbars sidebend to the left, they rotate right; others (Lovett) say the opposite (left sidebending is coupled by left rotation); while still others (Roland) say there is no coupled motion in this situation at all (8). Real-world studies of asymptomatic 3D spinal motion have not settled these disputes, as different studies have shown “variable” and contradictory results, particularly at different levels of the spine (9). One likely possibility (which has been documented in coupled motion controversies about other parts of the body (10) is that healthy individuals’ joints do not all seem to move in the same ways, probably due to differences in bone and

joint shape. One recent overview of biomechanical theory concludes that although cervical dynamics are similar from person to person, “no consistent coupling behavior has been demonstrated in the thoracic or lumbar spine” (11). In other words, in spite of being an important aspect of many hands-on modalities, some of the fundamental “laws” of spinal biomechanics don’t seem to apply in many cases.

Figure 1.5

Assessing the rotational freedom of a group of vertebrae in the Vertebral Mobility Technique.

As practitioners, where does this contradiction and uncertainty leave us? Speaking only for myself, after having studied, used, and taught Greenman-influenced (12) coupled-motion biomechanics for many years, my approach has become more pragmatic than theoretical. My current working hypothesis is that mobility is indeed vitally important for pain-free, easy functioning but that concepts of “normal” or “correct” biomechanical motion are probably less predictably meaningful. As a guiding principle, this idea might be restated simplyas whenthingsdon’tmoveenough,andindifferent directions, they don’t feel good; when we can help them move again, they feel better.

Vertebral Mobility Technique

A good example of this simple principle at work is the Vertebral Mobility Technique. Because it allows the practitioner to feel, see, and address vertebral mobility restrictions, and because it can quiet and focus the client’s attention, we use this technique in our Advanced Myofascial Techniques trainings before performing other work with the spine or ribcage. On its own or in combination with other techniques, it is indicated as assessment and preparation for many of the spine-related conditions listed at the beginning of this article.

Standing beside your prone client, gently but firmly grasp the spinous processes of several thoracic vertebrae (Figure 1.5). When the spinal erectors are very large, the spinous processes can be deep and hard to grasp; if this is the case, use a deeper touch, or the sides of your fingers, rather than fingertips alone. Use the spinous process as a handle to gently move the group of vertebrae from side to side, using small, rhythmic motions to rock this group of vertebrae within their attachments to the surrounding ribs (Figure 1.3). Begin delicately, feeling for the amount of subtle mobility possible with very little force. Is the motion and resistance the same left and right? Don’t confuse any apparent misalignment of the spinous process with their mobility a vertebra’s spinous process can be crooked or bent to the side, largely independent of its mobility. Does movement vary from place to place? Investigate this subtle rotational movement throughout the spine, noting restrictions as you find them. Often, these small, focused movements will result in more vertebral movement, probably as a result of mechanoreceptor stimulation, postural reflex shift, and increased proprioception.

Figures 1.6/1.7

Assessing and mobilizing a pair of vertebrae in the Vertebral Mobility Technique.

After assessing subtle mobility, you can begin to move a bit more vigorously, still within you client’s level of comfort, of course. Use a fuller, firmer rocking motion on any areas where you find restrictions. Use caution if any of the usual contraindications to deep work apply —in particular, suspected osteoporosis (see Chapter 7, The Ribs), recent injuries, or acute disc issues. But in most cases, the motion can be spirited, strong, and adventurous throughout the lumbar and thoracic spine. The vertebrae are firmly held by their ligamentous and articular connections, so you can use the body’s momentum to assess and increase their side-to-side mobility. Feel both for grouped restrictions and, by moving single vertebrae against each other, for pairs of vertebrae that are fixed together (Figures 1.6 and 1.7). Go back and forth between these global and

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Sepius alta cadit ventorum flatibus arbor,

Planta satis placido permanet atque gradu:

Aerias alpes niuibus candescere scimus, Quas subito torquent frigus et omne gelu;

Est ibi ventorum rabies seuissima, dumque

Temperiem gratam proxima vallis habet.

Sic vobis numquam desunt aduersa, potentes, Nec pax est vobis certa nec vlla quies.

Dic michi diuitibus si quando defuit hostis:

Quin magis hos quassat sepe ruina grauis.

Non dat securos nec ebur nec purpura sompnos,

Paupertas vili stramine tuta iacet:

Perdere quo possunt, torquet timor omnis auaros, Vanaque sollicitis incutit vmbra metus.

Auri possessor formidat semper, et omnem

Ad strepitum fures estimat esse prope; Arma, venena timet, furtum timet atque rapinas, Fiduciam certam diues habere nequit.

Hunc, dum querit opes, cruciat miseranda cupido, Cum iam quesitas cepit habere, timor.

Sic igitur miser est, dum pauper querit habere, Et miser est diues, perdere dumque timet.

Dum iacet in plumis, vigilans mens aspera sentit, Feruet enim variis exagitata dolis:

Dicit, ‘Habere volo vicini pauperis agrum, Est etenim campus proximus ille meis.’511

Sic fugat a domibus pupillos iste paternis, Insequitur viduas iudiciisque premit:

Deliciis fruitur de rebus pauperis iste, Dampna set alterius computat esse nichil.

Si posset mundum lucrari, quis deus esset, Vlterius scire nollet in orbe deum.

Iudex, nonne tui fulgor tibi sufficit auri, Vt careat tenebris mens tua ceca tuis?

370 380

Aproprias aurum tibi fertile, nec tamen vmquam512

Ad sterilem vitam respicis ipse tuam.

Iusticie montes Iudex vix ardua purus

Scandit, dum mundi rebus onustus erit.

Agrorum fines longos extendere queris,

Nec reputas vite tempora curta tue.

Quid petis argentum tibi? spem quid ponis in aurum?

Sunt nam communes omnibus orbis opes.

Sepius ista dei data conspicis hostibus esse,

Ante deum nulla laus et habetur eis:

Ista paganus habet, Iudeus, latro cruentus;

Crede quod iratus sepe dat ista deus.

Parua puto, quecumque malos contingit habere,

Non est prauorum copia grande bonum.

O quociens vir iustus eget, scelerosus habundat,

Hic set non alibi, ius quia regnat ibi.

Dilectus domini moritur, dum viuit adulter,

Non tamen hii Cristi sunt in amore pares:

Egrotat iustus, dum sanus floret iniqus,

Fine tamen proprium quisque reportat onus.

Si tamen in mundo iudex sibi ferre salutem

Possit, non curat quid sibi finis erit.

O qui cuncta cupis, cur temet deseris? Omne

Est quod in orbe tenes, set neque temet habes.

O qui scis alios non te, tu notus ad omnes, Non tibi quid prodest illa sciencia, nil.

Te noscas igitur primo, me nosce secundo, Rectum iudicium sic sapienter age.

Omnia que mundi sunt diligis, omnia Cristi Linquis, et ex nichilo credis habere satis:

Tu celum perdis, mundum lucraris, inane Corpus supportas, spiritus vnde cadit.

Est tibi perfectum vanum, tibi mobile firmum, Talis enim iudex non bene sentit opus:

Edificas turres, thalamos nouitate politos, Quicquid et est orbis plus deitate colis:

Edificas ampla, fossa clauderis in arta, Quo medium frontis ostia clausa prement. Quid vestes referam, lectos vel iudicis edes, Quorum luxuries nescit habere pares?

Qui modo prospiceret habitacula queque fuerunt, Alterius nouiter diceret illa Iouis.

Gloria nonne tuis erit aut tibi pompa perhennis, Quas facis in domibus, dum tua lucra rapis?

En cecidit Babilon, cecidit quoque maxima Troia, Romaque mundipotens vix tenet illa locum.

Omnis habet subitum mundana potencia finem, Atque fuga celeri deserit ipsa suos:

Iudex, ergo time, magnos qui scandis honores, Teque ruinoso stare memento loco.

Omne quod est mundi tibi carum transiet a te,

Inque tuis meritis iudicat ipse deus:

Equaque lex domini tunc que modo cernis ineque513

Discernet, que tibi pondera iusta dabit. Cum te terribilis exactor missus ab equo

Iudice sulphurei merget in yma laci, Prodolor! infelix tunc, quamuis sero, dolebis, Talibus in falsis spem posuisse bonis: Gemma vel argentum nec ibi descendet et aurum, Nec fragilis mundi gloria lapsa breui.

Iudicibus populi vanum tamen est quod in ista

Materia scripsi; perdita verba dedi: Que nam iusticia, que vel sit Iudicis equa

Condicio, non est tempore visa modo: Iusticiarius est; sub tali nomine fallit, Qui sine iusticia nomen inane gerit.

Hic loquitur de errore Vicecomitum, Balliuorum, necnon et in assisis iuratorum, qui singuli auro conducti diuitum causas iniustas

supportantes, pauperes absque iusticia calumpniantur et opprimunt.

Capm . vi.

420

440

Nunc eciam vicecomitibus quid dicere possum?

Numquid in assisis dant nocumenta viris?

Macra fit hec causa, de qua viget vnccio nulla

Distillans, vt eis vncta sit inde manus:

Legis in assisa si sint tua dona recisa, Ius perit et causa scinditur inde tua;

Si tamen assessa sint pre manibus tua dona, Tunc potes assisis sumere lucra tuis.

Vtque bouem, precio qui stat conductus aratro,

Sic tibi iuratos munere ferre vales:

Hii tibi proque tuis vendent periuria nummis, Sic aurum iura vincit in vrbe mea:514

Diuitis iniustam causam sic cerno quietam, Et iustam causam pauperis esse ream.

Non comes a vice, set vicio comes accipit ortum, Iuris auaricie fert tamen ipse vices.

Sic dico vicecomitibus, quod munere victi Communi populo dant nocumenta modo:

Nec sibi iurati sapiunt quid, sit nisi lucri, De sale conditum quod dabis ante manum:

Causidici lanam rapiunt, isti quoque pellem

Tollunt, sic inopi nil remanebit oui.

Sic ego legiferis concludens vltima primis, Dico quod ex bursa lex viget ecce noua;

Vt margaritas si porcus sumat in escas, Sumunt legiferi sic modo iura sibi.

Vendere iusticiam quid id est nisi vendere

Cristum,515

Quem Iudas cupido vendidit ipse dolo?

Numquid adhuc Iude similis quis viuit in orbe?

Immo sibi plures viuere credo pares.

Namque semel Iudam talem committere culpam

450

Nouimus, hunc et eo penituisse lego;

460

Nunc tamen vt merces vendunt communiter omnes,

Gaudentes lucrum sic habuisse suum.

Rettulit hoc precium Iudas quod cepit iniqum, Nec liquet hinc veniam promeruisse suam:

Nunc erit ergo quid hiis, vendunt qui iura sinistris, Est quibus hora fori cotidiana quasi?516

Vt vorat et stricte tenet ipsa vorago gehenne, Nec redit vllus homo liber ab ore suo, Sic modo qui vendunt leges que premia carpunt, Hec valet a manibus tollere nemo suis; Et quia sic similes inferno suntque tenaces,

Credo quod infernus fine tenebit eos.

Quid seu Balliuis dicam, qui sunt Acherontis

Vt rapide furie? Tu magis inde caue.

Quo portas intrant, prenostica dampna figurant, Cunctis namque viis ve comitatur eis.

Vt Crati bufo maledixit, sic maledico Tot legum dominis et sine lege magis.

Hic loquitur quod sicut homines esse super terram necessario expedit, ita leges ad eorum regimen institui oportet, dummodo tamen legis custodes verum a falso discernentes vnicuique quod suum est equo pondere distribuant. De erroribus tamen et iniuriis modo contingentibus innocenciam Regis nostri, minoris etatis causa, quantum ad presens excusat.517

Capm . vii.

470

Pro transgressore fuerant leges situate, Quilibet vt merita posset habere sua:

Nunc tamen iste bonus punitur, et alter iniqus, Dum viget ex auro, iustificatur eo.

Omnia tempus habent et habet sua tempora tempus,

Causaque sic causas debet habere suas.

480

Quid mare conferret, altis dum fluctuat vndis,

Sit nisi nauis ei quam vehit vnda fluens?518

Set quid fert nauis nisi nauta regens sit in illa?

Quid valet aut nauta, si sibi remus abest?

Quid mare, quid nauis, quid nauta, vel est sibi remus,

Sit nisi portus aquis ventus et aptus eis?

Gens sine lege quid est, aut lex sine iudice quid nam,

Aut quid si iudex sit sine iusticia?

In patria nostra si quis circumspicit acta, Hec tria cernet ibi sepe timenda michi.

Omnia dampna grauant, set nulla tamen grauiora, Quam cum iusticiam iustus habere nequit.

Ex iniusticia discordia crescit, et inde

490

500

Cessat amor solitus, murmurat atque domus: Murmur si veniat, venit et diuisio secum, Terraque diuisa non bene stabit ea; Et quodcumque sit hoc per se quod stare nequibit, Ve sibi, nam subito corruet absque modo.

Testis enim deus est, dicens quod regna peribunt519

In se diuisa, credoque dicta sua.

Ergo videre queunt quotquot qui regna gubernant, Nostre pars sortis maxima spectat eis.

Quicquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achiui, Nam caput infirmum membra dolere facit:

Dux si perdat iter, errant de plebe sequentes, Et via qua redient est dubitanda magis. Propter peccatum regis populi perierunt, Quicquid et econtra litera raro docet; Regia set bonitas fert plebi gaudia pacis, Nam deus ad sancti regis agenda fauet: Si viciosus enim sit rex, quia lex nequit, ipsum

Vult punire deus, qui super omne potest. Expediens populo foret vt bene viueret omnis

Rex, iacet in manibus sors quia bina suis:

520

Vna salus populi rex qui bene viuit habetur, Plebis et in pestem rex malus acta parit;

Eius enim scelera constat magis esse nociua, Cuius habent populi condita iura sequi.

Cum sit maior homo, sunt plus sua crimina tanto;

Dum cadit ex altis, leditur inde magis.

Plures cerno reos, magis attamen omnibus ipsos, Legiferi qui sunt et sine lege manent.

Cum sine lege furit regni viciata potestas, Esse nichil toto tristius orbe potest:

Sanccius esse pecus animoque capacius ipso

Estimo, qui iura dat neque seruat ea.

Imperium Regis non solum bella triumphis

Ornant, set leges seruet vbique bonas.520

Nonne domus poterit componere se sine lignis;

Set sibi quid ligna, si nec acuta foret?

Set quid acuta valet, nisi persistens operantis

Vnitis causis sit manus artificis?

Hec sibi si fuerint coniuncta, per omne iuuabunt,

Et si diuisa, pars sibi nulla iuuat.

Terra quid est sola, populus nisi sistat in illa?

Quid populus ve sibi, rex nisi regnet ibi?

Est quid rex, nisi consilium fuerit sibi sanum?

Sunt quid consilia, rex nisi credat ea?

Attamen in nostra sic stat diuisio terra, Quod sibi quisque suam iam legit ire viam:

Conciues hodie discordia vexat in vrbe, Extinguit quod ius quilibet alterius;521

Nec lex campestris est iam memorata magistris, Set qui plus poterit, ipse magister erit.

Nunc clerus populum, populus culpat quoque clerum,

Et tamen in culpa perstat vterque sua:

Invidus alterius nunc culpat quemlibet alter,

Parsque suum proprium nulla reformat iter.

Si videas vtrumque statum, dices quia certe

550 560

In magnis lesi rebus vterque sumus.

Nunc magis i n s p e c i e v o x p l e b i s

c l a m a t v b i q u e

P e c t o r e s u b t i m i d o q u e m e t u e n d a

f e r o .

C u r i a q u e m a i o r d e f e n d e r e i u r a

t e n e t u r,

N u n c m a g i s i n i u s t a s a m b u l a t i p s a

v i a s :

I n f i r m o c a p i t e p r i u a n t u r m e m b r a

s a l u t e ,

N o n t a m e n e s t m e d i c u s q u i m o d o

c u r a t o p u s .

E s t i t a m a g n i f i c u s v i c i o r u m m o r b u s

a b o r t u s ,

Q u o d v a l e t e x c e s s u s t o l l e r e n u l l a

m a n u s :

S i c o r i t u r p e s t i s , p e r q u a m i a c e t

o b r u t a v i r t u s ,

S u r g i t e t i n v i c i u m q u i r e g i t o m n e

f o r u m .

R e x , p u e r i n d o c t u s , m o r a l e s

n e g l i g i t a c t u s , 522

I n q u i b u s a p u e r o c r e s c e r e p o s s i t

h o m o :

S i c e t e n i m p u e r u m i u u e n i l i s c o n c i o

d u c i t ,

Q u o d n i c h i l e x p e d i e n s , s i t n i s i

v e l l e , s a p i t .

Q u e v u l t i l l e , v o l u n t i u u e n e s s i b i

c o n s o c i a t i ,

I l l e s u b i n t r a t i t e r, h i i q u e s e q u n t u r

e u m :

Va n u s h o n o r v a n o s i u u e n e s f a c i t

e s s e s o d a l e s ,

570

V n d e m a g i s v a n e r e g i a t e c t a

c o l u n t .

H

i i p u e r u m r e g e m p u e r i l i m o r e

s u b o r n a n t ,

P o n d e r a v i r t u t u m q u o m i n u s i p s e

g e r i t .

S u n t e c i a m v e t e r e s c u p i d i , q u i

l u c r a s e q u e n t e s

A d p u e r i p l a c i t u m p l u r a n e p h a n d a

s i n u n t :523

C e d u n t m o r i g e r i , v e n i u n t q u i s u n t

v i c i o s i ,

Q u i c q u i d e t e s t v i c i i C u r i a R e g i s

h a b e t .

E r r o r a d o m n e l a t u s p u e r i

c o n s u r g i t , e t i l l e ,

Q u i s a t i s e s t d o c i l i s , c o n c i p i t o m n e

m a l u m :

N o n d o l u s i m m o i o c u s , n o n f r a u s

s e t g l o r i a l u d i

S u n t p u e r i s , s e t e i s o r s s t a t a b o r t a

d o l i .

S u n t t a m e n o c c u l t e c a u s e , q u a s

n u l l u s i n o r b e

S c i r e p o t e s t , s e t e a s s c i t m a g i s

i p s e d e u s :

N e s c i t e n i m m a t e r n a t o q u e f a t a

p a r a n t u r,

F i n e s e t o c c u l t u m c l a r i u s o m n e

p a t e t .

Ta l i a v o x p o p u l i c o n c l a m a t v b i q u e

m o d e r n i

I n d u b i o p o s i t i p r e g r a u i t a t e m a l i :

S i c e g o c o n d o l e o s u p e r h i i s q u e

t e d i a c e r n o ,

Q u o R e g i p u e r o s c r i p t a s e q u e n d a

f e r o .

545-580 Text SCEHGDL As follows in TH₂

Nunc magis ecce refert verbi clamantis ad aures524

Vox, et in hoc dicit tempore plura grauant.

Crimen et, vt clamat, fert maius curia maior, Que foret instructor, legibus extat egens.

Ad commune bonum non est <modo> lingua locuta,525

550*

560*

Immo petit proprii commoda quisque lucri. Agmen adulantum media procedit in aula,

Quodque iubet fieri, curia cedit eis:526

Set qui vera loqui presumunt, curia tales

Pellit, et ad regis non sinit esse latus.

Stat puer immunis culpe, set qui puerile

Instruerent regimen, non sine labe manent:

Sic non rex set consilium sunt causa doloris, Quo quasi communi murmure plangit humus.

Tempora matura si rex etatis haberet, Equaret libram que modo iure caret: Regis namque modus alios moderatur, et omnis527

Iuris ad officium dicitur esse caput. Si bonus esse velit rex, hii qui sunt bonitatis

Sunt magis edocti condicione bona:528

Si malus esse velit, simili rex sorte clientes, Vt sibi complaciant, eligit, ornat, amat:529

Hoc set eum tangit discretum quem probat etas, Non puerum, quia tunc fit sibi culpa minor

Non est nature lex nec racionis, vt illud

570*

Quod mundum ledit sit puerile malum; Non dolus, immo iocus, non fraus set gloria ludi, Sunt pueris, nec ibi restat origo mali.

Dixit enim Daniel, quod de senioribus orta

Exiit impietas, quam furor orbis habet:

Omne quod est mundi vicium plantant veterani,

Et quasi de peste spersa venena serunt.530

Horum namque scelus fertur maculare figuras

Tocius mundi, quo furit ira dei.

Iamque supercreuit dolus et defecit honestas,531

Sentit et opprobrium quod fuit ante decus.

Hic loquitur quod, exquo omnes quicumque mundi status

sub regie magestatis iusticia moderantur, intendit ad presens

r e g n a t u r o532 i a m Regi nostro quandam epistolam

d o c t r i n e c a u s a533 editam scribere consequenter, ex qua ille rex noster, qui modo in sua puerili constituitur etate, cum vberiores postea sumpserit annos, gracia mediante diuina, in suis regalibus exercendis euidencius instruatur. Et primo dicit quod, quamuis regalis potencia quodammodo supra leges extollatur, regiam tamen decet clemenciam, quod ipse bonis moribus inherendo, quasi liber sub iusticie legibus se et suos in aspectu Regis altissimi assidue gubernet.

Capm . viii.

580* 590

Cumque sui Regis legi sit legius omnis

Subditus, et toto corpore seruit ei, Est ita conueniens quod eum de corde fideli

Mentis in affectu legius omnis amet: Regis et est proprium, commissam quod sibi plebem

Dirigat, et iusta lege gubernet eam.

Hinc est, quod normam scriptis de pluribus ortam

Regis ego laudi scribere tendo mei.

O pie rex, audi que sit tua regula regni, Concordans legi mixtaque iure dei.

Legum frena tenens freno te forcius arce; Dum nullum metuis, sis metus ipse tibi:

600

Namque timor, virtus humilis, fugit omne superbum,

Et quasi virtutum clauiger esse solet.

Est tibi, rex, melius quod te de lege gubernes,

Subdere quam mundi singula regna tibi:

Est propter mundum tibi subdita sors aliorum, Tu propter celum subditus esto deo.

Vt tibi deseruit populus de lege subactus, Cristi seruiciis temet ad instar habe:

Vincere te studeas, alios qui vincis, et omnes

Excessus animi subdere disce tui:

Iustificans alios cupias te iustificare,

Iuraque dans plebi, des ita iura tibi.

Qui superas alios, temet superare labora; Si rex esse velis, te rege, rex et eris.

Qua fore se regem poterit racione fateri,

Mentis qui proprie non regit acta sue?

Non valet hoc regimen aliis conferre salutem,

610

Dum sibi non fuerit rector, vt esse decet.

Dum tibi cuncta licent, ne queras cuncta licere, Res etenim licite noxia sepe ferunt:

Tu super es iura, iustus set viue sub illis,534

Spesque tui nobis causa salutis erit.

Est mors ira tua, potes id quod non licet, et te

Prestita vota tamen ducere iuris habent:

Quod licet illesa mentis precordia seruat, Omne tamen licitum non probat esse probum:

Quod licet est tutum, set que potes illa sub arto

620

Discute iudicio fultus honore tuo.

Micius acta regas, aliter nisi causa requirat; Asperitas odium seuaque bella mouet.

Non te pretereat populi fortuna potentis

Publica, set sapiens talia fata caue.

Vita Pharaonis et gesta maligna Neronis, Que iusto regi sunt fugienda docent.

O bone rex iuuenis, fac quod bonitate iuuentus

Sit tua morigeris dedita rite modis.

Quid tibi forma iuuat vel nobile nomen Auorum, Si viciis seruus factus es ipse tuis?

Doctor Alexandri Magni prauos sibi mores

Primitus edocuit, dum puer ipse fuit:

Rex puer hec didicit, que post dum dedidicisse

Temptauit, primus obstat abusus ei:

Vicit Alexander Darium simul et Babilonem, Set nequit impressum vincere corde malum.

Nuper in exemplis scripserunt sic sapientes,

Quod prius imbuerit, testa tenere solet:

Rex, igitur cicius viciosos pelle remotos, Nam vix turpe vetus nescit abire foras.

Plaude bonis, fuge prauorum consorcia, labem

De pice tractata contrahit egra manus.

Hic loquitur qualiter rex535 sibi male consulentes caucius euitare, proditoresque regni sui penitus extinguere, suorum eciam conditiones ministrorum diligencius inuestigare, et quos extra iusticiam errantes inuenerit, debita pena corrigere debet et districcius castigare.

Sordibus implicitos falsosque cauebis amicos, Qui tua deposcunt, te nec amare volunt:

Blanda dolosorum fugias per verba leuari, Ne speciale tuum nomen ad yma ruant:

Verba nimis leuiter audire que credere dicta

Sepe supervacuos cogit inire metus.

Vir qui bella mouet, qui predas consulit, et qui

Conspirat taxas plebis habere tue, O rex, oro tuas quod claudas talibus aures, Ne tua nobilitas lesa fatiscat eis.536

Consilium regale tuum vir nullus auarus

Tangat, set tales mortis ad instar habe.

660

Illud in orbe malum non est, q u o d c o r d i s a u a r i

Non latet in cella, dum sitit inde lucrum: Ambulat in tenebris, opus exercet tenebrarum,

Odit et impugnat nil nisi pacis opus.537

Qui mel in ore gerens, set habens in corde venenum,

Pacis habet verbum, mente notando malum, Hic est versutus, inimicis regis amicus, Semper venalis, dum vacat ipse lucris;

Vipereum genus et vanum plenumque veneno,538

Fraudibus, insidiis, artibus arma parat:

Semper in insidiis sedet incautisque nocere

Temptat, et occulto fabricat ipse dolos.

Hic rimans animos hominum secreta reuelat, Et similis Iude fabricat acta sua.

Qui te sollicitat, rex, et subuertere temptat,

670

Qui te persuadet soluere iussa dei,

Quis sit et ipse vide, qualis vel condicionis, Aut tibi si vera dicere verba velit.

Discute mente prius animum temptantis, et audi

Si vel constanter vel dubitanter agat, Si tibi preponat dubium, mendacia fingens:

Semper deprendi verba dolosa timent.

Cum sit causa doli, pie rex, tu credere noli, Si quis agat praue, tu sua facta caue.

Multus non credit, nisi cum res noxia ledit;539

680

Ante manum sapiens prouidet acta regens:

Decipiuntur aues per cantus sepe suaues; Blande, rex, lingue mellea verba fuge.

Rex, bona digna bonis da premia, rex, et iniquis

Que sua promeruit premia culpa dabis:

Latro bonus veniam Cristo miserante meretur, Penam promeruit in cruce latro malus.

Obsequium prauum trahit e manibus graue donum,

Que sunt facta suo fine notabit homo.

690

700

Si scelus vlcisci racio certissima poscit, Iustus in hoc casu quod decet illud age.

Ficta tibi pietas non mulceat aspera iuris, Vlcio iudicium compleat immo tuum:

Sepe pericla fera fert iudicis vlcio tarda, Destruit ille bonos qui sinit esse malos. Diuersas penas diuersis addito culpis, Mille mali species, mille salutis erunt.

Iudicii signum gladius monstrare videtur, Proditor vt periat, rex tenet arma secus:540

Rex iubeat tales laqueo super alta leuari, Ne periat Regis legis et ille status.541

Rex, age, ne plebis furiens discordia dicat, ‘Lex caruit rege iura paterna regens’:

Absit et hoc vulgo ne dicat, iure remoto, Quod nichil auxilii principis vmbra facit.

Fraus cum fraude sua periat de morte remorsa,541

Vt stet iusticia regia laude tua:

Sic dicant populi, ‘Sit semper gloria regi, Quo bona pax viguit, quo reus acta luit.’

710

720

Precipitur gladius vibratus semper haberi, Prompcius vt crimen iudiciale ferat:

Ense quiescente, compescere non valet orbem; Qui regnare cupit sanguine iura colat.

Arma ferunt pacem, compescunt arma rapacem, Vt reus hec timeat, rex probus arma gerat; Nomine subque tuo ledant ne forte quirites, Plebem te tenero corde videre decet:

Si vis namque tuos non castigare ministros, Crimen habet culpe regia culpa sue.

Euolat ancipiter ad predas, lucra suisque

Deseruit dominis in rapiendo cibos:

Sic sunt qui regi famulando suos et ad vsus Tollunt pauperibus dampna ferendo nimis.

In prece pondus habet pauper qui clamat egenus

Ad dominum, memor est pauperis ipse sui.

Sicut enim presul, qui custos est animarum,

Pondus in officio debet habere suo; Compotus vtque suus, sic stabit et vltima merces, Gloria vel pena perpetuatur ei; Rex ita qui nostrum moderaris legibus orbem, Dona tuis meritis conferet equa deus.

Posse tuum grande, rex, est, que potencior ille, Omne tuum cuius dextera librat opus.

Hic dicit quod rex sano consilio adhereat, ecclesie iura supportet et erigat,542 equs in iudiciis et pietosus existat, suamque famam cunctis mundi opibus preponat.

m . x.

750

Sperne malos, cole prudentes, compesce rebelles,

Da miseris, sontes respue, parce reis. Quicquid agas, vicio numquam mergatur honestum;

Fama lucro, rebus preficiatur opus.

Nil tibi, rex, fingas pro mundo, quo reputeris

Iustus apud proceres et reus ante deum: Ecclesiam studeas multa pietate fouere, Cuius enim precibus vult diadema geri.

Pauperis et vidue dum cernis adesse querelas, Iudicium miseris cum pietate geras.

Expedit interdum sanccita remittere legum,543

Ne periat pietas de feritate tua:

Indulgere tuis tua sic dignetur honestas, Nam puto sepe deum viuere velle reum.

Par quoque portet onus sic nobilis atque colonus, Et nichil archanum polluat ante manum.

Ardua si causa tibi sit, videas, quia certe Tarda solet magnis rebus inesse fides.

Rebus in ambiguis tu certum ponere noli, Fallitur augurio spes bona sepe suo: Est magis humani generis iactura dolori,

760

Nescit principium quid sibi finis aget.

Dum tibi suadet opus tractare negocia regni,

Consilium regat hoc cum seniore senex.

Ibit in occasum quicquid dicemus ad ortum,

Lingua loquax habitum nesciat ergo tuum.

Consilium prauum regalem turbat honorem,

Prouocat inque scelus que bona pacis erant.

Iura dabit populo senior, discretaque iustis

Legibus est etas vnde petatur honor.

Est satis ille senex, cuius sapiencia sensum

Firmat in etate, sit licet ipse minor.

Non stabiles animos veteres fatuam ve iuuentam544

Comprobo, non etas sic sua iura dedit: In sene multociens stat condicio iuuenilis, Dum iuuenis mores obtinet ipse senis.

770

780

Caucius ergo statum videas, pie rex, ad vtrumque; Vnde legas homines, tu prius acta proba.

Qui tibi seruicium prebet nec invtilis aurum

Appetit, hic seruus debeat esse tuus:

Dulcius est mercede labor qui regis honorem

Spectat, et in tali spem tibi ferre potes.

Est qui pacificus, est vir qui iuris amicus, Liber auaricie, largus ad omne bonum,

Vtere consilio tali, pie rex, vt habundet

Cronica perpetue laudis in orbe tue.

Fama volans gratis, nullo soluente cathenas,545

Proclamat meritis ista vel illa tuis:

Nomen, crede, bonum gasas precellit, honorem

Conseruat, remouet scandala, laude viget:

Tange bonum florem, dulcem prestabit odorem, Sic virtusque viri fragrat vbique boni.

Consule doctores legis, discede malorum

A conventiculis, concomitare bonos:

Vt granum de messe tibi, de fonte salubri

Pocula, de docto dogmata mente legas.

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