PRESSUREVESSELSTANDARDSCOMMITTEES
1INTRODUCTION
(a) ThefollowinginformationprovidesguidancetoCodeusersforsubmittingtechnicalinquiriestotheapplicable BoilerandPressureVessel(BPV)StandardsCommittee(hereinafterreferredtoastheCommittee).Seetheguidelines onapprovalofnewmaterialsundertheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeinSectionII,PartDforrequirementsfor requeststhatinvolveaddingnewmaterialstotheCode.SeetheguidelinesonapprovalofnewweldingandbrazingmaterialsinSectionII,PartCforrequirementsforrequeststhatinvolveaddingnewweldingandbrazingmaterials(“ consumables”)totheCode.
TechnicalinquiriescanincluderequestsforrevisionsoradditionstotheCoderequirements,requestsforCodeCases, orrequestsforCodeInterpretations,asdescribedbelow:
(1)CodeRevisions. Coderevisionsareconsideredtoaccommodatetechnologicaldevelopments,toaddressadministrativerequirements,toincorporateCodeCases,ortoclarifyCodeintent.
(2)CodeCases. CodeCasesrepresentalternativesoradditionstoexistingCoderequirements.CodeCasesarewrittenasaQuestionandReply,andareusuallyintendedtobeincorporatedintotheCodeatalaterdate.Whenused,Code CasesprescribemandatoryrequirementsinthesamesenseasthetextoftheCode.However,usersarecautionedthat notallregulators,jurisdictions,orOwnersautomaticallyacceptCodeCases.ThemostcommonapplicationsforCode Casesareasfollows:
(-a) topermitearlyimplementationofanapprovedCoderevisionbasedonanurgentneed
(-b) topermituseofanewmaterialforCodeconstruction
(-c) togainexperiencewithnewmaterialsoralternativerequirementspriortoincorporationdirectlyintothe Code
(3)CodeInterpretations
(-a) CodeInterpretationsprovideclarificationofthemeaningofexistingrequirementsintheCodeandarepresentedinInquiryandReplyformat.Interpretationsdonotintroducenewrequirements.
(-b) IfexistingCodetextdoesnotfullyconveythemeaningthatwasintended,orconveysconflictingrequirements,andrevisionoftherequirementsisrequiredtosupporttheInterpretation,anIntentInterpretationwillbeissued inparallelwitharevisiontotheCode.
(b) Coderequirements,CodeCases,andCodeInterpretationsestablishedbytheCommitteearenottobeconsidered asapproving,recommending,certifying,orendorsinganyproprietaryorspecificdesign,oraslimitinginanywaythe freedomofmanufacturers,constructors,orOwnerstochooseanymethodofdesignoranyformofconstructionthat conformstotheCoderequirements.
(c) InquiriesthatdonotcomplywiththefollowingguidanceorthatdonotprovidesufficientinformationfortheCommittee’sfullunderstandingmayresultintherequestbeingreturnedtotheInquirerwithnoaction.
2INQUIRYFORMAT
SubmittalstotheCommitteeshouldincludethefollowinginformation:
(a)Purpose. Specifyoneofthefollowing:
(1) requestforrevisionofpresentCoderequirements
(2) requestforneworadditionalCoderequirements
(3) requestforCodeCase
(4) requestforCodeInterpretation
(b)Background. TheInquirershouldprovidetheinformationneededfortheCommittee’sunderstandingoftheInquiry,beingsuretoincludereferencetotheapplicableCodeSection,Division,Edition,Addenda(ifapplicable),paragraphs,figures,andtables.Preferably,theInquirershouldprovideacopyof,orrelevantextractsfrom,thespecific referencedportionsoftheCode.
(c)Presentations. TheInquirermaydesiretoattendorbeaskedtoattendameetingoftheCommitteetomakeaformalpresentationortoanswerquestionsfromtheCommitteememberswithregardtotheInquiry.AttendanceataBPV StandardsCommitteemeetingshallbeattheexpenseoftheInquirer.TheInquirer’sattendanceorlackofattendanceat ameetingwillnotbeusedbytheCommitteeasabasisforacceptanceorrejectionoftheInquirybytheCommittee.However,iftheInquirer’srequestisunclear,attendancebytheInquirerorarepresentativemaybenecessaryfortheCommitteetounderstandtherequestsufficientlytobeabletoprovideanInterpretation.IftheInquirerdesirestomakea presentationataCommitteemeeting,theInquirershouldprovideadvancenoticetotheCommitteeSecretary,toensure timewillbeallottedforthepresentationinthemeetingagenda.TheInquirershouldconsidertheneedforadditional audiovisualequipmentthatmightnototherwisebeprovidedbytheCommittee.Withsufficientadvancenoticetothe CommitteeSecretary,suchequipmentmaybemadeavailable.
3CODEREVISIONSORADDITIONS
RequestsforCoderevisionsoradditionsshouldincludethefollowinginformation:
(a)RequestedRevisionsorAdditions. Forrequestedrevisions,theInquirershouldidentifythoserequirementsofthe Codethattheybelieveshouldberevised,andshouldsubmitacopyof,orrelevantextractsfrom,theappropriaterequirementsastheyappearintheCode,markedupwiththerequestedrevision.ForrequestedadditionstotheCode,theInquirershouldprovidetherecommendedwordingandshouldclearlyindicatewheretheybelievetheadditionsshouldbe locatedintheCoderequirements.
(b)StatementofNeed. TheInquirershouldprovideabriefexplanationoftheneedfortherevisionoraddition.
(c)BackgroundInformation. TheInquirershouldprovidebackgroundinformationtosupporttherevisionoraddition, includinganydataorchangesintechnologythatformthebasisfortherequest,thatwillallowtheCommitteetoadequatelyevaluatetherequestedrevisionoraddition.Sketches,tables,figures,andgraphsshouldbesubmitted,asappropriate.TheInquirershouldidentifyanypertinentportionsoftheCodethatwouldbeaffectedbytherevisionoraddition andanyportionsoftheCodethatreferencetherequestedrevisedoraddedparagraphs.
4CODECASES
RequestsforCodeCasesshouldbeaccompaniedbyastatementofneedandbackgroundinformationsimilartothat describedin 3(b) and 3(c),respectively,forCoderevisionsoradditions.TheurgencyoftheCodeCase(e.g.,projectunderwayorimminent,newprocedure)shouldbedescribed.Inaddition,itisimportantthattherequestisinconnection withequipmentthatwillbeartheASMESingleCertificationMark,withtheexceptionofSectionXIapplications.TheproposedCodeCaseshouldidentifytheCodeSectionandDivision,andshouldbewrittenasaQuestionandaReply,inthe sameformatasexistingCodeCases.RequestsforCodeCasesshouldalsoindicatetheapplicableCodeEditionsandAddenda(ifapplicable)towhichtherequestedCodeCaseapplies.
5CODEINTERPRETATIONS
(a) RequestsforCodeInterpretationsshouldbeaccompaniedbythefollowinginformation:
(1)Inquiry. TheInquirershouldproposeacondensedandpreciseInquiry,omittingsuperfluousbackgroundinformationand,whenpossible,composingtheInquiryinsuchawaythata “ yes ” ora “ no ” Reply,withbrieflimitationsor conditions,ifneeded,canbeprovidedbytheCommittee.Theproposedquestionshouldbetechnicallyandeditorially correct.
(2)Reply. TheInquirershouldproposeaReplythatclearlyandconciselyanswerstheproposedInquiryquestion. Preferably,theReplyshouldbe “ yes ” or “ no, ” withbrieflimitationsorconditions,ifneeded.
(3)BackgroundInformation. TheInquirershouldprovideanyneedorbackgroundinformation,suchasdescribedin 3(b) and 3(c),respectively,forCoderevisionsoradditions,thatwillassisttheCommitteeinunderstandingtheproposed InquiryandReply.
IftheInquirerbelievesarevisionoftheCoderequirementswouldbehelpfultosupporttheInterpretation,theInquirermayproposesucharevisionforconsiderationbytheCommittee.Inmostcases,suchaproposalisnotnecessary.
(b) RequestsforCodeInterpretationsshouldbelimitedtoanInterpretationofaparticularrequirementintheCodeor inaCodeCase.ExceptwithregardtointerpretingaspecificCoderequirement,theCommitteeisnotpermittedtoconsiderconsulting-typerequestssuchasthefollowing:
(1) areviewofcalculations,designdrawings,weldingqualifications,ordescriptionsofequipmentorpartstodeterminecompliancewithCoderequirements
(2) arequestforassistanceinperforminganyCode-prescribedfunctionsrelatingto,butnotlimitedto,material selection,designs,calculations,fabrication,inspection,pressuretesting,orinstallation
(3) arequestseekingtherationaleforCoderequirements
6SUBMITTALS
(a)Submittal.RequestsforCodeInterpretationshouldpreferablybesubmittedthroughtheonlineInterpretationSubmittalForm.Theformisaccessibleathttp://go.asme.org/InterpretationRequest.Uponsubmittaloftheform,theInquirerwillreceiveanautomatice-ma ilconfirmingreceipt.IftheInquirerisunabletousetheonlineform,the Inquirermaymailtherequesttothefollowingaddress:
Secretary
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCommittee
TwoParkAvenue
NewYork,NY10016-5990
AllotherInquiriesshouldbemailedtotheSecretaryoftheBPVCommitteeattheaddressabove.Inquiriesareunlikely toreceivearesponseiftheyarenotwritteninclear,legibleEnglish.TheymustalsoincludethenameoftheInquirerand thecompanytheyrepresentorareemployedby,ifapplicable,andtheInquirer’saddress,telephonenumber,faxnumber,ande-mailaddress,ifavailable.
(b)Response.TheSecretaryoftheappropriateCommitteewillprovideawrittenresponse,vialetterore-mail,asappropriate,totheInquirer,uponcompletionoftherequestedactionbytheCommittee.Inquirersmaytrackthestatusof theirInterpretationRequestathttp://go.asme.org/Interpretations.
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselStandardsCommittees, Subgroups,andWorkingGroups
January1,2019
TECHNICALOVERSIGHTMANAGEMENTCOMMITTEE(TOMC)
T.P.Pastor,Chair
S.C.Roberts,ViceChair
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
R.W.Barnes
R.J.Basile
T.L.Bedeaux
D.L.Berger
D.A.Bowers
J.Cameron
A.Chaudouet
D.B.DeMichael
R.P.Deubler
P.D.Edwards
J.G.Feldstein
N.A.Finney
J.A.Hall
T.E.Hansen
G.W.Hembree
J.F.Henry
R.S.HillIII
W.M.Lundy
R.E.McLaughlin
G.C.Park
M.D.Rana
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
F.J.Schaaf,Jr.
G.Scribner
B.F.Shelley
W.J.Sperko
D.Srnic
R.W.Swayne
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
SubgrouponResearchandDevelopment(TOMC)
R.W.Barnes,Chair
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
D.A.Canonico
J.F.Henry
R.S.HillIII
W.Hoffelner
B.Hrubala
T.P.Pastor
S.C.Roberts
D.Andrei,ContributingMember
SubgrouponStrategicInitiatives(TOMC)
S.C.Roberts,Chair
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
R.W.Barnes
T.L.Bedeaux
G.W.Hembree
J.F.Henry
R.S.HillIII
F.P.Barton
T.M.Cullen
G.E.Feigel
O.F.Hedden
M.H.Jawad
A.J.Justin
HONORARYMEMBERS(MAINCOMMITTEE)
W.G.Knecht
J.LeCoff
T.G.McCarty
G.C.Millman
R.A.Moen
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
T.P.Pastor,Chair
ADMINISTRATIVECOMMITTEE
S.C.Roberts,ViceChair
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
R.J.Basile
D.A.Bowers
J.Cameron
D.B.DeMichael
J.A.Hall
B.Hrubala
M.H.Jawad
R.E.McLaughlin
G.C.Park
T.P.Pastor
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
SpecialWorkingGrouponHighTemperatureTechnology(TOMC)
D.Dewees,Chair
F.W.Brust
T.D.Burchell
P.R.Donavin
B.F.Hantz
J.F.Henry
R.I.Jetter
P.Smith
G.W.Hembree
R.S.HillIII
R.E.McLaughlin
M.D.Rana
B.F.Shelley
R.R.Stevenson
R.W.Swayne
MARINECONFERENCEGROUP
H.N.Patel,Chair
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
J.G.Hungerbuhler,Jr.
G.Nair
N.Prokopuk
J.D.Reynolds
CONFERENCECOMMITTEE
C.B.Cantrell Nebraska,Chair
J.T.Amato Minnesota,Vice Chair
D.A.Douin Ohio,Secretary
M.J.Adams Ontario,Canada
W.Anderson Mississippi
R.Becker Colorado
R.J.Brockman Missouri
R.J.Bunte Iowa
J.H.Burpee Maine
M.J.Byrum Alabama
S.Chapman Tennessee
D.C.Cook California
B.J.Crawford Georgia
E.L.Creaser NewBrunswick, Canada
J.J.Dacanay Hawaii
C.Dautrich NorthCarolina
R.DeLury Manitoba,Canada
D.Eastman Newfoundlandand Labrador,Canada
D.A.Ehler NovaScotia,Canada
J.J.Esch Delaware
T.J.GrannemanII Oklahoma
E.G.Hilton Virginia
C.Jackson CityofDetroit, Michigan
M.L.Jordan Kentucky
E.Kawa,Jr. Massachusetts
A.Khssassi Quebec,Canada
J.Klug CityofMilwaukee, Wisconsin
K.J.Kraft Maryland
K.S.Lane Alaska
L.C.Leet CityofSeattle, Washington
J.LeSage,Jr. Louisiana
A.M.Lorimor SouthDakota
M.Mailman Northwest Territories,Canada
D.E.Mallory NewHampshire
W.McGivney CityofNewYork, NewYork
A.K.Oda Washington
L.E.Parkey Indiana
M.Poehlmann Alberta,Canada
J.F.Porcella WestVirginia
C.F.Reyes California
M.J.Ryan CityofChicago, Illinois
D.A.Sandfoss Nevada
M.H.Sansone NewYork
A.S.Scholl BritishColumbia, Canada
T.S.Seime NorthDakota
C.S.Selinger Saskatchewan, Canada
J.E.Sharier Ohio
N.Smith Pennsylvania
R.Spiker NorthCarolina
D.J.Stenrose Michigan
R.J.StimsonII Kansas
R.K.Sturm Utah
D.K.Sullivan Arkansas
R.Tomka Oregon
S.R.Townsend PrinceEdward Island,Canada
R.D.Troutt Texas
M.C.Vogel Illinois
T.J.Waldbillig Wisconsin
D.M.Warburton Florida
M.Washington NewJersey
V.Felix
Y.-G.Kim
S.H.Leong
W.Lin
O.F.Manafa
INTERNATIONALINTERESTREVIEWGROUP
C.Minu
Y.-W.Park
A.R.R.Nogales
P.Williamson
COMMITTEEONPOWERBOILERS(BPVI)
R.E.McLaughlin,Chair
E.M.Ortman,ViceChair
U.D’Urso,StaffSecretary
D.I.Anderson
J.L.Arnold
D.L.Berger
K.K.Coleman
P.D.Edwards
J.G.Feldstein
G.W.Galanes
T.E.Hansen
J.F.Henry
J.S.Hunter
G.B.Komora
F.Massi
L.Moedinger
P.A.Molvie
Y.Oishi
J.T.Pillow
M.Slater
J.M.Tanzosh
D.E.Tompkins
D.E.Tuttle
J.Vattappilly
M.Wadkinson
R.V.Wielgoszinski
F.Zeller
H.Michael,Delegate
D.A.Canonico,HonoraryMember
D.N.French,HonoraryMember
J.Hainsworth,HonoraryMember
C.Jeerings,HonoraryMember
W.L.Lowry,HonoraryMember
J.R.MacKay,HonoraryMember
T.C.McGough,HonoraryMember
B.W.Roberts,HonoraryMember
R.D.Schueler,Jr.,Honorary Member
R.L.Williams,HonoraryMember
L.W.Yoder,HonoraryMember
SubgrouponDesign(BPVI)
J.Vattappilly,Chair
G.B.Komora,ViceChair
D.I.Anderson,Secretary
D.Dewees
H.A.Fonzi,Jr.
J.P.Glaspie
L.Krupp
P.A.Molvie
L.S.Tsai
M.Wadkinson
C.F.Jeerings,ContributingMember
SubgrouponFabricationandExamination(BPVI)
J.L.Arnold,Chair
P.F.Gilston,ViceChair
P.Becker,Secretary
D.L.Berger
S.Fincher
G.W.Galanes
J.Hainsworth
T.E.Hansen
P.Jennings
C.T.McDaris
R.E.McLaughlin
R.J.Newell
Y.Oishi
J.T.Pillow
R.V.Wielgoszinski
SubgrouponGeneralRequirementsandPiping(BPVI)
E.M.Ortman,Chair
D.E.Tompkins,ViceChair
F.Massi,Secretary
P.Becker
D.L.Berger
P.D.Edwards
T.E.Hansen
M.Ishikawa
M.Lemmons
R.E.McLaughlin
B.J.Mollitor
J.T.Pillow
D.E.Tuttle
M.Wadkinson
R.V.Wielgoszinski
C.F.Jeerings,ContributingMember
W.L.Lowry,ContributingMember
SubgrouponLocomotiveBoilers(BPVI)
P.Boschan,Chair
J.R.Braun,ViceChair
S.M.Butler,Secretary
A.Biesecker
C.Cross
R.C.Franzen,Jr.
G.W.Galanes
D.W.Griner
S.D.Jackson
M.A.Janssen
S.A.Lee
L.Moedinger
G.M.Ray
R.B.Stone
M.W.Westland
K.K.Coleman,Chair
K.Hayes,ViceChair
M.Lewis,Secretary
S.H.Bowes
D.A.Canonico
G.W.Galanes
P.F.Gilston
J.F.Henry
J.S.Hunter
E.Liebl
SubgrouponMaterials(BPVI)
F.Masuyama
M.Ortolani
D.W.Rahoi
J.M.Tanzosh
J.Vattappilly
F.Zeller
M.Gold,ContributingMember
B.W.Roberts,Contributing Member
SubgrouponSolarBoilers(BPVI)
P.Jennings,Chair
R.E.Hearne,Secretary
H.A.Fonzi,Jr.
J.S.Hunter
F.Massi
E.M.Ortman
TaskGrouponModernization(BPVI)
D.I.Anderson,Chair
U.D’Urso,StaffSecretary
J.L.Arnold
D.Dewees
G.W.Galanes
J.P.Glaspie
T.E.Hansen
J.F.Henry
R.E.McLaughlin
P.A.Molvie
E.M.Ortman
D.E.Tuttle
J.Vattappilly
GermanyInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVI)
A.Spangenberg,Chair
M.Bremicker
P.Chavdarov
B.Daume
J.Fleischfresser
R.Helmholdt
R.Kauer
D.Koelbl
S.Krebs
T.Ludwig
R.A.Meyers
H.Michael
F.Miunske
B.Müller
H.Schroeder
M.Sykora
J.Henrichsmeyer ,Contributing Member
P.Paluszkiewicz,Contributing Member
R.Uebel,ContributingMember
IndiaInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVI)
H.Dalal,Chair
A.R.Patil,ViceChair
T.Dhanraj,Secretary
P.Brahma
M.R.Kalahasthi
S.A.Kumar
A.J.Patil
S.Purkait
S.Radhakrishnan
G.V.S.Rao
M.G.Rao
U.Revisankaran
G.U.Shanker
D.K.Shrivastava
K.Singha
S.Venkataramana
COMMITTEEONMATERIALS(BPVII)
J.Cameron,Chair
J.F.Grubb,ViceChair
C.E.O’Brien,StaffSecretary
A.Appleton
A.Chaudouet
J.R.Foulds
D.W.Gandy
J.A.Hall
J.F.Henry
K.M.Hottle
M.Ishikawa
F.Masuyama
K.E.Orie
D.W.Rahoi
E.Shapiro
M.J.Slater
R.C.Sutherlin
J.M.Tanzosh
R.G.Young
F.Zeller
O.Oldani,Delegate
F.Abe,ContributingMember
H.D.Bushfield,Contributing Member
D.A.Canonico,Contributing Member
D.B.Denis,ContributingMember
J.D.Fritz,ContributingMember
M.Gold,ContributingMember
W.Hoffelner,ContributingMember
M.Katcher,ContributingMember
R.K.Nanstad,Contributing Member
M.L.Nayyar,ContributingMember
D.T.Peters,ContributingMember
B.W.Roberts,Contributing Member
J.J.Sanchez-Hanton,Contributing Member
R.W.Swindeman,Contributing Member
E.Upitis,ContributingMember
T.M.Cullen,HonoraryMember
W.D.Edsall,HonoraryMember
G.C.Hsu,HonoraryMember
R.A.Moen,HonoraryMember
C.E.Spaeder,Jr.,Honorary Member
A.W.Zeuthen,HonoraryMember
ExecutiveCommittee(BPVII)
J.Cameron,Chair
C.E.O’Brien,StaffSecretary
A.Appleton
A.Chaudouet
M.Gold
J.F.Grubb
J.F.Henry
M.Ishikawa
D.L.Kurle
R.W.Mikitka
E.Shapiro
M.J.Slater
R.C.Sutherlin
R.W.Swindeman
SubgrouponExternalPressure(BPVII)
D.L.Kurle,Chair
S.Guzey,ViceChair
J.A.A.Morrow,Secretary
L.F.Campbell
H.Chen
D.S.Griffin
J.F.Grubb
M.H.Jawad
S.Krishnamurthy
R.W.Mikitka
C.R.Thomas
M.Wadkinson
M.Katcher,ContributingMember
SubgrouponFerrousSpecifications(BPVII)
A.Appleton,Chair
K.M.Hottle,ViceChair
C.Hyde,Secretary
H.Chen
B.M.Dingman
M.J.Dosdourian
O.Elkadim
D.Fialkowski
M.Gold
T.Graham
J.M.Grocki
J.F.Grubb
J.Gundlach
D.S.Janikowski
L.J.Lavezzi
S.G.Lee
W.C.Mack
A.S.Melilli
K.E.Orie
D.Poweleit
J.Shick
E.Upitis
R.Zawierucha
J.D.Fritz,ContributingMember
SubgrouponInternationalMaterialSpecifications(BPVII)
M.Ishikawa,Chair
A.R.Nywening,ViceChair
B.Mruk,Secretary
A.Chaudouet
P.Chavdarov
H.Chen
A.F.Garbolevsky
D.O.Henry
W.M.Lundy
E.Upitis
F.Zeller
O.Oldani,Delegate
D.A.Canonico,Contributing Member
H.Lorenz,ContributingMember
T.F.Miskell,ContributingMember
SubgrouponNonferrousAlloys(BPVII)
E.Shapiro,Chair
S.Yem,ViceChair
J.Robertson,Secretary
R.Beldyk
J.Calland
J.M.Downs
J.F.Grubb
D.Maitra
J.A.McMaster
D.W.Rahoi
W.Ren
R.C.Sutherlin
J.Weritz
R.Wright
D.B.Denis,ContributingMember
M.Katcher,ContributingMember
D.T.Peters,ContributingMember
SubgrouponPhysicalProperties(BPVII)
J.F.Grubb,Chair
G.Aurioles,Sr.
D.Chandiramani
P.Chavdarov
H.Eshraghi
B.F.Hantz
R.D.Jones
P.K.Lam
S.Neilsen
D.W.Rahoi
P.K.Rai
E.Shapiro
M.S.Shelton
D.K.Verma
S.Yem
H.D.Bushfield,Contributing Member
D.B.Denis,ContributingMember
SubgrouponStrength,FerrousAlloys(BPVII)
M.J.Slater,Chair
S.W.Knowles,ViceChair
D.A.Canonico
A.DiRienzo
J.R.Foulds
J.A.Hall
J.F.Henry
F.Masuyama
T.Ono
M.Ortolani
D.W.Rahoi
M.S.Shelton
J.M.Tanzosh
R.G.Young
F.Zeller
F.Abe,ContributingMember
M.Gold,ContributingMember
M.Nair,ContributingMember
B.W.Roberts,Contributing Member
SubgrouponStrengthofWeldments(BPVII&BPVIX)
G.W.Galanes,Chair
K.L.Hayes,ViceChair
S.H.Bowes
K.K.Coleman
M.Denault
P.D.Flenner
J.R.Foulds
D.W.Gandy
M.Ghahremani
J.F.Henry
E.Liebl
W.F.Newell,Jr.
J.Penso
D.W.Rahoi
B.W.Roberts
W.J.Sperko
J.P.Swezy,Jr.
J.M.Tanzosh
M.Gold,ContributingMember
J.J.Sanchez-Hanton,Contributing Member
xvii
WorkingGrouponMaterialsDatabase(BPVII)
J.F.Henry,Chair
C.E.O’Brien,StaffSecretary
F.Abe
J.R.Foulds
M.J.Slater
R.C.Sutherlin
D.Andrei,ContributingMember
J.L.Arnold,ContributingMember
J.Grimes,ContributingMember
W.Hoffelner,ContributingMember
D.T.Peters,ContributingMember
W.Ren,ContributingMember
B.W.Roberts,Contributing Member
R.W.Swindeman,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponCreepStrengthEnhancedFerriticSteels(BPVII)
J.F.Henry,Chair
M.Ortolani,ViceChair
J.A.Siefert,Secretary
S.H.Bowes
D.A.Canonico
K.K.Coleman
P.D.Flenner
J.R.Foulds
G.W.Galanes
M.Lang
F.Masuyama
T.Melfi
W.F.Newell,Jr.
J.Parker
J.J.Sanchez-Hanton
W.J.Sperko
J.M.Tanzosh
R.H.Worthington
R.G.Young
F.Zeller
F.Abe,ContributingMember
G.Cumino,ContributingMember
B.W.Roberts,Contributing Member
R.W.Swindeman,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponDataAnalysis(BPVII)
J.F.Grubb,Chair
J.R.Foulds
J.F.Henry
F.Masuyama
M.Ortolani
W.Ren
M.Subanovic
M.J.Swindeman
F.Abe,ContributingMember
M.Gold,ContributingMember
W.Hoffelner,ContributingMember
M.Katcher,ContributingMember
D.T.Peters,ContributingMember
B.W.Roberts,Contributing Member
R.W.Swindeman,Contributing Member
ChinaInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVII)
A.T.Xu,Secretary
W.Fang
Q.C.Feng
S.Huo
F.Kong
H.Li
J.Li
S.Li
Z.Rongcan
S.Tan
C.Wang
J.Wang
Q.-J.Wang
X.Wang
F.Yang
G.Yang
H.-C.Yang
J.Yang
R.Ye
L.Yin
D.Zhang
H.Zhang
X.-H.Zhang
YingkaiZhang
YongZhang
Q.Zhao
S.Zhao
COMMITTEEONCONSTRUCTIONOFNUCLEARFACILITY
COMPONENTS(BPVIII)
R.S.HillIII,Chair
R.B.Keating,ViceChair
J.C.Minichiello,ViceChair
A.Byk,StaffSecretary
T.M.Adams
A.Appleton
R.W.Barnes
W.H.Borter
C.W.Bruny
T.D.Burchell
R.P.Deubler
P.R.Donavin
A.C.Eberhardt
J.V.Gardiner
J.Grimm
S.Hunter
R.M.Jessee
R.I.Jetter
C.C.Kim
G.H.Koo
V.Kostarev
M.A.Lockwood
K.A.Manoly
D.E.Matthews
M.N.Mitchell
M.Morishita
D.K.Morton
T.Nagata
J.E.Nestell
E.L.Pleins
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
I.Saito
S.Sham
G.J.Solovey
W.K.Sowder,Jr.
W.J.Sperko
J.P.Tucker
C.S.Withers
H.-T.Wang,Delegate
C.T.Smith,ContributingMember
M.Zhou,ContributingMember
E.B.Branch,HonoraryMember
G.D.Cooper,HonoraryMember
D.F.Landers,HonoraryMember
R.A.Moen,HonoraryMember
C.J.Pieper,HonoraryMember
K.R.Wichman,HonoraryMember
ExecutiveCommittee(BPVIII)
R.S.HillIII,Chair
A.Byk,StaffSecretary
T.M.Adams
C.W.Bruny
P.R.Donavin
J.V.Gardiner
J.Grimm
R.B.Keating
J.C.Minichiello
J.A.Munshi
J.E.Nestell
S.Sham
G.J.Solovey
W.K.Sowder,Jr.
SubcommitteeonDesign(BPVIII)
P.R.Donavin,Chair
T.M.Adams,ViceChair
R.L.Bratton
C.W.Bruny
R.P.Deubler
M.A.Gray
S.Horowitz
R.I.Jetter
R.B.Keating
K.A.Manoly
R.J.Masterson
D.E.Matthews
S.McKillop
M.N.Mitchell
W.J.O’Donnell,Sr.
S.Sham
J.P.Tucker
W.F.Weitze
T.Yamazaki
J.Yang
R.S.HillIII,ContributingMember
G.L.Hollinger,Contributing Member
M.H.Jawad,ContributingMember
K.Wright,ContributingMember
SubgrouponComponentDesign(SC-D)(BPVIII)
T.M.Adams,Chair
R.B.Keating,ViceChair
S.Pellet,Secretary
D.J.Ammerman
G.A.Antaki
S.Asada
J.F.Ball
C.Basavaraju
D.Chowdhury
R.P.Deubler
P.Hirschberg
M.Kassar
O.-S.Kim
H.Kobayashi
K.A.Manoly
R.J.Masterson
D.E.Matthews
J.C.Minichiello
D.K.Morton
T.M.Musto
T.Nagata
I.Saito
G.C.Slagis
J.R.Stinson
G.Z.Tokarski
J.P.Tucker
P.Vock
C.Wilson
J.Yang
C.W.Bruny,ContributingMember
A.A.Dermenjian,Contributing Member
K.R.Wichman,HonoraryMember
WorkingGrouponCoreSupportStructures(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
J.Yang,Chair
D.Keck,Secretary
L.C.Hartless
J.F.Kielb
T.Liszkai
H.S.Mehta
M.Nakajima
M.D.Snyder
R.Vollmer
T.M.Wiger
Y.Wong
R.Z.Ziegler
WorkingGrouponDesignofDivision3ContainmentSystems (SG-CD)(BPVIII)
D.J.Ammerman,Chair
G.Bjorkman
V.Broz
S.Horowitz
S.Klein
D.W.Lewis
J.C.Minichiello
D.K.Morton
X.Zhai
X.Zhang
D.Dunn,Alternate
I.D.McInnes,ContributingMember
H.P.Shrivastava,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponHDPEDesignofComponents(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
T.M.Musto,Chair
J.Ossmann,Secretary
T.M.Adams
T.A.Bacon
M.Brandes
S.Choi
J.R.Hebeisen
P.Krishnaswamy
K.A.Manoly
M.Martin
J.C.Minichiello
D.P.Munson
F.J.Schaaf,Jr. R.Stakenborghs
J.Wright
M.T.Audrain,Alternate
D.Burwell,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponPiping(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
G.A.Antaki,Chair
G.Z.Tokarski,Secretary
T.M.Adams
T.A.Bacon
C.Basavaraju
J.Catalano
F.Claeys
C.M.Faidy
R.G.Gilada
N.M.Graham
M.A.Gray
R.J.Gurdal
R.W.Haupt
A.Hirano
P.Hirschberg
M.Kassar
J.Kawahata
R.B.Keating
V.Kostarev
D.Lieb
T.B.Littleton
J.F.McCabe
J.C.Minichiello
I.-K.Nam
G.C.Slagis
N.C.Sutherland
C.-I.Wu
Y.Liu,ContributingMember
A.N.Nguyen,ContributingMember
M.S.Sills,ContributingMember
E.A.Wais,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponPressureRelief(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
J.F.Ball,Chair
J.W.Dickson
S.Jones
R.Krithivasan
R.Lack
K.R.May
D.Miller
T.Patel
K.Shores
I.H.Tseng
J.Yu
N.J.Hansing,Alternate
B.J.Yonsky,Alternate
S.T.French,ContributingMember
D.B.Ross,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponPumps(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
D.Chowdhury,Chair
J.V.Gregg,Jr.,Secretary
X.Di
M.D.Eftychiou
C.Gabhart
J.Kikushima
R.Klein
R.Ladefian
W.Lienau
K.J.Noel
R.A.Patrick
J.Sulley
A.G.Washburn
Y.Wong
WorkingGrouponSupports(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
J.R.Stinson,Chair
U.S.Bandyopadhyay,Secretary
K.Avrithi
T.H.Baker
F.J.Birch
R.P.Deubler
N.M.Graham
R.J.Masterson
S.Pellet
I.Saito
C.Stirzel
G.Z.Tokarski
A.Tsirigotis
L.Vandership
P.Wiseman
J.Huang,Alternate
WorkingGrouponValves(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
P.Vock,Chair
S.Jones,Secretary
M.C.Buckley
R.Farrell
G.A.Jolly
J.Lambin
T.Lippucci
C.A.Mizer
H.O’Brien
J.O’Callaghan
K.E.ReidII
J.Sulley
I.H.Tseng
J.P.Tucker
N.J.Hansing,Alternate
WorkingGrouponVessels(SG-CD)(BPVIII)
D.E.Matthews,Chair
S.Willoughby,Secretary
J.Arthur
C.Basavaraju
M.Kassar
R.B.Keating
D.Keck
J.I.Kim
O.-S.Kim
T.Mitsuhashi
D.Murphy
T.J.Schriefer
M.C.Scott
P.K.Shah
J.Shupert
C.Turylo
D.Vlaicu
C.Wilson
T.Yamazaki
R.Z.Ziegler
B.Basu,ContributingMember
A.Kalnins,ContributingMember
W.F.Weitze,ContributingMember
SubgrouponDesignMethods(SC-D)(BPVIII)
C.W.Bruny,Chair
P.R.Donavin,ViceChair
S.McKillop,Secretary
K.Avrithi
L.Davies
S.R.Gosselin
M.A.Gray
J.V.Gregg,Jr.
H.T.HarrisonIII
K.Hsu
D.Keck
J.I.Kim
M.N.Mitchell
W.J.O’Donnell,Sr.
W.D.Reinhardt
P.Smith
S.D.Snow
R.Vollmer
W.F.Weitze
K.Wright
T.M.Adams,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponDesignMethodology(SG-DM)(BPVIII)
S.McKillop,Chair
R.Vollmer,Secretary
K.Avrithi
C.Basavaraju
D.L.Caldwell
C.M.Faidy
R.Farrell
H.T.HarrisonIII
C.F.HeberlingII
P.Hirschberg
M.Kassar
R.B.Keating
J.I.Kim
H.Kobayashi
T.Liszkai
J.F.McCabe
S.Ranganath
W.D.Reinhardt
P.K.Shah
S.D.Snow
S.Wang
W.F.Weitze
J.Wen
T.M.Wiger
K.Wright
J.Yang
R.D.Blevins,ContributingMember
M.R.Breach,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponEnvironmentalEffects(SG-DM)(BPVIII)
L.Davies,Chair
B.D.Frew,Secretary
P.J.Dobson
J.I.Kim
J.E.Nestell
M.Osterfoss
T.J.Schriefer
I.H.Tseng
WorkingGrouponEnvironmentalFatigueEvaluationMethods (SG-DM)(BPVIII)
M.A.Gray,Chair
W.F.Weitze,Secretary
T.M.Adams
S.Asada
K.Avrithi
R.C.Cipolla
T.M.Damiani
C.M.Faidy
T.D.Gilman
S.R.Gosselin
Y.He
P.Hirschberg
H.S.Mehta
T.Metais
J.-S.Park
B.Pellereau
I.Saito
D.Vlaicu
K.Wang
K.Wright
R.Z.Ziegler
WorkingGrouponFatigueStrength(SG-DM)(BPVIII)
P.R.Donavin,Chair
M.S.Shelton,Secretary
T.M.Damiani
C.M.Faidy
P.Gill
S.R.Gosselin
R.J.Gurdal
C.F.HeberlingII
C.E.Hinnant
P.Hirschberg
K.Hsu
S.H.Kleinsmith
S.Majumdar
S.N.Malik
H.S.Mehta
S.Mohanty
S.Ranganath
A.Tsirigotis
D.Dewees,ContributingMember
W.J.O'Donnell,Sr.,Contributing Member
K.Wright,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponGraphiteandCompositeDesign (SG-DM)(BPVIII)
M.N.Mitchell,Chair
T.D.Burchell,Secretary
A.Appleton
S.-H.Chi
W.J.Geringer
S.T.Gonczy
M.G.Jenkins
Y.Katoh
J.Ossmann
W.Windes
A.Yeshnik
S.Yu
G.L.Zeng
N.McMurray,Alternate
WorkingGrouponProbabilisticMethodsinDesign (SG-DM)(BPVIII)
M.Golliet,Chair
T.Asayama
K.Avrithi
G.Brouette
J.Hakii
D.O.Henry
R.S.HillIII
M.Morishita
P.J.O'Regan
I.Saito
SpecialWorkingGrouponComputationalModelingforExplicit Dynamics(SG-DM)(BPVIII)
G.Bjorkman,Chair
D.J.Ammerman,ViceChair
V.Broz,Secretary
M.R.Breach
J.M.Jordan
S.Kuehner
D.Molitoris
W.D.Reinhardt
P.Y.-K.Shih
S.D.Snow
C.-F.Tso
M.C.Yaksh
U.Zencker
A.Rigato,Alternate
SubgrouponElevatedTemperatureDesign(SC-D)(BPVIII)
S.Sham,Chair
T.Asayama
C.BechtIV
F.W.Brust
P.Carter
M.E.Cohen
B.F.Hantz
M.H.Jawad
R.I.Jetter
K.Kimura
G.H.Koo
T.Le
J.E.Nestell
R.Wright
A.B.Hull,Alternate
D.S.Griffin,ContributingMember
S.Majumdar,ContributingMember
D.L.Marriott,Contributing Member
W.J.O'Donnell,Sr.,Contributing Member
R.W.Swindeman,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponAllowableStressCriteria(SG-ETD)(BPVIII)
R.Wright,Chair
M.J.Swindeman,Secretary
C.J.Johns
K.Kimura
T.Le
D.Maitra
M.McMurtrey
J.E.Nestell
W.Ren
S.Sham
X.Wei
S.N.Malik,Alternate
J.R.Foulds,ContributingMember
R.W.Swindeman,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponAnalysisMethods(SG-ETD)(BPVIII)
P.Carter,Chair
M.J.Swindeman,Secretary
M.E.Cohen
R.I.Jetter
T.Le
M.C.Messner
S.Sham
X.Wei
A.Tsirigotis,Alternate
S.Krishnamurthy,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponCreep-FatigueandNegligibleCreep(SG-ETD) (BPVIII)
T.Asayama,Chair
F.W.Brust
P.Carter
M.E.Cohen
R.I.Jetter
G.H.Koo
T.Le
B.-L.Lyow
M.McMurtrey
M.C.Messner
H.Qian
S.Sham
Y.Wang
X.Wei
N.McMurray,Alternate
WorkingGrouponElevatedTemperatureConstruction(SG-ETD) (BPVIII)
A.Mann,Chair
C.Nadarajah,Secretary
D.I.Anderson
D.Dewees
B.F.Hantz
M.H.Jawad
R.I.Jetter
S.Krishnamurthy
T.Le
M.N.Mitchell
P.Prueter
M.J.Swindeman
N.McMurray,Alternate
J.P.Glaspie,ContributingMember
D.L.Marriott,Contributing Member
B.J.Mollitor,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponHighTemperatureFlawEvaluation(SG-ETD) (BPVIII)
F.W.Brust,Chair
P.Carter
S.Kalyanam
T.Le
M.C.Messner
H.Qian
P.J.Rush
D.-J.Shim
X.Wei
S.X.Xu
N.McMurray,Alternate
SpecialWorkingGrouponInelasticAnalysisMethods(SG-ETD) (BPVIII)
M.C.Messner,Chair
S.X.Xu,Secretary
R.W.Barnes
J.A.Blanco
T.Hassan
G.H.Koo
B.-L.Lyow
S.Sham
M.J.Swindeman
X.Wei
G.L.Zeng
SubgrouponGeneralRequirements(BPVIII)
J.V.Gardiner,Chair
J.Rogers,Secretary
V.Apostolescu
A.Appleton
S.Bell
J.R.Berry
G.Brouette
J.W.Highlands
E.V.Imbro
K.A.Kavanagh
Y.-S.Kim
B.McGlone
E.C.Renaud
T.N.Rezk
D.J.Roszman
W.K.Sowder,Jr.
R.Spuhl
G.E.Szabatura
D.M.Vickery
C.S.Withers
J.DeKleine,ContributingMember
H.Michael,ContributingMember
C.T.Smith,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponDutiesandResponsibilities(SG-GR)(BPVIII)
S.Bell,Chair
N.DeSantis,Secretary
J.R.Berry
P.J.Coco
Y.Diaz-Castillo
J.V.Gardiner
E.V.Imbro
K.A.Kavanagh
D.J.Roszman
B.S.Sandhu
J.L.Williams
J.DeKleine,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponQualityAssurance,Certification,andStamping (SG-GR)(BPVIII)
B.McGlone,Chair
J.Grimm,Secretary
V.Apostolescu
A.Appleton
G.Brouette
O.Elkadim
S.M.Goodwin
J.Harris
J.W.Highlands
K.A.Kavanagh
Y.-S.Kim
D.T.Meisch
R.B.Patel
E.C.Renaud
T.N.Rezk
J.Rogers
W.K.Sowder,Jr.
R.Spuhl
J.F.Strunk
G.E.Szabatura
D.M.Vickery
C.S.Withers
C.A.Spletter,ContributingMember
SpecialWorkingGrouponGeneralRequirementsConsolidation (SG-GR)(BPVIII)
J.V.Gardiner,Chair
C.T.Smith,ViceChair
S.Bell
M.B.Cusick
Y.Diaz-Castillo
J.Grimm
J.M.Lyons
B.McGlone
R.B.Patel
E.C.Renaud
T.N.Rezk
J.Rogers
D.J.Roszman
B.S.Sandhu
G.J.Solovey
R.Spuhl
G.E.Szabatura
J.L.Williams
C.S.Withers
S.F.Harrison,Jr.,Contributing Member
WorkingGrouponGeneralRequirementsforGraphiteandCeramic CompositeCoreComponentsandAssemblies(SG-GR)(BPVIII)
A.Appleton,Chair
W.J.Geringer,Secretary
J.R.Berry
T.D.Burchell
M.N.Mitchell
E.C.Renaud
W.Windes
A.Yeshnik
N.McMurray,Alternate
SubgrouponMaterials,Fabrication,andExamination(BPVIII)
J.Grimm,Chair
B.D.Frew,ViceChair
S.Hunter,Secretary
W.H.Borter
T.D.Burchell
S.Cho
P.J.Coco
R.H.Davis
G.B.Georgiev
S.E.Gingrich
M.Golliet
L.S.Harbison
R.M.Jessee
J.Johnston,Jr.
C.C.Kim
M.Lashley
T.Melfi
I.-K.Nam
J.Ossmann
J.E.O’Sullivan
M.C.Scott
W.J.Sperko
J.R.Stinson
J.F.Strunk
W.Windes
R.Wright
S.Yee
H.Michael,Delegate
R.W.Barnes,ContributingMember
G.R.Cannell,ContributingMember
D.B.Denis,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponGraphiteandCompositeMaterials(SG-MFE) (BPVIII)
T.D.Burchell,Chair
M.N.Mitchell,Secretary
A.Appleton
R.L.Bratton
S.R.Cadell
S.-H.Chi
A.Covac
S.W.Doms
S.F.Duffy
W.J.Geringer
S.T.Gonzcy
M.G.Jenkins
Y.Katoh
J.Ossmann
M.Roemmler
N.Salstrom
T.Shibata
W.Windes
A.Yeshnik
S.Yu
G.L.Zeng
N.McMurray,Alternate
WorkingGrouponHDPEMaterials(SG-MFE)(BPVIII)
G.Brouette,Chair
M.A.Martin,Secretary
W.H.Borter
M.C.Buckley
M.Golliet
J.Hakii
J.Johnston,Jr.
P.Krishnaswamy
D.P.Munson
T.M.Musto
S.Patterson
S.Schuessler
R.Stakenborghs
M.Troughton
J.Wright
B.Hauger,ContributingMember
JointACI-ASMECommitteeonConcreteComponentsforNuclear Service(BPVIII)
J.A.Munshi,Chair
J.McLean,ViceChair
J.Cassamassino,StaffSecretary
C.J.Bang
L.J.Colarusso
A.C.Eberhardt
F.Farzam
P.S.Ghosal
B.D.Hovis
T.C.Inman
C.Jones
O.Jovall
T.Kang
N.-H.Lee
T.Muraki
N.Orbovic
J.F.Strunk
G.Thomas
T.Tonyan
S.Wang
J.F.Artuso,ContributingMember
S.Bae,ContributingMember
J.-B.Domage,ContributingMember
B.B.Scott,ContributingMember
M.R.Senecal,Contributing Member
Z.Shang,ContributingMember
M.Sircar,ContributingMember
C.T.Smith,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponDesign(BPVIII-2)
N.-H.Lee,Chair
S.Wang,ViceChair
M.Allam
S.Bae
L.J.Colarusso
A.C.Eberhardt
F.Farzam
P.S.Ghosal
B.D.Hovis
T.C.Inman
C.Jones
O.Jovall
J.A.Munshi
T.Muraki
G.Thomas
M.Diaz,ContributingMember
A.Istar,ContributingMember
S.-Y.Kim,ContributingMember
J.Kwon,ContributingMember
B.R.Laskewitz,Contributing Member
B.B.Scott,ContributingMember
Z.Shang,ContributingMember
M.Shin,ContributingMember
M.Sircar,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponMaterials,Fabrication,andExamination (BPVIII-2)
T.Tonyan,Chair
A.Eberhardt,ViceChair
M.Allam
C.J.Bang
B.Birch
J.-B.Domage
P.S.Ghosal
C.Jones
T.Kang
N.-H.Lee
Z.Shang
J.F.Strunk
I.Zivanovic
J.F.Artuso,ContributingMember
B.B.Scott,ContributingMember
SpecialWorkingGrouponModernization(BPVIII-2)
N.Orbovic,Chair
J.McLean,ViceChair
A.Adediran
O.Jovall
N.Stoeva
S.Wang
I.Zivanovic
J.-B.Domage,ContributingMember
F.Lin,ContributingMember
M.A.Ugalde,ContributingMember
SubgrouponContainmentSystemsforSpentNuclearFueland High-LevelRadioactiveMaterial(BPVIII)
G.J.Solovey,Chair
D.J.Ammerman,ViceChair
G.Bjorkman
V.Broz
S.Horowitz
S.Klein
D.W.Lewis
D.K.Morton
E.L.Pleins
J.Wellwood
X.J.Zhai
D.Dunn,Alternate
W.H.Borter,ContributingMember
P.E.McConnell,Contributing Member
N.M.Simpson,Contributing Member
R.H.Smith,ContributingMember
SubgrouponFusionEnergyDevices(BPVIII)
W.K.Sowder,Jr.,Chair
D.Andrei,StaffSecretary
D.J.Roszman,Secretary
M.Bashir
L.C.Cadwallader
B.R.Doshi
G.Holtmeier
K.A.Kavanagh
K.Kim
I.Kimihiro
S.Lee
G.Li
X.Li
P.Mokaria
T.R.Muldoon
M.Porton
F.J.Schaaf,Jr.
P.Smith
Y.Song
M.Trosen
C.Waldon
I.J.Zatz
R.W.Barnes,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponGeneralRequirements(BPVIII-4)
D.J.Roszman,Chair
W.K.Sowder,Jr.
WorkingGrouponIn-VesselComponents(BPVIII-4)
M.Bashir,Chair
Y.Carin
S.Lee,Chair
M.Kalsey
WorkingGrouponMagnets(BPVIII-4)
K.Kim,ViceChair
WorkingGrouponMaterials(BPVIII-4)
M.Porton,Chair P.Mummery
WorkingGrouponVacuumVessels(BPVIII-4)
I.Kimihiro,Chair
L.C.Cadwallader
B.R.Doshi
Q.Shijun
Y.Song
SubgrouponHighTemperatureReactors(BPVIII)
J.E.Nestell,Chair
N.Broom
T.D.Burchell
M.E.Cohen
R.I.Jetter
G.H.Koo
D.K.Morton
S.Sham
W.Windes
A.Yeshnik
G.L.Zeng
N.McMurray,Alternate
X.Li,ContributingMember
M.Morishita,ContributingMember
L.Shi,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponHighTemperatureGas-CooledReactors (BPVIII-5)
J.E.Nestell,Chair
N.Broom
T.D.Burchell
R.I.Jetter
Y.W.Kim
T.Le
D.K.Morton
S.Sham
G.L.Zeng
S.N.Malik,Alternate
X.Li,ContributingMember
L.Shi,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponHighTemperatureLiquid-CooledReactors (BPVIII-5)
S.Sham,Chair
M.Arcaro
T.Asayama
R.W.Barnes
P.Carter
M.E.Cohen
A.B.Hull
R.I.Jetter
G.H.Koo
T.Le
J.E.Nestell
X.Wei
C.Moyer,Alternate
S.Majumdar,ContributingMember
M.Morishita,ContributingMember
G.Wu,ContributingMember
ArgentinaInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVIII)
J.Fernández,Chair
A.Politi,ViceChair
O.Martinez,StaffSecretary
A.Gomez,Secretary
A.Acrogliano
W.Agrelo
G.O.Anteri
M.Anticoli
C.A.Araya
J.P.Balbiani
A.A.Betervide
D.O.Bordato
G.Bourguigne
M.L.Cappella
A.Claus
R.G.Cocco
A.Coleff
A.J.Dall’Osto
L.M.DeBarberis
D.P.Delfino
D.N.Dell’Erba
F.G.Diez
A.Dominguez
S.A.Echeverria
E.P.Fresquet
M.M.Gamizo
I.M.Guerreiro
R.S.HillIII
I.A.Knorr
M.F.Liendo
L.R.Miño
J.Monte
R.L.Morard
A.E.Pastor
E.Pizzichini
J.L.Racamato
H.C.Sanzi
G.J.Scian
G.G.Sebastian
M.E.Szarko
P.N.Torano
A.Turrin
O.A.Verastegui
M.D.Vigliano
P.Yamamoto
M.Zunino
ChinaInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVIII)
J.Yan,Chair
W.Tang,ViceChair
Y.He,Secretary
L.Guo
Y.Jing
D.Kang
Y.Li
B.Liang
H.Lin
S.Liu
W.Liu
J.Ma
K.Mao
D.E.Matthews
W.Pei
G.Sun
Z.Sun
G.Tang
L.Ting
Y.Tu
Y.Wang
H.Wu
X.Wu
S.Xue
Z.Yin
G.Zhang
W.Zhang
W.Zhao
Y.Zhong
Z.Zhong
GermanInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVIII)
J.Wendt,Chair
D.Koelbl,ViceChair
R.Gersinska,Secretary
H.-R.Bath
P.R.Donavin
R.Döring
A.Huber
R.E.Hueggenberg
C.Huttner
E.Iacopetta
M.H.Koeppen
C.Kuschke
H.-W.Lange
T.Ludwig
X.Pitoiset
M.Reichert
G.Roos
J.Rudolph
H.Schau
L.Sybert
R.Trieglaff
F.Wille
S.Zickler
IndiaInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVIII)
R.N.Sen,Chair
S.B.Parkash,ViceChair
A.D.Bagdare,Secretary
S.Aithal
H.Dalal
S.Kovalai
D.Kulkarni
R.Kumar
E.I.Pleins
M.Ponnusamy
K.R.Shah
B.K.Sreedhar
KoreaInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVIII)
G.H.Koo,Chair
S.S.Hwang,ViceChair
O.-S.Kim,Secretary
H.S.Byun
S.Cho
G.-S.Choi
S.Choi
J.Y.Hong
N.-S.Huh
J.-K.Hwang
C.Jang
I.I.Jeong
H.J.Kim
J.-I.Kim
J.-S.Kim
K.Kim
M.-W.Kim
S.-S.Kim
Y.-B.Kim
Y.-S.Kim
D.Kwon
B.Lee
D.Lee
SanghoonLee
SangilLee
S.-G.Lee
H.Lim
I.-K.Nam
B.Noh
C.-K.Oh
C.Park
H.Park
J.-S.Park
Y.S.Pyun
T.Shin
S.Song
W.J.Sperko
J.S.Yang
O.Yoo
SpecialWorkingGrouponEditingandReview(BPVIII)
D.E.Matthews,Chair
R.L.Bratton
R.P.Deubler
A.C.Eberhardt
S.Horowitz
J.C.Minichiello
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
C.Wilson
SpecialWorkingGrouponHDPEStakeholders(BPVIII)
M.Brandes,Chair
S.Patterson,Secretary
T.M.Adams
S.Choi
C.M.Faidy
M.Golliet
R.M.Jessee
J.Johnston,Jr.
M.Lashley
K.A.Manoly
D.P.Munson
T.M.Musto
J.E.O’Sullivan
V.Rohatgi
F.J.Schaaf,Jr.
R.Stakenborghs
M.Troughton
J.Wright
D.Burwell,ContributingMember
SpecialWorkingGrouponHonorsandAwards(BPVIII)
R.M.Jessee,Chair
A.Appleton
R.W.Barnes
D.E.Matthews
J.C.Minichiello
SpecialWorkingGrouponIndustryExperienceforNewPlants (BPVIII&BPVXI)
J.T.Lindberg,Chair
J.Ossmann,Chair
M.C.Buckley,Secretary
A.Cardillo
T.L.Chan
P.J.Hennessey
D.O.Henry
J.Honcharik
C.G.Kim
O.-S.Kim
K.Matsunaga
D.E.Matthews
R.E.McLaughlin
D.W.Sandusky
T.Tsuruta
R.M.Wilson
S.M.Yee
A.Tsirigotis,Alternate
SpecialWorkingGrouponInternationalMeetings(BPVIII)
D.E.Matthews,Chair
A.Byk,StaffSecretary
R.W.Barnes
T.D.Burchell
R.L.Crane
P.R.Donavin
R.S.HillIII
M.N.Mitchell
E.L.Pleins
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
C.A.Sanna
W.J.Sperko
SpecialWorkingGrouponNewPlantConstructionIssues(BPVIII)
E.L.Pleins,Chair
M.C.Scott,Secretary
A.Cardillo
P.J.Coco
J.Honcharik
E.V.Imbro
O.-S.Kim
M.Kris
J.C.Minichiello
D.W.Sandusky
R.R.Stevenson
M.L.Wilson
H.Xu
J.Yan
N.J.Hansing,Alternate
A.Byk,ContributingMember
SpecialWorkingGrouponRegulatoryInterface(BPVIII)
E.V.Imbro,Chair
P.Malouines,Secretary
S.Bell
A.Cardillo
P.J.Coco
J.Grimm
J.Honcharik
K.Matsunaga
D.E.Matthews
B.McGlone
A.T.RobertsIII
R.R.Stevenson
M.L.Wilson
N.J.Hansing,Alternate
COMMITTEEONHEATINGBOILERS(BPVIV)
J.A.Hall,Chair
T.L.Bedeaux,ViceChair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
B.Calderon
J.Calland
J.P.Chicoine
J.M.Downs
J.L.Kleiss
J.Klug
P.A.Molvie
R.D.Troutt
M.Wadkinson
R.V.Wielgoszinski
H.Michael,Delegate
D.Picart,Delegate
B.J.Iske,Alternate
A.Heino,ContributingMember
S.V.Voorhees,Contributing Member
SubgrouponCareandOperationofHeatingBoilers(BPVIV)
R.D.Troutt,Chair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
B.Ahee
T.L.Bedeaux
J.Calland
J.M.Downs
J.A.Hall
J.L.Kleiss
P.A.Molvie
M.Wadkinson
C.Lasarte,ContributingMember
SubgrouponCastBoilers(BPVIV)
J.P.Chicoine,Chair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
T.L.Bedeaux
J.M.Downs
J.A.Hall
J.L.Kleiss
M.Mengon
SubgrouponMaterials(BPVIV)
M.Wadkinson,Chair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
L.Badziagowski
T.L.Bedeaux
J.Calland
J.M.Downs
J.A.Hall
B.J.Iske
J.Calland,Chair
SubgrouponWaterHeaters(BPVIV)
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
B.Ahee
L.Badziagowski
J.P.Chicoine
C.Dinic
B.J.Iske
J.L.Kleiss
P.A.Molvie
M.A.Taylor
T.E.Trant
R.D.Troutt
SubgrouponWeldedBoilers(BPVIV)
P.A.Molvie,Chair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
B.Ahee
L.Badziagowski
T.L.Bedeaux
B.Calderon
J.Calland
C.Dinic
J.L.Kleiss
M.Mengon
R.D.Troutt
M.Wadkinson
R.V.Wielgoszinski
COMMITTEEONNONDESTRUCTIVEEXAMINATION(BPVV)
G.W.Hembree,Chair
N.A.Finney,ViceChair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
J.Bennett
P.L.Brown
M.A.Burns
N.Carter
C.Emslander
A.F.Garbolevsky
J.F.Halley
P.T.Hayes
S.A.Johnson
F.B.Kovacs
B.D.Laite
C.May
L.E.Mullins
A.B.Nagel
T.L.Plasek
F.J.Sattler
P.B.Shaw
C.Vorwald
G.M.Gatti,Delegate
X.Guiping,Delegate
S.J.Akrin,ContributingMember
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
A.S.Birks,ContributingMember
N.Y.Faransso,Contributing Member
R.W.Kruzic,ContributingMember
H.C.Graber,HonoraryMember
O.F.Hedden,HonoraryMember
J.R.MacKay,HonoraryMember
T.G.McCarty,HonoraryMember
ExecutiveCommittee(BPVV)
N.A.Finney,Chair
G.W.Hembree,ViceChair
C.R.Ramcharran,StaffSecretary
C.Emslander
S.A.Johnson
F.B.Kovacs
A.B.Nagel
C.Vorwald
SubgrouponGeneralRequirements/PersonnelQualificationsand Inquiries(BPVV)
C.Emslander,Chair
N.Carter,ViceChair
J.Bennett
T.Clausing
N.A.Finney
G.W.Hembree
S.A.Johnson
F.B.Kovacs
K.Krueger
C.May
D.I.Morris
A.B.Nagel
S.J.Akrin,ContributingMember
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
A.S.Birks,ContributingMember
N.Y.Faransso,Contributing Member
J.P.Swezy,Jr.,Contributing Member
SubgrouponSurfaceExaminationMethods(BPVV)
S.A.Johnson,Chair
C.May,ViceChair
P.L.Brown
N.Carter
T.Clausing
N.Farenbaugh
N.A.Finney
J.F.Halley
K.Hayes
G.W.Hembree
B.D.Laite
L.E.Mullins
A.B.Nagel
F.J.Sattler
P.B.Shaw
M.Wolf
D.Woodward
G.M.Gatti,Delegate
S.J.Akrin,ContributingMember
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
A.S.Birks,ContributingMember
N.Y.Faransso,Contributing Member
R.W.Kruzic,ContributingMember
SubgrouponVolumetricMethods(BPVV)
A.B.Nagel,Chair
C.May,ViceChair
P.L.Brown
J.M.Davis
N.A.Finney
A.F.Garbolevsky
J.F.Halley
R.W.Hardy
P.T.Hayes
G.W.Hembree
S.A.Johnson
F.B.Kovacs
SpecialWorkingGroupontheUseofUnmannedAerialVehicles/ SystemsforInspection(BPVV)
G.W.Hembree,Chair
P.J.Coco,ViceChair
L.Pulgarin,StaffSecretary
A.Bloye
T.Cinson
J.DiPalma
M.Ellis
S.Flash
R.T.Grotenhuis
K.Hayes
P.T.Hayes
R.Janowiak
C.May
L.E.Mullins
M.Orihuela
L.Petrosky
C.Magruder
L.E.Mullins
T.L.Plasek
F.J.Sattler
C.Vorwald
G.M.Gatti,Delegate
S.J.Akrin,ContributingMember
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
N.Y.Faransso,Contributing Member
R.W.Kruzic,ContributingMember
SpecialWorkingGrouponAdvancedUltrasonicTestingTechnique (BPVV)
L.E.Mullins,Chair
K.Krueger,ViceChair
D.Adkins
D.Bajula
N.A.Finney
J.L.Garner
J.F.Haley
P.T.Hayes
M.Lozev
C.Magruder
M.Sens
SpecialWorkingGrouponFullMatrixCapture(FMC)Ultrasonic Testing(BPVV)
P.T.Hayes,Chair
K.Hayes,ViceChair
D.Adkins
D.Bajula
D.Braconnier
J.Catty
B.Erne
S.Falter
N.A.Finney
J.L.Garner
R.T.Grotenhuis
J.F.Halley
G.W.Hembree
B.D.Laite
F.Laprise
M.Lozev
C.Magruder
F.Morrow
L.E.Mullins
A.B.Nagel
E.Peloquin
D.Richard
M.Sens
D.Tompkins
J.Vinyard
O.Volf
C.Wassink
P.C.Prahl
J.Schroeter
K.Schupp
M.Sens
A.T.Taggart
R.Vayda
K.H.Kim,Delegate
R.J.Winn,Delegate
L.Zhang,Delegate
Q.Chen,ContributingMember
A.Cook,ContributingMember
A.E.Krauser,ContributingMember
X.Wen,ContributingMember
F.Wu,ContributingMember
Y.Yang,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponAcousticEmissions(SG-VM)(BPVV)
N.Y.Faransso,Chair
S.R.Doctor,ViceChair
J.Catty
V.F.Godinez-Azcuaga
R.K.Miller
M.A.Gonzalez,Alternate
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponRadiography(SG-VM)(BPVV)
C.Vorwald,Chair
F.B.Kovacs,ViceChair
J.Anderson
P.L.Brown
C.Emslander
A.F.Garbolevsky
R.W.Hardy
G.W.Hembree
C.Johnson
S.A.Johnson
B.D.Laite
C.May
R.J.Mills
A.B.Nagel
T.L.Plasek
T.Vidimos
B.White
D.Woodward
S.J.Akrin,ContributingMember
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
N.Y.Faransso,Contributing Member
R.W.Kruzic,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponUltrasonics(SG-VM)(BPVV)
N.A.Finney,Chair
J.F.Halley,ViceChair
D.Adkins
C.Brown
J.M.Davis
C.Emslander
P.T.Hayes
S.A.Johnson
K.Krueger
B.D.Laite
C.Magruder
C.May
L.E.Mullins
A.B.Nagel
K.Page
F.J.Sattler
D.Tompkins
D.VanAllen
J.Vinyard
C.Vorwald
N.Y.Faransso,Contributing Member
R.W.Kruzic,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponGuidedWaveUltrasonicTesting(SG-VM)(BPVV)
N.Y.Faransso,Chair
S.A.Johnson,ViceChair
D.Alleyne
J.F.Halley
G.M.Light
P.Mudge
M.J.Quarry
J.Vanvelsor
J.E.Batey,ContributingMember
ItalyInternationalWorkingGroup(BPVV)
P.L.Dinelli,Chair
A.Veroni,Secretary
T.Aldo
R.Bertolotti
F.Bresciani
G.Campos
N.Caputo
M.Colombo
F.Ferrarese
E.Ferrari
M.A.Grimoldi
G.Luoni
O.Oldani
U.Papponetti
P.Pedersoli
M.Zambon
G.Gobbi,ContributingMember
G.Pontiggia,ContributingMember
SubgrouponDesign(BPVVIII)
D.A.Swanson,Chair
J.C.Sowinski,ViceChair
M.Faulkner,Secretary
G.Aurioles,Sr.
S.R.Babka
O.A.Barsky
R.J.Basile
M.R.Breach
F.L.Brown
D.Chandiramani
B.F.Hantz
C.E.Hinnant
C.S.Hinson
M.H.Jawad
S.Krishnamurthy
D.L.Kurle
M.D.Lower
R.W.Mikitka
B.Millet
T.P.Pastor
COMMITTEEONPRESSUREVESSELS(BPVVIII)
R.J.Basile,Chair
S.C.Roberts,ViceChair
E.Lawson,StaffSecretary
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
G.Aurioles,Sr.
J.Cameron
A.Chaudouet
D.B.DeMichael
J.P.Glaspie
J.F.Grubb
B.F.Hantz
L.E.Hayden,Jr.
M.Kowalczyk
D.L.Kurle
M.D.Lower
R.Mahadeen
S.A.Marks
R.W.Mikitka
G.M.Mital
B.R.Morelock
T.P.Pastor
D.T.Peters
M.J.Pischke
M.D.Rana
G.B.Rawls,Jr.
F.L.Richter
C.D.Rodery
J.C.Sowinski
D.Srnic
D.B.Stewart
P.L.Sturgill
D.A.Swanson
J.P.Swezy,Jr.
S.Terada
E.Upitis
A.Viet
K.Xu
P.A.McGowan,Delegate
H.Michael,Delegate
K.Oyamada,Delegate
M.E.Papponetti,Delegate
X.Tang,Delegate
W.S.Jacobs,ContributingMember
G.G.Karcher,Contributing Member
K.T.Lau,ContributingMember
U.R.Miller,ContributingMember
K.Mokhtarian,Contributing Member
K.K.Tam,HonoraryMember
ExecutiveCommittee(BPVVIII)
S.C.Roberts,Chair
S.J.Rossi,StaffSecretary
G.Aurioles,Sr.
R.J.Basile
M.Kowalczyk
D.L.Kurle
M.D.Lower
R.Mahadeen
S.A.Marks
G.M.Mital
D.A.Swanson
A.Viet
M.D.Rana
G.B.Rawls,Jr.
S.C.Roberts
C.D.Rodery
T.G.Seipp
D.Srnic
S.Terada
J.Vattappilly
R.A.Whipple
K.Xu
K.Oyamada,Delegate
M.E.Papponetti,Delegate
W.S.Jacobs,ContributingMember
P.K.Lam,ContributingMember
K.Mokhtarian,Contributing Member
S.C.Shah,ContributingMember
K.K.Tam,ContributingMember
E.Upitis,ContributingMember
Z.Wang,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponDesign-By-Analysis(BPVVIII)
B.F.Hantz,Chair
T.W.Norton,Secretary
D.A.Arnett
R.G.Brown
D.Dewees
C.F.HeberlingII
C.E.Hinnant
M.H.Jawad
S.Kataoka
S.Kilambi
K.D.Kirkpatrick
S.Krishnamurthy
A.Mann
N.McKie
G.A.Miller
C.Nadarajah
P.Prueter
M.D.Rana
T.G.Seipp
M.A.Shah
S.Terada
K.Saboda,ContributingMember
SubgrouponFabricationandExamination(BPVVIII)
S.A.Marks,Chair
E.A.Whittle,ViceChair
T.Halligan,Secretary
B.R.Morelock,Secretary
N.Carter
D.I.Morris
O.Mulet
M.J.Pischke
M.J.Rice
C.D.Rodery
B.F.Shelley
P.L.Sturgill
J.P.Swezy,Jr.
E.Upitis
K.Oyamada,Delegate
W.J.Bees,ContributingMember
L.F.Campbell,Contributing Member
W.S.Jacobs,ContributingMember
J.Lee,ContributingMember
J.Si,ContributingMember
R.Uebel,ContributingMember
X.Xue,ContributingMember
B.Yang,ContributingMember
SubgrouponGeneralRequirements(BPVVIII)
M.D.Lower,Chair
J.P.Glaspie,ViceChair
F.L.Richter,Secretary
R.J.Basile
T.P.Beirne
D.T.Davis
D.B.DeMichael
M.Faulkner
F.Hamtak
L.E.Hayden,Jr.
J.Hoskinson
T.P.Pastor
D.K.Peetz
G.B.Rawls,Jr.
S.C.Roberts
J.C.Sowinski
P.Speranza
D.Srnic
D.B.Stewart
D.A.Swanson
R.Uebel
Z.Wang,ContributingMember
Y.Yang,ContributingMember
TaskGrouponFiredHeaterPressureVessels(BPVVIII)
F.Hamtak,Chair
J.Hoskinson
W.Kim
S.Kirk
T.P.Pastor
J.Rust
E.Smith
D.Srnic
J.P.Swezy,Jr.
TaskGrouponSubseaApplications(BPVVIII)
K.Karpanan,Chair
M.Sarzynski,ViceChair
L.P.Antalffy
R.C.Biel
P.Bunch
J.Ellens
A.J.Grohmann
S.Harbert
X.Kaculi
F.Kirkemo
C.Lan
N.McKie
S.K.Parimi
J.R.Sims
Y.Wada
R.Cordes,ContributingMember
D.T.Peters,ContributingMember
TaskGrouponUG-20(f)(BPVVIII)
S.Krishnamurthy,Chair
T.L.Anderson
K.E.Bagnoli
R.P.Deubler
B.F.Hantz
B.R.Macejko
J.Penso
M.Prager
M.D.Rana
TaskGrouponU-2(g)(BPVVIII)
D.A.Swanson,Chair
G.Aurioles,Sr.
S.R.Babka
R.J.Basile
D.K.Chandiramani
R.Mahadeen
T.W.Norton
T.P.Pastor
R.F.Reedy,Sr.
S.C.Roberts
D.Srnic
J.P.Swezy,Jr.
R.Uebel
K.K.Tam,ContributingMember
SubgrouponHeatTransferEquipment(BPVVIII)
G.Aurioles,Sr.,Chair
P.Matkovics,ViceChair
M.D.Clark,Secretary
D.Angstadt
S.R.Babka
J.H.Barbee
O.A.Barsky
L.Bower
T.Bunyarattaphantu
A.Chaudouet
D.L.Kurle
R.Mahadeen
S.Mayeux
S.Neilsen
E.Smith
A.M.Voytko
R.P.Wiberg
I.G.Campbell,Contributing Member
G.G.Karcher,Contributing Member
T.W.Norton,ContributingMember
J.Pasek,ContributingMember
D.Srnic,ContributingMember
Z.Tong,ContributingMember
WorkingGrouponPlateHeatExchangers(BPVVIII)
P.Matkovics,Chair
S.R.Babka
K.Devlin
J.F.Grubb
V.Gudge
F.Hamtak
R.Mahadeen
S.A.Marks
D.I.Morris
M.J.Pischke
D.Srnic
S.Sullivan
SubgrouponHighPressureVessels(BPVVIII)
G.M.Mital,Chair
K.Subramanian,ViceChair
A.P.Maslowski,StaffSecretary
L.P.Antalffy
R.C.Biel
P.N.Chaku
L.Fridlund
R.T.Hallman
J.A.Kapp
K.Karpanan
A.K.Khare
S.C.Mordre
G.T.Nelson
D.T.Peters
E.A.Rodriguez
E.D.Roll
K.C.Simpson,Jr.
J.R.Sims
E.Smith
F.W.Tatar
S.Terada
C.Tipple
J.L.Traud
R.Wink
Y.Xu
R.Cordes,ContributingMember
R.D.Dixon,ContributingMember
R.M.Hoshman,Contributing Member
Y.Huang,ContributingMember
J.Keltjens,ContributingMember
F.Kirkemo,ContributingMember
K.-J.Young,ContributingMember
D.J.Burns,HonoraryMember
D.M.Fryer,HonoraryMember
G.J.Mraz,HonoraryMember
E.H.Perez,HonoraryMember
SubgrouponMaterials(BPVVIII)
M.Kowalczyk,Chair
J.Cameron,ViceChair
K.Xu,Secretary
P.Chavdarov
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and incorrigible lady who so violently sought Byron for a lover, called one day at the poet’s apartments, and finding him away, wrote in a volume of Vathek the words “Remember me.” When Byron discovered the warning, he added to it two stanzas of burning invective, concluding, “Remember thee! Aye, doubt it not. Thy husband too shall think of thee; By neither shalt thou be forgot, Thou false to him, thou fiend to me!”
Several theories have been advanced to explain the causes and results of Byron’s unfortunate marriage, but the main facts seem to be simple enough. In 1813 he proposed to Miss Milbanke, a cousin of Lady Caroline Lamb’s by marriage, and was refused. The intimacy of the two continued, however, and a second offer, made in 1814, was accepted. The wedding, which took place on January 2, 1815, was accompanied by some inauspicious omens, but the honeymoon, spent at Halnaby, was apparently happy. Byron’s financial circumstances were straitened, and, on his return to London, he was pursued by creditors. He himself was irritable, unsuited for a quiet domestic life, and Lady Byron was probably over-puritanical. At any rate, whoever may have been the more at fault, his wife, soon after the opening of 1816, left him, took steps to have his mental condition examined, and later demanded a separation. In this crisis of his life, public opinion sided with Lady Byron, and the poet became a social outcast.169 The deed of separation was signed on April 22, 1816, and on the 25th of the same month, Byron left England forever.
During the arrangements for the separation Byron showed no resentment towards his wife. Indeed he wrote Moore on March 8, 1816:—“I do not believe—that there ever was a better, or even a brighter, a kinder, or a more amiable and agreeable being than Lady Byron.”170 His wrath fell heavily, however, on Mrs. Clermont, Lady Byron’s old governess, who had come to stay with her mistress
when the trouble began. On her Byron laid the responsibility for the events which followed. He thought her a spy on his actions, accused her of having broken open his desk in order to read his private papers, and considered her an impudent meddler. As he signed the deed of separation, he muttered, “This is Mrs. Clermont’s work.” His full rage against her burst out in A Sketch, finished March 29, 1816, and published, through some one’s indiscretion, in the Tory Champion for April 14th. Fifty copies of this satire were printed for private circulation, with Byron’s poem Fare Thee Well, addressed to his wife. The appearance of these verses in the newspapers started a violent controversy in the daily press, carried out on party lines.
A Sketch, containing 104 lines in heroic couplets, is a coarse and scurrilous attack on Mrs. Clermont, beginning with a short account of her life,
“Born in the garret, in the kitchen bred, Promoted thence to deck her mistress’ head,” and closing with a terrible imprecation,
“May the strong curse of crush’d affections light Back on thy bosom with reflected blight! And make thee, in thy leprosy of mind, As loathsome to thyself as to mankind!”
Perhaps no more savage satire was ever levelled at a woman; it is even more venomous than Pope’s assault on Lady Montagu in what Mr. Birrell calls “the most brutal lines ever written by man of woman.” Murray wrote Byron, after showing the satire to Rogers, Canning, and Frere:—“They have all seen and admired the lines; they agree that you have produced nothing better; that satire is your forte; and so in each class as you choose to adopt it.”171 These men, however, were active supporters of Byron, and their praise seems extravagant.
Whatever his provocation may have been—and it was probably great—Byron did not enhance his fame by this barbarous tirade.
In the very midst of his anger the poet pauses in the poem to pay his wife a tribute and to assert his love for her; but not long after he turned to assail Lady Byron herself. Indeed he is said to have attached an epigram to the deed of separation,
“A year ago you swore, fond she! ‘To love, to honour,’ and so forth: Such was the vow you pledged to me, And here’s exactly what ’tis worth.”
In September, 1816, when he was in Switzerland, he wrote the Lines on Hearing that Lady Byron Was Ill, in which he fairly gloats over her in her sickness. No one can mistake the meaning of the line,
“I have had many foes, but none like thee,” or of the charge,
“Of thy virtues didst thou make a vice, Trafficking with them in a purpose cold, For present anger and for future gold.”
These stanzas, however, were not printed until 1832. In the meantime Byron had continued the attack on his wife in Childe Harold, III, 117, and IV, 130–138, in Don Juan, and in an occasional short epigram sent to friends in England. There can be no doubt that as the years went by and his attempts at reconciliation were thwarted, he grew thoroughly embittered against her.
Byron’s habits of thought were so frequently satirical that it was natural for him to introduce satire even into poems which were obviously of a different character. In his preface to Childe Harold he announced his intention of following Beattie in giving full rein to his
inclination, and being “either droll or pathetic, descriptive or sentimental, tender or satirical” as the mood came to him. In that poem the moralizing and didactic elements often closely approach satire, and there are some passages of genuine invective, a few of which have already been indicated.
In the first canto a visit to Cintra leads Byron into an indictment of the Convention of Cintra (1808), signed by Kellerman and Wellesley, by the terms of which the French troops in Portugal were permitted to evacuate with artillery, cavalry, and equipment. This agreement was regarded by the home officials as equivalent to treason, and the men responsible were subjected to some rigorous criticism. Byron took the popular side of the question in saying,
“Ever since that martial synod met, Brittannia sickens, Cintra, at thy name.”
172
This patriotic mood seems, however, to have been a passing one. In after years he was not inclined to take the part of his country. Of a different sort are the stanzas on a London Sunday173 which, in Moore’s opinion, disfigure the poem. Canto I has also some satiric animadversions upon women, notably the lines,
“Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare, And Mammon wins his way where Seraphs might despair.”
174
In the final version of the first two cantos some stanzas of a satiric tone were omitted, among them lines on Frere, Carr, and Wellesley in Canto I, and passages on Elgin, Hope, Gell, and the “gentle Dilettanti” in Canto II.
A few ephemeral verses of this period still remain unnoticed: an occasional epistle in rhyme to Moore or Murray; four brief squibs on Lord Thurlow’s poetry; and several unimportant epigrams on trivial
subjects. No one of them is significant as literature, and they may well be passed by without comment.
In a last glance at Byron’s satiric production from 1811 to 1818 we perceive that, with the single exception of Hints from Horace, an avowed imitation, his work was directed towards definite ends. He was little given to vague denunciation; on the contrary, in touch as he was with current events and a keen observer of what was going on around him, he aimed, in his satire, at specific evils and follies. It is interesting, too, that most of his work after his return from abroad was journalistic and transitory, hastily conceived and carelessly composed. At the same time there are signs of a change in spirit. Though he still continues to burst out into invective on provocation, he is beginning to recognize the value of humor and mockery. More and more he is employing new metrical forms, and neglecting the heroic couplet for freer and more varied measures.
When Byron left England in 1816, he had been taught much by experience and had acquired some maturity of judgment. To some extent, though not entirely, he had outgrown the affectation and morbid pessimism of his boyhood. In a stern school he had learned many lessons, and, as a result, his satire from the time of his voluntary exile until his death displays a different spirit. When at last he discovered an artistic form and style in which to embody it, it showed a decided gain in merit and originality over English Bards, which, in 1817, was still the best satire he had written.
THE ITALIAN INFLUENCE
S after the momentous year 1816, an extraordinary development took place in the form and spirit of Byron’s satiric work in verse. Up to this date, as we have seen, his satires of any literary value had followed, as a rule, the general plan and manner used by the authors of such typical productions as the Dunciad, the Rosciad, and the Baviad. In some ephemeral verses, it is true, he had shown signs of breaking away from the English classical tradition; but few, if any, of these unimportant occasional poems had been printed in book form. They had appeared in newspapers or in letters to correspondents, and Byron himself would have made no claim for their permanence. His published satires, then, had deviated little from the standard set by Pope and Gifford, a fact all the more remarkable because his work in the other branches of literature in which he had distinguished himself had revealed a wide discrepancy between his utterances as a critic and his practice as a poet. The enthusiastic and often extravagant eulogist of Pope had been the author of the romantic Childe Harold and The Giaour. In one field of letters, however, Byron had preserved some consistency; before 1818, considered as a satirist, he must be classed as one of the numerous disciples of the great Augustan.
The publication of Beppo, February 28, 1818, may serve roughly to denote the visible turning-point between the old era and the new one to come. It is significant that this poem is written, not in the characteristically English heroic couplet, but in the thoroughly foreign ottava rima. Responsive to an altered and agreeable environment, Byron found in Italy and its literature an inspiration which affected him even more profoundly than it had Goethe only a few decades
before. The results of this influence, shown to some extent in his dramas though more decidedly in his satires, justify terming the years from 1817 until his death his Italian period. A mere mention of its contribution to satire indicates its importance: it produced Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, and Don Juan. Of these poems, Beppo is, strictly speaking, a satiric novella; The Vision of Judgment is a travesty; and Don Juan is an “epic satire.” They are, however, all three closely related: first, in that, unlike most of the earlier satires, they are narrative in method; second, in that they are infused with what we may call, for want of a better phrase, the Italian spirit. What this spirit is we may well leave for future discussion. It is enough here to point out that it is characterized by a kind of playfulness, half gayety and half mockery, often tinged with irony and reflecting a cynical tolerance, and that it adopts a style informal and colloquial, in which the satirist unbends to his readers and feigns to let them into his confidence. The bare outlining of these features alone proves how far Byron departed from the usually serious, dignified, and formal satire of Pope and Gifford.
It would, of course, be erroneous to assume that Byron, before he first touched Italian soil in 1816, was unfamiliar with the language. If, as Moore says, he had read little of it up to 1807, he still must have gained some acquaintance with it on his early travels, for on January 14, 1811, he wrote his mother from Athens:—“Being tolerably master of the Italian and Modern Greek languages—I can order and discourse more than enough for a reasonable man.”175 In a letter of August 24, 1811, he used Italian words,176 and in 1812 he criticized with much intelligence the “Italian rhymes” of W. R. Spencer.177 There are several references in his Diary to his study of Italian writers.178 In his library, sold in 1816 to satisfy his creditors, were many Italian books; indeed Fuhrman computes that by that date he had gone through Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Boiardo, Bandello, Ariosto, Alfieri, Monti, and Goldoni, besides many minor historians, essayists, and poets.179 Finally when he actually set foot in Italy, he was able to assure Murray:—“As for Italian, I am fluent
enough.”180 Nothing up to this time, however, had induced him to become an imitator of the Italians. Although he had commended Hunt’s Rimini for having two excellent features, “originality and Italianism,” he had, apparently, no idea of emulating Hunt in seeking for a stimulus from Italian sources.
In mid-October, 1816, Byron arrived in Italy from Switzerland, making his first halt at Milan. From then on until he set out for Greece on July 23, 1823, he was a continuous dweller in the peninsula, settling for a time at and near Venice, in the meanwhile making an excursion to Florence and Rome, going later to Ravenna, and at last residing at Pisa and Genoa. The interesting details of his life in these places are sufficiently well known through his own letters and the records given to the world by Hunt, Medwin, the Countess of Blessington, Trelawney, Moore, and others. His reputation as the author of Childe Harold served as a means of introduction to men of letters; his noble birth procured him admission into social circles; and naturally he acquired an intimate knowledge of Italian customs, as well as a wide acquaintance with the literature of the country, both mediæval and modern. He engaged in several liaisons in Venice, and in 1819 became the accepted cicisbeo of the Countess Guiccioli. By aiding the secret organization of the Carbonari, he enrolled himself in the struggle for Italian independence and made himself an object of suspicion to the police. It is no wonder that he wrote to Moore in 1820:—“I suspect I know a thing or two of Italy—I have lived in the heart of their houses, in parts of Italy freshest and least influenced by strangers—have seen and become (pars magna fui) a portion of their hopes, and fears, and passions.”181 The immediate consequences of this assimilation may be recognized in Beppo, composed in 1817, which, slight and inconsiderable though it seems, is nevertheless the prelude to the fuller voice of Don Juan, the product of Byron’s ripest genius.
The problem is to determine, as far as it is possible, in what way and to what extent Byron is indebted to Italy and Italian writers in Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, and Don Juan. The process of arriving at a satisfactory answer to these queries cannot be an easy
one, because it so often necessitates dealing with qualities of style which are somewhat intangible. We may set aside at once any supposition that Byron stole habitually from the Italian satirists by translating their phrases or transferring their ideas, unacknowledged, to his own pages. He was rarely a plagiarist in the sense that he conveyed the words of others bodily into his own stanzas, and when, as in sections of Don Juan, he paraphrased the prose of historians, he frankly admitted his obligation. But his creative impulse was likely to be affected by any book which had recently aroused his admiration. Moore, who knew the operations of Byron’s mind as no one else did, said:—“There are few of his poems that might not ... be traced to the strong impulse given to his imagination by the perusal of some work that had just before interested him.”182 Obviously, when a particular poem was composed under such inspiration, we shall find it difficult to measure the extent of Byron’s dependence upon the book which offered him a stimulus. Now and then, it is true, there are passages in his satires which recall at once similar lines in Italian writers, and occasionally we find him using a trick of theirs which it seems improbable he could have learned elsewhere: in such cases the relationship is clear enough. On the other hand, we may feel convinced that Byron drew from the Italian satirists something of their general tone, and yet be unable to clarify our reasons for this belief or to frame them into an effective argument. Of such a sort, indeed, is much of the influence which Pulci, Berni, and Casti had on Byron. It is vague and evasive, but it undoubtedly exists. Perhaps at bottom it is little more than the habit of thinking in a peculiar way or of surveying objects from an unusual point of view. But whatever is the basis of this satiric manner, it influenced Byron’s work, and made his later satires almost unique in English.
It is in Beppo, as has been said, that this new mood first has full expression. Yet, curiously enough, we are at once forced into the paradox that Byron may have been taught something of the Italian spirit in Beppo through the medium of an English poem, to which he explicitly turns our attention. In 1817 a book was published by Murray with the odd title, Prospectus and Specimen of an Intended National Work, by William and Robert Whistlecraft, of Slowmarket, in
Suffolk, Harness and Collar Makers, Intended to Comprise the Most Interesting Particulars Relating to King Arthur and his Round Table. The volume contained only two short cantos in ottava rima, the whole making up, with the eleven stanzas of introduction, 99 stanzas, exactly the length of Beppo. Early in 1818 two more cantos were added, and in the same year the entire poem was printed as The Monks, and the Giants. Although no author’s signature was attached, credit was rightfully bestowed upon John Hookham Frere (1769–1846), already mentioned as a brilliant contributor to the poetry of the Anti-Jacobin. 183 Like Mathias, Roscoe, Rose, and others among his contemporaries, Frere had been an assiduous student of Italian, and had read extensively in the Italian romantic and burlesque poets from Pulci to Casti. It was doubtless interest in this literature that led him to the composition of The Monks, and the Giants, for which work he borrowed from the Italians their octave stanza, an occasional episode, and as much of their manner as his nature could absorb.184
Byron’s first mention of Beppo occurs in a letter of October 12, 1817, to Murray:—“I have written a poem (of 84 octave stanzas), humourous, in or after the excellent manner of Mr. Whistlecraft (whom I take to be Frere), on a Venetian anecdote which amused me.”185 On October 23d he repeats this assertion:—“Mr. Whistlecraft has no greater admirer than myself. I have written a story in 89 stanzas, in imitation of him, called Beppo.”186 Although the definiteness of these statements is unquestionable, it is, nevertheless, essential to ascertain just how literally we are to accept Byron’s confession that Beppo is “in the excellent manner of Mr. Whistlecraft.”
The problem has been discussed in detail by Albert Eichler in his treatise, John Hookham Frere, Sein Leben und seine Werke, Sein Einfluss auf Lord Byron (1905), and his conclusions are, in many respects, trustworthy. After comparing Beppo with Frere’s poem, Dr. Eichler maintains that Byron’s inspiration may be traced to The Monks, and the Giants, and makes the following assertion regarding the sources of Byron’s work:—“Die Italien duerfen wir als Quellen
hiebei mit Recht nach des Dichters eigenen Auesserungen und auch aus zeitlichen Gruenden ausschliessen.” This statement, which is certainly stronger than the evidence warrants, may be controverted on two grounds: first, that, in spite of some superficial resemblances between the two poems, there is much in Beppo that Byron could not have gained from Frere, indeed which he could have learned only from a close study of the Italian poets; secondly, that Byron actually knew the work of Casti well at the time when he composed Beppo.
The likeness in stanza form and Byron’s own acknowledgment of his model have, in all probability, been somewhat over-emphasized. So much do the two works differ in plot that there is no single case in which Byron could have adopted a situation or an incident from Frere. The story of The Monks, and the Giants is told by an imaginary personage, Robert Whistlecraft, just as The Waltz is supposed to have been composed by the fictitious “Horace Hornem, Esq.,” and the language of the poem is fitted to the station and education of this figure, who is thoroughly British and entirely Frere’s creation. The poem itself, fragmentary and amorphous even in its final state, is a jumble of poorly organized themes. Beginning in Canto I with a description of Arthur’s court and of his three valorous knights, Lancelot, Tristram, and Gawain, it proceeds to treat in Canto II of an attack of the banded Arthurian chivalry on the castle of the Giants, a race who resemble, in some respects, the giants in Pulci’s Morgante Maggiore. At this point the knights disappear from the story, Arthur being mentioned only once during the rest of the tale, and Frere, imitating in part the first canto of the Morgante Maggiore, takes a monastery for his scene and a siege of the religious brethren by the Giants for his main action. Friar John’s quarrel with the Tintinabularians, his enforced leadership after the death of the venerable abbot, the assault of the Giants, the successful defence of the Monks, and the eventual retreat of the assailing party:—these are the significant incidents in the second half of a work which obviously depends little on the unity of its plot.
Beppo is also a narrative, founded on a rather unimpressive anecdote. The merchant, Beppo, departed on a trading trip, fails to return to his wife, Laura, and she, thinking him dead, consoles
herself with a Count for her lover After some years, Beppo comes back, to meet his wife and her cavalier at a ball. She is reconciled to her husband, the Count becomes Beppo’s friend, and the story ends. Since these main features of the plot differ so widely from the incidents in The Monks, and the Giants, we are forced to seek, therefore, for similarities in manner and style between the two poems.
Unquestionably the fact that Frere’s work was written in ottava rima187 did affect Byron. It is true that the latter poet had selected the octave stanza for his Epistle to Augusta, composed near Geneva in 1816, before he had entered Italy and before Frere’s poem had come to his attention; but the Epistle had been serious and romantic, without a touch of humor or of satire. Byron had also been familiar with the use of the octave stanza in Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, and, as we shall see, in Casti’s Novelle. But of its employment in English for humorous purposes there had been few examples, and Byron made no reference to any such experiments by English poets.
In managing the octave, Frere had resorted to a somewhat free and loose versification, diversified by frequent run-on lines and many novel rhymes. Probably this unconstrained metrical structure appealed greatly to Byron; but it must be remembered that since 1811 he had been avoiding the heroic couplet and practising in some less restricted measures. In Childe Harold he had used a true stanzaic form, occasionally with humorous effect. He had also, even in his first published volume, shown facility in the rhyming of extraordinary words and combinations of syllables, an art in which he had as guides Butler, Swift, and Moore, all of whom were more skilful than Frere. Granting that Frere did suggest to Byron the possibility of making the octave a colloquial stanza, we cannot escape the conclusion that the latter went beyond his model. For one thing, he was less careful about accuracy in rhyming. Eichler, after a detailed examination of The Monks, and the Giants and Beppo, estimates that in the former poem only one rhyme out of thirty is humorously inexact, in the latter, one out of six. Frere’s entire work, more than double the length of Beppo, has only eleven examples of “two-word rhymes,” while Beppo has fifty-one. Eichler’s tables show
conclusively that Byron employed for rhymes many more foreign words and proper names than Frere, and that he discovered more odd combinations of English words. In addition he utilized the enjambement in a more daring fashion. Certainly, in nearly every respect, Byron was more lax in his versification than Frere had been in his.188
Another uncommon feature of The Monks, and the Giants is its adoption of a vocabulary drawn from the language of every-day life. Whistlecraft, the imaginary author, is, we are led to understand, a rather talkative bourgeois. In fitting his diction to this middle-class artisan, Frere introduced many expressions which seem unpoetic, and consciously avoiding any effort at elevated speech, aimed at a kind of colloquial talk, illustrated in such contractions as, “I’ll” and “I’ve” and slang phrases like “play the deuce.” The vigor and picturesqueness of this conversational style impressed Byron and doubtless had some influence in leading him, in Beppo, to sink into street-jargon, well adapted to the tone of his poem. To some extent, as Eichler indicates, this informal diction coaxed him away from the correctness of Pope, and enabled him to give freer rein to his shifting moods.
The fictitious Whistlecraft has a habit, corresponding somewhat to a peculiarity of the Italian burlesque poets, of digressing from the main thread of the story in order to gossip about himself or his opinions. The first lines in the poem,
“I’ve
often wished that I might write a book
Such
as all English people might peruse,”189
set a conversational key. The introduction of eleven stanzas is devoted to a prefatory monologue, and in the body of the work there are digressions in the same vein, never long continued, and each in the nature of a brief aside to the reader. Sometimes they are merely interpolations having reference to the narrator’s method:
“We must take care in our poetic cruise, And never hold a single tack
too long.”190
In other cases, they are comments suggested by a turn in the plot. With this feature of The Monks, and the Giants Byron was, of course, familiar through his reading in one or more of the Italian writers from whom Frere had partly borrowed it, and when he adopted it in Beppo, he reverted to them rather than to the Englishman. The element of digression does not become conspicuous in Frere’s poem until the last two cantos, which could not have influenced Byron in Beppo. 191 Again Frere, who was deficient in aggressiveness, had not wished to employ the digression as a means of introducing personal satire. Since he himself remained anonymous and did not pretend to make his poem a polemic, he refused to utilize these opportunities for advancing his particular whims or prejudices. Byron, however, seeing the possibilities latent in the discursive method and recalling its importance in Italian satire, used it for the promulgation of his ideas, interesting himself more in his chat with the reader than he did in the story In Beppo he constantly wanders from the tale to pursue varied lines of thought, returning to the plot more from a sense of duty than from desire.192 In these talks with his audience, full of satiric references to English manners and morals, and tinctured with mocking observations on his contemporaries, Byron follows Casti rather than Frere.
These resemblances in outward form seem to indicate along what lines Byron was affected by Frere’s poem. The differences in spirit and motive between the two men are indeed striking. The Monks, and the Giants belongs unmistakably to the burlesque division of satire: it is, said Frere, “the burlesque of ordinary rude uninstructed common sense—the treatment of lofty and serious subjects by a thoroughly common, but not necessarily low-minded man—a Suffolk harness maker.”193 The poem is, for the most part, satiric only in an indirect and impersonal way, and there is in it very little straightforward destructive criticism, like that in English Bards.
Nor is there any underlying bitterness or indignation; it would be futile to seek, in these verses so marked by mildness, geniality, and urbanity, for any purpose beyond that of amusing, in a quiet way, a cultivated circle of friends. Even in the gossipy introduction there are few allusions to current events, and if, as has been claimed, the knights of the Round Table are intended to represent prominent living personages, no one uninitiated could have discovered the secret. Frere himself said of it: “Most people who read it at the time it was published would not take the work in a merely humorous sense; they would imagine it was some political satire, and went on hunting for a political meaning.” When we recall that Byron spoke of Beppo as “being full of political allusions,”194 we comprehend the gap which separates the two works.
The real divergence between the poems—and it is a wide one— is due, as Eichler intimates, to the characters of the authors. Whistlecraft’s words:—
“I’m strongly for the present state of things: I look for no reform or innovation,”195
summarize Frere’s conservative position. He was a Tory, and Byron was a radical. Frere approached his theme from the standpoint of a scholar; Byron, from that of a man of the world. The former, actuated by antiquarian interest, built up a background in a fabulous age and took his characters from legend; the latter, urged by a desire for vividness and reality, laid his action in a city which he knew well and placed his men and women in modern times. The Tristram and Gawain of The Monks, and the Giants are puppets and abstractions; Laura and the Count, on the other hand, are drawn from life and consequently seem to throb with warmth and passion. There are no women in Frere’s poem who receive more than cursory notice; in Beppo the central figure is a woman, and the atmosphere vibrates with love and intrigue. One result of these contrasts is that The Monks, and the Giants, unexceptionable in morality, lacks charm and
is somewhat chastely cold; while Beppo, sensuous and frequently sensual, is never dull. It is obvious, then, that the two poems, however much they may resemble each other superficially, have fundamentally little in common.
What, then, did Byron take from Frere to substantiate his assertion that Beppo is “in the excellent manner of Mr. Whistlecraft”? He may have learned from him some lessons in the management of the English octave, particularly as employed in humorous verse; he probably accepted a hint concerning the use of the language of every-day life; and he may have drawn a suggestion as to the value of the colloquial and discursive method. In each of these features, as we have seen, he surpassed his predecessor. Specifically in the matter of direct satire he could have gained little from Frere, for the latter was but a feeble satirist. Eichler sums up the logical conclusion: “Die Monks and Giants, eine amuesante Burleske, haben in Beppo eine moralische Satire gezeugt.”196 The same idea is brought out by the anonymous writer of a Letter to Lord Byron, by John Bull (1820), in comparing Frere’s poem with Don Juan;—“Mr. Frere writes elegantly, playfully, very like a gentleman, and a scholar, and a respectable man, and his poem never sold, nor ever will sell. Your Don Juan, again, is written strongly, lasciviously, fiercely, laughingly—and accordingly the Don sells, and will sell, until the end of time.” In habits of mind and in temperament, Byron was more akin to Frere’s Italian masters than he was to Frere himself; and therefore, in his knowledge of Casti, later of Berni and Pulci, and possibly of Ariosto, Forteguerri, Tassoni, and Buratti, we shall be more likely to discover the sources of the spirit of Beppo and Don Juan.
Of these men it is probable that Giambattista Casti (1721–1804) is the nearest congener of Byron in the satiric field. The fact that his work has never been subjected to careful scrutiny by critics in either Italy or England accounts possibly for the general ignoring of Casti as an inspiration for Byron’s Italian satires.197 In spite of Eichler’s positive statement that the Italians “aus zeitlichen Gruenden” may be neglected as sources for Byron’s work,198 it is certain that Byron had
read Casti before he wrote Beppo; for in 1816 he said to Major Gordon, referring to a copy of Casti’s Novelle which the latter had presented to him at Brussels: “I cannot tell you what a treat your gift of Casti has been to me: I have got him almost by heart. I had read his Animali Parlanti, but I think these Novelle much better. I long to go to Venice to see the manners so admirably described.”199 Not until March 25, 1818, does he mention Berni, and he does not refer to Pulci until November, 1819. There is, then, presumptive evidence for maintaining that Byron, coming in 1816 or before in contact with the work of Casti, found in him some inspiration for the satiric method of Beppo, a method somewhat modified in Don Juan after a perusal of Berni and Pulci.
The Novelle, praised so highly by Byron, consist of forty-eight tales in ottava rima, printed together in 1804, although at least eighteen had been completed by 1778. Their author, a sort, of itinerant rhymester,200 had acquired notoriety through his attacks on the reigning sovereigns of Europe, especially on Catharine II, whom he had assailed in Il Poema Tartaro, a realistic and venomous portrayal of Russian society and politics, containing a violent assault on the Empress. Although Casti’s poems are now forgotten, their vogue during his lifetime was considerable. His greatest work, Gli Animali Parlanti, was translated into several languages, including English, and Casti, as an apostle of revolt, was recognized as energetic and dangerous. His coarseness and vulgarity, however, combined with his slovenly verse structure and his neglect of art, prevented him from reaching a high position as a poet, and his literary importance was thus only temporary, occasioned principally by the popular interest in his timely satiric allusions. He, like Byron, was at heart a rebel, and in his own uncultivated way, he anticipated the spirit of the English poet. Indeed it is curious how often the two pursue the same general plan of attack on their respective ages.
The Novelle Amorose are verse tales of the type which Boccaccio, and after him, Bandello, Straparola, and their imitators, had made popular in prose. Dealing in a laughing and lenient fashion with the indiscretions of gallants, usually monks and priests, they are
marred by grossness and indecency in plot and language. The cynical immorality of the stories has subjected Casti to much unfavorable criticism. Foscolo, his countryman, speaks of him as “spitting his venom at virtue and religion, as the sole expedient by which he can palliate his own immorality.”201 However, the coarse tone of the Novelle is hardly unique with Casti; he is merely adhering to the standard of the earlier prose novelists.
The likeness between Beppo, which is an English novella in verse, and some of Casti’s Novelle, is one in manner and spirit rather than in plot and style.202 Byron’s story, taken as it was from an episode with which he had met in his own experience, has no exact parallel in Casti’s collection, but his method of handling it is not unlike that followed by the Italian in treating of themes not greatly dissimilar. Choosing practically at random among the Novelle—for Casti’s plan was much the same in all—we may discover certain peculiarities which have their counterparts in Beppo. Novella IX, Lo Spirito, has, like Beppo, a humorous introduction, in which the narrator, speaking, like Byron, in the first person, analyzes what is meant by “spirit” in man or woman. He then proceeds with the adventure of the Lady Amalia and her two lovers, describing each of the three in a rather clever character sketch, not unlike the pictures which Byron gives of Laura and the Count. The rival suitors pursue different tactics in their struggles to win the lady’s favors and in dwelling on their actions, Casti often pauses to indulge in a chuckling aside to the reader, never so long continued as Byron’s digressions, but in very much the same vein. Finally one of the wooers meets with success, and the tale concludes with a bantering moral.
Doubtless this summary of Lo Spirito fails to bring out any convincing parallelisms between it and Beppo; and it must be granted at once that the alleged relationship is somewhat elusive. But there are some features common to the two poems: an easygoing tolerance towards gallantry and the social vices; a pretence of taking the reader into the author’s confidence; a general lack of formality and rigidity in stanza structure; and a witty and burlesque manner of turning phrases. Although one or two of these
characteristics had appeared singly in Byron’s work before 1818, they had appeared in conjunction in no poem of his previous to Beppo, with the possible exception of The Devil’s Drive, which was not in ottava rima. Obviously he could not have learned the secret of this new mood from Frere. Thus, when we consider that until Byron’s acquaintance with Casti’s work, this specific quality of mockery had not existed in his satire, we have reason for thinking that he was indebted to some extent to the Italian poet. Somehow the English writer, once a pretended defender of clean morals, began to take a tolerant attitude towards lapses from virtue; he changed from formal and dignified discourse to a style easy and colloquial; and he partly abandoned savage invective for scornful and ironic mockery. In Beppo we realize the full purport of the transformation which had been taking place in Byron’s satiric mood ever since his return from Greece. Credit for this development must be given partly to Moore and partly to Frere; but it must be assigned even more to Casti, who first put Byron in touch directly with the Italian burlesque spirit.
If only the Novelle were considered, however, Byron’s obligation to Casti would be confined chiefly to Beppo, for in his tales the Italian seldom leaves his theme, as Byron does in Don Juan, to assail individuals or institutions. He touches lightly on the weaknesses of human nature, on the frailties and illicit indulgences of full-blooded men and women, but he is swayed by no impelling purpose, and he wants the fundamental seriousness of the genuine satirist. Byron, on the other hand, in Beppo, and still more in Don Juan, never quite forgot the vituperative vigor which he had shown in English Bards
But before he had seen the Novelle, Byron had read Gli Animali Parlanti, a mammoth work which, in its scope, in its antipathies, and in its manner, has some likeness to Don Juan. Published first in Paris in 1802, it was pirated in a London edition a year later, and before long had been translated into several languages. An English version in a greatly abridged paraphrase appeared in 1816 under the title The Court of Beasts, in seven cantos, without the translator’s name. 203 The same volume, with revisions and additions, was reprinted in 1819 as The Court and Parliament of Beasts,—freely translated, by Wm. St. Rose.
The Italian poem in three parts and twenty-six cantos is written, not, as has been often taken for granted, in the ottava rima, but in the less common sesta rima, a stanza of six endecasyllabic lines, rhyming ababcc. As its title suggests, it is a beast epic, an elaboration of the fables of Æsop and La Fontaine; but the allegory veils deliberate and continuous satire. In his prose preface, Casti explains his object as being the presentation, with talking animals as actors, of “un quadro generale delle costumanze, delle opinioni, e dei pregiudizi dal pubblico adottati, riguardo al governo, all’ amministrazione ed alla politica degli Stati, come delle passioni dominanti di coloro, che in certe eminenti e pubbliche situazioni collocati si trovano, colorandolo con tinte forti, ed alquanto caricate, le quali facilmente ne relevino l’expressione—un quadro in somma della cosa, e non delle persone.” Casti, then, planned a comprehensive satire on his own age, and despite his assertion that his poem is “a picture of things, and not of persons,” his real object was, like Byron’s, to “play upon the surface of humanity.”
The actual plot of Gli Animali Parlanti may be briefly told. The animals gather to organize a scheme of government, and, deciding on an hereditary monarchy, choose the lion for their king. At his death, a regency, headed by the lioness, is established for his son, and conspiracy and corruption develop. The dog, the first Prime Minister, is superseded by the wolf, and becomes a rebel. Civil war ensues, and when, at length, all the conflicting parties unite for a conference, they are destroyed by a terrible storm. This, of course, is the barest outline of the story; the framework is filled out by argument and criticism by the various protagonists, many of whom, notably the dog, the horse, and the bear, represent political factions, conservative, moderate, and progressive. No small amount of satire lies in the actions and speeches of the beasts, who are intended to represent different types of humanity; their court is a mirror of the courts of western Europe, and the abuses which pervade it are those which Casti had seen on his travels. The animals are, in all save external appearances, like men.
Not enough of a reformer to evolve remedies, Casti was, nevertheless, alert in detecting faults in the inert institutions of his
