Advances in Computational Intelligence 13th International Work Conference on Artificial Neural Networks IWANN 2015
Palma de Mallorca Spain June 10 12
2015 Proceedings Part I 1st Edition Ignacio Rojas
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Ignacio Rojas
Gonzalo Joya
Andreu Catala (Eds.)
Advances in Computational Intelligence 13th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, IWANN 2015 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, June 10–12, 2015 Proceedings, Part I
LectureNotesinComputerScience9094 CommencedPublicationin1973
FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen
EditorialBoard
DavidHutchison
LancasterUniversity,Lancaster,UK
TakeoKanade
CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK
JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
FriedemannMattern
ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA
MoniNaor
WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel
C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India
BernhardSteffen
TUDortmundUniversity,Dortmund,Germany
DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA
DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
GerhardWeikum
MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbrücken,Germany
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/7407
IgnacioRojas · GonzaloJoya
AndreuCatala(Eds.)
Advancesin Computational Intelligence 13thInternationalWork-Conference onArtificialNeuralNetworks,IWANN2015 PalmadeMallorca,Spain,June10–12,2015 Proceedings,PartI
Editors
IgnacioRojas UniversityofGranada Granada Spain
GonzaloJoya UniversityofMalaga Malaga Spain
AndreuCatala PolytechnicUniversityofCatalonia VilanovailaGeltrú Spain
ISSN0302-9743ISSN1611-3349(electronic)
LectureNotesinComputerScience
ISBN978-3-319-19257-4ISBN978-3-319-19258-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-19258-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015939427
LNCSSublibrary:SL1–Theoretical ComputerScienceandGeneralIssues
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015
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Preface Weareproudtopresentthesetoffinalacceptedpapersforthe13theditionofthe IWANNconference“InternationalWork-ConferenceonArtificialNeuralNetworks” heldinPalmadeMallorca(Spain)duringJune10–12,2015.
IWANNisabiennialconferencethatseekstoprovideadiscussionforumforscientists,engineers,educators,andstudentsaboutthelatestideasandrealizationsinthe foundations,theory,models,andapplicationsofhybridsystemsinspiredonnature(neuralnetworks,fuzzylogic,andevolutionarysystems)aswellasinemergingareasrelated totheaboveitems.AsinpreviouseditionsofIWANN,italsoaimstocreateafriendly environmentthatcouldleadtotheestablishmentofscientificcollaborationsandexchangesamongattendees.Theproceedings willincludeallthepresentedcommunicationstotheconference.Ithasalsoforeseenthepublicationofanextendedversionof selectedpapersinaspecialissueofseveral specializedjournals(suchasNeurocomputing,SoftComputing,andNeuralProcessingLetters).
SincethefirsteditioninGranada(LNCS540,1991),theconferencehasevolvedand matured.ThelistoftopicsinthesuccessiveCallforPapershasalsoevolved,resulting inthefollowinglistforthepresentedition:
1. Mathematicalandtheoreticalmethodsincomputationalintelligence.Mathematicsforneuralnetworks.RBFstructures.Self-organizingnetworksandmethods.Supportvectormachinesandkernelmethods.Fuzzylogic.Evolutionaryand geneticalgorithms.
2. Neurocomputationalformulations.Single-neuronmodelling.Perceptualmodelling.System-levelneuralmodelling.Spikingneurons.Modelsofbiologicallearning.
3. Learningandadaptation.Adaptivesystems.Imitationlearning.Reconfigurable systems.Supervised,non-supervised,reinforcement,andstatisticalalgorithms.
4. Emulationofcognitivefunctions.DecisionMaking.Multi-agentsystems.Sensormesh.Naturallanguage.Patternrecognition.Perceptualandmotorfunctions (visual,auditory,tactile,virtualreality,etc.).Robotics.Planningmotorcontrol.
5. Bio-inspiredsystemsandneuro-engineering .Embeddedintelligentsystems. Evolvablecomputing.Evolvinghardware.Microelectronicsforneural,fuzzy,and bioinspiredsystems.Neuralprostheses.Retinomorphicsystems.Brain–computer interfaces(BCI).Nanosystems.Nanocognitivesystems.
6. Advancedtopicsincomputationalintelligence.Intelligentnetworks.Knowledgeintensiveproblem-solvingtechniques.Multi-sensordatafusionusingcomputational intelligence.Searchandmeta-heuristics.SoftComputing.Neuro-fuzzysystems. Neuro-evolutionarysystems.Neuro-swarm.Hybridizationwithnovelcomputing paradigms.
7. Applications.ExpertSystems.ImageandSignalProcessing.Ambientintelligence. Biomimeticapplications.Systemidentification,processcontrol,andmanufacturing. ComputationalBiologyandBioinformatics.ParallelandDistributedComputing.
Human–ComputerInteraction,InternetModeling,CommunicationandNetworking.IntelligentSystemsinEducation.Human–RobotInteraction.Multi-AgentSystems.Timeseriesanalysisandprediction.Dataminingandknowledgediscovery.
Attheendofthesubmissionprocess,andafteracarefulpeer-reviewandevaluation process(eachsubmissionwasreviewedbyatleast2,andontheaverage2.7,Program Committeemembersoradditionalreviewers),100paperswereacceptedfororalor posterpresentation,accordingtotherecommendationsofreviewersandtheauthors’ preferences.
Itisimportanttonote,thatforthesake ofconsistencyand readability ofthebook, thepresentedpapersarenotorganizedastheywerepresentedintheIWANN2015sessions,butclassifiedunder14chapters.Theorganizationofthepapersisintwovolumes arrangedbasicallyfollowingthetopicslistincludedintheCallforPapers.Thefirstvolume(LNCS9094),entitled“IWANN2015.AdvancesonComputationalIntelligence. PartI”isdividedintoeightmainpartsandincludesthecontributionson:
1.ComputingLanguageswithBio-InspiredDevicesandMulti-AgentSystems (SpecialSession,organizedby:M.DoloresJiménez-LópezandAlfonsoOrtega delaPuente)
2.Brain-ComputerInterfaces:ApplicationsandTele-services(SpecialSession, organizedby:RicardoRonAngevinandMiguelAngelLopez)
3.Multi-RobotSystems:Applications andTheory(MRSAT)(SpecialSession, organizedby:JoséGuerreroandÓscarValero)
4.VideoandImageProcessing(SpecialSession,organizedby:EnriqueDomínguez andJoseGarcia)
5.TransferLearning(SpecialSession,organizedby:LuisM.Silvaand JorgeM.Santos)
6.Structures,algorithms,andmethodsin artificialintelligence(SpecialSession, organizedby:DanielaDanciuandVladimirR ˘ asvan)
7.InteractiveandCognitiveEnvironments(SpecialSession,organizedby:WeiChen andAlbertSamá)
8.MathematicalandtheoreticalmethodsinFuzzySystems
Inthesecondvolume(LNCS9095),entitled“IWANN2015.AdvancesonComputationalIntelligence.PartII”isdividedintosixmainpartsandincludesthecontributionson:
1.PatternRecognition
2.Embeddedintelligentsystems
3.ExpertSystems
4.AdvancesinComputationalIntelligence
5.ApplicationsofComputationalIntelligence
6.InvitedTalkstoIWANN2015
InthiseditionofIWANN2015,theplenarytalksweregivenbyProf. CristinaUrdiales(Thesharedcontrolparadigmforassistiveandrehabilitationrobots), Prof.DanCiresan(DeepNeuralNetworksforVisualPatternRecognition),andfinally byProf.AndreaCavallaro.
The13theditionoftheIWANNconferencewasorganizedbytheUniversityof Granada,UniversityofMálaga,PolytechnicUniversityofCatalonia,andUniversity oftheBalearicIslands,togetherwiththeSpanishChapteroftheIEEEComputational IntelligenceSociety.WewishtothanktheUniversityoftheBalearicIslandsfortheir supportandgrants.
Wewouldalsoliketoexpressourgratitudetothemembersofthedifferentcommitteesfortheirsupport,collaboration,andgoodwork.WespeciallythanktheLocal Committe,ProgramCommittee,theReviewers,InvitedSpeaker,andSpecialSession Organizers.Finally,wewanttothankSpringer,andespeciallyAlfredHoffmanand AnnaKramerfortheircontinuoussupportandcooperation.
June2015IgnacioRojas GonzaloJoya AndreuCatala
Organization ProgramCommittee LeopoldoAcostaUniversityofLaLaguna,Spain
VanessaAguiar-PulidoRNASA-IMEDIR,UniversityofACoruña,Spain
ArnulfoAlanisGarzaInstitutoTecnológicodeTijuana,Mexico
AliFuatAlkayaMarmaraUniversity,Turkey
AmparoAlonso-BetanzosUniversityofACoruña,Spain
JuanAntonioAlvarez-GarcíaUniversityofSeville,Spain
JhonEdgarAmayaUniversityofTachira(UNET),Venezuela
GabrielaAndrejkovaPavolJozefŠafarikUniversity,SlovakRepublic CesarAndresUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,Spain
MiguelÁngelLópezUniversityofCádiz,Spain
AnastassiaAngelopoulouUniversityofWestminster,UK
PlamenAngelovLancasterUniversity,UK
DavideAnguitaUniversityofGenova,Italy
CecilioAnguloUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain
JavierAntichUniversitatdelesIllesBalears,Spain
AngeloArleoCNRS-UniversityPierreandMarieCurieParisVI, France
CorneliuArseneSCIPASA,Romania
MiguelAtenciaUniversityofMálaga,Spain
JorgeAzorín-LópezUniversityofAlicante,Spain DavideBacciuUniversityofPisa,Italy
JavierBajoUniversidadPolitécnicadeMadrid,Spain
JuanPedroBanderaRubioISISGroup,UniversityofMálaga,Spain
CristianBarruéUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain AndrzejBartoszewiczTechnicalUniversityofLodz,Poland BrunoBaruqueUniversityofBurgos,Spain
DavidBecerraAlonsoUniversityoftheWestofScotland,UK LluísBelancheUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain SergioBermejoUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain FrancescBoninUniversitatdelesIllesBalears,Spain FranciscoBonnínPascualUniversitatdelesIllesBalears,Spain
JulioBritoUniversityofLaLaguna,Spain
AntoniBurgueraUniversitatdelesIllesBalears,Spain
JoanCabestanyUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain InmaP.CabreraUniversityofMálaga,Spain
TomasaCalvoUniversityofAlcalá,Spain
JoseLuisCalvoRolleUniversityofACoruña,Spain FrancescoCamastraUniversityofNaplesParthenope,Italy CarlosCarrascosaGTI-IADSICUniversidadPolitecnicadeValencia, Spain
LuisCastedoUniversidaddeACoruña,Spain PedroCastilloUniversityofGranada,Spain AndreuCatalaUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain AnaCavalliGET/INT,France MiguelCazorlaUniversityofAlicante,Spain WeiChenEindhovenUniversityofTechnology, TheNetherlands
JesusCid-SueiroUniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,Spain MaximoCobosUniversidaddeValencia,Spain ValentinaCollaScuolaSuperioreSant’Anna,Italy PabloCorderoUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain FrancescoCoronaAaltoUniversity,Finland UlisesCortesUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain MarieCottrellSAMMUniversitéParis1Panthéon-Sorbonne, France
RaúlCruz-BarbosaUniversidad TecnológicadelaMixteca,Mexico ManuelCruz-RamírezUniversityofCórdoba,Spain ErzsébetCsuhaj-VarjúEötvösLorándUniversity,Hungary DanielaDanciuUniversityofCraiova,Romania SuashDebC.V.RamanCollegeofEngineering,India AngelPascualDelPobilUNIVERSITATJAUMEI,Spain EnriqueDomínguezUniversityofMálaga,Spain JulianDoradoUniversidadedaCoruña,Spain AbrahanDuarteUniversidadReyJuanCarlos,Spain RichardDuroUniversidaddeACoruña,Spain GregorioDíazUniversityofCastilla-LaMancha,Spain EmilEirolaAaltoUniversity,Finland PatrikEklundUmeåUniversity,Sweden JavierFernándezdeCañeteUniversityofMálaga,Spain FranciscoFernandezDeVegaGrupodeEvolucionArtificial, UniversidaddeExtremadura,Spain AlbertoFernandezGilCETINIA,UniversidadReyJuanCarlos,Spain EnriqueFernandez-BlancoUniversityofACoruña,Spain ManuelFernándezCarmonaUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain AntonioJ.FernándezLeivaUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain FranciscoFernándezNavarroUniversityofCórdoba,Spain
CarlosFernández-LozanoUniversidadedaCoruña,Spain
JoseManuelFerrandezUniversidadPolitécnicadeCartagena,Spain
RicardoFerreiraNovedeJulhoUniversity,Brazil
AníbalR.Figueiras-VidalUniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,Spain OscarFontenla-RomeroUniversityofACoruña,Spain ColinFyfeUniversityoftheWestofScotland,UK EmilioGarciaUniversitatdelesIllesBalears,Spain
RodolfoGarcía-BermudezUniversidadLaicaEloyAlfarodeManabí,Ecuador CarlosGarciaPuntonetUniversityofGranada,Spain
JuanMGarcia-GomezUniversidad PolitecnicadeValencia,Spain FranciscoGarcia-LagosUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain
JoseGarcia-RodriguezUniversityofAlicante,Spain PatricioGarcíaBáezUniversidaddeLaLaguna,Spain
PabloGarcíaSánchezUniversityofGranada,Spain
MaribelGarcía-ArenasUniversidaddeGranada,Spain
PatrickGardaUniversitéPierre etMarieCurie-Paris6,France
PeterGloesekoetterMünsterUniversityofAppliedSciences,Germany JuanGomezRomeroUniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,Spain JuanGorrizUniversityofGranada,Spain KarlGoserTechnicalUniversityDortmund,Germany BernardGosselinUniversityofMons,Belgium ManuelGranaUniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Spain BerthaGuijarro-BerdiñasUniversityofACoruña,Spain NicolásGuilMataUniversityofMálaga,Spain AlbertoGuillénUniversityofGranada,Spain FranciscoHerreraUniversityofGranada,Spain ÁlvaroHerreroUniversityofBurgos,Spain CesarHervasUniversityofCordoba,Spain TomHeskesRadboudUniversityNijmegen,TheNetherlands Wei-ChiangHongOrientalInstituteofTechnology,India JoséM.JerezUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain M.DoloresJimenez-LopezRoviraiVirgiliUniversity,Spain JuanLuisJiménezLaredoUniversityofGranada,Spain GonzaloJoyaUniversityofMálaga,Spain VicenteJulianUniversidadPolitécnicadeValencia,Spain FernandoL.PelayoUniversityofCastilla-LaMancha,Spain AlbertoLabargaUniversityofGranada,Spain RaulLaraCabreraUniversityofMálaga,Spain
NunoLauUniversidadedeAveiro,Portugal AmauryLendasseTheUniversityofIowa,USA MiguelLopezUniversityofGranada,Spain OtonielLópezGranadoMiguelHernandezUniversity,Spain RafaelMarcosLuqueBaenaUniversityofMálaga,Spain EzequielLópez-RubioUniversityofMálaga,Spain KuroshMadaniLISSI/UniversitéPARIS-ESTCreteil,France MarioMartinUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain BonifacioMartinDelBrioUniversityofZaragoza,Spain JoseD.Martin-GuerreroUniversityofValencia,Spain LuisMartíUniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,Spain FranciscoMartínezEstudilloETEA,Spain JoséLuisMartínezMartínezUniversityofCastilla-LaMancha,Spain JoséFco.Martínez-TrinidadINAOE,InstitutoNacionaldeAstrofísica, ÓpticayElectrónica,Mexico MiquelMassotUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain FrancescoMasulliUniversityofGenoa,Italy MontserratMateosUniversidad PontificiadeSalamanca,Spain JesúsMedina-MorenoUniversityofCádiz,Morocco MariaBelenMelianBatistaUniversityofLaLaguna,Spain MercedesMerayoUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,Spain GustavoMeschinoUniversidadNacionaldeMardelPlata,Spain MargaretMiroUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain JoseM.MolinaUniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,Spain AugustoMontisciUniversityofCagliari,Italy AntonioMoraUniversityofGranada,Spain AngelMoraBonillaUniversityofMálaga,Spain ClaudioMoragaEuropeanCentreforSoftComputing,Spain GinésMorenoUniversityofCastilla-LaMancha,Spain JoseAndresMorenoUniversityofLaLaguna,Spain JuanMorenoGarciaUniversidaddeCastilla-LaMancha,Spain J.MarcosMorenoVegaUniversityofLaLaguna,Spain SusanaMuñozHernándezTechnicalUniversityofMadrid,Spain PepLluísNegreCarrascoUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain AlbertoNúñezUniversidaddeCastillaLaMancha,Spain ManuelOjeda-AciegoUniversityofMálaga,Spain SorinOlaru“SUPELEC”École Supérieurd’Électricité,France IvánOlierTheUniversityofManchester,UK MadalinaOlteanuSAMM,UniversitéParis1,France JulioOrtegaUniversidaddeGranada,Spain AlfonsoOrtegadeLaPuenteUniversidadAutónomadeMadrid,Spain AlbertoOrtizUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain EmilioOrtiz-GarcíaUniversidaddeAlcalá,Spain
OsvaldoPachecoUniversidadedeAveiro,Portugal EstebanJoséPalomoUniversityofMálaga,Spain DiegoPardoBarcelonaTech,Spain MiguelAngelPatricioUniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,Spain AlejandroPazosSierraUniversityofACoruña,Spain JoseManuelPerezLorenzoUniversidaddeJaén,Spain VincenzoPiuriUniversityofMilan,Italy HéctorPomaresUniversityofGranada,Spain AlbertoPrietoUniversidaddeGranada,Spain AlexandraPsarrouUniversityofWestminster,UK FranciscoA.PujolUniversityofAlicante,Spain PabloRabanalUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,Spain JuanRabuñalUniversityofACoruña,Spain VladimirR ˘ asvanUniversitateadinCraiova,Romania IsmaelRodríguezUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,Spain JuanA.RodriguezUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain SaraRodríguezUniversityofSalamanca,Spain FernandoRojasUniversityofGranada,Spain IgnacioRojasUniversityofGranada,Spain SamuelRomero-GarciaUniversityofGranada,Spain RicardoRon-AngevinUniversityofMálaga,Spain EduardoRosUniversityofGranada,Spain FrancescRosselloUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain FabriceRossiSAMM,UniversitéParis1,France FernandoRubioUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,Spain UlrichRueckertUniversityofPaderborn,Germany AddissonSalazarUniversidadPolitécnicadeValencia,Spain SanchoSalcedo-SanzUniversidaddeAlcalá,Spain AlbertSamàUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain FranciscoSandovalUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain JoséSantosUniversityofACoruña,Spain JoseA.SeoaneUniversityofBristol,UK EduardoSerranoUniversidadAutónomadeMadrid,Spain LuísSilvaUniversityofAveiro,Portugal OlliSimulaHelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland JordiSolé-CasalsUniversitatdeVic,Spain CarmenPazSuárezAraujoUniversidaddelasPalmasdeGranCanaria,Spain PeterSzolgayPázmányPéterCatholicUniversity,Hungary JavierSánchez-MonederoUniversityofCórdoba,Spain RicardoTellezPalRobotics,Spain AnaMariaTomeUniversidadedeAveiro,Portugal CarmeTorrasIRI(CSIC-UPC),Spain JoanTorrensUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain
ClaudeTouzetUniversityofProvence,France OlgaValenzuelaUniversityofGranada,Spain ÓscarValeroUniversityoftheBalearicIslands,Spain
MiguelÁngelVeganzonesUniversidaddelPaísVasco(UPV/EHU),Spain FranciscoVelasco-ÁlvarezUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain
SergioVelastinKingstonUniversity,UK MarleyVellascoPUC-Rio,Brazil AlfredoVellidoUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Spain FranciscoJ.VeredasUniversidaddeMálaga,Spain MichelVerleysenUniversitécatholiquedeLouvain,Belgium ChangjiuZhouSingaporePolytechnic,Singapore AhmedZobaaUniversityofExeter,UK
AdditionalReviewers Azorín-López,Jorge Cortes,Ulises DeLaCruz,Marina Fernandez-Blanco,Enrique Garcia-Fidalgo,Emilio Georgieva,Petia Luque-Baena,RafaelM. López-Rubio,Ezequiel Martinez-Gomez,Jesus MorenoGarcia,Juan
Navarro-Ortiz,Jorge Ortiz,Alberto Palomo,EstebanJosé Peters,Peter Rodriguez,JuanA. Rodriguez-Benitez,Luis Sánchez-Morillo,Daniel Volosyak,Ivan Wang,Qi Wetzels,Mart
Contents–PartI ComputingLanguageswithBio-InspiredDevices andMulti-AgentSystems
AGrammaticalInferenceModelforMeasuringLanguageComplexity.....3 LeonorBecerra-BonacheandM.DoloresJiménez-López
AProposalforContextualGrammaticalInference...................18 LeonorBecerra-Bonache,MaríaGalván,andFrançoisJacquenet
HowtoSearchOptimalSolutionsinBigSpaceswithNetworks ofBio-InspiredProcessors....................................29 JoséRamónSánchezCouso,SandraGómezCanaval, andDavidBatardLorenzo
DistributedSimulationofNEPsBasedOn-DemandCloudElastic Computation..............................................40 SandraGómezCanaval,AlfonsoOrtegadelaPuente, andPabloOrgazGonzález
HowNetsofEvolutionaryProcessors(NEPs)CouldbeSimulated inaDistributedWay........................................55 KarinaJiménez,AntonioJiménez,MarinadelaCruz, andSandraGómezCanaval
Brain-ComputerInterfaces:ApplicationsandTele-services
AComparisonofSSVEP-BasedBCI-PerformanceBetweenDifferent AgeGroups..............................................71 FelixGembler,PiotrStawicki,andIvanVolosyak
TraininginRealisticVirtualEnvironments:ImpactonUserPerformance inaMotorImagery-BasedBrain–ComputerInterface.................78 LeandrodaSilva-Sauer,LuisValero-Aguayo,FranciscoVelasco-Álvarez, SergioVarona-Moya,andRicardoRon-Angevin
Real-TimeMonitoringofBiomedicalSignalstoImproveRoadSafety.....89 JoséMiguelMorales,LeandroLuigiDiStasi,CarolinaDíaz-Piedra, ChristianMorillas,andSamuelRomero
Brain-ComputerInterface:UsabilityEvaluationofDifferentP300Speller Configurations:APreliminaryStudy.............................98
LilianaGarcia,VéroniqueLespinet-Najib,SarahSaioud, VictorMeistermann,SamuelRenaud,JaimeDiaz-Pineda, JeanMarcAndré,andRicardoRon-Angevin
AccessingTele-ServicesUsingaHybridBCIApproach...............110 ChrisBrennan,PaulMcCullagh,GayeLightbody,LeoGalway, DianaFeuser,JoséLuisGonzález,andSuzanneMartin
AuthenticationofBrain-ComputerInterfaceUsersinNetworkApplications...124 M.A.Lopez-Gordo,RicardoRon-Angevin,andFranciscoPelayo
ALabel-AidedFilterMethodforMulti-objectiveFeatureSelection inEEGClassificationforBCI.................................133
PedroMartín-Smith,JulioOrtega,JavierAsensio-Cubero, JohnQ.Gan,andAndrésOrtiz
Multi-RobotSystems:ApplicationsandTheory(MRSAT)
AFirstStepTowardaPossibilisticSwarmMulti-robotTaskAllocation....147 JoséGuerrero,ÓscarValero,andGabrielOliver
ABottom-upRobotArchitectureBasedonLearntBehaviorsDrivenDesign...159 IgnacioHerrero,CristinaUrdialesGarcía,JoséManuelPeulaPalacios, andFranciscoSandovalHernández
FromHumanEyeFixationtoHuman-likeAutonomousArtificialVision...171 ViachaslauKachurka,KuroshMadani,CristopheSabourin, andVladimirGolovko
TowardsaSharedControlNavigationFunction:EfficiencyBased CommandModulation.......................................185 ManuelFernández-Carmona,JoséManuelPeula, CristinaUrdiales,andFranciscoSandoval
AMiRo:AMiniRobotforScientificApplications...................199 ThomasSchöpping,TimoKorthals,StefanHerbrechtsmeier, andUlrichRückert
VideoandImageProcessing
VisualizationofComplexDatasetswiththeSelf-OrganizingSpanningTree...209 EzequielLópez-Rubio,EstebanJoséPalomo, RafaelMarcosLuqueBaena,andEnriqueDomínguez
ADetectionSystemforVerticalSlotFishwaysUsingLaserTechnology andComputerVisionTechniques...............................218
AngelJ.Rico-Diaz,AlvaroRodriguez,DanielVillares, JuanR.Rabuñal,JeronimoPuertas,andLuisPena
InteractiveRelevanceVisualLearningforImageRetrieval.............227 Hsin-ChiaFu,Z.H.Wang,W.J.Wang,andHsiao-TienPao
SceneClassificationBasedonLocalBinaryPatternandImprovedBag ofVisualWords...........................................241 GholamAliMontazer,DavarGiveki,andMohammadAliSoltanshahi
AnExperimentalComparisonfortheIdentificationofWeedsinSunflower CropsviaUnmannedAerialVehiclesandObject-BasedAnalysis.........252 MaríaPérez-Ortiz,PedroAntonioGutiérrez,JoseManuelPeña, JorgeTorres-Sánchez,CésarHervás-Martínez, andFranciscaLópez-Granados
ANovelFrameworkforHyperemiaGradingBasedonArtificial NeuralNetworks...........................................263 LuisaSánchez,NoeliaBarreira,HugoPena-Verdeal, andEvaYebra-Pimentel
ApplyingaGeneticAlgorithmSolutiontoImproveCompression ofWaveletCoefficientSign...................................276 AntonioMartí,OtonielLópez,FranciscoRodríguez-Ballester, andManuelMalumbres
FindingtheTextureFeaturesCharacterizingtheMostHomogeneous TextureSegmentintheImage.................................287 AlexanderGoltsev,VladimirGritsenko,ErnstKussul,andTatianaBaidyk
RobustTrackingforAugmentedReality..........................301 JoséM.González-Linares,NicolásGuil,andJuliánRamosCózar
Bio-inspiredMotionEstimationwithEvent-DrivenSensors.............309 FranciscoBarranco,CorneliaFermuller,andYiannisAloimonos
TransferLearning
DomainGeneralizationBasedonTransferComponentAnalysis..........325 ThomasGrubinger,AdrianaBirlutiu,HolgerSchöner, ThomasNatschläger,andTomHeskes
DeepTransferLearningEnsembleforClassification..................335 ChetakKandaswamy,LuísM.Silva,LuísA.Alexandre, andJorgeM.Santos
DevelopmentofaPowerOutputForecastingToolforWindFarms BasedinPrincipalComponentsandArtificialNeuralNetworks..........349
P.delSaz-Orozco,J.FernándezdeCañete,andR.Alba
CO2 RBFN-CS:FirstApproachIntroducingCost-Sensitivity intheCooperative-CompetitiveRBFNDesign......................361 MaríaDoloresPérez-Godoy,AntonioJesúsRivera,FranciscoCharte, andMariaJosedelJesus
TransferLearningfortheRecognitionofImmunogoldParticles inTEMImaging...........................................374
RicardoGamelasSousa,TiagoEsteves,SaraRocha, FranciscoFigueiredo,JoaquimMarquesdeSá,LuísA.Alexandre, JorgeM.Santos,andLuísM.Silva
Structures,AlgorithmsandMethodsinArtificialIntelligence
BSO-FS:BeeSwarmOptimizationforFeatureSelectioninClassification...387 SouhilaSadeg,LeilaHamdad,KarimaBenatchba,andZinebHabbas
ImprovedRetrievalforChallengingScenariosinClique-Based NeuralNetworks...........................................400 XiaoranJiang,MaxRaphaelSobrozaMarques,Pierre-JulienKirsch, andClaudeBerrou
OnStructureswithEmergentComputingProperties.AConnectionistversus ControlEngineeringApproach.................................415
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DeepNeuralNetworksforWindEnergyPrediction..................430 DavidDíaz,AlbertoTorres,andJoséRamónDorronsoro
EnsembleofClassifiersforLengthofStayPredictioninColorectalCancer...444 RuxandraStoean,CatalinStoean,AdrianSandita,DanielaCiobanu, andCristianMesina
InteractiveandCognitiveEnvironments
MonitoringMotorFluctuationsinParkinson’sDiseaseUsingaWaist-Worn InertialSensor............................................461
CarlosPérez-López,AlbertSamà,DanielRodríguez-Martín, AndreuCatalà,JoanCabestany,EvadeMingo, andAlejandroRodríguez-Molinero
ConvolutionalNeuralNetworksforDetectingandMappingCrowds inFirstPersonVisionApplications..............................475 JuanSebastianOlier,CarloRegazzoni,LucioMarcenaro, andMatthiasRauterberg
E-COmate:What’sYourNon-consumption?.......................486 VeranikaLim,MathiasFunk,MatthiasRauterberg,LucioMarcenaro, andCarloRegazzoni
MathematicalandTheoreticalMethodsinFuzzySystems ExtendedBagofVisualWordsforFaceDetection...................503 GholamAliMontazer,MohammadAliSoltanshahi,andDavarGiveki
ImprovingMulti-adjointLogicProgramsbyUnfoldingFuzzyConnective Definitions...............................................511 PedroJ.MorcilloandGinèsMoreno
AMixedFuzzySimilarityApproachtoDetectPlagiarisminPersianTexts...525 HamidAhangarbahanandGholamAliMontazer
ANeural-Network-BasedRobustObserverforSimultaneousUnknown InputDecouplingandFaultEstimation...........................535 PiotrWitczak,MarcinMrugalski,KrzysztofPatan,andMarcinWitczak
ConsequencesofStructuralDifferencesBetweenHierarchicalSystems WhileFuzzyInference......................................549 BegumMutlu,EbruA.Sezer,andHakanA.Nefeslioglu
SIRMsFuzzyInferenceModelwithLinearTransformationofInput VariablesandUniversalApproximation...........................561 HirofumiMiyajima,NoritakaShigei,andHiromiMiyajima
ANewApproachofFuzzyNeuralNetworksinMonthlyForecast ofWaterFlow............................................576 RubenAraújo,MêuserValença,andSérgioFernandes
OrderingRelationsoverIntuitionisticFuzzyQuantities................587 ElenaMielcova
OnFuzzy c-MeansandMembershipBasedClustering................597 VicençTorra
Contents–PartII PatternRecognition DevelopingGeneClassifierSystemforAutismRecognition............3
TomaszLatkowskiandStanislawOsowski
ADistributedFeatureSelectionApproachBasedonaComplexityMeasure...15 VerónicaBolón-Canedo,NoeliaSánchez-Maroño, andAmparoAlonso-Betanzos
EnsembleFeatureSelectionforRankingsofFeatures.................29
BorjaSeijo-Pardo,VerónicaBolón-Canedo,IagoPorto-Díaz, andAmparoAlonso-Betanzos
AMedicalCase-BasedReasoningApproachUsingImageClassification andTextInformationforRecommendation........................43
SaraNasiri,JohannesZenkert,andMadjidFathi
NonSpontaneousSaccadicMovementsIdentificationinClinical ElectrooculographyUsingMachineLearning.......................56
RobertoBecerra-García,RodolfoGarcía-Bermúdez, GonzaloJoya-Caparrós,AbelFernández-Higuera, CamiloVelázquez-Rodríguez,MichelVelázquez-Mariño, FrangerCuevas-Beltrán,FranciscoGarcía-Lagos, andRobertoRodríguez-Labrada
ApplyingaHybridAlgorithmtotheSegmentationoftheSpanishStock MarketIndexTimeSeries....................................69
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NonlinearOrdinalLogisticRegressionUsingCovariatesObtained byRadialBasisFunctionNeuralNetworksModels...................80
ManuelDorado-Moreno,PedroAntonioGutiérrez, JavierSánchez-Monedero,andCésarHervás-Martínez
EnergyFluxRangeClassificationbyUsingaDynamicWindow AutoregressiveModel.......................................92
PedroAntonioGutiérrez,JuanCarlosFernández,MáriaPérez-Ortiz, LauraCornejo-Bueno,EnriqueAlexandre-Cortizo,SanchoSalcedo-Sanz, andCésarHervás-Martínez
AutomaticEyeBlinkDetectionUsingConsumerWebCameras..........103
BeatrizRemeseiro,AlbaFernández,andMadalenaLira
InsightsontheUseofConvolutionalNeuralNetworksforDocument ImageBinarization.........................................115
J.Pastor-Pellicer,S.España-Boquera,F.Zamora-Martínez, M.ZeshanAfzal,andMariaJoseCastro-Bleda
AGeneticAlgorithms-BasedLSSVMClassifierforFixed-Size SetofSupportVectors......................................127
DaniloAvilarSilvaandAjalmarR.RochaNeto
EnsembleofMinimalLearningMachinesforPatternClassification.......142 DiegoParentePaivaMesquita,JoãoPauloPordeusGomes, andAmauriHolandaSouzaJunior
ExtremeLearningMachinesforMulticlassClassification:Refining PredictionswithGaussianMixtureModels........................153 EmilEirola,AndreyGritsenko,AntonAkusok,Kaj-MikaelBjörk, YoanMiche,DušanSovilj,RuiNian,BoHe,andAmauryLendasse
ModelingtheEUR/USDIndexUsingLS-SVMandPerforming VariableSelection..........................................165
Luis-JavierHerrera,AlbertoGuillén,RubénMartínez,CarlosGarcía, HectorPomares,OrestiBaños,andIgnacioRojas
EmbeddedIntelligentSystems
ModelingRetinaAdaptationwithMultiobjectiveParameterFitting.......175 PabloMartínez-Cañada,ChristianMorillas,SamuelRomero, andFranciscoPelayo
Stochastic-BasedImplementationofReservoirComputers..............185 MiquelL.Alomar,VincentCanals,VíctorMartínez-Moll, andJosepL.Rosselló
FPGAImplementationComparisonBetweenC-Mantec andBack-PropagationNeuralNetworkAlgorithms...................197 FranciscoOrtega-Zamorano,JoséM.Jerez,GustavoJuárez, andLeonardoFranco
ExpertSystems
LogicProgrammingandArtificialNeuralNetworksinBreastCancer Detection................................................211
JoséNeves,TiagoGuimarães,SabinoGomes,HenriqueVicente, MarianaSantos,JoãoNeves,JoséMachado,andPauloNovais
AnANFIS-BasedFaultClassificationApproachinDouble-Circuit TransmissionLineUsingCurrentSamples.........................225
MohammadAminJarrahi,HaidarSamet,HosseinRaayatpisheh, AhmadJafari,andMohsenRakhshan
EvolutionaryHybridConfigurationAppliedtoaPolymerizationProcess Modelling...............................................237
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Multi-layerPerceptronsforVoxel-BasedClassificationofPointClouds fromNaturalEnvironments...................................250 VictoriaPlaza,JoseAntonioGomez-Ruiz,AnthonyMandow, andAlfonsoJ.Garcia-Cerezo
AnImprovedRBFNeuralNetworkApproachtoNonlinearCurveFitting...262 MichaelM.LiandBrijeshVerma
QSVM:ASupportVectorMachineforRuleExtraction...............276
GuidoBolognaandYoichiHayashi
MultiwindowFusionforWearableActivityRecognition...............290 OrestiBaños,Juan-ManuelGalvez,MiguelDamas,AlbertoGuillén, Luis-JavierHerrera,HectorPomares,IgnacioRojas,ClaudiaVillalonga, ChoongSeonHong,andSungyoungLee
OntologicalSensorSelectionforWearableActivityRecognition.........298 ClaudiaVillalonga,OrestiBaños,HectorPomares,andIgnacioRojas
Short-TermSpanishAggregatedSolarEnergyForecast................307 NicolasPerez-Mora,VincentCanals,andVíctorMartínez-Moll
IntelligentPresentationSkillsTrainerAnalysesBodyMovement.........320 Anh-TuanNguyen,WeiChen,andMatthiasRauterberg
PerformingVariableSelectionbyMultiobjectiveCriterion:AnApplication toMobilePayment.........................................333 AlbertoGuillén,Luis-JavierHerrera,FranciscoLiébana,OrestiBaños, andIgnacioRojas
AdvancesinComputationalIntelligence AggregationofPartialRankings–AnApproachBasedontheKemeny RankingProblem..........................................343 GonzaloNápoles,ZoumpouliaDikopoulou,ElpinikiPapageorgiou, RafaelBello,andKoenVanhoof
ExistenceandSynthesisofComplexHopfieldTypeAssociativeMemories...356 GarimellaRamaMurthyandMoncefGabbouj
OnAccelerationofIncrementalLearninginChaoticNeuralNetwork......370 ToshinoriDeguchi,ToshikiTakahashi,andNaohiroIshii
ComparingOptimizationMethods,inContinuousSpace,forModelling withaDiffusionProcess.....................................380 NuriaRico,MaribelGarcíaArenas,DesiréeRomero, J.M.Crespo,PedroCastillo,andJ.J.Merelo
EstimatingArtificialNeuralNetworkswithGeneralizedMethodMoments...391 AlexandreStreetdeAguiarandJoãoMarcoBragadaCunha
AnHybridEnsembleMethodBasedonDataClustering andWeakLearnersReliabilitiesEstimatedThroughNeuralNetworks.....400 MarcoVannucci,ValentinaColla,andSilviaCateni
ConventionalPredictionvsBeyondDataRangePrediction ofLossCoefficientforQuarterCircleBreakwaterUsingANFIS.........412 ArkalVittalHegdeandRajuBudime
PerformanceEvaluationofLeastSquaresSVRinRobustDynamical SystemIdentification........................................422 JoséDanielA.Santos,CésarLincolnC.Mattos, andGuilhermeA.Barreto
OntheGeneralizationoftheUninormMorphologicalGradient..........436 ManuelGonzález-Hidalgo,SebastiaMassanet,ArnauMir, andDanielRuiz-Aguilera
RevisitingImageVignettingCorrectionbyConstrainedMinimization ofLog-IntensityEntropy.....................................450 LauraLopez-Fuentes,GabrielOliver,andSebastiaMassanet
HybridDynamicLearningSystemsforRegression...................464 KaushalaDiasandTerryWindeatt
ANovelAlgorithmtoTrainMultilayerHardlimitNeuralNetworksBased onaMixedIntegerLinearProgramModel........................477 JoseB.daFonseca
OnMemberLabellinginSocialNetworks.........................488 RafaelCorchuelo,AntoniaM.ReinaQuintero,andPatriciaJiménez
ApplicationsofComputationalIntelligence
DeconvolutionofX-rayDiffractionProfilesUsingGeneticAlgorithms andDifferentialEvolution....................................503
SidolinaP.Santos,JuanA.Gomez-Pulido,andFlorentinoSanchez-Bajo
UsingANNinFinancialMarketsMicro-StructureAnalysis.............515 BrayanS.ReyesDazaandOctavioJ.SalcedoParra
ClusterAnalysisofFinger-to-noseTestforSpinocerebellarAtaxia Assessment..............................................524
MichelVelázquez-Mariño,MiguelAtencia,RodolfoGarcía-Bermúdez, DanielPupo-Ricardo,RobertoBecerra-García,LuisVelázquezPérez, andFranciscoSandoval
ExploitingNeuro-FuzzySystemforMobilityPredictioninWireless Ad-HocNetworks..........................................536
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ANewMethodforanOptimalSOMSizeDeterminationinNeuro-Fuzzy fortheDigitalForensicsApplications............................549
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SearchforMeaningThroughtheStudyofCo-occurrencesinTexts.......578 NicolasBourgeois,MarieCottrell,StéphaneLamassé, andMadalinaOlteanu
EvaluationofFittingFunctionsfortheSaccadeVelocityProfile inElectrooculographicRecords................................592 RodolfoGarcía-Bermúdez,CamiloVelázquez-Rodríguez,FernandoRojas, ManuelRodríguez,RobertoBecerra-García,MichelVelázquez-Mariño, JoséArteaga-Vera,andLuisVelázquez
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ComputerAccessandAlternativeandAugmentativeCommunication (AAC)forPeoplewithDisabilities:AMulti-modalHardware andSoftwareSolution.......................................605
SalvadorSancha-RosandEstherGarcía-Garaluz
InvitedTalkstoIWANN2015
TheSharedControlParadigmforAssistiveandRehabilitationRobots.....613 CristinaUrdiales
AGrammaticalInferenceModel forMeasuringLanguageComplexity LeonorBecerra-Bonache1 andM.DoloresJim´enez-L´opez2(B
)
1 LaboratoireHubertCurien,JeanMonnetUniversity,18rueBenoitLauras, 42100Saint-Etienne,France
leonor.becerra@univ-st-etienne.fr
2 ResearchGrouponMathematicalLinguistics,UniversitatRoviraiVirgili, Av.Catalunya,35,43002Tarragona,Spain
mariadolores.jimenez@urv.cat
Abstract. The21stcenturyhasre-openedtheinterestofLinguistics onthecomplexityofnaturallanguages.Theequi-complexitydogma–the ideathatalllanguagesmustbeequallycomplex–hasbeenchallengedby anumberofresearchersthatclaimthatindeednaturallanguagesdiffer incomplexity.Inthelastfifteenyears,challengersoftheequi-complexity dogmahaveproposedmanycomplexitymeasuresthatdependontheir wayofdefiningcomplexity.Inthispaper,weproposeagrammatical inferencemodeltomeasuretherelativecomplexityoflanguages.The computationaltoolweintroduceistheresultofaninterdisciplinarystudy inspiredintheprocessofnaturallanguageacquisition.
Keywords: Linguisticcomplexity Relativecomplexity Grammatical inference · MachineLearning
1Introduction
Thispaperfocusesononeofthebasicassumptionsoflinguistics:the linguisticequi-complexitydogma.Whenaskedifalllanguagesareequallycomplex, twentiethcenturymosttheoreticallinguistshaveansweredwiththeprincipleof invarianceinlanguagecomplexity,defendingtheequilibriumhypothesis,which statesthatthetotalcomplexityofalanguageisfixedbecausesub-complexities inlinguisticsub-systemstradeoff.Thisideaofequi-complexity,seenfordecades asanunquestionedtruismofLinguistics,hasbeguntobeexplicitlyquestioned inrecentyears[6, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23].
Manymodelshavebeenproposedtoconfirmorrefutethehypothesisof linguisticequi-complexity.Thetools,criteriaandmeasurestoquantifythelevel ofcomplexityoflanguagesvaryanddependonthespecificresearchinterests andonthedefinitionofcomplexityadopted.Currently,thereisnoclearsolution toquantifythecomplexityoflanguagesandeachoftheproposedmodelshas advantagesanddisadvantages.
c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 I.Rojasetal.(Eds.):IWANN2015,PartI,LNCS9094,pp.3–17,2015. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-19258-1 1
Themainobjectiveofthispaperistodemonstratethedifferencesinthe levelsofcomplexityofnaturallanguagesbyprovidinganobjectiveandmeaningfulmethodtocalculatelinguisticcomplexity.Toachievethisgoal,wepropose aninterdisciplinarysolutionthatusesasolidlydefinedcomputationalmodelto quantifythecost/difficultyintheprocessofacquisitionofdifferentlanguages (relativecomplexity),showingthatitisnotidenticalinallcases.Thecomputationalmodelweproposeisinspiredbytheprocessoflanguageacquisitionandis includedinthefieldof GrammaticalInference,a MachineLearning subdiscipline.
Thepaperisorganizedasfollows.Firstly,wepresentanoverviewofresearch onlinguisticcomplexitybysummarizingthemaintypesofcomplexitydefinitions andthevarietyofmetricsthathavebeenproposedtoquantifynaturallanguage complexity.Secondly,webrieflyintroducethefieldofgrammaticalinference. Thirdly,wepresentagrammaticalinferencealgorithmthatcalculatesthecomplexityofnaturallanguagesinrelativeterms(cost/difficultyofprocessing). Finally,weconcludewithsomeremarksandpossibledirectionsforfuturework.
2LinguisticComplexity Arealllanguagesequallycomplex?Doesitmakesensetocomparethecomplexity oflanguages?Canlanguagesdifferincomplexity?Ifweanalyzetheanswersto thesequestionswecanfindtwodifferenttypesofresponses:thosewhohave agreedthatalllanguagesareequalintermsofcomplexityandthosewhoconsider thatitisrelevanttotalkaboutdifferentlevelsoflinguisticcomplexity.
Thefirsttypeofanswerpredominatesinthe20thcenturyLinguistics.It hasbeendefendedforalongtimethatthelinguisticcomplexityisinvariantand thatlanguagesarenotmeasurableintermsofcomplexity.Thoseideashavebeen dubbedthe ALECstatement (‘AllLanguageareEquallyComplex’)[8]orthe linguisticequi-complexitydogma [15].
Threedifferentstructuralinterpretationsofthethesisthat?alllanguagesare equal?canbefoundintheliterature[27]:
–the totalgrammaticalcomplexity,wherelanguagecomplexityisequalforall languages,andinterdomaincomplexitybalances; –the minimumargument,wherethereisaminimumthresholdforlanguage structure,andeverythingoverthatthresholdisequal.Languagescandiffer incomplexity;allthatisimportantisthattheymeetthestandard; –the maximumargument,wherethereisamaximumthresholdforlanguage complexity;thereisanupperlimitabovewhichnolanguagecanbemore complex.
Ofthosethreestructuralinterpretations,oneofthemisdiscussedfarmore thantheothertwo:itisthe totalgrammaticalcomplexity.Infact,thegeneral ideabehindtheALECstatementortheequi-complexitydogma‘isthatthe totalcomplexityofalanguageisfixedbecausesub-complexitiesinlinguistic subsystemstradeoff’[14].ThisinterpretationisclearlyrelatedtoHockett[12]
who,withthefollowingassertion,firstproposedtotalgrammaticalcomplexity asaninterpretationofthethesisthatalllanguageareequal:
Objectivemeasurementisdifficult,butimpressionisticallyitwouldseem thatthetotalgrammaticalcomplexityofanylanguage,countingboth morphologyandsyntax,isaboutthesameasthatofanyother.Thisis notsurprising,sincealllanguageshaveaboutequallycomplexjobsto do,andwhatisnotdonemorphologicallyhastobedonesyntactically. Fox,withamorecomplexmorphologythanEnglish,thusoughttohave asomewhatsimplersyntax;andthisisthecase[12].
ThequestionsthatariseinfrontoftheALECstatementareobvious:Iflanguagesdifferinthecomplexityofindividualsubsystems(thisissupportedby theequi-complexityaxiom),whyisthetotalcomplexityalwaysthesame?What mechanismstopsthecomplexityinoneareawhenthecomplexityhasincreased inanotherone?Whycomplexityinonesub-systemshouldbecompensatedby simplicityinanother?Whatisthefactorresponsiblefortheequi-complexity? Thosequestionshaveopenedagainthedebateonlinguisticcomplexity.The beginningofthe21stcenturyhavewitnessedanimportantnumberofchallengersoftheequi-complexitydogmathathavetriedtoshowthathighlevels ofcomplexityinsomedomainofagivenlanguagedonotnecessarilyentaillow localcomplexityinsomeotherdomainofthesamelanguage.
ThearticlebyMcWhorter[16]inthespecialvolumeofthejournalLinguisticTypologyisconsideredoneoftheprimerstore-opentheinterestin thestudyoflinguisticcomplexity.Fromthispioneeringwork,therehavebeen manyseminars,conference,articles,monographs[6, 15]andcollectivevolumes [20, 21, 23]thathavedealtwiththetopicoflinguisticcomplexityandthathave challengedtheequi-complexitydogma.Inthoseworks,thenotionofcomplexityhavebeenunderstoodinmanydifferentwaysandtherehavebeenmany measurementproposals.Inwhatfollows,wewilltrytobrieflysummarizethose differentapproachestotheconceptofcomplexity
2.1LinguisticComplexityTypology Thereisagreementintheliteratureaboutthedifficultyofdefiningcomplexity. Thisdifficultyhashadasaconsequenceanimportantnumberofdifferenttypes ofdefinitionsofthenotion.Infact,aunifieddefinitionofcomplexitydoesnot exist.Instead,intheliterature,wecanfindavarietyofapproachesthathasled toalinguisticcomplexitytaxonomy.Inwhatfollows,wewilltrytosummarize someofthemostcommontypesoflinguisticcomplexity.
Fistofall,itisimportanttodistinguishbetween absolute complexityand relative complexity[17–19]:
–The absolutecomplexity –or objectivecomplexity–approachdefinescomplexityasanobjectivepropertyofthesystem.Itismeasuredintermsofthe numberofpartsofthesystem,theinterrelationsbetweenthepartsorthe
lengthofthedescriptionofthephenomenon.Itisausualcomplexitynotion incross-linguistictypologystudies[6, 16].
–The relativecomplexity –or agent-relatedcomplexity–approachtakesinto accounttheusersoflanguage.Inthiscategory,complexityisidentifiedwith difficulty/costofprocessing,learningoracquisition.Ingeneral,itisaccepted thatwhatiscostlyordifficulttolanguageusersiscomplex.Thistypeofapproachisverycommoninthefieldsofsociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics [15].
Someauthors[6]prefertoreservetheterm complexity forabsolutecomplexity andtouseothertermssuchas cost,difficulty or demandingness todenoterelative complexity.
Anothercommondichotomyintheliteratureistheonethatdistinguish global complexityfrom local complexity[18]:
–
Globalcomplexity isunderstoodascomplexityofalanguageassuch.Itis abouttheoverallcomplexityofanentity.Itcalculatesthetotalcomplexity ofthelinguisticsystem.
– Localcomplexity isunderstoodasdomain-specificcomplexity.Thistypeof complexityisaboutsomepartofanentity.Itanalyzesthecomplexityofparticularsub-domainsofthelanguage.Whenconcernedwithmeasuresoflocal complexity,itisveryfrequenttofocusononeofthefollowingsubdomains [14]:1) phonologicalcomplexity,interestedinmeasuringthesizeofphoneme inventory,thesuprasegmentalphonologyorthephonotacticrestrictions;2) morphologicalcomplexity,whereitisspeciallyimportanttoconsiderinflectionalmorphology;3) syntacticcomplexity,wherethenumberofrulesor clausalembeddingismeasured;4) semantic and lexicalcomplexity,where homonymousandpolysemouswordsorlexicalvariationareimportant;and 5) pragmaticcomplexity,whereinferenceisacentraltopic.
Itisalsoveryfrequentinthelinguisticcomplexitybibliographytodistinguish between system complexityand structural complexity[6]: –
Systemcomplexity considersthepropertiesofthelanguageandcalculates thecontentofthespeaker’scompetence.Itcanbeunderstoodasameasure ofthecontentthatlanguagelearnershavetomasterinordertobeproficient inlanguage.
– Structuralcomplexity calculatesthequantityofstructureofalinguistic object,analyzesthestructureoftheexpressions.Itisaboutthecomplexity ofexpressionsatsomelevelofdescription.
Morespecificcomplexitynotionsofcomplexity–absolute-quantitativecomplexity,redundancy-inducedcomplexity,irregularity-inducedcomplexity,L2 acquisitioncomplexity–arediscussedin[14].
Pallotti[22]summarizesthedifferentnotionsof‘complexity’inthefieldof linguisticsbyreferringtothreemainmeanings:
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The coat without a seam, and other poems
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Title: The coat without a seam, and other poems
Author: Helen Gray Cone
Release date: August 28, 2023 [eBook #71508]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1919
Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COAT WITHOUT A SEAM, AND OTHER POEMS ***
THE COAT WITHOUT A SEAM And Other Poems BY THE SAME AUTHOR A CHANT OF LOVE FOR ENGLAND AND OTHER POEMS A volume of miscellaneous poems containing as its title poem a reply to the German “Hymn of Hate.”
“Firmly and finely fashioned, and unaffectedly sincere.”—The New York Times.
“Miss Cone’s verse shows a delicacy of imagination which is deserving of high praise.”—The Outlook.
$1.50 net
F A
THE COAT WITHOUT A SEAM And Other Poems BY HELEN GRAY CONE
A “A C L E ,
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 F A
C 1919,
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Grateful acknowledgment is made, for permission to reprint some of the poems in this book, to Scribner’s Magazine, The Outlook, The Sonnet, The New York Evening Post, The New York Times, The Boston Evening Transcript, and The Association Monthly.
THE COAT WITHOUT A SEAM THE COAT WITHOUT A SEAM There was a web, ere Time began, Woven on the loom of God, Woven for the need of Man. Through the web two colors ran, Blue that is the sky of God, Red that is the blood of Man. The web was woven, the web was one: The stars sang when the work was done.
God had willed it to be worn— Fit garment for the heavenly feast— By Man, that was to be His son. Only God could dream that dream! When Time began, and Man was born, He clothed himself in the skin of the beast, And under it beat the heart of the beast. Not till Man be born God’s son Shall he wear the Coat without a Seam!
(Ah, the dream, the wondrous dream Of a World without a Seam, Man being one, as God is one, Brother’s brother and Father’s son, All earth, all Heaven, without a seam!)
The Roman strode through field and flood, Blind as Fate with battle-blood; Victory glittered in his hand; And when he laid him down at night Under the stars of some strange land, Weary of the march or fight, He wrapped his heart in the vast dream Of a World without a Seam; Yet the dream was not divine; The fierce heart beat like marching feet: “The World is one—the World is mine!” That was the dream of states foregone, Of Babylon, of Macedon; Sleeked by whatsoever art, It is the dream of the beast’s heart. Massive-treading Rome paced on (As Macedon, as Babylon,) Into the dusk of states foregone: She left her mantle still astream Along the wind, her purple dream— Not the Coat without a Seam! The eyes of emperors see it float, They hail it for the sacred Coat: Men follow on through field and flood, Blind as Fate with battle-blood. See the sworded sceptred train, Out of the dusk they all advance: Iron-crownéd Charlemagne, Barbarossa flaming past, Sombre majesties of Spain, Pomps of old monarchic France— Supreme Napoleon last, Sweeping his ermine-bordered robe And gripping fast the globe. (Nay, who is this that follows him, A vision helmeted and grim, A countenance pallid and aghast?)
—Into the dusk they all are gone, As Babylon, as Macedon. Not till Man shall dream God’s dream Shall he wear the Coat without a Seam!
(Ah, the dream, the wondrous dream Of a World without a Seam! Man being one, as God is one, Brother’s brother and Father’s son, All earth, all Heaven without a seam!)
“What shall we do, we simple folk Who walk as cattle in the yoke? Surely the vision of this Coat— Fit garment for the heavenly feast— Is for prophet and for priest, Not for men of little note!
Surely the quest to find this Coat— Woven of empyrean thread Heaven-blue and heart-red— This is for Kings and Chancellors, Parliaments and Emperors, Not for men of little note!”
—Nay, this do ye every one: All your days to dream God’s dream, That Man, who is to be His son, Shall wear the Coat without a Seam!
SONNETS OF THE GREAT PEACE “Incertainties now crown themselves assured And peace proclaims olives of endless age.”
S ’ Sonnet CVII IWhat boon is this, this fresh and crystal thing, Perfect as snow, dropped from the deep of the sky—
This healing, shed as from the soft swift wing Of some great mystical bird low-sweeping by?
This music suddenly thrilling through the mind Angelic unimagined ecstasy,
As when warm fingers of the Spring unbind Young brooks that laugh and leap, at last being free?
By what white magic, what unfathomed art, Was this best gift secretly perfected, This amulet, that laid against the heart Melts all the icy weight that held it dead?
This is that Peace we had and did not know; This is that Peace we lost—how long ago!
II Shall we not now work wonders with this charm, To the vext heart of the world benignly laid, Fending all future golden lads from harm,
And all gray mothers, and every starry maid?
Yea, all kind beasts that ask with patient eyes
Our wisdom to forestall bewildering pain: Yea, all kind fields, trees rippling to the skies, Brown earth sweet-breathing under natural rain. Shall we not now, being freed, being healed of Peace, Retrieve all days to be from blot and blight, Give to the chained goodwill of Man release, And a new deed of manumission write On a new page, made by this marvellous boon Pure as unfooted snow under the moon?
III How did we cast away our careless days In that old time before we knew their worth, Wandering with chance, even as a child that strays, Spilling their unprized splendors on the earth! But now we have eaten War as daily bread, Borne it upon our souls a weary weight, Made it the pillow to a restless head, Breathed it as air, sick with the reek of hate: And Peace is come a stranger, and grave-eyed, Like a young maid turned woman; on our knees We do her reverence as a spirit enskyed; How should we spend such shining days as these? They have cost great pain: needs must we hold them dear, Counting our jewels with a heavenly fear.
IV
Ghosts of great flags that billowed in the sun With glorious colors above the crowded street,
Lifting our hearts to know the rent world one, Teaching the march of Man to hurrying feet, Shall ye not haunt those skyward spaces still With memory of your sun-illumined streaming, Bright brother-angels heralding goodwill, Beckoners of sordid spirits to noble dreaming? Or shall your many beauteous blazonries Fade out from the dulled sense and be forgot, And intimations so august as these Lapse into silence even as they were not, Comrades turn rivals, and heart-fast allies Weavers of schemes, peering with insect eyes?
VWhat shame were this to those who lie asleep
Under the scarlet poppies, having bought A clean new world with blood! Shall we not keep Faith with our dead, and give them what they sought? Is not a world the measure of our debt
To those whose young lives sadly we inherit, Living them out, making them fruitful yet? What lesser meed fits their transcendent merit? The future was their sacrificial gift, And joy unborn, and beauty uncreate, And little children that should racing lift
Their torch of life, laughing at death and fate: Shall we not make, mindful of all they gave, A star of this old earth which is their grave?
MOODS OF WAR THE SWORD One of the seventy had a sword The day that Christ was crucified: He followed where they led his Lord, The man that could not stand aside.
When that first hammer-stroke rang loud, And left and right the rabble swayed, He flashed from out the staring crowd, He died upon the Roman blade.
His fruitless deed, his noteless name, By careless Rome were never told. Now shall we give him praise or blame? Account him base, acclaim him bold?
Was he the traitor to his Lord, Deeper than Peter that denied, The loving soul that took the sword, The man that would not stand aside?
Or did the glorious company Of Michael’s sworded seraphim With chivalrous high courtesy Rise up to make a place for him?
ALIGNED Why do you leap in the wind so wild, O Star-Flag, O Sky-Flag?
And why do you ripple as if you smiled, Flag of my heart’s delight?
“I laugh because I am loosed at last, Free of the cords that bound me fast Mute as a mummy, furled on the mast, Far from the beckoning fight!
“I joy because I am aligned— The Star-Flag, the Sky-Flag— With these the noblest of my kind, Flags of the soul’s desire!
And where the blended Crosses blaze, And where the Tricolor lifts and sways To the marching pulse of the Marseillaise, I may be tried in the fire!”
Yea, not for gold and not for ease, My Star-Flag, my Sky-Flag, The Fathers launched you on the breeze, Flag of man’s best emprise!
Yea, not for power and not for greed, But to fly forever, follow or lead, For the world’s hope and the world’s need, Flower of all seas and all skies!
And better you were a riddled rag, My Star-Flag, my Sky-Flag, The faded ghost of a fighting-flag, Shredded, and scorched with flame, Than that you should now be satisfied Over splendid cities and waters wide To flutter and float in an idle pride, To flaunt in a silken shame!
Then well may you leap in the wind so wild, O Star-Flag, O Sky-Flag! And well may you ripple as if you smiled, Flag of our hearts’ delight! We joy because you are aligned With these the noblest of your kind: We are yours and theirs with a single mind— Let us on to the beckoning fight!
