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Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities Socio-Ecological Perspectives on Biomass Sourcing and Production Edited by
Maria Backhouse · Rosa Lehmann · Kristina Lorenzen
Malte Lühmann · Janina Puder · Fabricio Rodríguez
Anne Tittor
BioeconomyandGlobalInequalities MariaBackhouse · RosaLehmann ·
KristinaLorenzen · MalteLühmann ·
JaninaPuder · FabricioRodríguez ·
AnneTittor
Editors
Bioeconomy andGlobal Inequalities Socio-EcologicalPerspectiveson BiomassSourcingandProduction Editors
MariaBackhouse
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
KristinaLorenzen
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
JaninaPuder
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
AnneTittor
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
RosaLehmann
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
MalteLühmann
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
FabricioRodríguez
InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchiller UniversityJena,Jena,Thüringen,Germany
BMBFJuniorResearchGroup“BioeconomyandInequalities—TransnationalEntanglementsand InterdependenciesintheBioenergySector”(FundingCode031B0021). https://www.bioinequalit ies.uni-jena.de/en.Thesoleresponsibilityforthispublicationlieswiththeeditorsandauthors.
ISBN978-3-030-68943-8ISBN978-3-030-68944-5(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5
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Acknowledgements Scientificpublicationsarealwaystheresultofcollaborativework,discussionsandmutualfeedback.Thiseditedvolumeentitled“Bioeconomy andGlobalInequalities:Socio-EcologicalPerspectivesonBiomass SourcingandProduction”buildsonaninternationalworkshopheld between25and27June2019inJena,Germany.Theworkshopwas hostedbytheJuniorResearchGroup“BioeconomyandInequalities. TransnationalEntanglementsandInterdependenciesintheBioenergy Sector”,whichisfundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF).Besidestheeditorsofthisvolume,Larry Lohmann,RenataMotta,SitiRahylaRahmat,HariatiSinaga,Tero Toivannen,andVirginiaToledoLópezenrichedtheworkshopwithpaper presentations,whichwerepartlyelaboratedascontributionsforthis editedvolume.YvonneKunz,ÉricPineault,DavidTyfield,andThomas Vogelpohl,intheirroleasdiscussants,providedcriticalcommentsabout thetextsandcontributedtoin-depthdiscussions.ChristinBernhold, EmmaDowling,SamadhiLipariandOliverPyefacilitatedtheexchange ofideas.Wearegratefulforalltheirhelpandsuggestions.Further,we wouldespeciallyliketothankIlkaScheibe,PhilipKoch,RonjaWacker
andLouiseWagnerfortheiradministrativeandorganisationalwork before,duringandaftertheworkshop,aswellastoalloftheattendees whoenrichedseveralroundsofdiscussionwiththeircriticalandinspiring questions.
WearealsogratefultoRonjaWacker,MaximilianSchneiderand LauraMohacsiforcheckingliteraturelistsinthisvolumeandadapting themanuscripttofulfilthepublisher’sguidelines,aswellastoSimon Phillipsforlanguageeditingandproofreading.Wewouldliketosenda specialmessageofgratitudetoRachaelBallardandJoannaO’Neillfrom PalgraveMacmillanfortheirsupportandguidancethroughoutthepublicationprocess.Finally,weareverygratefultotheBMBFforfundingthis volumeasanopenaccesspublication:ourbookisaboutinequalities,and weconsideritcrucialthatacademicknowledgeisaccessibletoeveryone.
Jena October2020
MariaBackhouse RosaLehmann
KristinaLorenzen MalteLühmann JaninaPuder
FabricioRodríguez AnneTittor
PartIIntroduction
1ContextualizingtheBioeconomyinanUnequal World:BiomassSourcingandGlobal Socio-EcologicalInequalities 3 MariaBackhouse,RosaLehmann,KristinaLorenzen, JaninaPuder,FabricioRodríguez,andAnneTittor
PartIIRethinkingtheBioeconomy,Energy,andValue Production
2GlobalInequalitiesandExtractiveKnowledge ProductionintheBioeconomy 25 MariaBackhouse
3NeoliberalBioeconomies?Co-constructingMarkets andNatures 45 KeanBirch
4ToolsofExtractionorMeansofSpeculation?Making SenseofPatentsintheBioeconomy 65 VeitBraun
5Bioenergy,ThermodynamicsandInequalities 85 LarryLohmann
PartIIIBioeconomyPoliciesandAgendasinDifferent Countries
6Knowledge,Research,andGermany’sBioeconomy: InclusionandExclusioninBioenergyFunding Policies 107 RosaLehmann
7APlayerBiggerThanItsSize:FinnishBioeconomy andForestPolicyintheEraofGlobalClimatePolitics 131 TeroToivanen
8Sugar-CaneBioelectricityinBrazil:Reinforcing theMeta-DiscoursesofBioeconomyandEnergy Transition 151
SelenaHerreraandJohnWilkinson
PartIVReconfigurationsandContinuitiesof Social-ecologicalInequalitiesinRuralAreas
9 BuruhSiluman :TheMakingandMaintaining ofCheapandDisciplinedLabouronOilPalm PlantationsinIndonesia 175 HariatiSinaga
10SuperexploitationinBio-basedIndustries:TheCase ofOilPalmandLabourMigrationinMalaysia 195 JaninaPuder
11SugarcaneIndustryExpansionandChangingRural LabourRegimesinMatoGrossodoSul(2000–2016) 217 KristinaLorenzen
12TerritorialChangesAroundBiodiesel:ACaseStudy ofNorth-WesternArgentina
VirginiaToledoLópez
PartVTheExtractiveSideoftheGlobalBiomass Sourcing
13ContestedResourcesandSouth-South Inequalities:WhatSino-BrazilianTradeMeans forthe“Low-Carbon”Bioeconomy
FabricioRodríguez
14SustainingtheEuropeanBioeconomy:TheMaterial BaseandExtractiveRelationsofaBio-Based EU-Economy
MalteLühmann
15TowardsanExtractivistBioeconomy?TheRisk ofDeepeningAgrarianExtractivismWhen PromotingBioeconomyinArgentina
AnneTittor
NotesonContributors MariaBackhouse isaProfessorofGlobalInequalitiesandSocioecologicalChangeattheInstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Germany.SheholdsaPh.D.insociologyandisDirector oftheJuniorResearchGroupBioeconomyandInequalitiesfundedby theGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF).Her currentresearchfocusesonunequalknowledgeproductionintheglobal bioeconomy.
KeanBirch isanAssociateProfessorintheFacultyofEnvironmental andUrbanChangeatYorkUniversity,Canada.Hismostrecentbooks include Assetization (editedwithFabianMuniesa,MITPress,2020)and NeoliberalBio-economies? (PalgraveMacmillan,2019).
VeitBraun isaResearchAssociateattheInstituteforSociology,Goethe UniversityFrankfurt.Hestudiedsociology,politicalscience,andenvironmentalstudiesinViennaandMunich.HisPh.D.(LMUMunich, 2018)focusedonthechangingroleofpropertyinplantbreeding.Heis currentlypartoftheCryosocietiesERCprojectinFrankfurt,wherehe
investigatesthefrozenlifeofanimalcellsandDNAfromconservation biobanks.
SelenaHerrera isaPostdoctoralResearcherattheResearchUnit Markets,NetworksandValues, RuralFederalUniversityofRiode Janeiro,andamemberoftheElectricitySectorResearchGroupatthe InstituteofEconomics,FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.She holdsaPh.D.inenergyplanningandhercurrentresearchfocusesonthe promotionofasustainabletransitionintheBrazilianelectricitysector.
RosaLehmann isaPostdoctoralResearcherattheInstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Germany.SheholdsaPh.D. inpoliticalscienceandisamemberoftheJuniorResearchGroup BioeconomyandInequalities,whichisfundedbytheGermanFederal MinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF).Herresearchcovers conflictandinequalitiesrelatedtorenewableenergiesfromatheoretical perspectivebasedonpoliticalecology.
LarryLohmann hasworkedwithsocialmovementsinThailand, Ecuadorandelsewhere.Hisbooksinclude PulpingtheSouth (1996, withRicardoCarrere), Mercadosdecarbono:Laneoliberalizaciondel clima (2012),and Cadenasdebloques,automatizacionytrabajo (2020). Hisarticleshaveappearedinpoliticaleconomy,environment,geography,accounting,Asianstudies,law,sciencestudies,anthropology, developmentandsocialisttheoryjournals.
KristinaLorenzen isaResearcherattheInstituteofSociology, FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Germany.SheisaLatinAmericanist (M.A.)andamemberoftheJuniorResearchGroupBioeconomyand Inequalities,whichisfundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF).Hercurrentresearchfocusesonlabourand landrelationsintheBraziliansugarcanesector.
MalteLühmann isaResearcherattheInstituteofSociology,Friedrich SchillerUniversityJena,Germany.Heisapoliticalscientistanda memberoftheJuniorResearchGroupBioeconomyandInequalities, whichisfundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEducationand Research(BMBF).LühmannisspecializedinEuropeanintegration
andglobalpoliticaleconomy;hisrecentresearchhasbeenfocusedon transnationalrelationsoftheEuropeanbioeconomyandrelatedpolitical processes.
JaninaPuder isaResearcherattheInstituteofSociology,Friedrich SchillerUniversityJena,Germany.Sheisasociologist(M.A.)anda memberoftheJuniorResearchGroupBioeconomyandInequalities, whichisfundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEducationand Research(BMBF).Hercurrentresearchfocusesonlabourmigrationand overexploitationintheMalaysianpalmoilsector.
FabricioRodríguez isaPostdoctoralResearcherattheInstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Germany.HeholdsaPh.D. inpoliticalscienceandisamemberoftheJuniorResearchGroup BioeconomyandInequalities,whichisfundedbytheGermanFederal MinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF).Hiscurrentworkfocuses onresourcetrade,energytransitions,andthepoliticaleconomyof Chinese-LatinAmericanrelations.
HariatiSinaga holdsaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofKassel,Germany. Herresearchinterestsincludelabourrights,labourrelationsandgender. HercurrentresearchfocusesonlabourrelationsinIndonesianoilpalm plantations.
AnneTittor isaPostdoctoralResearcherattheInstituteofSociology, FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Germany.SheisaSociologist,holds aPh.D.inpoliticalscience,andisamemberoftheJuniorResearch GroupBioeconomyandInequalities,whichisfundedbytheGerman FederalMinistryofEducationandResearch(BMBF).Hercurrent researchfocusesonpoliticalecology,socio-environmentalconflictsand extractivism.
TeroToivanen isaPostdoctoralResearcherattheBIOSresearchunit, Helsinki,Finland.HeholdsaPh.D.insocialandeconomichistory.His researchinterestsincludetheintertwinedprocessesofcapital,labourand ecologyinconcreteworld-historicalenvironments.Lately,hisresearch hasfocusedonthepoliticaleconomyofFinnishforestry,climatechange,
right-wingpopulism,andthegovernanceofalow-carboneconomic transition.
VirginiaToledoLópez isaResearcherattheNationalScientificand TechnicalResearchCouncil(CONICET).SheholdsaPh.D.insocial science,isbasedattheInstituteofStudiesofSocialDevelopment (INDES),andisalsomemberoftheEnvironmentalStudiesGroupatthe GinoGermaniInstitute(IIGG)oftheBuenosAiresUniversity(UBA), Argentina.Herresearchfocusesonenvironmentalconflictsregarding agribusinessexpansion.
JohnWilkinson isaProfessorofEconomicSociologyattheGraduate CenterforDevelopment,AgricultureandSociety(DDAS/CPDA)and DirectoroftheResearchUnitMarkets,NetworksandValuesatFederal RuralUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.Hehaspublishedwidelyon foodsystemissuesandiscurrentlyresearchingtheimpactsofthenew wavesoffoodinnovationandconsumptionpractices.
ListofFigures Fig.8.1TotalBNDESfundscontractedbythebiomass industrybetween2007and2019,inmillionR$(Source NovaCana[2020].Authors’illustration)163
Fig.9.1Employmentstructureonlarge-scaleplantations(Source adaptedfromSiagianetal.2011,p.5)183
Fig.11.1EmployeesinthesugarcanesectorinMatoGrosso doSul,2007–2016(Source RAIS,organised byDIESSE)225
Fig.11.2NumberofEmployeesinthesugarcanesectorbyarea, MatoGrossodoSul,2007–2016(SourceRAIS, organisedbyDIESSE)225
Fig.12.1Agrochemicalsuse(kg/lt)andsoyaFarmland(ha). 1990/1991–2016/2017(Source Ownelaboration, adaptedfrom SistemadeDatosAbiertosdelaSecretaría deAgroindustria ,https://datos.agroindustria.gob.ar/dat aset/estimaciones-agricolasand Naturalezadederechos 2019)243
Fig.12.2BiodieselagroindustryinArgentina.Location in2008and2012(Source Ownelaboration,adapted from SecretaríadeEnergía. See,https://www.argentina. gob.ar/produccion/energia/.Accessed12May2015)244
Fig.12.3MaindestinationsofArgentinianBiodiesel(t). Provisionaldata(Source SecretaríadeEnergía.See, https://www.argentina.gob.ar.Accessed29Oct2019)245
Fig.13.1ShiftingdynamicsinGlobalEnergyConsumption, 1990–2018[Mtoe](Source Enerdata(2015,2019); GlobalEnergyStatisticalYearbook(2018),Accessed1 April2020.Author’sillustration)268
Fig.13.2BrazilianexportstoChinabycommodity,2000–2018 [BillionUS$](Source ChathamHouse(2018), ‘resourcetrade.earth’,http://resourcetrade.earth/. Accessed1April2020.Author’sillustration)277
Fig.14.1BiomassinputsintheEU-28overtime(RMI inMillionTonnesofRawMaterialEquivalent)(Source Eurostat)294
Fig.14.2BiomassinputsintheEU-28bytype,2016(inMillion TonnesofRawMaterialEquivalent)(Source Eurostat)294
Fig.14.3BiomassimportstotheEU-28bycountry,2016 (inMillionTonnes;NetweightforWood)(Source UN Comtradedatabase;columnsonlyshowthebiggest importersofeachcommoditywithacombined proportionofatleast90%ofimportsfortherespective commodity)296
PartI Introduction ContextualizingtheBioeconomyinan UnequalWorld:BiomassSourcingand GlobalSocio-EcologicalInequalities
MariaBackhouse,RosaLehmann,KristinaLorenzen, JaninaPuder,FabricioRodríguez,andAnneTittor
Theterm‘bioeconomy’iscommonlymetwithasenseofuncertainty regardingitsmeaningandpurpose.Ingeneral,therearethreedifferent fieldsofpublicandscientificdebateaboutthebioeconomy.Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen(1971)referredtothebioeconomyasatransformationalpathwaytowardsadegrowthsociety.Incontrast,thedebateabout ‘biocapitalism’focusesonthecommodificationofbodies,biological mattersandmicro-organismsinthecontextofbiotechnologicalinnovation(Cooper 2014;SunderRajan 2007).Lastly,bioeconomypolicies arealsoviewedaspresentingthemselvesasameansofreplacingthefossil baseofmodernsocietiesthroughtheintensifieduseofbiomasssources. Inthisvolume,weprimarilyrefertothisthirdstrandofthedebate. Againstthebackgroundofclimatechange,bioeconomywasintroduced asatransitionalstrategybytheOECDin2009andwassubsequently
M.Backhouse(B) · R.Lehmann · K.Lorenzen · J.Puder · F.Rodríguez · A.Tittor InstituteofSociology,FriedrichSchillerUniversity,Jena,Germany e-mail: maria.backhouse@uni-jena.de
©TheAuthor(s)2021
M.Backhouseetal.(eds.), BioeconomyandGlobalInequalities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_1
revisitedbyGermany(BMBFandBMEL1 2020;BMBF 2010),theUS (TheWhiteHouse 2012)andtheEU(EuropeanCommission 2012, 2018).Inthesepolicyprocesses,thebiotechnologysectorhasplayed (tovaryingdegreesindifferentcountries)aninfluentialroleindeterminingthecontentanddirectionofspecificmeasurestofacilitatethe emergenceandinstitutionalizationofthebioeconomy(Meyer 2017). Manycorrespondingpolicydocumentsaddressprimarilytheagriculturalandforestsectorswhilehighlightingthesignificanceofresearchand innovation(R&I)programmesasthepillarsofaknowledge-basedtransitiontowardsasustainablebioeconomy.By2018,14countriesaswellas theEUhadadoptednationalbioeconomystrategies;another34countriesrefertothebioeconomyintheiragriculturalorresearchstrategies (GermanBioeconomyCouncil 2018,p.13).
Consideringthislandscape,theconceptofthebioeconomyisfarfrom beingstaticormonolithic.Thereisnocommondefinitionofthebioeconomy,sincetheobjectivesofnationalorsupranationalpolicystrategies varydependingonthetechnicalbackgroundandspecializationsofthe actorsinvolved,aswellasonsectorviewsandinterestsrelatedtoexisting biomassandbiotechindustries(Kleinschmitetal. 2014;Backhouseetal. 2017;Vivienetal. 2019).Insomecases,theprefix‘bio’standsforthe promotionofbiotechnologies(OECD 2009).InthecaseoftheEU,it highlightstheuseofbiomassastheresourcebaseofa‘knowledge-based bioeconomy’(EuropeanCommission 2012),ora‘circularbioeconomy’2 (id. 2018;BMBFandBMEL 2020).ThestrategiesandpoliciesofsemiperipheralcountriessuchasArgentinaorMalaysiacanbeplacedbetween thebiomass-focusoftheEUandthebiotech-focusoftheOECD.
Despitetheirspecificities,thereisacommonassumptionandnarrative enshrinedinallofthesestrategies:theideathattechnologicalinnovationsareanecessarymeansofdecoupling3 economicgrowthfromthe
1 BMBFistheGermanabbreviationforBundesministeriumfürBildungundForschungand meansFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch.BMELstandsforBundesministeriumfür ErnährungundLandwirtschaftorFederalMinistryofFoodandAgriculture.
2 AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission(2015),acirculareconomyreferstotheuseofand reuseofproducts,materialsandresourcesforaslongaspossibleaspartoftheeconomiccircuit.
3 Ontheimpossibilitiesofacircularbioeconomyfromametabolicstandpoint,seeGiampietro (2019).
overexploitationofresourcesandtheharmfullevelsofCO2 -emissions generatedthroughcapitalistmodesofproduction,consumptionand energycombustion.
Althoughbioeconomypoliciesaddressglobalproblems,thepolitical discussionsandresearchontheemergingbioeconomyaremainlyfocused onEuropeandNorthAmerica(seeBackhouseinthisvolume).This isparticularlystrikingsincethebioeconomyreliesongrowinglevelsof biomassproductionforfood,fodder,fibresandbioenergy,aswellasfor chemicalcomponentsforbiotechnologies,whichareproducedworldwide.Yet,aglobalperspectivethatconsiderstheproductionofglobally tradedbiomassanditseffectsontheagriculturalandforestrysectorsof differentcountriesaswellasknowledgeproductioninseveralcontexts beyondEuropeandNorthAmericaisstillalacunainthepoliticaland researchfieldsonthebioeconomy.
Withthiseditedvolume,weseektoaddressthisresearchgapinsofar aswescrutinizebioeconomypoliciesinseveralcountriesin(andacross) boththesemi-peripheriesandthecentres.Weconsiderinterconnections betweendifferentworldregionsandassumethatbioeconomypolicies aswellastheirmainfieldsofaction(researchanddevelopment,agricultureandforestsectors)arenotdevelopedandimplementedwithin ahistoricalvacuums.Instead,theyareintertwinedwithglobalsocioecologicalinequalitiesbetweencentresandsemi-/peripheralcountriesas wellaswithincountriessincecolonialtimes.Hence,thisvolumeseeks tocontributetowardsansweringthefollowingguidingquestions:How isthebioeconomydealtwithindifferentcountries?Towhatextentdoes thebioeconomyperpetuateorchangeexistingglobalsocio-ecological inequalitiesbetweenbiomassproducingsemi-peripheriesandcentres withregardtowhereprocessingtakesplaceandvalueisproduced?
Weusetheterm socio-ecological tounderlinetheassumptionof political-economicapproacheswithintheresearchfieldofpolitical ecologythatviewnatureandsocietyasdialecticallyinterrelated(Görg 2004).Naturecannotbethoughtofwithoutsocietyandviceversa.From thisperspective,today’sglobalsocio-ecologicalinequalitiesareshapedby thecapitalistmodeofproduction:capitalism,withitsneedtoaccumulateandgrow,hasledtoalevelofresourcedepletionthatisunparalleled
inhumanhistory(O’Connor 1986),anditaffectspeopleandnaturein unequalways.
Drawingontheoreticalandempiricalresearchinpoliticalecology, weidentifyfourdimensionsofglobal socio-ecologicalinequalities .(1) Resourceaccessanduse:peoplearenotonlyunequallyintegratedas paidornon-paidlabourintotheproductionandreproductionprocesses ofglobalcapitalism,buttheyarealsoasymmetricallyinvolvedin the(over)useofnaturalresources.Asresearchonunequalecological exchangeandunequalecologicalfootprintsshow,thissocio-ecological inequalityhasaglobaldimension,sinceresourceuseandconsumptionbyindividualsisinfluencedbytheirplaceofresidenceaswell aswhethertheyliveinsemi-peripheriesorcapitalistcentres(Bunker 1985;Martinez-Alieretal. 2016).(2)Environmentaldegradation:as environmentalandclimatejusticemovementsaswellasecofeminists demonstrateatthelocaltothegloballevel,peoplearealsounequally exposedtothenegativeconsequencesofthedegradationofnature, suchasdamagetohealthbypesticides.Further,theseinequalitiesare re/producedalongdifferentstructuralcategoriessuchasclass,gender, ethnicityand/orcitizenshipthatinfluenceandreinforceeachother (Agarwal 1998;Bullard 2000;Acselrad 2010;Sundberg 2008).(3) Unequalproductionofknowledge:studiesongreengrowthpoliciessuch asthepromotionofrenewables,oronconservationprojectsshowthat peopleareunequallyinvolvedinthepoliticalprocessesofproblemdefinitionanddevelopingtechnicalsolutions(e.g.Escobar 1998;Lehmann 2019).Asaresult,(4)thechangesthatthisleadsto,suchastheexpansionofpalmoilplantationsforbiodiesel,oftenhavenegativeimpacts onmarginalizedclassesandgroupssuchassmallfarmersorindigenouspeoplesastheyusuallylackthemeanstodefendtheirlandand customaryrights(e.g.Backhouse 2016;Fairheadetal. 2012;Tittor 2020).
The globalperspective isofutmostimportance,sincetheglobalized agriculturalandforestsectorsareinserteddirectlyandindirectlyintothe unequalglobalrelationsthathaveevolvedsincecolonialtimes(Bunker 1985;Moore 2000).Wedrawontheinsightsofworldsystemstheory thatsocialinequalitiescannotsolelybeexplainedonanationallevelsince theyareshapedalsobyinequalitiesbetweencountries(Korzeniewiczand
Moran 2012).Inthisperspective,globalinequalitiesneedtobeanalysedonaglobalscalethatincludesahistoricalperspectiveof500years ofcapitalism,andanunderstandingthatcolonialismenabledcapitalism andstructuredglobalunevendevelopments(Wallerstein 2007).Inthis light,weaddressthepitfallsofmethodologicalnationalism.Whilethe nationstateremainsimportantintheintroduction,construction,socialization,implementation,maintenance,legitimationandevendefence ofmanybioeconomyagendas,thestudyofhowbiomass,andparticularlybioenergy,istooffsetsocietalchangeintimesofglobalecological crisesrequiresananalyticalmovethatgoesbeyondthestudyofnational ‘containers’.
Againstthisbackground,wehavedividedthetwoguidingquestions intofourblocks.Eachchapterinthisvolumeaddressesatleastoneof thefollowingquestions:
• Howcanwethinkand/orrethinktheconceptsofbioeconomyand energy?Howcanaglobalperspectiveonsocio-ecologicalinequalities contributetoacomplexandcriticalunderstandingofbioeconomy?
• Howisthebioeconomydiscussedandimplementedindifferentcountries?Whoparticipatesinthenegotiationofspecificbioeconomy policiesandwhodoesnot?Whodeterminestheagenda?
• Towhatextentdoesthebioeconomyandbiomasssourcingchangeor reproduceexistingsocio-ecologicalinequalitiesinruralareas?
• Whataretheimplicationsofbioeconomypoliciesandtransitionsfor existingrelationsofextractionandinequalitiesacrossregions?
Theempiricalfocusofthevolumemainlyaddressestheuseofbiomass andbioenergybydrawingondifferentanalyticalperspectivesaboutthe agriculturalandforestrysectors.Werefertobioenergyastheuseof biomassforproducingfuels,i.e.first-andsecond-generationagrofuels, powerandheat.Biomass-drivenenergydevelopmentinthetransport, electricityandheating/coolingsectorprovidesalargeandlongstanding depositoryofexperiencesthatcanbeusedtomobilizeknowledgefor theanalysisofthebioeconomy.Energyisoneofthepillarsofmany bioeconomystrategies.Atthesametime,bioenergyhasbeenoneof thefocalpointsforsocialstrugglessurroundingthetransitionaway
fromfossil-basedresources.Thus,experiencesinthisfieldshedlighton thetransformationtowardsapost-fossilsociety,itsactorconstellations, challengesandcontradictions.
Theregionalfocusofthisvolumebringstogethermulti-disciplinary contributionsfromsocialscientistsworkingonbioeconomy-related issuesinSouthandNorthAmerica,EastandSoutheastAsia,and Europe.ThevolumehasbeenorganizedbytheGermanresearchgroup BioeconomyandInequalities.TransnationalEntanglementsandInterdependenciesintheBioenergySector (BioInequalities ),whichisfundedbythe BMBF.Therefore,itisworthnotingthathalfoftheauthorsarelocated inGermany.Weacknowledgeourpositionalitieswithintheacademic structuresoftheGlobalNorth,anareaoftheworldthatishighly involvedinthepromotionoftheinternationalbioeconomydebateand itsagenda.Thisvolumeisfurtherenrichedbyaseriesofcontributionsfromauthorsfromand/orbasedinavarietyofothercountries andregions.TheaimwastobroadenthelargelyEurocentricresearch landscapeandpoliticaldebateonbioeconomy,whilemovingdiscussionsbeyondthestudyofEuropeandNorthAmerica.Wehaveincluded regionsandcountriesthatqualifyasinitiatorsofthebioeconomydebate andthathavebioeconomypolicieswhicharebeingputintopractice. Duetothefocusonbioenergyandbiomass,longstandingimportant playersinthetransnationalbioenergysectorhavealsobeenselected. Weconsiderthisvolumeafirstimpulsetoexpandthedebateonbioeconomy,especiallyintermsoftheimpactsandformsofbiomassand bioenergyproduction,andtoencouragearegionallymorevariedresearch agendathatwillhopefullyincludecountriesandregionsthatwecould notconsiderhere.
Inthisvolume,westudyglobalsocio-ecologicalinequalitiesonvarious scalesandconsiderdifferentanalyticalcategories.Thismultidimensionalityofinequalitiesrequiresdifferentmethodologicalapproaches.Thus, thecontributionsinthisvolumeembraceavarietyofmethods:most chaptersarebasedonqualitativeresearch,includingfieldwork,expert interviewsandparticipatoryobservation.Manycontributionscomplementtheiranalyseswithexistingquantitativedatasets.Someofthe chaptersanalysepolicypapers,expertandmediadebatesonbioeconomy andbioenergy,whileothersrefermoretosocio-ecologicalchangeand
thewayitaffectsdifferentsocialgroups.Othersputmoreemphasis onthehistoricalemergenceofinequalitiesand/orengagewithongoing debatesaboutsustainability,energy,neoliberalnatures,intersectionality andextractivism.
Inthefollowing,weoutlinethechapters’responsestothefour blocksofquestionsofthisvolume.First,weapproachcentralissues ofthebioeconomyfromdifferentdirections,suchasunequalknowledgeproduction,itsneoliberalorientation,theproductionofvalueand unquestionedassumptionsabout(bio-)energies.InSect. 1.2,wesketch outthemainfindingsonbioeconomypoliciesindifferentcountries. InSect. 1.3,wesummarizethereconfigurationsandcontinuitiesofthe socio-ecologicalinequalitiesthatarepresentontheground.InSect. 1.4, welookattheextractivesideofglobalbiomasssourcing.Finally,we discusstheneedforfurtherresearchandthepoliticalimplicationsof thisvolume.
1.1RethinkingtheBioeconomy,Energy, andValueProduction Thenationalandsupranationalstrategiesthattargetbioeconomyare mainlyresearchfundingstrategies.Theexplicitaimofmostnational strategiesistocompetefortechnologicalleadershipintheemerging globalknowledge-basedbioeconomy.Whilemanyresearcherscriticize thetechnocraticandecologicalmodernizationapproachofbioeconomy policies,theglobaldimensionofcompetingandunequalknowledge productionbeyondEuropeandNorthAmericaisstillaresearchgap.As MariaBackhouseargues,thestrategy-papersoftheEU,Germanyand theOECDreproduceglobalunequalknowledgeproductionandsimultaneouslystrengthen‘extractiveknowledge’intheglobalizedagribusiness sector.Therefore,thebioeconomyconceptismoreconnectabletothe Brazilianagribusinesssectorandlesstoagroecologicalmovementsand, thus,threatenstoreproduceregionalandglobalsocio-ecologicalinequalitiesandaggravateclimatechange.
KeanBirchfocusesonthemarket-basedapproachtothebioeconomy. Hedifferswithcriticalperspectivesthatspeakmuchtooprecipitately
ofa‘neoliberalizationofnature’,leavinglittleroomtodevelopalternativebioeconomyapproaches.Instead,heproposestoexaminein detailhowmarketsandnatureareco-constructed,inotherwords,how thebiophysicalmaterialitiesofbiomassintertwinewithsocio-economic configurationstoproducedifferentkindsofbioeconomies.
Anotherkeyquestioninthecriticaldebateonthebioeconomyis abouttheextenttowhichthebioeconomyopensnewwaysofvalue creationandtherolethatpatentsplayinthis(BirchandTyfield 2013): Arepatentstoolsofextractionorspeculation?ReferringtotheEuropean vegetablemarket,VeitBraun’sansweristhatneitherdescriptionapplies completelytothesepatents.Braunarguesthatnativetraitpatentsarea legacyofbiotechplantpatentsfromthe1980sand1990s,butthatthey followdifferentmaterial,legalandeconomiclogics.Thus,unlikeGMO patents,nativetraitpatentscannotbeunderstoodastoolsforextracting surplusvaluefromfarmers.Instead,theyaresimplyameanstocapture investmentonthestockmarkets.Braunconcludesthatthereisnosingle businessmodelthatwouldexplaintherushofcompaniestopatentin conventionalplantbreeding.Therefore,patentsmustbeunderstoodas complexvalueobjectsthatfulfildifferentfunctionsfordifferentactors, andthatoftendefytheiroriginalpurposeofstimulatingandprotecting innovation.
LarryLohmanntakesastepbackfromtheguidingquestionsofthis volumeandradicallycriticizestheconceptofenergythathasbecome generallyacceptedineverydayvocabulary—evenbycriticalscientists andsocialmovements.Hearguesthatanyseriousstudyofbioenergy andglobalinequalitiesmusttakeaccountoftheoppressioninherentin thermodynamicenergyitself.Thus,hefirstunderlinesthattheabstract naturethatwenowcallenergywasorganizedduringthenineteenth centuryinconjunctionwithnewwavesofcapitalistmechanization centredonlabourcontrolandproductivity.Hethensketchessomeof thewaysinwhichthesocialorecologicalcontradictionsofthermodynamicenergyareintensifiedinthetwenty-first-centurybioeconomy, suggestingthatthisisausefulframeworkforunderstandingmanyofthe conflictsexploredelsewhereinthisbook.Finally,thechapterdrawsout someoftheimplicationsforsocialmovementsandhowtheymightplace themselvesmorestrategicallyinstrugglesovertoday’sbioeconomy.
1.2BioeconomyPoliciesandAgendas inDifferentCountries InourownstudiesofthebioeconomyinGermany,Malaysia,Braziland Argentina,wenoticedthatfewpeopleoutsideofstateexpertcirclescan makesenseofthetermbioeconomy.Accordingly,weaskedourselves whetherthebioeconomyisfactorfiction.Welearnedthatbioeconomy agendashavebeenmaterializinginresearchfundingpoliciesandstate incentivesforbioenergypoliciesinallofthecountriesunderstudy inthelasttenyears.However,thesepolicieshavebeendevelopedin expertforaandaremainlydefinedbydominantagribusiness,biotechnologyandconventionalforestsectors.Thedominanceofthesesectors standsoutinallthecaseswepresentinthisvolume,fromFinland, Brazil,Argentina,MalaysiaandIndonesiatoGermanyandtheEuropean Union.Mostcontributionsobservemoreorlesscooperativerelationships betweenstateinstitutionsandbusinessassociations,andadeliberate interestinexpandingtheproductionandcommercializationofbiomass products,biotechnologiesandbioenergysources.InBrazil,Indonesia andMalaysia,thebioeconomyhasbeenappropriatedbyagribusiness sectors.ThisisexemplifiedbyAnneTittorinheranalysisconcerning Argentina.Tittorarguesthatthebioeconomynarrativehasbeenappropriatedbytheagribusinessandbiotechnologysectors,andthattheyuse ittoreframetheiractivitiesassustainable.Theseactorsareresponsible forfocusingthecountry’sentireeconomyonsoybeanexports,while ignoringthenegativesocialandenvironmentalimpacts.
Non-industrialactorsfocusingonsmall-scaleagriculture,forestry management,orcooperativebioenergyproductionareabsentinmost policyprocesses(seeLehmanninthisvolume).Moreover,littletono concernisexpressedabouttheintegrationorevenprotectionoflocalizedlivelihoods(seeToledoLópezinthisvolume),whereworkandland issues(seeLorenzen,andPuderinthisvolume)aswellasgenderrelations(seeSinagainthisvolume)aredirectly—andnegatively—affected bybiomasssourcing.Thus,thesecontributionssuggestthatcurrent bioeconomypoliciesdonotprovidesufficiententrypointstoenable alternativedesignstobecomepartoftheprocess.Thisispartlydueto thefactthatthepolicydevelopmentprocessisnotthesubjectofsocial
debatesabouttheformandobjectivesofthisglobalsocio-ecological transitionproject.Thisconfirmsonagloballevelwhatotherauthors havealreadydiscussedintheEuropeancontext(TNIandHandsonthe Land 2015):thebioeconomyisanexclusiveprojectthatlacksademocraticmechanismtoensureanopen-endednegotiationprocessandthe participationofallstakeholders.
FortheGermancontext,RosaLehmannemphasizesthatthenational bioeconomyagendahasthusfarfailedtointegrateandreinvigorate thepre-existingknowledgeandpracticesofcivil-societyactorsengaged incooperativeschemespromotingcitizen-basedbioenergyproduction. Addressingissuesofknowledgeproductionfromanenergyjustice perspective,Lehmannarguesthattheinclusionoftheseexperiences wouldbeafundamentalsteptowardstheconstructionofabioeconomy agendathatnotonlyaimstoinducetechnologicalchange,butalsoto stimulatesocietalchange.
Nevertheless,bioeconomypolicyprocessesarecontestedand dynamic—andthereforechangeable(Böcheretal. 2020).Inthissense, theenduringinterventionofcivilsocietyandcriticalacademicshave,for instance,ledtosomeshiftsintherevisedversionoftheGermanbioeconomystrategypaper(BMBFandBMEL 2020).Thepaperacknowledgesthefactthattheadditionalneedforbiomasscouldaggravatethe globalsocio-ecologicalcrisis.Further,itopensitsresearchfundingexplicitlytoresearchanddevelopmentinagroecology(ibid.).Whereasin thepast,manyofficialbioeconomypublicationswerefullofeuphonic promisesofbioeconomybringingsustainabilityandjobs,andmitigating climatechange,arecentmonitoringreportquestionsGermany’sgrowing ecologicalfootprint,particularlyifthecountryistoimplementitsnew bioeconomypolicy(Bringezuetal. 2020).4
4ThemonitoringreportshowsthattheGermaneconomyissystematicallybasedontheimport ofbiomassandthusontheimportofagriculturallandandwater:16.7millionhectares(ha)are usedwithinGermany,whereasabroad,Germanyusesabout43millionhaofland.Asubstantial amountofthebiomassproducedforGermanycomesfromAsia,AfricaandSouthandCentral America—together,thisismorethantheamountproducedbyGermanyandEuropeitself (Bringezuetal. 2020,p.87).Theclimatefootprintoftheagriculturalgoodsconsumedin Germanyalsoexceedstotalterritorialemissions,whichmeansthattheemissionsoccurinthe countrieswherethegoodsareproduced.Accordingtothemonitoringprojections,thisclimate footprintwillhardlychangeuntil2030.
InhisstudyofFinland,TeroToivanenshowsthatthebioeconomy canalsobecomethesubjectofpubliccontroversy.InFinland,the bioeconomyhasbeenadoptedbytheforestrysector.Thedominant narrativepaintstheFinishforestrysectorassustainable,andasoffering thecountryanimportantrolewithinaEuropeanbioeconomyfuture. However,scientistsandclimateactivistshavechallengedthisviewby arguingthatincreasedforestharvestingwillundermineFinland’sclimate objectives.Indoingso,theyhavetriggeredacontentiouspublicdebate abouttheprosandconsofthebioeconomy.
IntheirsectoralanalysisonsugarcaneelectricityinBrazil,Selena HerreraandJohnWilkinsonshowthatthepromisesmadeaboutthe meritsofsecond-generationbiofuelsandelectricityproducedfrom residuesarefarfrommaterializing.Althoughsugarcanebioelectricityis framedascontributingtothediversificationanddistributionofpower generationinBrazil,itsdevelopmentdependsonspecificpublicpolicies, anditfaceshardcompetitionfromboththepowerfulfossiloilandgas sectors,andtherenewableenergysector,whichincludesbothsolarand windsources.
1.3ReconfigurationsandContinuities ofSocio-EcologicalInequalitiesinRural Areas Asvariouschaptersinthisvolumeoutline,bioeconomypoliciesreproduceorreconfiguresocio-ecologicalinequalitiesintheagriculturalsector. Thedominanceofagribusinessinthedevelopmentandimplementation ofmostpolicystrategiesandtheabsenceofotherstakeholderswithalternativevisionsrisksperpetuatingexistingsocio-ecologicalinequalitiesin theagriculturalsectorindifferentcountriesasvariousqualitativestudies inthisvolumedemonstrate.
KristinaLorenzenstudiesthechangestorurallandandlabourrelationsassociatedwithsugarcaneindustryexpansionintheBrazilianstate ofMatoGrossodoSul.Theexpansionwasencouragedbynational policiesthatreflectedglobalgreendevelopmentnarratives.Inthis
context,Braziliansugarcane-basedbioethanolwasframedandreorientedasaclimate-friendlyalternativetofossilfuels.Nevertheless,this ‘greenindustry’resultedinthereconfigurationofruralsocialinequalities.Sugarcaneexpansioncontributedtothedecelerationofagrarian reform,increasedtheintegrationof(non-indigenous)peasantsastemporarywageworkers,andledtoadoubleexclusionofindigenouspeople fromlandandwagelabour.
Similardynamicsthatreinforceexistingpositionsofsocialdisadvantageintheproductionofbiomasscanbewitnessedinthecaseof thesteadilygrowingpalmoilsectorinSoutheastAsia.Indonesiaand Malaysiaarebyfarthelargestpalmoilproducersworldwide.Despite claimsbybothcountriesthatpalmoilproductioncanbeenvironmentallysustainableand,therefore,contributesignificantlytoclimateprotectionandstopecologicaldegradation,andimprovepeople’sworkingand livingconditionsintheregion,theevidencesuggestsotherwise.Inher chapter,JaninaPuderarguesthatmigrantworkersdeployedtoperform thephysicallymostdemandingandworstpaidjobsintheindustry aresystematicallyoverexploitedtokeeppalmoilhighlyprofitablefor Malaysianproducers.Puder’smainargumentisthatthespecificintersectionofclassandcitizenshipenablestheoverexploitationofmigrant workers,andthatthisshowsthatbioeconomydevelopmentsdonot necessarilybreakwithkeyfeaturesofcapitalism.Arelatedargumentis madebyHariatiSinaga.Inherhistoricallyinformedstudyofgendered labourintheIndonesianpalmoilindustry,Sinagademonstratesthatthe customaryformsoffemalelabourontheplantationstodayevolvedfrom thecolonialperiodandcontinuetoshapeacheapanddisciplinedfemale laboursubject.
ByexaminingthebiodieselsectorinArgentina,VirginiaToledoLópez addressestheterritorialimpactsofbiomassproductionintheArgentiniannorth.ToledoLópez’contributionputsthecontradictionsof Argentinianagrofuelproductionatcentrestage.Ontheonehand, sheidentifiesastrongdevelopmentalistnarrativerelatedtobioenergy production;ontheother,shearguesthattheproductionregionsare confrontedwiththenegativeimpactsofbiomassproduction,whereas theproductsaresoldontheworldmarket.Thisconnectsthenorthern Argentinianperipheriestothecentres.TherebyToledoLópezshowsthat
territorialinequalitiesarepartandparcelofabioeconomysituatedin unequalstructures.
1.4TheExtractiveSideofGlobalBiomass
Sourcing Itisstilltooearlytosayhowthebioeconomywillaffecttheunequal globalrelationsbetweenthecentresandsemi-/peripheriesinthelong term.However,mostpolicypapersarenotaimedatchangingthe inequalitiesinglobalknowledgeproductionortheglobaldivisionof labour,and,instead,merelyreproducethestatusquo(seeBackhousein thisvolume).Further,Bringezuetal.(2020),whomodelledtheimpact ofthebioeconomyonbiomasssourcing,suggestthattheadditional demandforbiomasswillamplifyasymmetriesbetweenproducingand processingcountries.Therefore,thequestionishowtheseglobalsocioecologicalinequalitieswillbechangedbytheriseoftheBRICS-states.5 Forseveraldecadesnow,theemergenceofnewglobalplayersincluding theBRICS,hasbeenchallengingthelong-lastingdominanceofcountriesthathaverepresentedthecentre,bothinpoliticalandeconomic terms.ChinaandBrazilaresignificantexamplesofthisshift.AsFabricio Rodríguezdiscussesinhischapter,theriseofthesenewheavyweightshas hadasignificantimpactonthedirectionoftheglobalbioeconomyand, therefore,ontheemergenceofnewglobalSouth-Southinequalities.As Brazilintendstobecomeanimportantsupplierofbio-basedresources andtechnologies,China’scurrentroleasamajorconsumerofnonrenewableenergieshascreatedimportantconstraintsonthedevelopment ofaglobalbioeconomy,whilepavingthewayfornewsocio-ecological inequalitiessurroundingresourceextraction.
However,theshiftsintheglobalpowerstructuredonotmeanthatthe globalinequalitiesbetweentheoldcentresandsemi-/peripherieshave becomeobsolete.Forexample,ifwetakeacloserlookatthequantity ofresourcesthattheEUwillneedintransitioningtowardsabioeconomy,itisobviousthatexistingasymmetriesinpoliticalandeconomic
5 Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica.
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Title: Metsän satuja ja muita runoja
Author: Lauri Henrik Pohjanpää
Release date: July 31, 2022 [eBook #68660]
Language: Finnish
Original publication: Finland: WSOY, 1924
Credits: Tuula Temonen
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK METSÄN SATUJA JA MUITA RUNOJA ***
METSÄN SATUJA JA MUITA RUNOJA Kirj.
Lauri Pohjanpää
Porvoossa, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1924.
Vaimolleni
SISÄLLYS I METSÄN SATUJA
Muurahaisen neuvo
Peni ja harakat
Kurki ja joutsen
Harakanpesä
Pohjatuuli
Käräjillä
Viisi jyvää
Yksimielisyys on voimaa
Lahorastas ja räkättirastas
Hautajaiset
Kiurun tupa
Peltosirkku
Heinä
Syksy
Marjatan käki
Palokärki
II PISARAN LAULU
Sadepilvet riippuvat ylitse maan
Sa sano, haapa, miksi väriset
Ensin kultaa unten, taruin
Veli kuolema
Kun kerran hetkeni mun tullut on Suvi-yönä
Saladdin
Mont Blanc'illa
Pisaran laulu
Merenkävijä
Heinäkuussa
Rantapetäjä
Ille faciet
Joulukellot
III JOULUVIRSI Neljäs tietäjä
Jouluvirsi
Tähdet
Vanha tapuli
Pyhä Pietari ja soittoniekka
Kultainen lanka
I. METSÄN SATUJA MUURAHAISEN NEUVO Oli tullut aurinko, tullut kesä, piti sirkkojen laittaa pesä.
Oli maistraatit käyty ja saatu luvat ja pitkin ja poikin tuvat
paperill' oli valmiina kattohon hamaan. Mitäs muuta kuin rakentamaan!
Isä sirkka sylkäisi kouraan: »Tuosta läks hirsi jo, — emo, ala juosta!»
Ja niin sitä vietihin heinänkortta, oman kartanon ensi ortta.
Ja niin sitä tehtihin täyttä ja totta, hiki virtana vuoti jotta!
»Mut maltas», puuskutti emo, »jos vaikka talon katsottaisiin jo paikka!»
— »Se on katsottu», tokaisi isä, »no tiemmä kiven rakohon tuonne sen viemmä!»
— »Ehei», sanoi emo, »ei siitä mitään — näköala se olla pitää!»
Ja niin oli kaukana perhesopu ja niin tuli kova suukopu.
Ja isä veti sinne ja emo veti tänne, kireällä jok'ainoa jänne.
Tuli tuoksahti siihen muurahainen. »No, jopa nyt, katsohan vainen»,
se sanoi, »jo kaikki nyt urheilla alkaa, kun vallatkin vetää jo malkaa!»
— »Hm», hymähti isä ja helpotti, »tässä vähän ollaan pykäämässä.»
— »Vai sitä se on», virkkoi vieras, »voinen kai neuvoa, tapa ihan toinen
on meillä: me vedämme suuntaan samaan kun käymme rakentamaan.
Se keino vois kelvata mietittäväksi.»
Päin kekoa viittas ja läksi.
Ei sirkkojen päätä käynyt kääntää, eri suuntiin vaan ne vääntää.
Mut muurahaiskeko se kasvaa, karttuu, kuin linna ikään varttuu.
Ne vetävät, veitikat, suuntaan samaan kun käyvät rakentamaan.
Mut sirkoilla vieläkään ei ole pesää.
Ja siitä on monta kesää.
PENI JA HARAKAT Tuli mereltä miehet ja raikuivat torvet ja vastahan kaikuivat vaarat ja korvet
syysaamuna raikkaana. Pullolla pussit ne harteilla heilui ja pusseissa jussit.
Tuli joukon jatkona valuvin kielin
Peni huohottain, mutta hyvillä mielin.
Ja mikäs on olla, kun saa mitä halaa: se kohta jo parhainta paistinpalaa
pihamaalla — häntä heiluen — haukkaa; ah, makeat luut ne vaan ruskaa ja paukkaa!
Mut annas, kun harakan-heittiöt huomaa
Penin syömässä saalista metsän suomaa,
heti pyrstöjä häilähtää epäluku, on paikalla pian koko ahmatti-suku.
Käy aitan katolla meno ja melu, paha nauru ja juonikas neuvottelu.
Salatuumin ne luovivat aitan päältä pihamaalle noin vähän sieltä, täältä, kuka solasta tullen ja kujasta kuka, omin aikoinsa, ihan eri miehinä muka.
Ne viekkaina kaukaa kiertää ja kaartaa, Penin ympäri silmukan tiukan saartaa.
Yks antaa jo merkin ja hännästä noukkaa, ihan eestä yks ilkimys ilmaan poukkaa.
Vähemmästäkin toki jo toinen suuttuu, Penin karvat nousee ja muoto muuttuu.
Se karkaa kohti ja hammasta näyttää, mut heti joku veijari hetkeä käyttää
ja — voi maailman pahuutta! — lentää varas pois suussa jo paistinpaloista paras.
Näin käy: Peni vaan kun päätään kääntää, joku heti lihapalasta viedä vääntää.
Peni keikkuu ja kieppuu vimmassa vihan, piha niskavilloja pölisee ihan.
Peni väsyy viimein ja makuulle heittää, käpälillään paistinsa tähteet peittää.
Ja miettii: annanpa olla tuosta! Toki toista ois sentään metsiä juosta.
Tämä rikkaan osa, se on nolo ja polo.
Oli parempi köyhänä olo!
KURKI JA JOUTSEN Kulki kurki arvokkaana suolla, päällä harmaa, vanha lievetakki, nukkavieru, vanhanmallinenkin. Mutta mitäs takista! Se astui – kurki näätsen – ylen juhlallisna, kallellansa pää kuin esteetikon, siristeli väliin silmiänsä niinkuin taidenäyttelyissä tehdään, katsoi joskus ylös ympärilleen, sitten jälleen maahan mietteissänsä; pää ja kaula keikkui käynnin tahtiin. Joskus hypähti se poikki mättään niinkuin vähän varkain arvoltansa, palas sentään juhlatyyliin kohta käynnissänsä vakaan verkkaisessa. Peilautui niinkuin ohimennen lähteen silmässä ja suoristihe.
Arvokkaamp' ei ole totisesti luokan eessä koulutarkastaja.
Mitäs, kun on luonnon luomat lahjat! Arvokkuus on kurjen toinen luonto.
Totta puhuin oli arkitöissään kurki kesken elämänsä proosaa: etsimässä suosta sammakoita.
Annas olla, silloin joutsen siihen tulla lennähti kuin poutapilvi olis lehahtanut taivahalta.
– Päivää, kuomakulta; kaunis ilma!
Vastaisko tuolle? mietti kurki; heitti olan takaa ylpeästi:
– Anna sinä kauniin ilman olla, mitäs siitä minulle sa haastat!
Eipäs mennyt joutsen hämillensä. Laukas vastaan sanan voimallisen, jotta melkein mykäks meni kurki: – Terveisiä, veli, taivahasta!
– Taivahasta… tuota, mitä se on? kysymys se ihan huomaamatta varastihe kurjen kielen alta.
Joutsen, itseksensä silmää iskein, alkoi mielevästi tarinoida: – Ettäs kysytkin! Se vast' on jotain! Se on paikka paljon kaunihimpi kuin on suo ja maa ja metsä tuossa. Pilvein päällä, päivän tuolla puolla, yläpuolla vipajavain tähtein ikiihanainen maa on taivaan. Kaikk' on siellä paljon parempata…
– Mutta… onkos siellä sammakoita? tarttui tosi-innostunut kurki.
– Mitä? Sammakoita? Eihän toki!
Kurki kaarsi halveksuen kaulaa. – Sitä minäkin! Ei sammakoita!
Pidä sitten itse taivahasi!
HARAKANPESÄ Piti harakka puhetta vierailleen: »Tilapäinen ihan on pesä, — älä putoa, varis! — tein kiireiseen… mut annas, kun on kesä, niin, vannon, kartano korskehin, hyvät herrat, tässä löytään, ei metsässä mointa, sen näättekin! Hoi muori, pötyä pöytään!»
Mut ennenkuin harakka huomaskaan, jo putos syksyn lehti, ja kesken hurskaita aikeitaan se itse kuolla ehti.
Älä hymyile! Tarina totta on!
Pian ohi on päivät kesän. Moni aikoi ja aikoi kartanon –sai valmiiks harakanpesän!
POHJATUULI Mikä liekin lykky lennättäynyt, mut somasti vaan oli käynyt:
oli tullut teeri karhun kitaan, kuin mihin ikään ritaan,
oli pudonnut puusta pyrisevänä, ihan ehjän elävänä.
Oli pulannut karhu vaan muka muussa, ja niin on teeri suussa!
Tuli päivänpaistavaks karhun tuuli, meni messingille huuli.
»Eri pelit ne on», mietti, »ja miehet sentään, joille paistit suuhun lentää.»
Ja siinäkös se ihan pöyhistäytyi. Tää muille näyttää täytyi.
Ja ei niin murenta syö, ei haukkaa. Päin naapuria laukkaa.
Ja eikös tullut vastaan kettu kuin ikään kuulutettu!
Mut kas, ei teerestä kettu minään, ei sitten näkevinään!
Se ilmoja vaan muka tutkii, vahtaa: »Mikä tuuli tuulla mahtaa?»
— »Voi pahus sen konsteja», karhu mietti, »nyt konstistas tuli pietti.»
»Hm», pani vaan karhu kuin valtioviisas.
— Ketun tiedonjanoa piisas,
sitä tuulta se tärkeenä tietää penäs — ja teertä katsoa tenäs.
»Hm», karhu vaan teertä ravisteli, »on tää soma teerenpeli!»
Taas kettu: »Voi, mistä nyt tuulee, kuoma?»
— »No, pohjasta, Jumalan luoma»,
jo ärjäs karhu vallassa vihan, pääs paisti samassa ihan.
Läpi oksien se jo mennä läiski, niin että siivet räiski.
Ja karhu se nolona suutaan aukoo ja sadatusta laukoo:
