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ACE Biology for NEET AIPMT AIIMS Volume 2 3rd Edition Dr Ramesh C Narang Dr Sahil Agarwal
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the author and publisher. The author and the publisher do not take any legal responsibility for any errors or misrepresentations that might have crept in. We have tried and made our best efforts to provide accurate up-to-date information in this book.
For further information about the books from DISHA publIcAtIon, Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to info@dishapublication.com
Typeset
Preface
We feel great pleasure in introducing the book, ‘ACE Biology for AIPMT/NEET Entrance Exam Vol- I’. The book is essentially examination oriented with an object to lighten the burden of the students.
(i)
The salient features of the book are as follows:
The book has been written according to the Latest syllabus of AIPMT/NEET issued by MCI (2015)
Each chapter begins with a title cover having major information of the content in ‘At a glance’
The photographs and complicated figures have been made simple and ‘hand-drawn’.
A number of ‘Connecting concepts’ have been added. They have also been made more purposeful and self explanatory
The key terms throughout the text have been printed in bold to draw more attention.
The MCQs of various national and state level entrance examination are up to date (2015)
In ‘Check points’ an attempt has been made to make the revision by the student more meaningful, which will help them to retain the matter for a longer duration.
The total look of the book has been kept very friendly to the students and more attractive to the teachers.
Since, there have been changes in syllabus of NCERT and AIPMT from time to time, certain topics, like ‘Biomedical Engineering’, ‘Growth and Regeneration’ and ‘Biology of Living World’ have been dropped from the book. Besides, the content of certain other chapters have been modified to make them more AIPMT oriented.
(i)
Besides, the following are the major highlights of the book :
Looking at the pattern of AIPMT, the authors have also added a new set of questions, ‘NCERT- BASED QUESTIONS’, after each and every chapter of the book. The students will find it very useful for the competitive exams.
(i) Around 5000 questions in the ‘Window to Competitive Exams’ covering exams like AIPMT, AIIMS, AFMC, BHU, AMU, CPMT, JIPMER, Vellore, Wardha, DPMT, Kerala PMT, K-Cet etc.
(ii) More than 1000 questions are covered under NCERT-Based Q UES TI o NS .
(iii) The printing and other type of errors have been specially taken care of.
(iv) Most of the topics not covered in AIPMT and other PMTS have been removed.
(v) The questions that have become out dated, i.e., before 1995, have been dropped.
Though attempt has been made to make the book error-free but shortcomings are inevitable. We shall be grateful to readers for pointing out and suggesting ways for the improvement of the book
As always, we are grateful to Dr. O.P. Agarwal and the entire team of ‘Disha Publication’, to whose behest these editions have finally seen the light. The members of Disha team cooperated with boundless enthusiasm and limitless energy. It was a pleasing experience to work with them.
We express our sincere appreciations to all students and faculty members for their help in the improvement of this book.
In case of any confusion regarding any question/ explanation given in the book you can contact the authors, at narangrc@rediffmail.com or info@dishapublication.com or put your query at aipmtbiology.com
1
Chapter
2016 Solved Paper
The Living World & Taxonomy
1-34
• Living and non livings • Basic characteristics of livings • Biological Organization • Important Achievements Made By Scientists Biologists Upto 19th Century • Important Achievements Made By Scientists Biologists In 20th Century • Important Achievements Made By Scientists/Biologists In 21st Century • Biological Study and its Important Branches • Scope of Biology • Myths, Disbeliefs or Misconceptions in Biology and their Reality • Misuse of Biology • Types of Species • History of classification • Basic categories of hierarchy • Taxonomic Aids
2 Chapter Biological Classification 35-72
3 Chapter Plant Kingdom 73-110
• Monera (Kingdom of Prokaryotes) • Protista (Kingdom of Unicellular Eukaryotes) • Protozoa • Fungi (Kingdom of Multicellular Decomposers) • Plantae (Kingdom of Plants) • Animalia (Kingdom of Animals) • Viruses • Viroids • Lichens
• Types of Classification • Classification of Plants • Algae • Bryophytes • Pteridophyta • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) • Viroids • Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generation
• The Root • Shoot System • Leaf • The Inflorescence • The Flower • The Seed • Semitechnical Description of a Typical Flowering Plants • Description of fabaceae, solanaceae and liliaceae families
6
Chapter
(i)
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
219-258
• The Tissue • Meristematic Tissue • Permanent Tissues • Complex Permanent Tissues • Special Tissues • The Tissue System • Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants • Dicotyledonous Roots • Monocotyledonous Roots • Dicotyledonous Stem • Monocotyledonous Stem • Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf • Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous ) Leaf • Secondary Growth
7
Chapter
Animal Tissues (Histology) & Cockroach, Earthworm and Frog
259-332
• I Epithelial Tissue • II Connective Tissue • III Nervous Tissue • Muscular Tissue • Organ Histology • Integument • Body Structure • Digestive System • Excretory System • Blood Vascular System • Respiratory System • Nervous System • Endocrine System • Sensory Organs • Reproductive System • Body and Coelom • Locomotion • Nutrition • Respiration • Excretory System • Blood Vascular System (BVS) • Nervous System • Reproductive System • Endoskeleton
• Cell Cycle • Mitosis and its significance • Meiosis and its significance https://neetmedicalacademy.blogspot.com
8 Chapter Cell : The Unit of Life 333-380
• Cell Theory • An Overview of Cell • Prokaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic Cells
• Means of Transport • Plant Water Relation • Long Distance Transport of Water • Transpiration • Main Theories About the Mechanism of closing and opening of stomata • Uptake & Transport of Mineral Nutrients • Transport in Phloem
Mineral Nutrition
491-522
• Methods to Study the Mineral Requirement of Plants • Essential Mineral Elements • Mechanism of Absorption of Elements • Translocation of Solutes (Mineral Salts) • Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements • Metabolism of Nitrogen • Types of Nutrition in Plants
13
Chapter
Photosynthesis
523-574
• Early Experiments / History of Photosynthesis • Site of Photosynthesis • Photosynthetic Pigments • Mechanism of Photosynthesis • Photorespiration • Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
14
Chapter
Respiration in Plants
575-616
• Types of Respiration • Aerobic Respiration • The Respiratory Balance Sheet • Amphibolic Pathway • Respiratory Ratio or Respiratory Quotient • Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (HMP) • Anaerobic Respiration • Factors Affecting Rate of Respiration
• Respiratory System in Human • Air Volumes • Transportation of Gases • Important Terms and Disorders of Respiratory System
697-720
• Human Heart • Blood Pressure • Pulse • Arteries, Veins and Capillaries • Arterial System in Human • Venous System in Human • Lymphatic System • Blood Clotting (Haemostasis)
19 Chapter Excretory Products and their Elimination
721-744
• Excretory Structures in Non-Chordates • Excretory Structures in Vertebrates • Excretory System in Human • Urine Formation • Accessory Excretory Structures • Disorders of Excretory System
20 Chapter Locomotion and Movement
745-774
• Structure of Bicep (Skeletal) Muscle • Muscle Contraction • Human Endoskeleton • Joints • Bones Disorders
21 Chapter Neural Control & Coordination (Part-I & II)
775-818
• Conduction of Nerve Impulse • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Human Brain • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Reflex Action • Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) • Human Eye • Human Ear • Tongue • Nose • Other Sensory Structures
22 Chapter Chemical Coordination & Integration
• Parahormones/ Local Hormones • Endocrine Glands • Hormonal Action
819-852
AIPMT 2016 SOLVED PAPER
1. The coconut water from tender coconut represents (1) endocarp (2) fleshy mesocarp (3) free nuclear proembryo (4) free nuclear endosperm
2. Which of the following statements is wrong for viroids?
(1) They lack a protein coat
(2) They are smaller than viruses (3) They cause infections
(4) Their RNA is of high molecular weight
3. Which of the following features is not present in the Phylum - Arthropoda ?
(1) Chitinous exoskeleton
(2) Metameric segmentation
(3) Parapodia
(4) Jointed appendages
4. Emerson’s enhancement effect and Red drop have been instrumental in the discovery of (1) photophosphorylation and non-cyclic electron transport
(2) two photosystems operating simultaneously (3) photophosphorylation and cyclic electron transport
(4) oxidative phosphorylation
5. In which of the following, all three are macronutrients?
(1) Boron, zinc, manganese
(2) Iron, copper, molybdenum
(3) Molybdenum, magnesium, manganese
(4) Nitrogen, nickel, phosphorus
6. Mitochondria and chloroplast are (a) semi-autonomous organelles
(b) formed by division of pre-existing organelles and they contain DNA but lack protein synthesizing machinery
Which one of the following options is correct ?
(1) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(2) (b) is true but (a) is false (3) (a) is true but (b) is false (4) Both (a) and (b) are false
7. In a chloroplast the highest number of protons are found in
(1) stroma
(2) lumen of thylakoids (3) inter membrane space (4) antennae complex
8. Photosensitive compound in human eye is made up of (1) Guanosine and Retinol
(2) Opsin and Retinal (3) Opsin and Retinol
(4) Transducin and Retinene
9. Spindle fibres attach on to (1) Telomere of the chromosome (2) Kinetochore of the chromosome (3) Centromere of the chromosome (4) Kinetosome of the chromosome
10. Which of the following pairs of hormones are not antagonistic (having opposite effects) to each other?
11. Microtubules are the constituents of (1) Cilia, Flagella and Peroxisomes (2) Spindle fibres, Centrioles and Cilia
(3) Centrioles, Spindle fibres and Chromatin (4) Centrosome, Nucleosome and Centrioles
12. The Avena curvature is used for bioassay of : (1) ABA (2) GA3 (3) IAA (4) Ethylene
13. The standard petal of a papilionaceous corolla is also called (1) Carina (2) Pappus (3) Vexillum (4) Corona
14. Tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium is found in flowers of (1) Liliaceae (2) Solanaceae (3) Fabaceae (4) Poaceae
15. One of the major components of cell wall of most fungi is (1) Chitin (2) Peptidoglycan (3) Cellulose (4) Hemicellulose
16. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at (1) Pachytene (2) Leptotene (3) Zygotene (4) Diplotene
17. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cropland ecosystem ?
(1) Absence of soil organisms
(2) Least genetic diversity (3) Absence of weeds (4) Ecological succession
18. Changes in GnRH pulse frequency in females is controlled by circulating levels of (1) estrogen and progesterone (2) estrogen and inhibin (3) progesterone only (4) progesterone and inhibin
19. Which of the following features is not present in Periplaneta americana ?
(1) Schizocoelom as body cavity (2) Indeterminate and radial cleavage during embryonic development (3) Exoskeleton composed of N-acetylglucosamine (4) Metamerically segmented body
20. Which one of the following statements is wrong ? (1) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae (2) Golden algae are also called desmids (3) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria (4) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi
21. Proximal end of the filament of stamen is attached to the (1) Anther (2) Connective (3) Placenta (4) Thalamus or petal
22. Which one of the following cell organelles is enclosed by a single membrane ?
23. Lack of relaxation between successive stimuli in sustained muscle contraction is known as (1) Spasm (2) Fatigue (3) Tetanus (4) Tonus
24. Which of the following is not a stem modification? (1) Pitcher of Nepenthes (2) Thorns of citrus (3) Tendrils of cucumber (4) Flattened structures of Opuntia
25. Water soluble pigments found in plant cell vacuoles are (1) Xanthophylls (2) Chlorophylls (3) Carotenoids (4) Anthocyanins
26. Select the correct statement :(1) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous (2) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms (3) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees (4) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate
27. Which type of tissue correctly matches with its location ?
Tissue Location
(1) Smooth muscle Wall of intestine
(2) Areolar tissue Tendons
(3) Transitional epithelium Tip nose (4) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach
28. A plant in your garden avoids photorespiratory losses, has improved water use efficiency shows high rates of photosynthesis at high temperatures and has improved efficiency of nitrogen utilisation. In which of the following physiological groups would you assign this plant ?
(1) C3 (2) C4 (3) CAM (4) Nitrogen fixer
29. Which of the following characteristic features always holds true for the corresponding group of animals?
(1) Cartilaginous endoskeleton Chondrichthyes
(2) Viviparous Mammalia
(3) Possess a mouth with Chordata an upper and a lower jaw
(4) 3 - chambered heart Reptilia with one incompletely divided ventricle
30. The amino acid Tryptophan is the precursor for the synthesis of
(1) Melatonin and Serotonin
(2) Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
(3) Estrogen and Progesterone
(4) Cortisol and Cortisone
31. Reduction in pH of blood will (1) reduce the rate of heart beat.
(2) reduce the blood supply to the brain.
(3) decrease the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen. (4) release bicarbonate ions by the liver.
32. Which one of the following statements is wrong ?
(1) Sucrose is a disaccharide.
(2) Cellulose is a polysaccharide.
(3) Uracil is a pyrimidine.
(4) Glycine is a sulphur containing amino acid.
33. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires (1) Wind (2) Insects
(3) Birds (4) Water
34. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther
(2) Exine of pollen grains is made up of sporopollenin
(3) Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies
(4) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be used in the crop breeding programmes
35. Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by birds and mammals ?
(1) Ossified endoskeleton
(2) Breathing using lungs
(3) Viviparity
(4) Warm blooded nature
36. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature?
(1) Biological names can be written in any language
(2) The first word in a biological name represents the genus name, and the second is a specific epithet
(3) The names are written in Latin and are italicised
(4) When written by hand, the names are to be underlined
37. Blood pressure in the pulmonary artery is (1) same as that in the aorta. (2) more than that in the carotid.
(3) more than that in the pulmonary vein. (4) less than that in the venae cavae.
38. Cotyledon of maize grain is called (1) plumule (2) coleorhiza (3) coleoptile (4) scutellum
39. In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted by the (1) gastrin secreting cells (2) parietal cells (3) peptic cells
(4) acidic cells
40. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and Slime moulds are included in the kingdom
(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Fungi (4) Animalia
41. Water vapour comes out from the plant leaf through the stomatal opening. Through the same stomatal opening carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant during photosynthesis. Reason out the above statements using one of following options
(1) Both processes cannot happen simultaneously.
(2) Both processes can happen together because the diffusion coefficient of water and CO2 is different.
(3) The above processes happen only during night time.
(4) One process occurs during day time, and the other at night.
42. In mammals, which blood vessel would normally carry largest amount of urea ?
43. Which of the following is not a characteristic feature during mitosis in somatic cells ?
(1) Spindle fibres
(2) Disappearance of nucleolus
(3) Chromosome movement
(4) Synapsis
44. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(1) Pollen grains of many species can germinate on the stigma of a flower, but only one pollen tube of the same species grows into the style.
(2) Insects that consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollination are called pollen/nectar robbers.
(3) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are regulated by chemical components of pollen interacting with those of the pistil.
(4) Some reptiles have also been reported as pollinators in some plant species.
45. Specialised epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are called
(1) Complementary cells
(2) Subsidiary cells
(3) Bulliform cells
(4) Lenticels
46. Which of the following guards the opening of hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum ?
(1) Semilunar valve (2) Ileocaecal valve
(3) Pyloric sphincter (4) Sphincter of Oddi
47. Stems modified into flat green organs performing the functions of leaves are known as
(1) Cladodes (2) Phyllodes
(3) Phylloclades (4) Scales
48. A cell at telophase stage is observed by a student in a plant brought from the field. He tells his teacher that this cell is not like other cells at telophase stage. There is no formation of cell plate and thus the cell is containing more number of chromosomes as compared to other dividing cells. This would result in
(1) Aneuploidy (2) Polyploidy
(3) Somaclonal variation (4) Polyteny
49. A typical fat molecule is made up of
(1) three glycerol molecules and one fatty acid molecule
(2) one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
(3) one glycerol and one fatty acid molecule
(4) three glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
1. (4) Coconut water is the clear liquid inside young green coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). In early development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. As growth continues, the endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut meat.
2. (4) Viroids, the smallest known pathogens, are naked, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that do not encode protein yet replicate autonomously when introduced into host plants. Viroids only infect plants; some cause economically important diseases of crop plants, while others appear to be benign.
3. (3) All arthropods possess a stiff exoskeleton (external skeleton) composed primarily of chitin. Arthropod bodies are divided into segments. Parapodia are paired, lateral appendages extending from the body segments. Arthropod appendages may be either biramous (branched) or uniramous (unbranched). They do not possess jointed appendages.
4. (2) Wavelengths beyond 700nm are apparently of insufficient energy to drive any part of photosynthesis. So a huge drop in efficiency has been noticed at 700nm. This phenomenon is called as "Red drop effect". In other words there is a sharp decrease in quantum yield at wavelengths greater than 680nm. The number of oxygen molecules released per light quanta absorbed is called as quantum yield of photosynthesis. This effect was first of all noticed by Robert Emerson. Later on Emerson and his group observed that if chlorella plants are given the inefficient far red light and red light of shorter wavelengths in alternate fashion, the quantum yields were greater than could be expected from adding the rates found when either color was provided alone. This synergistic effect or enhancement is known as EEE or "Emerson Enhancement Effect". This was the first good evidence that there are two photo systems; one absorbs far red light and other red light and both of them must operate to drive photosynthesis most effectively.
5. (Bonus) Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and magnesium are the macronutrients. In the above given options no three element denotes macronutrients.
6. (3) Mitochondria & chloroplast are semi-autonomous cell organelle which are formed by division of pre-existing organelle & contain DNA but they also contain protein synthesizing machinery, thus (a) is true & (b) is false.
7. (2) Proton concentration is higher in the lumen of thylakoid due to photolysis of water, H+ pumping and NADP reductase activity in stroma. During the lightdependent reaction, protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4.
8. (2) Retinal is also known as retinaldehyde. It was originally called retinene, and renamed afterwards it was discovered to be vitamin A aldehyde. Retinal is one of the many forms of vitamin A (the number of which varies from species to species). Retinal is a polyene chromophore, bound to proteins called opsins, and is the chemical basis of animal vision.
9. (2) Attachment of microtubules to chromosomes is mediated by kinetochores, which actively monitor spindle formation and prevent premature anaphase onset during mitosis.
10. (4) Calcitonin exerts its effects by interacting with target cells, primarily in bone and kidney. The actions of PTH and calcitonin are antagonistic on bone resorption but synergistic on decreasing the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. Insulin and glucagon work synergistically to keep blood glucose concentrations normal. An elevated blood glucose concentration results in the secretion of insulin and glucose is transported into body cells. Aldosterone secretion may be inhibited by potassium depletion, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, dopamine and atrial natriuretic factor. The latter appears to be an important physiological regulator of aldosterone secretion. ANF inhibits basal, ACTH, Angiotensin II and potassium-stimulated aldosterone production in vitro by a direct action on the adrenal gland. Inhibin is a hormone secreted by granulosa cells of the ovary which inhibit the secretion of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) whereas relaxin produced by ovary and placenta at the time of childbirth to softens the ligament in the pelvis and widens the cervix.
11. (2) Microtubules are long, hollow cylinders made up of polymerised - and -tubulin dimers. Microtubules are part of a structural network (the cytoskeleton) within the cell's cytoplasm. Roles of the microtubule cytoskeleton include mechanical support, organization of the cytoplasm, transport, motility and chromosome segregation so they are present in cilia and flagella for cellular movement, centrioles for chromosomal movement and spindle fibres for structural organization as well as chromosomal movement during nuclear division.
12. (3) Auxin has been clearly demonstrated in the leaf sheath or coleoptile of oat plant (Avena sativa). This plant coleoptile has been used for the test of hormone Auxin (IAA) participating in the growth of the plant.
13. (3) Papilionaceous flowers are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla. A single, large upper petal is known as the banner or vexillum and the name has been derived from an ancient military standard.
14. (1) The Liliaceae are a huge variety, comprising about 280 genera and 4000 species of perennial herbs mostly. It includes starchy rhizomes, corms or bulbs, characterized by alternate leaves which are whorled. The flowers are often showy, mostly bisexual and actinomorphic. Also, they exhibit tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. Example of such a class is the Erythronium montanum, the alpine fawn lily.
15. (1) A cell wall is a rigid structural layer, which provides protection and structural support to the cells. The composition of cell walls varies from species to genera. In the case of fungi, the cell wall is composed of strong covalent linkages of chitin, glucans and glycoproteins. Alternatively, in case of land plants, the cell wall is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose and Archean cell walls have peptidoglycans.
16. (1) Meiosis is a process (discovered by German biologist, Oscar Hertwig) where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cellssperm in males, eggs in females. Crossing over is the process by which two chromosomes, exchange some distal part of their DNA. This process occurs in the Pachytene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.
17. (2) Cropland ecosystem is largest anthropogenic ecosystem characterized by less diversity and high productivity.
18. (1) At the pituitary, GnRH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). These processes are controlled by the size and frequency of GnRH pulses, as well as by feedback from progesterone and estrogens. Low-frequency GnRH pulses are required for FSH release, whereas high-frequency GnRH pulses stimulate LH pulses in a one to one manner.
19. (2) Periplanata americana shows spiral and determinate types of cleavage during embryonic development which is a feature of Protostomes.
20. (3) Eubacteria are the True bacteria.
21. (4) The proximal end is attached to the thalamus whereas the distal end bears anther.
22. (3) Double Membrane bound Organelles: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Body, and Nucleus. Single Membrane bound Organelles: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Vacuoles. Organelles lacking any membrane: Ribosomes, Centrioles, Nucleolus.
23. (3) Sustained contraction with no relaxation phase is called muscle tetanus.
24. (1) Pitcher of Nepenthes or pitcher plant is modification of leaf whereas thorns in citrus tendrils of cucumber and flattened structure of Opuntia are all stem modification.
25. (4) Many leaves produce water-soluble vacuolar pigments, which are stored within cell vacuoles (microscopic water sacs within each cell). Two major classes of leaf vacuolar pigments are anthocyanins and betalains.
26. (3) Sequoia semepervirans is one of tallest trees.
27. (1) Wall of intestine is made of smooth muscle. Tendons consist of dense regular connective tissue fascicles encased in dense irregular connective tissue sheaths. Tip of nose consists of squamous epithelium. Lining of epithelium is made of columnar epithelium.
28. (2) C4 plants are adapted to hot and dry climate and lack photorespiration due to Kranz anatomy and have Greater productivity of biomass.
29. (1) Chondrichthyes always have cartilaginous endoskeleton. Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. Chordates have jawless animals (Agnatha) as well. Most reptiles have 3 chambered heart. Crocodilians have 4 chambered hearts. Turtles have 3 chambered heart but with an incomplete wall in the single ventricle, so their hearts are functionally 4 chambered.
30. (1) Tryptopha n is a precursor to neuro-transmitters serotonin and melatonin. Thyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin. Estrogen is biosynthesized from progesterone (arrived at in two steps from cholesterol, via intermediate pregnenolone). Cortisone is one of several end-products of a process called steroidogenesis. Cortisol is produced in the adrenal cortex of kidney.
31. (3) Reduction of pH of blood will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen which in turn causes Acidosis.
32. (4) Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins, and indeed is the smallest possible (having a hydrogen substituent as its side-chain). The formula is NH2CH2COOH. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG of the genetic code.
33. (4) Bryophytes have neither pollen nor flowers and rely on water to carry the male gametes (the sperm) to the female gametes (the eggs). The antherozoids (male gametes of pteridophytes) are armed with hair-like or whip-like cilia or flagellae and are able to swim through water; they do not travel great distances and are only released when free water is available.
34. (1) Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.
35. (3) Giving birth to living young that develop within the mother's body rather than hatching from eggs. All mammals except the monotremes are viviparous.
36. (1) Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
37. (3) Arteries have higher blood pressure than vein because blood is forced inside them from heart and also their lumen is narrow.
38. (4) The cotyledons are known as seed leaves, they are attached to the embryonic axis. Dicotyledons typically have two cotyledons and monocotyledons have only one cotyledon. The single shield-shaped cotyledon in grains known as scutellum.
39. (2) The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) in the gastric glands in the stomach.
40. (2) All unicellular eukaryotic organism like diatoms, desmids (chrysophytes), euglenoids, dinoflagellates and slime mould are included in Protista.
41. (2) In actively growing plants, water is continuously evaporating from the surface of leaf cells through stomatal opening exposed to air. This is called transpiration. Through the same stomatal opening carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant during photosynthesis. Simultaneously as both are the process of simple diffusion occurs in order of diffusion pressure gradient or diffusion coefficient.
42. (3) Hepatic Vein, because the liver produces urea and other waste materials and then it pours it all in the right ventricle of the heart for oxygenation. The heart distributes the blood to various parts of the body from here. So the impure blood brought by the Hepatic Vein and other blood vessels get distributed through the aorta. This will automatically imply that the Renal Artery will contain lesser impure blood than the Hepatic Vein.
43. (4) Synapsis is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I, Zygotene of meiosis.
44. (1) Pollen grains of different species are incompatible, so they fail to germinate. If the pollen-stigma interaction is compatible, the pollen grain hydrates and germinates shortly following landing on the stigma.
45. (2) Specialized epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are known as Subsidiary or accessory cell.
46. (4) The sphincter of Oddi (or hepatopancreatic sphincter) is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum.
47. (3) Phylloclade to refer a portion of a flattened leaf-like stem or branch with multiple nodes and internodes, and cladode for a single internode of a phylloclade. In some plants, the petioles are flattened and widened, to become phyllodes or phyllodia.
48. (2) This phenomenon is known as Polyploidy, wherein the cells contain more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy is often seen in the case of plants. The major cause of polyploidy is the non - disjunction of sister chromatids during meiotic recombination. This condition is actually useful in development of new crop varieties.
49. (2) Fat molecules are made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms binds to the carbon, as pictorially depicted. A typical fat molecule has one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.
The Living World & Taxonomy
Part-I : The Living World
While going through the chapter pay special attention to the following-
Terms and definitions –
1. Bioterrorism
3. Pasteurization
5. Palaeontology
Theories –
1. Theory of Pangenesis
3. Cell theory
5. Theory of natural selection
Differences –
1. Livings and Non-livings
Amniocentesis
Genome
Serendipity
Theory of Germ plasm
Germ theory of diseases
Apiculture and sericulture
3. Biomedical engineering & genetic engineering 4. Anabolism and Catabolism
5. Bioinformatics and computer simulation 6. Ectotherms and Endo
7. Homeostasis and Haemostasis therms
Books –
1. Philosophie Zoologique
3. Systema Naturae
Micrographia
Origin of Species Biologists –
1. Alexander Flemming
3. N E Borlaug
5. Ian Wilmut
7. Carolus Linnaeus
Watson and Crick
William Harvey
H G Khorana
Stanley Cohen
There is no clear cut distinction between living and non-living things. The organisms like viruses are non-living by themselves but become active and multiply when they are inside the living cells. They are neither plants nor animals but have hereditary material of their own. The prions do not even have the hereditary material and propagate diseases like Kuru and Madcow
The living organisms occur almost in every habitat on earth. We can find them from cold mountains to hot springs. A wide range of the living organisms can be found in fresh or marine water bodies and forests. The living froms as compared to non-livings have some fundamental characteristics. They are defined as ‘the self-replicating, self evolving with self-regulating interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli’. All living organisms- the past, the present and the future, are linked to one another by sharing the common genetic material.
Living and non livings
Basic characteristics of livings
Achievements made by scientists /biologists upto 19th century
Important achievements made by scientists /biologists in 20th century
Important achievements made by scientists /biologists in 21st century
Biological study and its important branches
Scope of Biology
Myths, disbeliefs or misconceptions in biology and their reality
Misuse of Biology
Careers in Biology
Types of species
Important terms
History of classi�ication
Basic categories of hierarchy
Concept of species
Types of classi�ication
Codes of nomenclature
Taxonomic aids
Following are the important distinctive characteristics exhibited by living forms.
1. Growth :
The increase in mass and increase in the number of individuals are twin characteristics of growth. The multi-cellular organisms grow by cell division. The animals grow up to a certain age, whereas the plants grow throughout their life. The cell devision also occurs to replace lost cells. The unicellular organisms also grow by cell division but there it is a type of reproduction. In multicellular organisms, whether animals or plants, the growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events. Though the non-livings, like mountains, sand mounds and snow also grow, if we consider the increase in body mass as criterion, but this growth is by accumulation of material on the surface, and not from inside as we see in animals. So, growth alone cannot be considered as a defining property of living organisms until and unless it is well specified.
2. Reproduction :
The living organisms reproduce asexually as well as sexually to multiply their number. Fungi reproduce asexually by spore formation. The lower organisms, like Hydra and Yeast, reproduce by budding. In Planaria (flat worm), there is fragmentation and regeneration of lost parts. In unicellular forms, as described above, the reproduction is synonymous with growth. Moreover, there are living organisms who do not reproduce, e.g., mule, worker honey bee or infertile human. Thus, the reproduction, like growth, can also not be taken as defining characteristic of the living forms. On the other hand, this is however true, that non-living objects are not capable of reproducing or replicating themselves.
3. Metabolism :
All living organisms are constantly making or breaking biomolecules. Such conversions are due to chemical reactions, and sum total of all such chemical reactions, occurring in the body is called metabolism. The metabolic reactions can be anabolic (constructive) or catabolic (destructive).
In Catabolism the energy is released by the break down of complex material into simpler ones. In cellular respiration, the breaking down of glucose into carbon-di-oxide and water to release energy, is an example of catabolism.
In Anabolism the complex material is synthesized from simpler ones. The photosynthesis, in which glucose/starch is synthesized from carbon-di-oxide and water, is an example of anabolism.
Each metabolic pathway in the cell is tightly regulated by enzymes (both activators and inhibitors)
The non-living objects do not exbibit metabolism. The isolated metabolic reactions in vitro do not make the things living.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.1 (a) Budding in Hydra; (b) Fragmentation in Planaria
4. Consciousness :
All the living organisms can sense their surroundings and respond to these environmental stimuli. The stimuli can be physical, chemical or biological. From lower to higher organisms there are various types of sensory structures. The photoperiod affects the seasonal breeders, both plants and animals. All organisms are conscious or aware of their surroundings. Human is the only organism who is aware of himself also, and thus has ‘self-consciousness’ Such selfconsciousness is lacking in patients who are lying in ‘coma’ and are brain-dead.
5. Cellular organization :
All organisms, from prokaryotes to the most complex eukaryotes have cellular organization. The cell may be simple or highly specialized for the required function. Such cellular organization is not exhibited by non-living objects. Hence, the cellular organization of the body is the defining feature of all living forrms.
There is great diversity (biodiversity) in the number and types / variety of organisms present on earth.
6. Homeostasis :
It is the maintenance of constancy in the internal conditions (steady state), different from the environment.
All organisms maintain within narrow limits the levels of salts, glucose, carbon-di-oxide, oxygen, calcium etc. in the intercellular matrix.
Homeostasis is the fundamental property of living beings.
Most of the lower vertebrates (fishes, amphibians and reptiles) lose most of their heat energy to their environment. These vertebrates are called Ectotherms. These animals depend on the their environment for temperature regulation. At low temperature in the surrounding, their body temperature is also dropped and they become cold. Such animals are, therefore, also called as Cold-blooded animals or Poikilotherms
The higher vertebrates, i.e. birds and mammals, have developed special devices to retard the heat loss to the environment. Their body temperature remains nearly constant and generally higher than the surroundings. Such animals are called Warm- blooded animals or Homeotherms Since these animals retain thermal energy in the body, they are also known as Endotherms
In mammals when the surrounding temperature is low the peripheral blood vessels constrict to prevent heat loss, and the blood is diverted to the deeper parts of the body. When the ambient (surrounding) temperature is higher, the superficial blood vessels dilate and a part of heat is lost by radiation.
We have sensory receptors (modified dendrites of neurons) which perceive coldness (Krause end bulbs) and hotness (End bulbs of Ruffini). The information from such receptors reach hypothalamus, the thermoregulatory centre of the brain. The body temperature can be decreased by vasodilatation of superficial blood vessels, and by sweating. The body temperature can be increased by vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels and by Shivering (Contraction of skeletal muscles). Since the change in body temperature is in reverse direction or to the negative side of the ambient temperature; such a control system is called Negative Feed Back Loop.
7. Adaptations :
Adaptations are the results of natural selection and make the organisms better suited to their environment. The adaptations may be structural, physiological or behavioural.
Homeostasis is different from Haemostasis. In Haemostasis the blood flow stops either due to clotting, or by constriction of blood vessels, or by other means.
Connecting Concepts
Few fishes, e.g. Tuna fish and Sword fish, have insulating devices to prevent heat loss. They retain heat energy in the body. Such fishes, unlike others, are endotherms.
Connecting Concepts
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
(a) ................ is known as the Darwin of 20th century.
(b) In unicellular organisms the ................ is synonymous with growth.
(c) The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in our body is called
(d) ................ is the only organism that is aware of one self.
(e) The number of species that are known and described ranges between ................ .
(f) ................ occurs in both living and non-livings, but in living it is from inside.
(g) The poikilotherms are also known as ................ animals.
(h) Tuna fish, though cold blooded, is ................ .
(i) A group of interbreeding individuals is called ................ .
(j) ................ is known as the father of zoology. Check Point
• Birds use wings for flight – Volant adaptations.
• Spiders design web for trapping the flying insects, i.e. their prey.
• Night blooming flowers are white and emit scent for attracting pollinating insects.
• Some desert plants are leafless and are adapted for conservation of moisture ( water).
• Humming birds have extremely narrow and long beak and while hovering, suck the nectar of such flowers which do not have landing platforms.
• Certain species of orchids resemble in shape, colour and odour of females of certain bees and flies. Such male bees or flies mistakenly attempt to copulate with orchids, and in the attempt transfer the pollen grains from one flower to the other.
Adaptation can be short-term and long-term type.
I. Short Term Adaptations - These adaptations persist for shorter duration and completely disappear when the stimulus is removed.
• Darkening of skin when exposed to sun
• Rosy cheeks in hilly people
• Turning of shoot towards light
• Low metabolic rate in animals during hibernation
• Dormancy in seeds
• Geotropism in plants
II. Long Term Adaptations - Such adaptations are permanent and persist even in the absence of stimuli.
• Development of beaks, claws and feathers in birds
• Development of heel in human
• Use of tail as fifth limb in Kangaroo
• Opposable thumb in human
• Scent in night blooming flowers
• Necessity of mammalian blood protein for egg laying in Anopheles mosquitoes.
DEATH
Organisms reproduce to compensate death or loss of life. When the organisms die, the micro organism decompose the body. The elements which constitute the body are freed and are returned to the ecosystem. Such cycling of elements between living and non-living maintains the balance in nature.
Following are the advantages of death:
1. It avoids over crowding and maintains homeostasis.
2. It returns minerals to the soil and maintains balance.
3. The cellular death is essential for making the skin germ-proof.
4. The cellular death is also essential for the metamorphosis in tadpole.
Stages of Deaths
1. Clinical death – It is the stoppage of heart beat and breathing process.
2. Biological death – It is the death of cells and tissues.
The removal of organs, if needed for transplantation, is done after clinical death but before biological death.
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
The biological organization starts with submicroscopic molecular level and ends up in ecosystem and the biosphere.
Atom is the lowest unit at molecular level whereas the cell is the lowest unit at organism level. The organization levels, below and above individual level, can be given as : Biosphere (Lithosphere+Hydrosphere+Atmosphere)
Organism
Visible level
Microscopic level
Sub-microscopic level
Biome
Ecosystem (Interaction between living and non- livings)
Community (Populations of different species)
Species (A group of interbreeding individuals)
Organism
II. Levels of Organization above individual
IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY SCIENTISTS BIOLOGISTS UPTO 19TH CENTURY
Aristotle (384BC- 322BC) - A Greek philosopher and a student of Plato
He classified organisms on the basis of complexity in structure and function into a hierarchy, Scala natura, the ladder of life
He wrote Historia Animalium and De Generatione Animalium
He is known as the father of Biology/ Zoology/ Embryology
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) – A Belgian scientist.
He is known as the ‘Father of Anatomy’.
He wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica (the structure of human body)
William Harvey (1578 -1657) – A British Scientist.
He discovered blood-circulation. His monograph was named ‘Anatomical Exercise on the motion of the heart and blood’. He is known as the ‘Father of blood circulation’.
He also studied reproduction and development in chick.
Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703 ) – A British Scientist.
He first coined the term cellulae (cell) in 1665 by observing slice of cork under self made simple microscope.
His book is named ‘Micrographia’
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632-1723 ) – A Dutch cloth merchant .- turned into a scientist.
He invented a simple microscope and studied living cells.
He drew the diagram of bacteria and studied Euglena, sperms, blood corpuscles and compound eyes of insects.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) - A Swedish Naturalist .
He published ‘Species Plantarum’ (6000 species of plants) and Systema Naturae( 4000 species of animals ) .in 1758
He also reported Binomial nomenclature, in Philosophia Botanica in 1751, for naming plants and animals.
Georges Leopold Cuvier (1769-1832) - A French Palaeontologist .
He rejected traditional Scala Naturae of Aristotle.
He studied fossils and laid the foundation of Palaeontology. He is known to be the ‘Father of Modern Palaeontology’.
He also studied comparative anatomy.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 -1829) - A French Naturalist .
He was the first to discard the idea of fixity of species.
He is known to be the ‘Father of evolutionary theories’. He wrote Philosophie Zoologique in 1809.
He introduced the term ‘Biology’ (with Treviranus)
Robert Brown (1773-1858) -
He discovered ‘Brownian movement’ in cytoplasm (1828).
He also discovered ‘Nucleus’ in the cell.
Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) - A German Botanist
He Proposed cell theory in 1838 on the basis of his study on plant tissues.
Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) - A German Zoologist .
He strengthened cell theory in 1839 by his study on animal tissues.
O. Hertwig (1875) -
He studied fusion of nuclei during fertilization.
He also proposed ‘protoplasmic theory’ to elaborate schultze’s hypothesis that ‘protoplasm is the physical basis of life’.
He also coined the term ‘cytology’.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882 ) - A British Naturalist .
His book ‘The origin of species by means of natural selection’ was published in 1859.
He is called ‘Newton of Biology’.
He proposed the ‘Theory of Pangenesis’ to explain inheritance in the book ‘On the variation of animals and plants under domestication (1868)’
Rudolf C. Virchow (1858) -
He proposed ‘Omnis cellula e cellulae’, i.e., New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
He also suggested that disease is the pathological condition of cells.
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895 ) - A French Scientist.
He proved that fermentation is caused by living organisms (Yeast and Bacteria).
He established ‘Germ theory of diseases’.
He discovered vaccine against Anthrax (caused by Bacillus anthracis in cattle ).
He discarded ‘Spontaneous theory’ of origin of life.
He also proposed Pasteurization for sterilization ( killing of germs )
Ernst Haeckel -
He introduced 2-kingdoms, ‘Monera’ & ‘Protista’.
He also coined and fully defined the term ‘Ecology’.
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 - 1884 ) - An Austrian Monk
He discovered principles of inheritance after his work on Pisum sativum, and published them in 1866.
Mendel is known to be the ‘Father of genetics’.
August Weismann (1834 - 1914 ) - A German Biologist
He rejected Lamarck’s concept of ‘Inheritance of acquired characters’ and Darwin’s theory of Pangenesis, with the discovery of ‘Theory of Germ plasm’ in 1892.
IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY SCIENTISTS BIOLOGISTS IN 20TH CENTURY
Hugo de Vries (1900)- A Dutch Geneticist
He rediscovered Mendel’s laws with Tschermak (Austrian) and Correns (German) geneticists.
He also proposed the ‘Theory of Mutation’.
Walter Sutton (1904)- An American Geneticist
He discovered the chromosomal basis of heredity.
William Bateson (1909) -A British Biologist
He introduced the term ‘Genetics’ and discovered linkage.
T. H. Morgan (1910) -An American Geneticist
He discovered sex-linked inheritance and described the phenomenon of linkage and crossing over.
Alexander Flemming (1928) -A Scottish Bacteriologist
Discovered Penicillin, an antibiotic from Penicillium notatum, which contaminated the culture of Staphylococcus bacteria.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic used in world-war second.
Oswald Theodore Avery (1944) - An American Bacteriologist
He discovered that genes are composed of DNA.
James Watson (1953) -An American, A Britisher
They discovered double helical and Francis Crick structure of DNA.
H.G. Khorana, Robert Holley and Marshall Nirenberg (1968) - A Pakistani, An Americans
Khorana synthesized a string of nucleotides in laboratory (First man-man-made gene). The three scientists shared the noble prize for their work on genetic code and protein synthesis.
Norman E. Borlaug (1970) - Associated to Green revolution and won Nobel Prize.
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1973) -American Biochemists
They discovered recombinant DNA – (rDNA) technology- a break through for modern biotechnology.
Ian Willmut and Campbell (1996) – Scottish embryologists
Produced first live clone of a sheep – ‘Dolly’
Human Genome project was launched in 1990 by US department of energy and National institute of health. In 2001 they identified all the, approximate 25,000 to 30,000 (3 × 104) genes in human DNA consisting of 3-billion (3 × 109) base pairs.
IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY SCIENTISTS/ BIOLOGISTS IN 21st CENTURY
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield (2003) - First American and second British
Made discovery concerning MRI
They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren (2005) - Australians
Made discovery regarding the role of Helicobacter pylori in Gastritis and Peptic ulcer
They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello (2006) - Americans
They discovered RNA- interference- gene- silencing by RNAds
They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier (2008) - First German, other two French
Made discovery regarding Human Papilloma Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien (2008) - First Japanese and other two Americans
Made discovery concerning Green fluorescent Protein
They were awarded Nobel prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath (2009) - First Indian, second American and last Israely
Made studies on structure and functions of ribosomes
They were awarded Nobel prize in Chemistry
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M. Steinman (2011) - First American, second Luxembourger and third Canadian
Made important discovery regarding Innate and Adaptive Immunity
They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
BIOLOGICAL STUDY AND ITS IMPORTANT BRANCHES
Biology has been divided into two branches, i.e. Zoology and Botany
Science of microbiology was created by the invention of microscope in 16th century.
A vast number of animals and plant have been arranged / classified on the basis of evolutionary relationships.
International code of classification are known for animals, plants and bacteria etc.
Aquaculture It is the production of useful fauna and flora such as algae, fishes, prawn, pearl-oyster etc., at commerical level by utilizing small and large water bodies.
Biochemistry It is the study of chemistry of biological processes in the living organisms. It is also known as physiological chemistry or biological chemistry.
Biophysics It is application of various tools, techniques, methods and principles of physics for the study of biological processes.
Cell Biology It is the study of life processes of cell and their co-relation with the cell structure. It primarily depends on biochemical techniques.
Cryopreservation (cryobiology) It is preservation of living forms at very low temperature; or effect of low temperature on living forms.
Cytology It is the study of structure and composition of cells.
Demography It is statistical study of population dynamics
Dysteleology It is study of rudimentary organs
Ecology It is the study of relationship of organisms to their physical environment as well as to one another.
(a) Auto-ecology – It is the study of individual organisms or single species.
(b) Synecology – It is the study of group of organisms.
Embryology It is the study of individual development (ontogeny) from egg to hatching/ birth. (‘Developmental Biology’ covers the development upto sexual maturity or adulthood).
Entomology It is the study of insects.
Ethnology It is study of human races
Ethology It is the study of animal behaviour in relation to body functioning, ecology and evolutionary aspects.
Evolutionary Biology It is the study of changes in living organism with the passage of time.
Exobiology This field of biology is related to the search of life outside the earth and within the solar system.
Fisheries The rearing, harvesting and marketing the commercially important aquatic fauna. The important fisheries are molluscan fisheries, Crustacean fisheries, sponge fisheries, Esturine fisheries etc. Inland fisheries (in fresh water).
Genetics It is Study of mechanism of inheritance and maintenance of hereditary characters.
Gerontology It is scientific study of ageing or senescence. Its foundation was laid down by Valdimir Korenchevsky.
Histology It is the study of structural organization of living beings at tissue level. The micro technique (Microtomy) used for histology, includes following steps.
1. Fixation of tissue - (To maintain architecture of cells, or to stabilize the proteins.)
2. Dehydration - (Removal of water for preventing decomposition)
3. Paraffin embedding-
4. Slicing/ sectioning- (Done with the help of microtome)
5. Dewaxing
6. Staining
7. Mounting
Ichthyology Biological study of fishes
Karyology It is the study of cell-nucleus (Karyosome)
Limnology The study of fresh water bodies (ecosystem) especially lakes.
Marine Biology It is the study of Ocean (Marine) animals and plants and their ecological relationship.
Molecular biology It is the study of molecular organization (inorganic and organic molecules in the cells) of the organism. The term molecular biology was given for the first time by a British scientist, W.T. Astbury (1898-1961).
Morphology It is the study of body structure. The internal morphology is also called anatomy.
Myrmecology It is scientific study of Ants
Oncology It is the study of cancer
Ophidology (serpentology) It is study of snakes. (The study of lizards is Saurology)
Palaeontology It is the study of fossils which are preserved remains or the traces of organisms that lived in the past, and are now extinct.
Phylogeny It is study of evolutionary development, or racial history of a group
Physiology It is the study of functions of the body systems of animals and plant life, covering vital activities at cellular, tissue and organ level.
Pisciculture It is rearing and management of fishes at commercial level
Serology It is study of antigen-antibodies and serum
Splanchnology It is study of visceral organs (present beneath splanchnic mesoderm)
Systematics It is the study of diversity and evolutionary relationship of organism based on comparative study of different fields of biology.
Taxonomy It is a scientific study of principles and procedures of classification.
(The other branches of biology have been discussed chapter wise with running text)
Check Point
1. Can you differentiate between:
(a) Ethology and Ethnology
(b) Physiotherapy and Occupational therapy
(c) Biotechnology and Biomedical engineering
(d) Silviculture and Sericulture
(e) Homeostasis and Haemostasis
SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
Food storage, cancer, population explosion, poverty, AIDS, and global warming are the burning issues related to human welfare.
Study of medicinal plants has helped in the production of Quinine, Penicillin, Nux vomica, antibiotics etc. for serving the mankind.
Study of classification, life history, vector and diseases has helped in combating human miseries.
With the knowledge of genetics the hereditary diseases and genetic disorder are being minimized.
A number of new courses or specialization, like – Horticulture, Jute technology, Fisheries, Tea Technology, Apiculture, Sericulture. Poultry farming, Aquaculture etc. have emerged. These can be useful in the development of national economy.
Genetically modified (GM) crops are being developed to solve the problem of food shortage.
Direction of bio-technology, conservation of bio-diversity, maintenance of environment and human welfare are in the hands of biologists. Biodiversity, including wild life, is immensely important for human existence.
MYTHS, DISBELIEFS OR MISCONCEPTIONS IN BIOLOGY AND THEIR REALITY
Myths/ Misconceptions
Reality/ Fact
Snakes can hypnotize or charm their prey The prey becomes motionless, perhaps due to fear.
Snakes dance at the tune of the flute of snake charmer They do not have external and middle ear to receive sound.
Snakes visit barns to suck the milk from the teats of cattle
Malaria (mal-bad, aria-air) is caused by foul air
AIDS spreads by sharing food, social kissing or caring
MISUSE OF BIOLOGY
1. Amniocentesis
Snakes are carnivores and visit barns for rats only.
Malaria is caused by the species of Plasmodium, and is transmitted by female Anopheles (mosquito).
AIDS spreads by direct contact with body fluids.
Amniotic fluid contains foetal-skin cells and amniocytes of amniotic membrane. These cells are cultured for chromosomal study for detecting fetal abnormality. This technique is now being used for sex identification of Embryo/foetus (Between 1½ - 2 ½ months ) , and the fetus is aborted if found to be a female. It is the misuse of a biological technique
2. Bioweapons
It is the development of antibiotic- resistant micro organisms. The spores of Anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis ) produced and stored to keep them viable for long have been used as a weapon of bioterrorism. The other similar diseases, on epidemic or endemic scale, can be plague and small-pox etc.
CAREERS IN BIOLOGY
1. Professional Courses 2. Vocational Courses
1. Professional Courses
Name of the Course
Coverage of the Course
Anthropology It is related to the study of physical, mental, cultural and social development of past and present man
Bioinformatics It is related to the application of computing systems and computational solution of techniques, analyzing data obtained by experiments, modeling, database searching and instrumentation to discover biological processes.
Biomedical Engineering It deals with the production of spare parts for human, like implants, artificial limbs, and machines for monitoring the health.
Biotechnology It is related to the creation, development and marketing of products through the willful manipulation of life forms on a molecular level.
Computational biology It is related to application, development and validation of computational hardware and software solutions for building simulation models of biological systems.
Computer Simulation It converts the physiological phenomena into graphical and multimedia presentation without actually involving organisms.
Dairy Technology It is related to the improved varieties of cattle, the extraction, preservation and marketing of the milk and milk-products.
Genetic Engineering It is related to the extraction of selected genes from an organism or synthesizing their copies and inserting them into another completely different organism.
Medical Transcription It is the course of Interpreting and typewriting (transcribing) dictation from physicians and other healthcare providers regarding patient assessment for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Medicine It is the science of treating diseases with drugs or chemicals.
Occupational therapy It deals with the treatment of physically handicapped using physical exercises or vocational training
Pathology It deals with the diagnosis of pathogens and the diseases by analyzing the chemistry of the body fluid of the affected organisms.
Environmental Management It is about assessment of environment, environmental problems and the conservation of biodiversity for maintaining the balance in nature.
Surgery It is related to anatomy and physical operations to cure the patients suffering from diseases that cannot be cured with medicines.
Veterinary science It deals with the health, care and management of domestic animals
2. Vocational Courses
Name of the Course Coverage of the Course
Agronomy
Apiculture
It is the production and management of crops
It is rearing and maintenance of bees for the production and marketing of honey and wax at the commercial level.
Breeding Biology It is for the improvement of varieties of plants or animals by selective breeding. (It does not manipulate genes).
Forensic Science It deals with the application of scientific knowledge, like finger prints, blood typing, and DNA analysis etc., to deal with criminal activities and laws.
Pharmacy It is related to the production and identification of drugs.
Pharmacology It is related to the nature, preparation, action and effects of medicines. The study of action of drugs is called Pharmacognosy.
Physiotherapy It is related to the treatment of defect, disease or weakness by physical remedy as exercises and massage. No drugs are administered in physiotherapy.
Poultry farming It is the rearing of breeds of poultry birds like domestic fowl, chicken, ducks for eggs and meat etc. at commercial level.
Prawn Farming It is rearing, transportation and marketing of prawns. It is a part of fisheries.
Sericulture It is related to the rearing of different strains of silkworms for the production, transportation and marketing of silk at commercial level.
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